Page 1LIETUVIŲ KALBOS GRAMATIKOS TYRINĖJIMAI
LIETUVOS TSR MOKSLŲ AKADEMIJA
PREPOSITIONAL PLACE NAMES
Z. RABAČIAUSKAITĖ
One of the most distinctive types of word formation in the Lithuanian name system is the so-called prepositional place names. These are compound place names whose first component is a preposition, while the second is a proper or common noun, or an adjective that has become a noun, e.g.: Pàs ąkmenį village, Antz, Pō Misiūnais village, Švnč, Prie Mykoliūno stream, Tj, Ant Kemsinių forest, Vrn.
In Lithuanian toponymy, such place names have not been studied until now. Perhaps for this reason, many collectors of toponymic material did not consider them to be place names. Consequently, by no means all prepositional place names that exist in the language have been recorded.
This article, drawing on data from the toponymy collections of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature of the Lithuanian SSR Academy of Sciences, can be said to make the first attempt at a broader survey and classification of Lithuanian prepositional place names.
The prepositional phrases examined in this article are fixed expressions. They are used as established place names. The second component of a prepositional place name occurs only with a particular preposition. For example, the aforementioned forest Ant Kemsinių is never called Už Kemsinių, Prie Kemsinių, Pàs Kemsinės, and so on. Only in very rare cases can the second component be used with several prepositions; for example, the same place by Lake Plateliai is called both Pō beržalių and Prie beržalio.
Most prepositional place names have no corresponding non-prepositional forms (except in certain cases, which will be discussed at the end of the article).
Some prepositional constructions are more, and others less, toponymized (that is, have become established place names). It is difficult to draw a clear boundary between the former and the latter. Nevertheless, it can be observed that prepositional place names whose second component is a place name or personal name tend to become toponymized more readily, while those whose second component is a common word do so less readily.
Prepositional place names are not classified separately by first component in this article, because from the perspective of word formation, the first component in all of them is the same—a preposition. The prepositional component is taken into account only when specific examples of these place names are listed alphabetically. Presenting the examples in this way is useful because it readily makes it possible to determine the total number and geographic distribution of formations for each preposition.
16*
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Page 2Prepositional place names are classified according to their second component. This classification helps to understand the main typological and semantic features of this type of place name.
The second component of a prepositional place name may be a common noun (appellative), a place name (toponym), or a personal name (anthroponym). Accordingly, prepositional place names are divided into appellative, toponymic, and anthroponymic types. The structure of place names in these three main groups is not uniform; some of them can be further divided into smaller subgroups. The structural scheme of all prepositional place names, drawn up according to their second component, is as follows:
I. Appellative:
1. Preposition + simple appellative;
2. Preposition + compound appellative.
II. Toponymic:
1. Preposition + simple place name:
a) preposition + microtoponym,
b) preposition + settlement name,
c) preposition + river or lake name;
2. Preposition + compound place name;
3. Preposition + complex place name:
a) preposition + nominative place name,
b) preposition + genitive place name, whose first component is a noun.
c) preposition + genitive place name, whose first component is a personal name, settlement name, or river or lake name.
III. Anthroponymic.
IV. Anthroponymic, appellative, or toponymic place name + generic term.
I. The following place names are assigned to the first group of appellative place names (preposition + simple noun):
Ąnt balėlės 1. Vrn, Ąnt bradū 1., meadow Drsk, Ąnt darželio 1. Mrc, Ąnt dernų clearing Mrc (dernà dialectal “turf”), Ąnt duobelės part of a lake Drsk, Ąnt duobių part of a forest Drsk, Ąnt desentinos 1. Vrn (desentinà dialectal “tithe, plot of land”), Ąnt ežerų plural Šlu, Ąnt kadagyno coppice Šv, Ąnt kalnàlio || Antkalnalis 1. Klp, Ąnt kalnėlio 1. Mrc, Ąnt kalnyčio 1. Vlk, Ąnt kalno 1. Dkšt, Mrk, Prk, forest Vrn, Ąnt kalvōs 1. Grg, Ąnt kamšōs meadow Dkšt, Ąnt klyno 1. Mrk, Ąnt krēnto 1. Vrn (krēntas dialectal “bank”), Ąnt kryželio 1. Rod, Ąnt krokšlės forest, 1. Vrn (krokšlė “waterfall”) Ąnt laukelio field, meadow Mrc, Ąnt laukō 1. Drsk, Ąnt mėžimėlio 1. Mrc, Mrk, Ąnt pėklos || Peklà meadow Rud, Ąnt pievelių 1. Vrn, Ąnt prūdo 1. Tj, Ąnt rēvės meadow Drsk, Ąnt salėlių 1., forest, thicket Vrn, Ąnt silo, part of a village Pgg, Ąnt tāko part of a lake Plt, Ąnt upēlio 1. Švnč, Ąnt upės 1. Tj, clearing Rud, Ąnt užuoganų 1. Mrk, Ąnt velkėlių 1. Drsk, Ąnt vertimo meadow Mrc (vertimas “where many springs gush from the ground”), Ąnt vygano meadow Mrc (výganas dialectal “pasture”), Ąnt žydaukos || Žydáuka meadow Rud, Ąnt žviro 1. Mrk;
Į brastàs 1. Tvr;
Pagal kártis hill Šk, Pagal miškėlį 1. Glv;
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Page 3Pař akmenis stones, road Slk, Pař akmenį 1. Ktk, Pař álksnį 1. Ktk, Pař brastėlei (?) meadow Ut, Pař eglėlė clearing Dgč, Pař eglės meadow Lkm, Pař ežerėlį 1. Lkm, Pař ievą bank Lel, Pař kaístį 1. Ktk, Pař kelėlį 1. Mrk, Pař liepetėlius clearing Lel, Pař linamarkas meadow Dkšt, Pař magaziną 1. Km (magazinas dialectal “warehouse; shop”), Pař mėlynčią 1., meadow Ktk, bank Lel, Pař molynėlė 1. Mrk, Pař ravėlį 1. Šr, Pař sodžiaukėlės meadow Km (sodžiauka dialectal “pond”) Pař šaką 1. Drsk, Pař triūbą meadow Ign (triūba dialectal “drainage pipe”), Pař tvõrą 1. Šr, Pař versmelę meadow Slk, Pař versmelės 1., meadow Rk, 1. Lel, Pař žvyrėlį 1. Mrk, Pař žvyrūną 1. Mrk;
Paš akį meadow Vrn, Paš akmenį meadow Antz, 1. Drsk, Paš ąžuolą 1. Mrc (2)¹, Vrn, meadow Vrn, Paš ąžuolėlį forest Mrc, Paš balą meadow Mrk, 1. Mrc, Paš balėlę forest Drsk, 1. Rud, Paš barakuš 1., hill Mrc, Paš beržą 1. Mrc, Paš beržynaitį 1. Drsk, Paš beržyną 1. Vlk, Paš būgną 1. Mrc (2) (bōgnas dialectal “swamp, marsh”), Paš bonką 1. Mrc (2), Drsk, forest Mrc (bonka “a neatly arranged pile of stones for firing bricks or lime”), Paš brastàs || Brāstos 1., meadow Mrc, Paš daržinę 1. Rud, Paš daržinėlę 1., meadow Mrc, Paš debesylą 1. Vrn, Paš desentiną 1 Mrc, Paš drėvę 1. Mrc (2), Paš drėvelę forest Mrc, Paš duobėlę 1. Mrk, Paš duobės 1. Mrc, Vrn, Paš eglę 1. Mrc, Paš epušyną || Epušynas 1. Mrc, Paš ežerą 1. Vrn, Paš ežeraičius thicket Mrc, Paš ežerėlį forest Drsk, Paš gluosnėlį 1. Vrn, Paš grābę 1. Mrc (2) (grābė German “ditch”), Paš grabėlę 1. Drsk, Paš grėblių 1. Mrc (grėblius dialectal “gravel and stone mound”), Paš grūšaitę 1. Vrn, Paš grūšelę forest Mrc, Paš vyrýklą meadow Vrn (vyrýklą “place where one can row”), Paš kamšą meadow Drsk, Paš kamšą || Kamšà 1., meadow Vrn, Paš kapùs 1. Vrn, Paš kojelę part of a lake Vrn, Paš kriaučius 1. Mrc (kriaučius dialectal “tailor”), Paš kryželį 1. Drsk, forest Mrc, coppice Vrn, Paš kryžių 1. Drsk, Paš kuznėlę 1. Vrn (kūznė dialectal “blacksmith’s forge”), Paš malūną 1. Drsk, Paš mėlynčią 1. Vrn, Paš mišką 1. Mrc, Paš obelį meadow Mrc, Paš pirkiàs 1. Vrn, Paš pirtį 1. Mrc, Paš plieniką forest Mrc (plienikas dialectal “prisoner”), Paš pušėlę 1. Mrc, Paš raistą 1. Mrc, Paš rais tēlį forest Mrc, Paš ravėlį 1. Rud, Paš salelę part of a lake Mrc, Paš salelės 1. Mrc, Paš skynimą meadow Mrc, Paš sklėpą forest Mrc (sklėpas dialectal “cellar”), Paš skrynią forest Mrc, Paš skujyną 1. Mrc Paš smaliárnią meadow Rud (smaliárnia dialectal “tar distillery”), Paš strāžnyčią forest Mrc (strāžnyčia dialectal “guard hut”), Paš stulpą 1. Mrc, Paš stulpėlį 1. Mrc, forest Drsk, Paš šaltinėli 1. Vrn, Paš šaltinį meadow Mrk, 1. Drsk, Mrc, part of a lake Mrc, Paš šermukšnaičius 1. Mrc, Paš šūnelį || Šūnelis meadow Mrc, Paš šūnelį 1. Mrc, Vlk, Paš šūlnį meadow Mrc, Paš takėlį 1. Mrc, Paš tiltelį 1. Rud, 1., meadow Vrn, Paš triūbą meadow, thicket Vrn, Paš triūbas 1. Mrc, Paš upėlę 1. Drsk, Paš ūpę 1., meadow Vrn, 1. Mrk, Paš várną part of a lake Mrc (perhaps Paš Várną — Várnas a personal name?), Paš vartelius 1. Vp, Paš velkėlę 1. Drsk, Paš viešakelį forest Mrk;
Pō ajerynu meadow Šv, Pō akmeniu meadow Krn, Pō álksnėliais clearing Krt, Pō álksnių 1. Mrc, Pō ąžuolais grove Šr, hill Rod, 1. Lel, Vp, meadow Krn, Pō ąžuolėliu meadow, forest Drsk, Pō ąžuolu 1., meadow Mlt, 1. Mrk, 1., clearing, meadow Dkšt, thicket Skm, Pō balėlėm part of a lake Vrn, Pō beržais 1. Dkšt, Rud, part of a lake Ign, Pō beržalių || Beržalis part of a lake Plt, Pō berželiais meadow Ukm, Pō berželiu 1. Mrc, Pō béržu grove, 1. Lel, 1. Mrc, Rud, Pō būdą meadow, hill Rud, Pō būkais 1., forest Drsk, Pō cegelnia 1. Drsk (cegelnià dialectal “brickyard”), Pō daržų long lake Plt, Pō dirvelėm part of a lake Mrc, Pō drevę 1. Drsk, Vrn, Pō drevelę clearing Mrc, 1. Mrc, Vrn, Pō drevelėm 1. Mrk, Pō eglė clearing Dkšt, Pō eglalė part of a lake Plt, Pō eglėlė 1. Tj, Pō eglēm meadow Švnč, berry-picking area Drsk, Pō eglutę meadow Lkm, Pō epušėm 1. Mrk, Pō epušynu
1 The number following a locality abbreviation indicates that several (in this case, two) features in different villages within the same area bear the same name.
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Page 4Vrn, Pō girdyklà meadow. Plt, Pō grabelė meadow. Drsk, Pō griovà ditch. Drsk, Pō grūšelė meadow, farmstead. Drsk, Pō grūšià meadow. Drsk, Mrc (2), Pō guobà meadow. Vrn, Pō guobòm meadow, village. Mrk, Pō kadagyma farmstead. Šv, Pō kálnu meadow. Drsk, Vrn, Pō kampininkais meadow. Drsk, Pō kapaís meadow. Mrk, Šr, Pō kapčiais meadow. Dkšt, Pō kapčiukù meadow, farmstead. Ssk, Pō karčmėlėm meadow. Dkšt, Pō kiemais meadow. Drsk, Pō klėstaru || Paklėstarė meadow, farmstead. Drsk (klėštaras, Slavic ‘monastery’), Pō klevù farmstead. Dkšt, Pō kraštù farmstead. Drsk, Pō kreisà meadow. Mrk (kreisà, dialectal ‘field boundary, balk’), Pō kryžium meadow. Aln, Mlt, Rud, farmstead. JnšM, Pō kūdrėlėm || Kūdrėlės farmstead. Rod, Pō kūnigų part of a lake. Plt, Pō kvajòm meadow. Drsk (kvaja, Slavic ‘pine’), Pō liepa meadow. Dkšt, Pō liepელė meadow. Mrc, Pō majorù meadow [‘the major died there’], Pō maskōliù meadow. Mrc, Pō mašinà crossroads, village. Lel, Pō miškù part of a lake. Ign, Pō molė bog. Vrn (molė ‘clay ground’), Pō nadzielù meadow. Drsk (nadzielas, Slavic ‘plot of land’), Pō obelaitė meadow. Drsk, Švnc, Pō obelė meadow. Lel, Plt, Pnt, Slk, farmstead. Krn, Pō obelia meadow. Vrn (2), Pō parkasu part of a lake. Plt, Pō pervažais meadow. Drsk (pervažas, Slavic ‘ferry’), Pō pirčia spring. Vrn, Pō pōpu meadow. Drsk, Pō pridotkėliais meadow. Sv (pridotikas, Slavic ‘additional strip of land’), Pō pušėlė village. Mlt, Pō pušià village. Aps, Pō pušimi village. Slk, Pō raistełiù meadow. Drsk, Pō ratù meadow. Eiš, Pō raveliù lakeshore. Ign, Pō sąsmauka part of a lake. Plt, Pō skirpstais meadow. Jon, Pō skrynią part of a lake. Mrc, Pō skrōblu farmstead. Btr, Pō sōdu village. Drsk, Pō stulpeliù meadow. Drsk, Pō stulpù part of a lake. Lkm, Pō šaltiniais farmstead. Ukm, Pō šlaitu meadow. Vrn, Pō šuneliù farmstead. Ssk, Pō takù part of a lake. Vrn, Pō tiltu farmstead. Eiš, Pō tvoròm part of a lake. Ign, Pō uoseliù meadow. Drsk, Pō upelė farmstead. Dkšt, Pō upeliù meadow. Lkm, Pō verbòm farmstead. Mrk (verbà, Slavic ‘willow’), Pō vinkšna || Pavinkšnys meadow. Žž;
Pō būdòs meadow, part of a lake. Plt, Pō kelálio part of a lake, crossroads, marsh. Plt, Pō liepos part of a lake. Plt, Pō mėlynčios meadow, farmstead. Šv, Pō pagriuvimo farmstead. Šv, Pō pušālės part of a lake. Plt, Pō stulpo part of a lake. Plt, Pō šaltinio meadow, farmstead. Lk, Pō vyšnàliù part of a lake. Plt;
Prie beržalio || Beržalis part of a lake. Plt, Prie berželio ditch. Tj, Prie epušėlės ditch. Tj, Prie kapinyno meadow. Mrk, Prie kelio farmstead. Pbs, Prie klojimo meadow. Ktk, Prie ledaũnios lakeshore. An, Prie liepų part of a lake. Plt, Prie magazino meadow. An, Prie pušikės village. Šln, Prie salėlės part of a lake (2). Plt, Prie stulpėlio farmstead. Švnc, Prie šunelio farmstead. Žmt, Prie ūlytelės meadow. Tj, Prie vartų farmstead. Girg;
Prie aviliàm meadow. Tvr, Prie karklui farmstead. Mlt, Prie malūnui ditch. Dkšt, Prie obeliai farmstead. Blnk, Prie šileliui meadow. Žmt, Prie trūbėlei farmstead. Dgč, Prie žvyriūkai farmstead. Ign;
Prō kryžiùką road. Vn;
Tiẽs molė meadow. Mrk, Tiẽs raveliù meadow. Mrk;
Až eglyno meadow. Švnc, Až kapų meadow, farmstead. Dkšt, Až kamaros meadow. Ktk, Až kiškių meadow. Mlt (perhaps Až Kiškių – Kiškis surname?), Až kluonų farmstead. Ad, Až krūmelio meadow. Ktk, Až liepčio meadow. Ktk, Až tilto farmstead. JnšM, Až upelių farmstead. Švnc, Až upės meadow. Lkm;
Ažù ganiavų meadow. Dv, Ažù kvainykėlio meadow. Dv (2), Ažù kvainykų meadow. Dv, Ažù smėlių farmstead. Dkšt, Ažù sōdo meadow. Mlt, Ažù varyklos meadow. Dv Ažù vōpnyčios meadow. Mlt (vōpnyčia, Slavic ‘lime kiln’);
Už balėlės meadow. Mrk, Už balos meadow, 2 woods² Vrn, 1. Drsk, Mrk, Už beržyno meadow. Drsk. Už bradėlio meadow. Mrc (brādas, Slavic ‘deep mud, wetness, marshiness; ford’), Už brādo ditch, woods. Drsk, Už bradų meadow, woods. Mrc, Už bradų || Bradai meadow. Rud, Už dėgsnių meadow. Rud, Už epušyno meadow. Mrc, Už ežero meadow, woods. Rud, part of a lake. Vrn, meadow. Rud (2), Vrn, woods. Rud, farmstead. Drsk, Už girėlės meadow. Mrc, Už girios meadow. Drsk, Mrc, Už grabų meadow. Drsk, Už kalno berry-picking site.
²The number beside the abbreviation of a generic term in a place name indicates that several (in this case, two) features with the same name are located in that vicinity.
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Page 5Drsk, forest, Drsk, Mrk, Beyond the hills forest, Vrn, Beyond the cemetery forest, Mrk, clearing, Drsk, Beyond the graves wood, An, Beyond the threshing barn forest, Drsk, Mrc, Beyond the burn site wood, Mrc, Beyond the line forest, Mrc, Beyond the forest forest, Drsk, Mrk, Beyond the railway halt forest, Mrc (paustánka, dialectal ‘railway halt’), Beyond the marshes wood, Pp, Beyond the bathhouse settlement, Tj, Beyond the pond forest, Tj, Beyond the bog forest, Mrc, forest, settlement, Drsk, Beyond the little ravine hill, Iv, Beyond the islets settlement, Mrk, Beyond the spring settlement, Drsk, Beyond the bridge village, 2 forests, spring, Mrc, forest, Vrn, Beyond the little bridge forest, Mrk, Beyond the river forest, Drsk, Vrn, hill, Mrk, Beyond the public road forest, Mrc;
Beyond the hills forest, Lel, Beyond the graves forest, clearing, Lel.
2. The following place names belong to the second group of appellative place names (preposition + compound appellative):
Along the tall hillock settlement, Lkm, Along the tar pit part of a forest, Lkm, Along two birch trees forest, Slk, Along the hazel thicket forest, Ktk;
By two little trees forest, Mrc, By the mare’s head village, Mrc, By the dense bog wood, Mrc, By the green little tree forest, Mrc;
Below the nest sites of the woodpecker settlement, Drsk, Mlt, forest, Drsk, Rod, Below the spruce hillocks settlement, Rk, Below the black earth riverbank, Žmt, Below the black alder hillocks forest, settlement, Pnt, Below the old blueberry patch forest, Žmt.
There are also other place names of this type (preposition + compound second component), but it is sometimes unclear whether they should be classified as appellative or toponymic place names. This is because their second component may be a compound place name that is unattested or has already disappeared. For this reason, they could be classified as toponymic prepositional place names. Such place names are:
On the Deep Field part of a lake, Drsk, On the Long Hill forest, Vrn, On Majokas Hill forest, wood, Vrn;
By the Second bog forest, Mrc, By Genys’s ridge forest, Mrc, By the King’s cross wood, Mrc, By the Queen’s ridge forest, Mrc, By the Hare’s meadow3 field, Mrc, By the Crooked Birch wood, Tv, By the First bog forest, Mrc;
Below the Great Little Island part of a lake, Plt;
Below the High Hill settlement, Vrn, Below the High Hill village, Km, Below the White Stone forest, Dkšt, Below the Birch Bend settlement, Žsl, Below the Great Stoneforest, settlement, Dkšt, clearing, Glv, Below the Great Hillforest, Jž, Below Grušelė’s Pointlakeshore, Drsk, Below the Black Hillockssettlement, Glv, Below the Red Crossforest, Glv, Below the Silver Slopefield, Plt;
By the Great Birch settlement, Kvr, By the Red Cross forest, An;
By the Great Stone forest, Žmt;
Across the Red Cross road, Vn;
Beyond the High Point part of a lake, Mrc, Beyond the Great Bogforest, Mrc.
II. 1. The second component of formations belonging to the first group of toponymic place names (preposition + simple place name) may be: a) a microtoponym (known only to local residents, usually derived from an appellative fairly recently and thus relatively new), b) a settlement name, c) a river or lake name (the latter names are generally much older than microtoponyms).
a) Preposition + microtoponym:
Añt Beviršės meadow – Beviršės hill village Rud, Añt Dadõtko meadow – Dadõtkas meadow Mrc (dadõtkas, Slavic for “additional strip”), Añt Klõnio meadow – Klõnis farmstead Drsk, Añt Kūdrós grove – Kūdra meadow, farmstead Rud, Añt Lisanõrų meadow – Lisanõrai village Mrk (lisa nora, Polish for “fox den”),
3 Perhaps the surnames (Genys, Karaliūnas, Karalienė, Kiškis) are included in the place names Pas Gėnio ežį, Pas Karaliaus kryžių, Pas Karalienės ežį, Pas Kiškio pievelę. These place names should then be assigned to subgroup c of the third group of toponymic place names (see p. 249).
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Page 6Ant Pãgiraičio meadow, grove – Pagiraitis meadow Vrn, Ant Prūdo grove – Prūdas meadow Vrn, Ant Ràvių meadow – Ravai group Mrk, Ant Šiaurūkų 2 meadows – Šiaurūkai farmstead Drsk, Ant Skidulio meadow – Skidulys farmstead Rod, Ant Šiekštos marsh, farmstead – Šiekšta meadow Drsk, Ant Venčiškės grove – Venčiškė marsh, meadow Vrn, Ant Vidutinės meadow – Vidutinė farmstead Vrn;
Par Lanką farmstead – Lankà meadow, farmstead, Drsk, Par Pilėlę meadow – Pilėlė village Lkm;
Pàs Åstravą farmstead – Åstravas meadow, grove Mrc (остров, Russian for “island; clearing”), Pàs Aukštoją meadow – Aukštoja village Mrc, Pàs Balėlę meadow – Balėlė, bog Mrc, Mrk, Pàs Bråda meadow – Brådas group Mrc, Pàs Bradėlį grove – Bradėlis homestead Mrc, Pàs Bradėlį meadow – Bradėlis farmstead Rud, Pàs Daržėlį farmstead – Daržėlis meadow Mrk, Pàs Daržėlius meadow – Daržėliai farmstead Drsk, Pàs Giliją 2 meadows – Gilióji marsh Mrc, Pàs Giráitę || Pagiraitýs meadow – Giráitė farmstead Mrc, Pàs Grabėlę part of a lake – Grabėlė meadow Mrc, Pàs Ilgūlį || Ilgūlis grove – Ilgūlis farmstead Mrc, Pàs Kemsinę meadow, farmstead – Kemsinė marsh Mrc, Pàs Kūpstinę meadow – Kūpstinė farmstead Mrc, Pàs Merkėklą meadow – Merkėkla marsh Mrc, Pàs Pérkasą meadow – Pérkasas slope Mrc. Pàs Prūdali meadow – Prūdalis homestead Plt, Pàs Raištą meadow – Raištas homestead Rud, Pàs Raistėlius meadow – Raistėliai meadow Mrc, Pàs Raistėlę meadow – Raistėlis marsh Mrc, Pàs Sodėlį meadow – Sodėlis slope Vrn, Pàs Stūburį meadow – Stūburys meadow Vrn, Pàs Trāką meadow – Trākas grove Mrc, Pàs Varyklas part of a lake – Varyklos bog Mrc;
Pō Pylos river – Pylà road Plt;
Pō Aukštuoju farmstead – Aukštasis village Lzd, Pō Darželiais meadow – Darželiai grove Dkšt, Pō Dubōju meadow – Dubōjus grove Rod, Pō Dundeklių meadow – Dundėklis grove Rod, Pō Grumtų meadow, farmstead – Grūmtas meadow Rod (grūmtas “a dried-out clod of earth”), Pō Karklynai part of a lake – Karklynai meadow Vrn, Pō Keičiuliu meadow – Keičiulis grove Rod (perhaps Keičiulis is a surname?), Pō Kvainyku meadow – Kvainykas grove, farmstead Rod, Pō Liūline meadow – Liūlinė meadow Švnč, Pō Palinikele meadow – Palinikelė marsh Mrk, Pō Persėdom meadow – Persėda (?) meadow Dkšt, Pō Plytnyčia farmstead – Plytnyčia village Mrk, Pō Sangavinė meadow – Sangavinė homestead Rod, Pō Šilais meadow – Šilai grove Mrc;
Prie Gilijai meadow – Giliója marsh Dkšt, Prie Majākui meadow – Majākas village Dkšt;
Ąž Platėlio meadow – Platėlis part of a lake Dkšt;
Už Aviliuko meadow – Aviliukas meadow Drsk, Už Bålos meadow – Båla farmstead Drsk, Mrc, Už Duobėlių meadow – Duobėlės meadow Vrn, Už Eglyniuko homestead – Eglyniukas homestead Grnk, Už Grabėlkos meadow – Grabėlka grove Mrc, Už Klampės meadow – Klampė marsh Mrc, Už Liesiškės meadow – Liesiškė meadow Drsk, Už Merkėklos meadow – Merkėkla marsh Mrc, Už Pievėlių meadow – Pievėlės bog Mrc, Už Raisto meadow – Raistas farmstead Mrc, Už Šilėlio meadow, grove – Šilėlis meadow Rud.
It is unclear whether the place names Ant Pačiåšo meadow and Prie Pačiåšo meadow – Pačiåšas homestead Tj can be included here, since Pačiåšas may be a surname, in which case these place names would have to be regarded as anthroponymic.
No equivalents (non-prepositional place names) have been found for a group of place names, but it may be assumed that they existed or still exist, only they have not yet been recorded and entered in the card index. These are the place names:
Ant Aukštųjų meadow Vrn, Ant Plačiųjų || Plačiosios meadow Mrc, Ant Platukio meadow Rod, Ant Platūlių || Platūliai meadow Mrk;
Par Kastinę meadow Ktk, Par Šaltąją spring Lkm;
Pō Drumitiškėm bog Ign., Pō Pakalninėm stream Ign, Pō Raudonūčiū meadow, farmstead Dkšt, Pō Želtaisiais farmstead Km.
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Page 7It is noteworthy that the second component of most of these place names is an adjectival form that has become a noun. A similar phenomenon is also found in Belarusian toponymy4.
b) Preposition + name of a settlement:
Ańt Vaštakų pond – Vaštakai village Km; Į Dūbą meadow – Dūbas village Mrc; Põ Anūliškėm meadow – Anūliškės village Šlčn, Põ Dailidėm lake section – Dailidės village Dkšt, Põ Dubiniais pond – Dubiniai village Rod, Põ Dubininkų meadow – Dubininkas village Mrc, Põ Gribaša hill, forest – Gribaša village Rud, Põ Krokšlių meadow – Krokšlys village Rud, Põ Lavysais (?) lake section – Lavysas village Vrn, Põ Lỹnėžerių meadow, forest – Lỹnėžeris village Rud, Põ Márgiais meadow – Márgiai village Rud, Põ Miliautiškė lake section – Miliautiškė village Dkšt, Põ Misiūnais pond – Misiūnai village Švnč, Põ Petūkais bank – Petūkai village Dkšt, Põ Prūtėlė bog – Prūtėlė settlement Dkšt, Põ Rudnią meadow – Rudnia village, Põ Skireikiais meadow – Skireikiai manor Rod, Põ Stoniūnais forest – Stoniūnai settlement Rud, Põ Špókiškia bog – Špókiškis village Km, Põ Ūtą forest – Ūtą village Rud, Põ Valašinais meadow – Valašinai village Tj;
Prie Šlavėnų meadow – Šlavėnai village An; Prie Bimbiriais pond – Bimbiriai village Mlt; Ažù Dainavõs pond – Dainavà village Dv; Už Valašinų meadow – Valašinai village Tj.
c) Preposition + name of a river or lake:
Ańt Kūisio meadow – Kūisis stream Šv, Ańt Tïtno meadow, pond – Tïtnas lake Rud; Į Grūdą meadow – Grūdà river Mrc; Pàs Bieliųką meadow – Bielìukas lake Rud, Pàs Dumblėlį meadow – Dumblėlis lake Rud, Pàs Dūmblį meadow – Dūmblis lake Rud, Pàs Įlgį forest – Įlgis lake Vrn, Pàs Išrūginį meadow – Išrūginis lake Rud, Pàs Malinę meadow – Malinis lake Rud, Pàs Plaušinį meadow – Plaušinis lake Vrn, Pàs Ūlą meadow – Ūla river Rud, Pàs Versminį meadow – Versminis lake Vrn; Põ Kūisio pond – Kūisis stream Šv, Põ Viešnálio lake section – Viešnális lake Plt; Põ Bradū meadow, pond – Brãdas stream Rud, Põ Žirnają pond – Žirnają river Pbs; Už Brãdo meadow – Brãdas stream Rud, Už Dumblėlio forest – Dumblėlis lake Rud, Už Odmenis meadow – Odmuõ river Vn.
2. The second group of toponymic place names consists of prepositions combined with compound place names:
Ańt Sūlatakio meadow – Sūlatakis meadow Mrc; Par Sausavirsę meadow – Sausavirsė forest Drsk; Pàs Dvilýpę ravine – Dvilýpė forest Mrc, Pàs Krakiabalę forest – Krakiabalė bog Mrk, Pàs Šaũsupį meadow, forest – Šaũsupis stream Vrn, Pàs Skėršbalę meadow – Skėršbalė bog Mrc, Pàs Švėdabalę pond – Švėdabalės (?) bog Mrc; Põ Júodupio lake section – Júodupis stream Plt, Põ Rõspelkiõ bog – Rõspel̃kis bog Plt; Põ Béržaragiu forest – Béržaragis lake shallows Lkm, Põ Júodeglyniu lake section – Júodeglynis forest section Plt, Põ Pėtrakálniu meadow – Pėtrakálnis hill Mrk, Põ Sausavirsę meadow – Sausavirsė forest Drsk, Põ Ubãgsale lake section – Ubãgsalė island Plt; Tiẽs Mólduobiu river bend – Mólduobis hollow Vn; Ažù Senátiltės stream bank – Senátiltė stream Lkm.
⁴ A. M. Prishchepchik, Microtoponyms of the type Za raka, Zaraka, Zarechcha, in: Conference on the Toponymy of the Northwestern Zone of the USSR (Abstracts of Papers and Communications), Riga, 1966, p. 137.
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Page 8No unprepositional counterparts were found for the place names Pàr Šakarvietę meadow, Ktk, and Põ Piliakalniu meadow, Lkm (they may either have already been forgotten or not yet recorded).
Looking at the second components of these prepositional place names, we see that they are mostly microtoponyms (Sūlatakis meadow, Sausaviršė forest, Krakiabalė swamp, etc.). Names of smaller streams also occur: Snašupis, Juodupis, Senatiltė.
3. The third group of toponymic place names consists of prepositions with compound place names, which can be divided into three subgroups.
a) Preposition + nominative place name:
Ant Aukštos riėvos meadow – Aukštos riėvos village, Mrc, Ant Baltojo smėlio meadow – Baltas smėlys meadow, Lkm;
Par Aukštąją balelę meadow – Aukštoja balelė farmstead, Ktk, Par Žemąją balelę meadow – Žemoja balelė farmstead, Ktk;
Pas Baltą kalnelį meadow – Baltas kalnelis village, Mrk;
Põ Baltu kalnu meadow – Baltas kalnas village, Vrn, Põ Pākamantiniu tiltelīu meadow – Pākamantis tiltelis bridge, Dkšt, Põ Spālinu tiltelīu meadow – Spālinis tiltelis bridge, Dkšt, Põ Šventų Jõnų meadow – Šventas Jõnas || Švento Jõno upelis stream, Vb, Põ Vidutiniu tiltelīu meadow – Vidutinis tiltelis bridge, Dkšt;
Prie Švento Jõno farmstead, swamp – *Šveñtas Jõnas, Ign (no counterpart was found; this may be either a stream or a cross);
Už Baltōs Ānčios meadow – Baltōji Ānčia river, Kpč.
No unprepositional counterpart was found for the place name Apiē Spālinį tiltą swamp, Dkšt.
b) Preposition + genitive place name, whose first component is a noun:
Ant Bālos laukų meadow – Bālos laukai meadow, Mrc;
Pas Gudų balelę meadow – Gudų balelė swamp, Mrk, Pas Ožkų bradelį meadow – Ožkų bradelis ford, Mrk, Pas Žydo tiltą swamp – Žydo tiltas meadow, farmstead, Rud, Pas Žvirgždžių balą meadow – Žvirgždžių bala swamp, Mrk;
Põ Āžuolo kėlmų part of lake, farmstead – Āžuolo kėlmas meadow, Dkšt, Põ Kūnigo upę farmstead – Kūnigo upė part of lake, Plt, Põ Pýlių pėlkę meadow – Pýlių pėlkė farmstead, Plt (pýlė ‘duck’), Põ Pušėlių kalnu forest – Pušėlių kalnas hill, Dgč, Põ Raudų kalnu field – Raudų kalnas hill, Plt, Põ Sidābro vingiu part of lake – Sidābro vingis bend, Plt, Põ Žydo pečium meadow – Žydo pečius meadow, Drsk;
Prie Vidumiškio rėvo meadow – Vidumiškio rėvas ditch, Vp;
Āž Duobių kalno field – Duobių kalnas village, Dkšt.
c) Preposition + a genitive place name whose first component is a personal name, the name of a place of residence, or the name of a river or lake:
Ant Bandžiūko lauko field – Bandžiūkas homestead, Mrc, Ant Bōro pirkaitės field – Bōras homestead or farmstead, Vrn, Ant Cesų kalno field – Cesai || Cėsūkai village, Mrk, Ant Klimšos kampelio field – Klimša homestead or farmstead, Mrc, Ant Labōno degimo field – Labōnas homestead, Mrc, Ant Narkūnų kelio field – Narkūnai village, Km;
Par Kisiėliaus obelėlę apple tree – Kisiėlius homestead, Lel, Par Minkos pirkėlę house, field – Minka homestead, Dkšt, Par Naviko pušį field – Navikas homestead, Lkm;
Pas Ādōmo ravėlį track – Ādōmas village, Mrk, Pas Dubininko kelią road – Dubininkas village, Mrc, Pas Kaniavōs pievas field – Kaniava village, Rud, Pas Kūrpiko liepą field – Kūrpikas homestead, Mrc, Pas Likočių kelią 2 l. – Likočiai village, Mrc, Pas Liolio raistą field – Liolys homestead, Rud, Pas Mašnyčių kelią mushroom-picking place – Mašnyčios village, Drsk, Pas Ma-
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Page 9žõno bãlą meadow – Mažõnas homestead, Mrc, Pàs Merkinės kelią field – Merkinė village, Drsk, Pàs Milius bognėlį field – Milius homestead, Mrc, Pàs Norūlių kelią field – Norūliai village, Mrk, Pàs Pãulių tiltą meadow – Pãuliai village, Vrn, Pàs Peteškos drėvę field – Peteška homestead, Vrn, Pàs Raudõnio bãlą meadow – Raudõnis homestead, Mrk, Pàs Svirnelių daržą field – Svirneliai, part of a village (Svirnėlis homestead), Vrn, Pàs Vieciūnų kelią mushroom-picking place – Vieciūnai village, Drsk, Pàs Žiūrų tiltą meadow – Žiūrai village, Vrn;
Põ Almino upės inlet – Almino River, stream (Alminas homestead), Plt, Põ Pãlsio lankalės inlet – Palsys homestead, Plt;
Põ Bãltuvienės daržų lakeshore – Bãltuvienė homestead, Lkm, Põ Béržoro galų part of a lake – Béržoras lake, Plt, Põ Eidūkopelkė part of a lake – Eidūkas homestead, Plt, Põ Jãkumo upalių inlet – Jãkumo upãlis stream (Jãkumas homestead), Plt, Põ Jõselio pelkė part of a lake – Jõselis homestead or village, Plt, Põ Jurčiāus upė || Jurčiaus upė part of a lake – Jurčius homestead, Plt, Põ Nãivos balā pond – Nãiva homestead, Vp, Põ Strazdų pirčia lakeshore – Strazdas homestead, Lkm;
Prie Grinio kélmo field – Grinis, Grinỹs homestead, Dkšt, Prie Skineikių tilto field – Skineikiai village, Ds, Prie Šveikautiškių gronyčios boundary – Šveikautiškiai village (gronyčia “wall, boundary”) Tj;
Prie Bãltakienės šūlniui field – Bãltakienė homestead, Dkšt.
It is difficult to determine which subgroup the place names Pàs Stambinės brãdą field – Stambinė house, Mrk, Pàs Starinos brãdą field – Starina homestead, field, Mrc, Pàs Vértamedžio kãlną meadow – Vértamedžio kãlnas hill, Drsk, Pàs Vijūninės kelią mushroom-picking place – Vijūninė house, Drsk should be assigned to. Here the prepositions are followed by genitive place names whose first components are compound adjectives Stambinė and Vijūninė, the etymology of the word Starina is not entirely clear (Russian старина “old times; old man, old woman”; it may also be a surname), and the noun vertamedis, which we may regard as an appellative.
III. Anthroponymic prepositional toponyms are formed from a preposition and a personal name (surname, given name, or nickname):
Anìt Baškiriaus meadow Mrc – cf. the surname Baškiêrius; Anìt Mataušūko homestead – the given name Mataušūkas Drsk;
Pàs Mažõną meadow – the surname Mažõnas Mrc, Pàs Piùrky forest-warden's hut – the surname Piùrkus Mrc;
Põ Jõno part of the lake – the given name Jõnas Plt, Põ Kvėdaro (?) homestead – the surname Kvėdaras Jž;
Põ Bãltakių meadow – the surname Bãltakis Lel, Põ Baltrimų homestead – the surname Baltrimas Mrk, Põ Bukauskais forest – the surname Bukãuskas Švnč, Põ Dùnda homestead – the surname Dùnda Dgl, Põ Garbačiausku homestead – the surname Garbačiauskas Dkšt, Põ Girčių homestead – the surname Girčys Antz, Põ Jõnių part of the lake – the given name Jõnis Dkšt, Põ Jonukù pool – the given name Jonùkas Vn, Põ Jūrša meadow, clearing – the surname Jūrša Ktk, Põ Kálvėnais meadow – the surname Kálvėnas Dkšt, Põ Karosù meadow – the surname Karõsas Lel, Põ Krankliais meadow – the surname or nickname Kranklỹs Rud, Põ Kurõnais meadow – the surname Kurõnas Dkšt, Põ Mirinu meadow – the surname Mirinas Dkšt, Põ Rukšėnu valley – the surname Rukšėnas Ign, Põ Tūzu meadow – the surname Tūzas Ign, Põ Vãnagų forest – the surname Vãnagas Kš;
Prie Mykoliūno pasture – the surname Mykoliūnas Tj;
Už Adámkės homestead – the given name or nickname Adámkė Mrc, Už Benedõko meadow – the given name Benedõkas Tj, Už Dvareckų meadow – the surname Dvareckas Vrn, Už Kalpõko meadow – the surname Kalpõkas Mrc, Už Trajãno meadow – the given name or surname Trajãnas Mrc.
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Page 10It is difficult to determine which type—anthroponymic or appellative—the place names Pãr Grąužą homestead Dgč and Pãr Žilvytį homestead Dgč belong to. Here the second component consists either of the common nouns grąužas and žilvitis or of the surnames Grąuža (Grąužas) and Žilvytis.
IV. In addition to the prepositional place names presented above, there is also a small group of names whose formation differs somewhat. In these, along with the preposition and toponym, the nomenclatural term for the feature is also given (hill, road, meadow, bog, etc.). Some of them have corresponding names—toponyms or anthroponyms:
Añ̃ taklį hill kl. Žmt;
Apie balą small pond kd. Lzd;
Į Gaivenius road road – Gaiveniai village Tj, Į Ringį small river meadow – Ringys river Vžns, Į vieškelį road road Tj;
Palei pridotkus cord meadow Tj;
Põ eglė bog homestead Slk, Põ juodalksnias bog marsh Km, Põ Skrebūnu homestead meadow – Skrebūnas surname An, Põ srovė stone stone Erž, Põ Valašinai cord meadow – Valašinai village Tj, Põ Zemlėnsku small bog bog – Zemlėnskas surname Glv;
Prie kryžiaus small meadow homestead Blnk, Prie kryžiaus small bog bog An, Prie Švento Jõno footbridge footbridge – Švento Jõno small river stream Tj;
Až upelių bush bush Lel;
Garden beyond the pond field, meadow, Mrc, Field beyond Karolis’s field – Karolis village. Plt, Field beyond Kulìnė meadow – Kulìnė meadow. Vrn, Field beyond the threshing floor field. Plt.
Most such place names are less toponymized and resemble ordinary word combinations, but because they are used consistently to name particular features, we classify them as place names.
In all, about 750 prepositional place names are now known. The article lists 730 of them. The largest share of prepositional place names consists of appellative-based names (422), followed by toponymic names (207), then anthroponymic names (30). Given that not all prepositional place names have corresponding non-prepositional forms, the classification of some place names into a particular type is provisional.
Daugiausia prielinksnių vietovardžių padaryta su prielinksniu põ – 257, toliau eina pàs – 180, už(ù) – 85, aż(ù) – 23, añ̃ – 85, pãr (pàs reikšme) – 43, priẽ – 41, į̃ – 6, tiẽs – 3, apiẽ – 2, pagal – 2, prõ – 2, palei – 1.
The use of prepositions in prepositional place names reflects the general rules governing preposition use in the respective dialect. For example, põ occurs with the genitive to indicate approximate location: Põ liepos part of a lake, Põ mėlnýčios field, meadow, Põ pušalės part of a lake, Põ vyšnalį part of a lake, Põ Didžiosios salalės part of a lake, Põ Pylõs stream (all examples are from Platel(i)ai). In eastern Lithuania priẽ is used with the dative: Prie aviliam field. Ign, Prie karklui meadow. Dkšt, Prie žyvriukui meadow. Žmt. priẽ also occurs with the instrumental: Prie Bimbiriais field. Mlt.
Since not all prepositional place names have been collected for the reason mentioned above, it is possible to form only an approximate picture of their distribution. The prepositional place names examined in the article were recorded mainly in the interfluve of the Nemunas and Merkys, in eastern Lithuania (east and north of the line Rokiškis, Kamajai, Anykščiai, Taujenai, Ukmergė, Pabradė), and in Samogitia (Plateliai, Kartenà, Gargždai, Švėkšna).
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Page 11Most place names formed with ant (according to the data currently available) were recorded between the Nemunas and Merkys, while individual names were found in the Rokiškis district and in the vicinity of Taujėnai, Lyduokiai (Ukmergė district), Kirdeikiai (Utena district), Dūkštas, and Švenčionys. Place names with the preposition ant are also found in Samogitia—in the vicinity of Plāteliai (Plungė district), Gargždai, Rimkai (Klaipėda district), Švėkšna (Šilutė district), Priekulė, Šilutė, and Pagėgiai.
Prepositional place names with par are used in eastern Lithuania (where paš is used instead of the preposition par). In addition, some have been recorded in the vicinity of Merkinė and Rātničia (Varėna district).
Most place names with paš were recorded in the interfluve of the Nemunas and Merkys. One such place name each was documented in the vicinity of Antāžavė (Zarasai district) and in Plāteliai.
Most place names with pō were recorded in the interfluve of the Nemunas and Merkys and in the area bounded in the west by Moškėnai (Rokiškis district), Svėdasai, Taujėnai, and Kulvā (Jonava district), and in the south by Gėlvanai (Širvintos district), Širvintos, Joniškis (Molėtai district), and Šūtai (Švenčionys district). More than 30 toponyms with pō were recorded in Plāteliai; these are names of parts of the lake. A few such toponyms were also recorded elsewhere: in the vicinity of Kaišiadorys, Krūonis, Palōmenė (Kaišiadorys district), Šventežeris (Lazdijai district), Eržvilkas (Jurbarkas district), Švėkšna, Vainutas (Šilutė district), and Pāramačis (Telšiai district).
It is noteworthy that place names with the preposition nao, corresponding to Lithuanian pō, are also abundant in northern Belarus. According to the available data, pō and paš are the most productive in place-name formation in Lithuania, while nao (pō) and за (už) are the most productive in northern Belarus. In Belarus, place names with над have been recorded only on the right bank of the Nemunas5. It may be supposed that the range of Belarusian and Lithuanian place names with nao and pō once extended across the right bank of the Nemunas.
Place names with prie are found south of Dusėtos and Raguvōs (Panevėžys district), and north of Jonava, Gėlvanai, Molėtai, and Švenčionys. One such place name each was recorded in the vicinity of Merkinė, Šiaulėnai, and Gargždai; four were recorded in the vicinity of Plāteliai.
Most place names with už(u) were recorded in the interfluve of the Nemunas and Merkys (as already mentioned, place names with за are also abundant in northern Belarus). One such place name was recorded in the vicinity of Kāpčiamiestis (Lazdijai district), between Grinkiškis (Radviliškis district) and Krākės (Kėdainiai district), near Vainutas, and in Šiaudinė (Akmenė district); two were recorded in the vicinity of Plāteliai, and seven north of Dieveniškės (Eišiškės district).
Place names with až(u) were recorded in eastern Lithuania between Troškūnai (Anykščiai district), Taujėnai, Molėtai, Dubingiai, and Mielagėnai (Švenčionys district).
As we can see, most formations with four prepositions (pō, paš, ant, už(u)) were recorded in the interfluve of the Nemunas and Merkys. In total, about 300 prepositional place names have been documented in this territory—that is, slightly less than half of all prepositional place names currently known. Prepositional place names are a characteristic feature of the nomenclature of the Nemunas–Merkys interfluve.
Prepositional place names have also been recorded in areas of the Byelorussian SSR inhabited by Lithuanians: eight names with pō and three with ant in Pelesa (Rōdūnia district), one place name each with pō in Dubiniai, Smilginiai, and Kargaudai (Rōdūnia district), and in Pasalys (Jū-
5 A. M. Prishchepchik, “Microtoponyms of the Za raka, Zaraka, Zarachcha type,” in: Conference on the Toponymy of the Northwestern Zone of the USSR (Abstracts of Papers and Communications). Riga, 1966, p. 139.
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Page 12in the Rotiškiai area), Žiguosė (Varėna district) and Pužėnai (Breslauja district), 1 place-name with añi in Vigoniai (Ródūnia district).
Prepositional place-names also occur in Russian. O. A. Kupchinsky6, drawing on archival data and card files, observes that in Russian, once numerous prepositional place-names tend to be replaced by simple or compound ones (nominative or genitive). Consequently, the proportion of prepositional place-names is declining noticeably compared with data from previous centuries.
A similar tendency is found in Lithuanian. Prepositional place-names become nominative or genitive forms. Cases have been recorded in which a prefixed form is also used alongside a prepositional place-name to refer to the same place, e.g.: Pō klēstauru || Paklēštarē village, meadow (Viečiūnai Drsk), Pàs Giraitē || Pagiraitýs village (Piesčiai Mrc), Pō vinkšna || Pavinkšnys village (Bačkōnys Žž). More often, the same place is called by both a prepositional and a non-prepositional name, e.g.: Añt Plačiūjų || Plāčiosios village (Šklėriai Mrc), Añt Platūlių || Platūliai village (Češai Mrk), Pàs brastàs || Brāstos village, meadow (Daržėliai Mrc), Pàs Ilgūli || Ilgūlis forest (Daržinėles Mrc), Pàs šulnēli || Šulnēlis meadow (Daržėliai Mrc), Pàs epušyną || Epušynas village (Piesčiai Mrc), etc. These parallel names show that over time prepositional forms of place-names may be displaced by non-prepositional ones.
PREPOSITIONAL PLACE-NAMES
3. RABACHYAUSKAITE
Abstract
The article examines prepositional place-names, i.e. names of the type preposition + appellative, toponym, or anthroponym.
The structural pattern of prepositional place-names is as follows:
I. Appellative-based:
1. Preposition + simple appellative;
2. Preposition + compound appellative.
II. Toponymic:
1. Preposition + simple toponym:
a) preposition + microtoponym,
b) preposition + name of a populated place,
c) preposition + name of a river or lake;
2. Preposition + complex toponym;
3. Preposition + compound toponym:
a) preposition + compound nominative toponym,
b) preposition + genitive toponym whose first component is a common noun,
c) preposition + genitive toponym whose first component is an anthroponym, a settlement name, or a river or lake name.
6 O. A. Kupchinsky, Changes in the word-formation structure of microtoponymy, in: Study of Geographical Names, “Mysl”, 1966, p. 122.
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Page 13III. Anthroponymic.
IV. Prepositional toponym + nomenclature term.
The article examines 730 prepositional toponyms according to this scheme. The largest group consists of appellative toponyms (422). The toponymic group comprises 207 prepositional toponyms, and the anthroponymic group 30. Some prepositional toponyms can be assigned to one type or another only more or less relatively.
The most productive preposition in the formation of prepositional toponyms is pō—257 toponyms; it is followed by pàs—180, ūž(ù)—85, àž(ù)—23, añt—85, par (in the sense of pàs)—43, priē—41, ī—6, tiēs—3, apiē—2, pagāl—2, prō—2, and pālei—1.
Prepositions in prepositional toponyms are used in accordance with the norms of the local dialect.
The prepositional toponyms examined occur in the interfluve of the Nemunas and Merkys, in Eastern Lithuania and Žemaitija. About 300 prepositional toponyms were recorded between the Nemunas and Merkys rivers. About 20 such toponyms were recorded in Lithuanian villages in the territory of the Byelorussian SSR.
In Lithuanian (as in Russian) toponymy, there is a tendency to replace prepositional toponyms with nominative ones. This is evidenced by parallel names of the type Pō klēštaru || Pakleštarė field, meadow (Vecionys, Varėna district), Pàs šūnelē || Šūnelis meadow (Darželiai, Varėna district).
