S aipsniai / A icles 93
ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Scien i ic esea ch a eas include lexicog aphy,
seman ics, and lexicology.
This Decision shall en e in o
o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
(REMIANTIS STUDENT) Wha a e you doing?
(Applause om he audience)
Concep o he Wo d augalas
(Based on S uden Su ey)
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The dic iona y o he Li huanian language (Daba inės lie u ių kalbos žodynas, Li huanian
language dic iona y) usually de ines he wo d plan as a bo anical e m, men ioning i s
essen ial cha ac e is ics […] […]o ganizmas[…], meaning […]non-o ganic ma e ials[…], o
which […]ligh ene gy[…] is necessa y. The wo d "plan " is no jus a e m, bu a common,
e e yday wo d ha dic iona ies could use o de ine a plan , such as i s cha ac e is ics,
ypes, and so on, so ha he eade o he dic iona y would unde s and he wo d mo e
easily. In o de o explo e in mo e de ail how he wo d "plan " is unde s ood, which o i s
cha ac e is ics a e mo e impo an and easily ecognizable, and which a e no so
impo an , a s uden su ey was ca ied ou , he esul s o which could supplemen he
adi ional (mo e scien i ic) de ini ion o a plan wi h mo e ypical cha ac e is ics.
The mos impo an wo ds: ques ion, meaning, ypical sign, de ini ion, e m,
plan .
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The Li huanian explana o y dic iona ies (Dic iona y o Mode n Li huanian, Dic iona y o he
Li huanian Language) usually de ine he wo d "plan " as a bo anical e m by men ioning i s
essen ial ea u es: "o ganism", which eeds on "ino ganic nu ien s" and equi es " he ene gy
o ligh ". Howe e , plan is no only a e m bu also a daily, usual wo d, which explana o y
dic iona ies could also de ine in a mo e mundane manne by eco ding i s ypical ea u es,
ypical membe s o he ca ego y, e c. o make i easie o dic iona y eade s. The pu pose o
ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ
94 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXII o unde s and i . To ind ou how he wo d "plan " is
unde s ood, which ea u es a e mo e impo an and easily ecognizable and which a e less
impo an , a s uden su ey was conduc ed, he indings o which could be o help in
supplemen ing he adi ional de ini ion o plan .
en i ic) de ini ion o he e m augalas wi h mo e ypical ea u es.
he a o emen ioned a icle was o highligh he peculia i ies o he Common Li huanian
Language Vocabula y (BŽV) and o make p oposals on he o mula ion o de ini ions o hese and
čių augalų samp a ai i i, dalis. Pi mas iš ciklo s aipsnis „Reikšmių apib ėži-
o he names in his a ea. One o he asks o he a icle was o de e mine he mos commonly
used de ini ion o he meaning o he wo d " adi ional" o "cogni i e" by de ining he common
ap a i pasi ink ų augalus i gy ūnus pa adinančių žodžių eikšmių apib ėžimo
names o plan and animal ca ego ies and he wo ds belonging o hese ca ego ies (named
animals, ees, ui s, e c.) and compa ing hem wi h he de ini ions o o he explana o y
wo ds in Li huanian, English and Russian. Ano he impo an ask o he a icle was o
in es iga e which adjec i es a e mos o en chosen when de ining he wo ds plan and animal.
I u ns ou ha he au ho s o BZ chose a adi ional (mo e scien i ic) de ini ion o he
meanings o hese wo ds (as well as DZ7i, LKZe and mos o he English and Russian dic iona ies
analyzed). The ollowing cha ac e is ics o he plan a e eco ded: "o ganism", "ino ganic
ma e ials", "essen ial ligh ene gy". I has been concluded ha he e a e so many known plan
species in na u e ha i would p obably be di icul o de ine he wo d by, o example, he
mos p ominen ea u es o i s ypical membe s.
The science o bo any has a e y ex ensi e e minological sys em, so i may be
ha he explana o y ocabula y o he Li huanian language o en elies on he
elemen s o scien i ic ca ego iza ion (scien i ic nomencla u e) o de ine wo ds
belonging o his ield, men ioning he belonging o eali y o a ious kingdoms,
amilies, ibes, e c., al hough […] in he main lexicog aphic de ini ion […] (Mikulskas
nių y a padė i žodyno skai y ojui a pažin i žodžiais žymimų ka ego ijų a s o us
2009: 72). P ac ice de ining wo ds in he ield o bo any
aiškinamuosiuose žodynuose kaip e minus a si ado nuo seno.
1 Remiamasi da nepaskelb u BŽ ank aščiu.
S aipsniai / A icles 95
Žodžio augalas samp a a ( emian is s uden ų apklausa)
The e m "plan " is de ined in Li huanian encyclopedias e y scien i ically,
e e ing o a ious scien i ic e ms in he ield o bo any, e.g. "plan s a e li ing
o ganisms whose cell walls consis o cellulose2 and whose highes ypes ha e he
o m o a umo , a oo and om ino ganic ma e o m o ganic ma e , i.e. hey
eed au o ophically" (LE 1953: 392). Some imes he de ini ion o a plan is limi ed o
men ioning i s belonging o a pa icula kingdom (emphasizing he di e ence
be ween a plan and an animal), e.g. […]plan s, o ganisms o ming one o he wo
kingdoms o he li ing wo ld ( egnum ege abile; he second kingdom […]animals)[…]
(LTE 1976: 445); […] Plan s, o ganisms ha make up one o he wo mos impo an
lio ka alysčių“ (ŽŪE 1998: 121). VLEe augalas aip pa apib ėžiamas minin jo
li ing passages in a pa icula kingdom, c . […] O ganisms ha make up he plan kingdom
(Regnum plan ae, Regnum ege abile)“3.
Li huanian dic iona ies o e ms (and a ious laws) de ine a plan by he ollowing
cha ac e is ics: […] eeding on ino ganic ma e ials […] (as opposed o animals, which,
o example, eed on o ganic ma e ials) and […] abili y o pe o m pho osyn hesis
[…], e.g. […] o ganisms o o ms o li ing ma e exis ing on he g ound, which eed on
ino ganic ma e ials and use ligh ene gy o g ow h […] (Sliesa a ičius, Lazauskas,
S anis, Keinis, Klimo ienė 2010); See also: […]1. O ganism o pa s he eo , including
seeds, in ended o sowing, pe o ming pho oca aly ic syn hesis. 2. O ganism o
pa s he eo , including esh ui and seeds, ca ying ou mul iple
pho osyn hesis (D a Law on Amendmen s o he Phy osani a y Law o he
Republic o Li huania; D a Law on Amendmen s o he Plan P o ec ion Law o he
Republic o Li huania). Based on he de ini ion o a plan gi en in Li huanian
encyclopedias and dic iona ies o e ms, i can be a gued ha he Li huanian
dic iona y de ines he wo d plan as a e m by men ioning i s essen ial
cha ac e is ics […] […]o ganisms[…], meaning […]ino ganic ma e ials[…], o which
[…]ligh ene gy[…] is necessa y. I should be emphasized ha plan is no only a e m,
bu also an e e yday, common wo d ha could be de ined by explana o y
dic iona ies and, mo e speci ically, by a ixe -uppe , would be easie o unde s and.
mi ipiškus jo požymius, ipiškus ka ego ijos na ius i pan., kad žodyno skai y-
As Aloyzas Guda ičius says (2009: 78), […][p] eliable de ini ions o he meanings o
ma e a e p o ided by associa ion dic iona ies […]. In o man syn agma ic
eac ions o gi en wo ds con i m he s ong seman ic connec ion o he
seman ics, i.e. he p esence o common seman ics. In o de o unde s and mo e
ully how a plan is pe cei ed, which o i s ea u es a e mo e impo an and
easily ecognizable, and which a e no so impo an , 2 Co in hians is w i en as an o iginal.
See also pa ag aph 3. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ
96 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXII i was decided o ca y ou a s uden su ey,
he esul s o which a e expec ed o help supplemen he adi ional (mo e
scien i ic) de ini ion o he plan wi h mo e ypical ea u es. The pu pose o his
a icle is o examine he pe cep ion o he wo d plan based on a s uden su ey.
The asks in he a icle a e: 1) o iden i y, classi y and discuss he plan
cha ac e is ics eco ded in he s uden s' answe s; (2) he explana ion o
p oposals o he de ini ion o he meaning o his wo d on he basis o he su ey da a;
jame Bend inės lie u ių kalbos žodyne.
METHODOLOGY AND THEORY This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has been consul ed on his ma e .
The p eamble
In o al, 1116 s uden s om di e en le els and acul ies om Rome Uni e si y and Šiauliai
ijų Lie u os uni e si e ų – Vilniaus Gedimino echnikos uni e si e o, Mykolo
Uni e si y pa icipa ed in he su ey. Rep esen a i es o he exac sciences accoun ed o 30% o
all esponden s, ep esen a i es o he social sciences […] 61%, ep esen a i es o he humani ies
[…] 9% (see able 1 o de ails). Women accoun ed o 59% o all esponden s (85% in he social
sciences, 15% in he humani ies, 0% in he exac sciences), and men accoun ed o 41% o all
esponden s (72% in he exac sciences, 28% in he social sciences, 0% in he exac sciences). Women
who spen hei childhood and ea ly you h in he coun yside accoun ed o 23% o all women
su eyed, and men o 41% o all men su eyed. Women who spen hei childhood and ea ly you h in
he ci y accoun ed o 77% o all women su eyed, men […] 59% o all men su eyed. 4 S uden s a e
chosen because o hei di e si y in composi ion, as hey can ep esen he whole o socie y
(Ru ko ska and k . 2017: 32).
5 The su ey was ca ied ou in Feb ua y-May 2019. The au ho since ely hanks he lec u e s o
Vilnius Gediminas Technical Uni e si y doc. d . Rasuolei Vlada skienei, lec u e s a he Uni e si y o
Mykola Rome , D . Ilonai Čiužauskai ei and lec u e s a he Uni e si y o Šiauliai, doc. d . Jolan a
Vaskelieni, who helped wi h he s uden su ey. 6 Acco ding o K is ina Ru ko ska, Ma ius Sme ona,
and I ena Sme onienė, "s uden g oups o a leas 100 people should be s udied" (Ru ko ska e al.
2017: 32). Mo e han a hund ed s uden s a e in e iewed in he cou se o he s udy, as he au ho s'
expe ience shows ha pa o he da a is usually co up ed […] s uden s do no answe ques ions
a all, answe all ques ions […] do no know […], e c. I was decided o keep all he ques ionnai es
whose da a we e no co up ed, i.e. 111.
A icles 97 and 97 (1) o he Regula ion. Dis ibu ion o esponden s by
Žodžio augalas samp a a ( emian is s uden ų apklausa)
gende and academic ield, n .
The Ly is
Women's and men's unde g adua e
and g adua e p og ams in he
humani ies, social sciences,
humani ies, and humani ies, and
humani ies and humani ies, and humani ies, and humani ies, and humani ies, and humani ies, and humani ies, and humani ies, and humani ies, and humani ies, and humani ies, and humani ies.
O which 65 O which 46 111
Pagal amžių mo e ys dažniausiai y a maždaug nuo 19 iki 25 me ų amžiaus,
men […] be ween 18 and 25 yea s o age. Bo h women and men a e olde
(See also Table 2).
Table wo. Dis ibu ion o esponden s by age
The Ly is
C yp o Women and Men
The ield o exac sciences […] 21[…]23,
Socialinių mokslų k yp is 19–23, 27–28 18–20
25, 41 The ield o humani ies […]22[…]25, 45 […]
Ou o a o al o 111 esponden s
The su ey consis ed o 13 open-ended ques ions in which esponden s we e
asked o eco d hei own esponses. Desc ibe in you own wo ds wha a
plan is o you. 2. Wha do you hink is he main cha ac e is ic o a plan ? 3.
Desc ibe o he cha ac e is ics o he plan . 4. Wha pa (o gan) do you hink
a plan has o ha e o be called a plan ?
5. How do you hink a plan di e s om an animal? 6. Wha kind o soil do you hink a
plan can g ow in? 7. Do you hink a plan can g ow in wa e ? 8. Do you hink all plan s
a e g een? 9. Do you hink ligh is necessa y o a plan ? 10. Wha do you hink a plan
needs? 11. A e you amilia wi h he e m pho osyn hesis? I so, desc ibe him in you
own wo ds. 12. Do you hink a mush oom is a plan ? 13. Wha is you mos ypical plan ?

ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ
98 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXII
Kaip ma y i, klausimai pa eik i nuo bend iausio, kai esponden ai u ėjo api-
de ine wha a plan is o hem in conc e e e ms, such as he soil in which he plan
can g ow; whe he he plan can g ow in wa e ; whe he all plan s a e g een and so
on. In o de o he esponden s o answe as ully as possible, he same ques ions
we e asked se e al imes, only sligh ly di e en ly ph ased. Fo example, he second
(Wha do you hink is he main cha ac e is ic o a plan ?) and he ou h (Wha pa
(o gan) do you hink a plan mus ha e o be called a plan ?) he ques ionnai e? The
simai y a susiję, nes ikė asi, kad jų a sakymai bus panašūs, ačiau, kaip odo
ezul a ai, aip nė a. Penk as klausimas (Kuo, Jūsų manymu, augalas ski iasi nuo
aim o he su ey was o ind ou wha he main dis inc i e ea u es would be named
by he esponden s, as i is likely ha hese ea u es would be no only dis inc i e
bu also he mos cha ac e is ic o he plan and animal. The six h and se en h
ques ions ela e, in he i s case, o he ques ion o whe he a plan can g ow in
gene al soil, and in he second case, o he ques ion o whe he a plan can g ow in
wa e . The eigh h ques ion conce ns he colo o he plan , ha is, whe he all
plan s a e g een. The nin h and en h ques ions o he su ey ela e o plan
nu i ion […] whe he ligh is essen ial o he plan and wha he plan ea s. The only
ques ion is o a scien i ic na u e, i.e. i was wan ed o check whe he he
esponden s a e amilia wi h he e m pho osyn hesis, because he Li huanian
ocabula y de ines he wo d plan by men ioning his scien i ic e m. The wel h
ques ion is asked in o de o ind ou o which kingdom o g oup he esponden s
assign mush ooms […] plan s o k . When asking he hi d ques ion (Wha is he mos
ypical plan o you?) i was desi ed o ind ou which o he plan s ha a e expec ed o g ow in Li huania a e he mos ypical o he esponden s.
When analysing and desc ibing he su ey da a, he esponses o he esponden s
we e ini ially b oken down by ield o s udy, gende and place o o igin, bu i was
ound ha he e we e no signi ican di e ences be ween he esponses
p o ided. I was decided o desc ibe he da a wi hou di iding hem acco ding o
he a o emen ioned c i e ia. In cases whe e he answe s o esponden s
belonging o di e en ields o science do no ma ch, his is eco ded in he analysis o he ques ion.
Apklausoje pa eik i duomenys bu o apdo o i ankiniu būdu. A sakymai pa-
p o ide nume ical and pe cen age exp essions. The answe s gi en o he same
ques ion we e di ided by cha ac e is ics, o example, he answe plan […] ha ing
a oo has li e has such cha ac e is ics […] […] and […] li e. Poems a e g ouped in o
la ge g oups ( hey a e desc ibed below) and hei nume ical and pe cen age
k ieno požymio skliaus uose pa eik as skaičius odo, kiek ka ų požymis bu o
exp essions a e gi en. The answe o he same ques ion (e.g., 54 ou o 81). Sub i les
a e p o ided in a educed o de . This is how you calcula e he answe s o he i s
ou ques ions. The answe s o he i h, en h, ele en h and hi een h ques ions
požymius, be nesug upuo i, nes šiuo a eju s a bu nus a y i, kokie požymiai
a e also di ided by gende , and i is no ele an o which g oups hey belong o. he nin h and
The answe s o he wel e ques ions in A icles 99 a e no b oken down by
Žodžio augalas samp a a ( emian is s uden ų apklausa)
cha ac e is ics ( esponden s usually ga e a yes o no answe ), so he o al
numbe o people who answe ed he same ques ion is calcula ed.
Acco ding o Rysza d Toka sky (1993: 340 […] 341), plan p ope ies ha a e
impo an o humans can be di ided in o h ee g oups: 1) en i onmen al
p ope ies (including hei lowe ing pe iod, which is he mos impo an o
plan de elopmen ), 2) physical p ope ies, and 3) pu pose. P zemysław Dębowiak
and Jadwiga Waniakowa (2019: 176) p o ide such a classi ica ion in hei s udy o
he seman ics o plan names7 mo i a ion: 1) he appea ance o plan s (ou side), 2) he p ope ies o plan s, 3) he place o g ow h o plan s and
4) he pu pose o he plan s.
The plan 's cha ac e is ics, eco ded in he s uden s' answe s, can be di ided
in o he ollowing g oups o cha ac e is ics: 1) plan in he gene al sense, 2)
in e nal plan cha ac e is ics, and 3) ex e nal plan cha ac e is ics. A plan in
he gene al sense o a g oup includes scien i ic classi ica ion (hype onymy)
concep s, such as an o ganism, a pa o na u e, a kingdom, e c. In e nal plan
ea u es […] hose ea u es ha a e no ela ed o he appea ance o he
plan s, bu e eal hei in e nal p ope ies ela ed o he g ow h p ocess,
habi a , nu i ion, cell cohesion8 and so on, e.g. "g ow h", "g ow h",
"pho osyn hesis" and so on (see able 3). These signs a e classi ied as scien i ic
in he a icle because hey e lec scien i ic knowledge abou he plan . Ex e nal
gimuoju, ly ėjimo, uodžiamuoju a k . būdais, p z.: ‘spal a’, ‘k apas’, ‘o ganai’
ea u es o a plan a e hose ea u es ha a e pe cei ed, combined wi h e- (‘šaknys, ‘s iebas (ko as)) e c. (see able 3 o de ails). These ea u es a e o he wise no
gu idiniai, emiasi labiau kasdieniniu, asmeniniu augalo pažinimu i pa y imu.
3 len elė. Augalo požymiai, dažnai iksuojami esponden ų a sakymuose
POŽYMIŲ
GRUPĖS
AUGALO POŽYMIAI
A plan in he
o an o ganism
gene al sense
7 The wo d "plan " has no ecei ed much a en ion in he wo ks o Li huanian linguis s. In a se ies
o a icles on he opic o plan names, such as Au elia G i senie a's s udy o jellybeans (2014), he
images o he shell (2016), Ru a Kazlauskai ė's s udy o he lowe buds (2010), he images o he
lowe sun lowe s (2014), Sil ia Papau ely ė's s udy o he wo d associa ions wi h ees (2011), and
he ques ion o why 8 would a ise, Galalo ląs a a is classi ied as an in e nal (no ex e nal) ea u e
o plan s. The eason o his dis inc ion is ha he cellula s uc u e o he plan is no isible
o he naked eye, as i was ound by scien i ic esea ch.
ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ
100 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
POŽYMIŲ
The GROUP
AUGALO POŽYMIAI
In e nal
ea u es o he plan
"li e cycle" "g ow h"
[…]g ow h[…]
"Dea h" o "dea h"
enewal
[…] nu i ion […] he sun […]
wa e (wa e )
ino ganic subs ances
"nu i iousness"
pho osyn hesis
[…] ime […] p oduc ion
[…]b ea hing […]
[…] place o g ow h […]
[…] he chain o he lens […]
Ex e nal plan
požymiai
bodies, membe s
[…]S icks and s i ches[…]
[…]shaped like a mi o […]
lowe , lowe ing
[…]s ones[…]
[…] ui […]
he colou
he ollowing pa ag aph is added:
‘g ožis, puošmena’
The esea ch me hods: seman ic analysis, compa a i e, calcula ion and
su eys. Resul s o he s uden applica ion
The analysis
When answe ing he i s ques ion o he su ey […] SAVAIS VOZŽIAIS APIBÚDINKITE, kAS
JUMS YRA AUGALAS […], he esponden s indica ed i s wha is a plan in a gene al sense (81,
i.e. 36% o all cha ac e is ics). Responden s mos o en e e o he plan as "li ing"
(b oade see "li ing") in Li huanian (DŽ7i, LKŽe), English (MERRIAM-WEBSTER, OXFORD,
COLLINS, CAMBRIDGE) i usų (СЕМ, МАКС, ТСОШ) kalbų žodynai apib ėždami žodį au-
MACMILLAN, galas). This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
11–14).
A icles 101 and 102 a e "o ganisms" (54 ou o 81) and a e he e o e "li ing
Žodžio augalas samp a a ( emian is s uden ų apklausa)
o ganisms." a li ing, sen ien o ganism; a g owing o ganism; a g oup o o ganisms;
hal -ali e shell ish; an o ganism encoun e ed in he wild; li e; li e; he o m o li e;
plan -de i ed li es ock; I 's a symbol o li e. O he esponden s eplied ha he plan
is ‘pa o na u e (11 ou o 81), e.g. na u e; pa o na u e; E e yone in he wild. I can
be assumed ha o ganic na u e is mean . Ra ely (16 ou o 81) has a plan been
desc ibed as a " hing", an "objec ", an "elemen ", a " hing" and so on.
In answe ing he i s ques ion, he esponden s also pay a lo o a en ion o he
in e nal cha ac e is ics o he plan (102, i.e. 45% o all cha ac e is ics),
emphasising i , like any o he li ing hing, he "li e cycle" (23 ou o 102): (a)
mul iplica ion (mul iplica ing; de eloping om a seed; ep oducing only in he ways
ypical o plan s; can ep oduce); (b) "g ow h"; "g ow h"; "g ow h"; "g ow h";
"g ow h"; "g ow h"; "g ow h"; "g ow h"; "g ow h"; "g ow h"; "g ow h";
"g ow h"; "g ow h"; "g ow h"; "g ow h"; "g ow h"; "g ow h"; "g ow h";
"g ow h"; "g ow h"; "g ow h"; "g ow h"; "g ow h"; "g ow h"; "g ow h";
"g ow h"; (c) dea h (a e a ce ain pe iod o ime) and (d) " enewal" ( enewing;
being ebo n). Also, he esponden s said ha he "minimal nu i ion" o he plan
(21 ou o 102) is necessa y o he plan o su i e: (a) "ligh ene gy" (li e depends
on ligh ; i eac s o ligh ; i needs sunligh ), (b) "wa e (d ug) " and (c) ha i
abso bs ‘ino ganic subs ances h ough he oo s. Se e al esponden s eplied
ha he plan main ains i s li e by using o ganic and ino ganic ma e ials and ha
he plan eeds on ma e ials. The la e answe s a e no en i ely accu a e, as
pa yzdžiui, abzdžiaėdžiai augalai, ku ie min a smulkiais gy ūnais ( abzdžiais,
subs ances can be o ganic and ino ganic, and plan s a e p ima ily p oduce s o
o ganic ma e ials (syn hesising o ganic ma e ials om ino ganic compounds). Plan nu i ion wi h o ganic ma e is no ypical, bu such plan s, o ages, e c., exis in na u e.) 12. The e we e also answe s ela ed o ‘nu i iousness o plan s, e.g. nu i ious o insec s; he ood.
Responden s also men ioned ‘pho osyn hesis13 (19 ou o 102) (see he discussion o he
ele en h ques ion o mo e in o ma ion on pho osyn hesis) and ‘g ow h (18 ou o 102). I is
o en s a ed ha a plan can g ow in a a ie y o en i onmen s - on land, in soil, in wa e , in
some cases a speci ic place o g ow h o he plan is gi en - in he o es , in he meadow, e c. 10
O ganism […] […] li ing being, able o exis independen ly […] animal o plan […] (BZ). 11 Fo example,
na u e is "e e y hing ha exis s excep socie y". I is classi ied as non-o ganic o
nė, gam a i gy oji, a ba o ganinė, gam a“ (plačiau ž . VLEe: h ps://www. le.l /S aipsnis/
non-o ganic-102872.
12 See also The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
98590.
13 Pho osyn hesis […] […] p ocess in which o ganisms (chlo ophyll-con aining plan s, g een and pu ple
bac e ia) use sola ene gy om he egime pa o he spec um o he syn hesis o high-ene gy
compounds […] (see VLEe: h ps: www. le.l /S aipsnispho osyn hesis-41233).
ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ
The Ac a Linguis ica LXXII s a es ha he plan can g ow in wa e (104%, i.e. 94%), plg. Yes, such as
seaweed. Yeah, ha 's wha plan s a e called. I was also said ha he plan could no g ow in
wa e (5, i.e. 4%). O he answe op ions: yes and no (1, i.e. 1 %); I hink some people can, which is 1%.
As you know, plan s can g ow in wa e , e.g. wa e plan s (wa e lilies22, lo uses23). When
esponden s answe ed he ques ion in he a i ma i e, plan s can g ow in wa e , o en wi h
li le dus . Howe e , i should be emphasised ha , acco ding o he new plan classi ica ion, no
all dumbbells a e classi ied as plan s. Ask you sel , "A e all you ee h g een?" […] esponden s
mos ly answe ed no (89, i.e. 80%) by adding, o example, no, bu he g een colo s ill appea s due o
ce ain pa s o he plan in he memb ane […] chlo ophyll; No, bu mos o he ime hey' e all
g een, so maybe people associa e plan s wi h being g een. O he possible answe s: yes (8, i.e. 8%),
no necessa ily (7, i.e. 6%), (5, i.e. 4%), almos all (1, i.e. 1%), no all (1, i.e. 1%). The mos common
esponse o he esponden s, ha no all plan s a e g een, is con adic o y and somewha
glamo ous, because when answe ing he ques ion abou he main cha ac e is ic o he plan , hey
i s men ion he "colo " o he plan ( o mo e in o ma ion see he discussion o he second
ques ion). In ac , plan s a e usually g een (due o he chlo ophyll pigmen ), bu he e a e plan s
o o he colo s as well. Li huania has abou hi y species o pa asi ic plan s wi hou chlo ophyll,
such as junipe . In he nin h ques ion o he su ey, "A e you, me, and Augal he same?"
esponden s mos ly answe ed yes (87, i.e. 78 %): yes, al hough he e a e excep ions (e.g. ocean
loo plan s); sunligh o some, a i icial ligh (e.g. lamps) o o he s, bu his is necessa y. This
is he main sou ce o plan li e, o he wise pho osyn hesis would no wo k. Fewe esponden s
answe ed no (11, i.e. 10 %); no all (10, i.e. 9 %); essen ial o mos plan s (2, i.e. 2 %); pa ly yes (1, i.e.
1%). I is ue ha plan s need ligh because he g een plan pigmen […] chlo ophyll […] abso bs
he ene gy o sunligh and uses i o pho osyn hesis (VLEe). As al eady men ioned, no all plan s
ha e he g een pigmen chlo ophyll, no all pe o m pho osyn hesis, 22 Vandens lily […] […]...>
pe ennial aqua ic plan genus […] (see below). The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop
delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed
ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
This is he case in he ollowing cases:
23 Lo us […] […] […] species o pe ennial aqua ic plan s […] (b oade see The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
24 […]Algae we e hough o be e es ial plan s ha lacked lea es, s ems, and ep oduc i e o gans.
In he cu en classi ica ion sys em, he ca ego ies o algae belong o di e en kingdoms […] plan s,
bac e ia, p o is s […]...[…] (VLEe). 25 See also The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed
ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he
applica ion o his Regula ion. 26 Ž ynšaknė […] […]daugiame is, chlo ophyll- ee, pink o iole pa asi ic
plan wi h no o li le shake s em […] (VLEe).

S aipsniai / A icles 109
Žodžio augalas samp a a ( emian is s uden ų apklausa)
adinasi, y a i okių augalų (dažniausiai pa azi inių), ku iems nebū ina š ie-
Howe e , his is no ypical and is a he an excep ion, since one o he mos
impo an unc ions o plan s in an ecosys em is he pe o mance o
pho osyn hesis. To he en h ques ion o he in e iew, "Who a e you, my dea ,
my dea ?" he esponses gi en by he esponden s can be g ouped as ollows:
• wa e (60, i.e. 31 %): wa e , mois u e and p ecipi a ion;
• Ino ganic ma e ials (55, i.e. 29 %): Ino ganic ma e ials; in o-
ūs mine alai, mine alinės medžiagos; di oje esančios medžiagos; mine alinės
ąšos;
• sola ene gy (45, i.e. 23 %): he sun; sunligh ; The ays o he sun.
Fewe esponden s answe ed ha he plan abso bs ca bon dioxide (17, i.e. 8 %);
O ganic ma e ials (15, i.e. 8%) e.g. o ganic compounds (ma e ials) some plan s eed
on li ing o ganisms […] insec s, lies; by ash27. The e we e also no eplies (3, i.e.
1%). As you can see, plan nu i ion is di ec ly ela ed o pho osyn hesis. To
p oduce o ganic ma e , plan s abso b wa e om he soil, ake ca bon dioxide
om he en i onmen , and hen elease oxygen in o he a mosphe e. Plan s also
eed on ino ganic ma e ials in he soil. As al eady men ioned, plan nu i ion wi h
o ganic ma e ials is no ypical. Some English and Russian dic iona ies de ine he
meaning o a plan by i s die , e.g. […]abso bs wa e and ino ganic subs ances
h ough he oo s[…] (OXFORD), […]suppo s li e wi h wa e and sunligh […]
(MACMILLAN); ‘Min by pho osyn hesis and om soil ( ečiau − om o he nu ien
soils) (SEM), ‘Min by ino ganic ma e ials in he ai and soil (MACS), ‘Min (unlike
animals) by pho osyn hesis and om soil (TSOSH) (see Gaidienė, Liu ke ičienė 2017:
11 […] 14 o de ails). Li huanian ocabula y is no eco ded in he de ini ion o plan
nu i ion.
The only ques ion was, DO YOU KNOW he e m pho osyn hesis? I so, build i wi h
you own wo ds. The majo i y (93, i.e. 84%) o he esponden s unde s and, e.g.
a sakė, kad e minas o osin ezė jiems žinomas i sa ais žodžiais paaiškino, kaip
Pho osyn hesis is he p ocess by which a plan abso bs sola ene gy and p oduces
oxygen. Pho osyn hesis is a plan eac ion ha uses sunligh (a ce ain pa o he
spec um) and CO2 o elease oxygen. This is a p ocess in which plan s p oduce
o ganic nu ien s and oxygen in hei chlo oplas s in hei lea es.
išski ia deguonį. Tai saulės š iesos, andens i anglies dioksido e imas gliukoze i
27 Fe ilize s can be bo h ino ganic and o ganic, see e ilize s […] […]mine al and o ganic subs ances
con aining nu ien s essen ial o plan s[…] (VLEe).
ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ
110 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
In essence, he answe s gi en a e co ec . Pho osyn hesis is a p ocess in which
mai (chlo o ilo u in ys augalai, žaliosios i pu pu inės bak e ijos) didelės ene -
he ene gy o he Sun is used o syn hesize compounds o o ganic alue in he
egime pa o he spec um. <...> Hyd oca bons a e syn hesized om ca bon
dioxide CO2 and wa e H2O and oxygen O2[…] (VLEe) is eleased in o he a mosphe e.
Pho osyn hesis akes place in chlo oplas s28, which con ain pigmen s
(chlo ophylls, ca o enoids) ha abso b ligh ene gy and use i o p oduce suga
molecules (VLEe). Fewe esponden s eplied ha hey knew he e m
pho osyn hesis bu could no explain i (11, i.e. 10%), e.g. Yes, known. I can' explain
i . Ve y a ely (7.6%) esponden s said hey we e un amilia wi h he e m o did
no espond a all.
The plan ea u e ‘pho osyn hesis, as al eady men ioned, is one o he mos
equen ly ci ed by esponden s in hei answe s o he i s (desc ibe in you
own wo ds wha a plan is o you) and he second (wha do you hink is he main
ea u e o a plan ). I also e e s o pho osyn hesis as one o he dis inc i e
ea u es o plan s and animals.
Li huanian ocabula y de ines he wo d "plan " as e e ing o he need o
"ligh ene gy", bu does no di ec ly e e o pho osyn hesis (e.g. DŽ7i, LKŽe […]
"ai subs ance"). Some English and Russian ocabula ies de ine a plan by
pho osyn hesis, e.g. […] pe o ms pho osyn hesis […] (MERRIAM-WEBSTER), […]
uses g een pigmen chlo ophyll o syn hesize nu ien s […] (OXFORD), […] min by
pho osyn hesis […] (SEM), […] min (unlike mush ooms, i is no a plan (48, i.e. 48%),
gy ūnų) o osin ezės būdu’ (ТСОШ) (plačiau ž . Gaidienė, Liu ke ičienė 2017:
11–14).
D ylik as apklausos klausimas bu o su o muluo as aip: AR, JūSų MANYMU,
GRYBAS YRA AUGALAS? Apklaus ų esponden ų nuomonės išsisky ė:
a) socialinių i iksliųjų mokslų s ičių esponden ai dažniausiai a sakė, kad
g ybas y a augalas (51, . y. 50 %), kiek mažiau esponden ų a sakė, kad
wo (2%) did no answe he ques ion. The majo i y o esponden s in he
humani ies belie e ha mush ooms a e no a plan (9, i.e. 90%) and added ha
mush ooms belong o he mush oom kingdom. he mush oom belongs o he
ca ego y o mush ooms. Only one esponden belie es ha a mush oom is a plan .
The esul s show ha he esponden s in he social and exac sciences we e
almos e enly dis ibu ed […] 50 % hink ha a mush oom is a plan and 48 %
ha i is no a plan . The majo i y (90%) o esponden s in he humani ies belie e ha
28 Plačiau ž . VLEe chlo oplas ai: h ps://www. le.l /S aipsnis/chlo oplas ai-60470.
A icles A icles A icles 111 Mush ooms a e no a plan . In ac , ungi belong
Žodžio augalas samp a a ( emian is s uden ų apklausa)
o he kingdom o o ganisms, no plan s
(VLEe) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion.
Responden s we e asked o answe he ques ion […] kOkS JUMS YRA
TIPIškiaus AUGALAS? The answe s a e as ollows:
• wood (be ies, oak, obelisk) (40, which is 34 %);
• lowe s (all lowe ing lowe s, ulps, oses, oses, pea s, ase lowe s)
(37, i.e. 31 % o he o al);
• g ass (pea g ass) (33, i.e. 27%).
Ra ely sh ubs (1, i.e. 1%), mosses (1, i.e. 1%) and cac i (1, i.e. 1%) Some esponden s
answe ed abs ac ly, e.g. small plan wi h ound lea es (1, i.e. 1%) […] pe haps
some ase was mean ; g een and g owing (1, i.e. 1 %) mos plan s; 1 % […] oak,
sp uce and e c. ; did no answe he ques ion (3, i.e. 2%). AUGALO LEKSIKOGRAFINIS
STRAIPSNIS I should be no ed ha a plan is de ined in Li huanian dic iona ies as
"an o ganism ha uses ino ganic ma e ials and uses ligh ene gy o g ow h"
(DŽ7i); o ganism ha does no min
o ganinėmis di os bei o o medžiagomis, pp . augan is nejudamoje padė yje“
(F ench)
As can be seen, he de ini ions o a plan gi en by DŽ7i and LKŽe a e qui e concise,
wi h he ollowing cha ac e is ics: "o ganism", "mined wi h ino ganic ma e ials",
i equi es "ligh ene gy" (DŽ7i; LKŽe […] "ai ma e ials"). Ano he ea u e o he
plan eco ded in he LKZ is "g ow h in a s a iona y posi ion". Compa ing he
de ini ions o he plan in DŽ7i and LKŽe wi h hose gi en in Li huanian
encyclopedias29 and e minological dic iona ies30, i can be seen ha in almos all
sou ces he plan is de ined as a e m, minimally scien i ic (no in any ma e ials),
kasdieniai i leng ai sup an ami) požymiai, plg.: ‘o ganizmas’, ‘min a neo gani-
[…]a lieka o osin ezę[…]. In o he wo ds, he meaning o he plan is explained in
hese dic iona ies by ocusing on he educa ed eade o he wo d. Acco ding o
Guda ičius (2009: 75), " om a scien i ic poin o iew, he essen ial
cha ac e is ics o hings and phenomena should be e lec ed in he de ini ion o
meaning only o he ex en ha hey a e uni e sally unde s ood by speake s".
29 The encyclopedias he elies on, see o mo e in o ma ion […]Gene al
no es[…]. 30 Fo he glossa y o e ms on which i is based, see o mo e in o ma ion he "No es on Te ms".
ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ
112 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Analysis o he su ey da a e ealed ha esponden s o en men ioned
scien i ic ea u es o he plan , e.g. […]pho osyn hesis[…], […]o o p oduc ion[…],
oplas us’, ačiau aip pa dažnai akcen uoja i nemokslinius požymius, p z.:
[…]chlokad plan does no die, i.e. […] i mly a ached o a single place[…] (agains
he animal), ha i o en has […]šaknis[…], […]s iebą[…], […]lapus[…], […]žydi[…]. A
i s glance, i would seem ha he cha ac e is ics o he plan named by he
esponden s a e al eady known o e e yone, bu in his case i is impo an o
know which o he cha ac e is ics o he plan a e mos commonly named, e.g.
[…]šakos[…], […] aisiai[…], […]pumpu ai[…] could be among he mos commonly men ioned cha ac e is ics, bu , as he su ey shows, his is no he case.
The s udy also helped o e eal which plan s a e he mos ypical o
Li huanians - ees, g ass, and g ass. These da a ha e no been empi ically
con i med un il now.
Ob iously, he BZ e minology o he plan de ini ion should be combined wi h a
mo e cogni i e de ini ion. The de ini ion o a plan should be o mula ed by
including he mos ypical ea u es o he plan men ioned abo e - he s em, he
s em, he lea es, he s em. Fo he sake o cu iosi y, i can be men ioned ha
he LKŽ eco ded he plan sign ‘pp . Responden s e y o en men ion "g owing
up in a s a iona y posi ion", al hough his a ibu e has been abandoned. This
ea u e is equen ly men ioned by he esponden s and is he e o e wo h including in he BZ plan de ini ion.
Thus, he de ini ion o a plan could be: a plan […] an o ganism ha g ows om
ino ganic ma e ials and uses ligh ene gy o g ow h, e.g. ixed in one place,
o en wi h oo s, s ems, lea es, buds (e.g. ee, g ass, g ass).
O he , o a a con en , by weigh
The aim o he s udy was o examine he mode n pe cep ion o he wo d
"plan ", o de e mine which o i s ea u es a e mo e impo an and easily
Taip pa siek a pa eik i pasiūlymų dėl žodžio augalas apib ėž ies aiškinama-
ecognizable and which a e no . In i , i is included in he dic iona y o he
Li huanian language, because his wo d is usually de ined only as a scien i ic
e m in he ield o bo any, wi hou men ioning i s signs ela ed o daily,
pe sonal knowledge. In ac , a plan can be de ined no only in scien i ic
e ms, bu also in mo e unde s andable, common wo ds.
31 The ield o wo d ee associa ions has been s udied by Sil ija Papau ėly ė (2011: 405416). She
ound ha he mos p o o ypical Li huanian ee is he oak.
A icles 113 and 2. A e analyzing he su ey da a, i was ound ha he
Žodžio augalas samp a a ( emian is s uden ų apklausa)
plan is mos o en (see ques ions 1 and 4) iden i ied by ex e nal ( egimen al)
ea u es (370%, i.e. 52%), usually ela ed o isible plan o gans. 3. The mos
equen ly men ioned ex e nal plan cha ac e is ics a e: lea es (98, 27%),
lea es (72, 19%), colou (51, 14%), lowe s, buds (48, 13%) and s ems (47, 13%). I 's
ela ed o i s i al cycles. 5. O he in e nal plan cha ac e is ics,
esponden s mos o en emphasise he "li e cycle" o he plan (64, i.e. 25%),
4. Augalas aip pa a pažįs amas pagal idinius požymius (256, . y. 36 %), ku-
"pho osyn hesis" (52, i.e. 20%) and "g ow h si e" (30, i.e. 12%).
Ra ely is a plan iden i ied by wha he plan is in a gene al sense (89, i.e. 12%).
This g oup o ea u es is mo e ela ed o he elemen s o he scien i ic
classi ica ion o plan s.
7.In he case o a plan in a gene al sense, he mos commonly eco ded
scien i ic a ibu e […] plan is […] o ganism[…] (61, i.e. 69%).
8. Responden s o en oppose plan s and animals in hei answe s o su ey
ques ions in an a emp o emphasize hei essen ial di e ences. The mos
equen ly emphasized di e ences in mo emen a e ha mos plan s
canno mo e ac i ely, i.e. hey g ow in a s a iona y posi ion, while animals
can usually mo e. The men al di e ences be ween plan s and animals a e
also emphasized plan s canno hink. The mos ypical plan s named by he esponden s a e ees, lowe s and g asses.
A e analyzing he su ey da a, and also based on an ea lie au ho 's a icle
on he pe cep ion o plan s in Li huanian, English and Russian dic iona ies, he
e minology o plan s in he common Li huanian dic iona y should be combined
wi h a mo e cogni i e de ini ion, e.g. plan […] an o ganism ha hinks wi h
ino ganic ma e ials and uses ligh ene gy o g ow h, pp . ixed in one place,
o en wi h oo s, s ems, lea es, buds (e.g. ee, g ass, g ass).
ŠALTINIAI
BŽ – Bend inės lie u ių kalbos žodynas, ed. kolegija D. Liu ke ičienė, G. Nak inienė, R.
Pe okienė, D. S e ikienė, K. Vosyly ė, J. Zaba skai ė, y . ed. D. Liu ke ičienė, en-
giamas, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as. P ieiga in e ne e: h p://bkz.lki.l .
CAMBRIDGE – Camb idge Dic iona y. P ieiga in e ne e: h p://dic iona y.camb idge.
o g/dic iona y/english/.
COLLINS – Collins English Dic iona y. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://www.collinsdic iona-
y.com/dic iona y/english/.

ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ
114 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXII
DŽ7i – Daba inės lie u ių kalbos žodynas, y . ed. S . Keinys, 7-asis pa ais. i papild.
leid., Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2012, e. a ian as, 2015 (a naujin a e sija,
2017). P ieiga in e ne e: h p://lkiis.lki.l /daba inis.
LE 1953 – Lie u ių enciklopedija ( . I: A), y . ed. V. Bi žiška, Bos on Mass.: Lie u ių
enciklopedijos leidykla (J. Kapočius). P ieiga in e ne e: h p://li uapedija.ne /Pusla-
pis:LE01.dj u/392.
Lie u os Respublikos augalų apsaugos įs a ymo pakei imo įs a ymo p ojek as. P ieiga in e -
ne e: h p:// e minai. lkk.l .
Lie u os Respublikos i osani a ijos įs a ymo pakei imo įs a ymo p ojek as. P ieiga in e ne-
e: h p:// e minai. lkk.l .
LKŽe – Lie u ių kalbos žodynas ( . I–XX, 1941–2002), ed. kolegija G. Nak inienė,
J. Paulauskas, R. Pe okienė, V. Vi kauskas, J. Zaba skai ė, y . ed. G. Nak inienė,
2-asis leidimas, e. a ian as, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2005 (a naujin a e sija,
2008). P ieiga in e ne e: www.lkz.l .
LTE 1976 – Lie u iškoji a ybinė enciklopedija ( . 1: A–bangis), Vilnius: Mokslas.
MACMILLAN – Macmillan Dic iona y. P ieiga in e ne e: h p://www.macmillandic-
iona y.com/.
MERRIAM-WEBSTER – Me iam-Webs e Dic iona y and Thesau us. P ieiga in e ne-
e: h ps://www.me iam-webs e .com/.
OXFORD – Ox o d Dic iona ies. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://en.ox o ddic iona ies.com/.
Sliesa a ičius Algi das, Lazauskas Juozas, S anys Vidman as, Keinys
S asys, Klimo ienė Gied ė 2010: Žemės ūkio augalų selekcijos i sėklininkys ės
e minų žodynas, Vilnius: In o as as. P ieiga in e ne e: h p:// e minai. lkk.l .
VLEe 2019 – Visuo inė lie u ių enciklopedija: e. a ian as, Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklope-
dijų leidybos cen as. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://www. le.l .
ŽŪE 1998 – Žemės ūkio enciklopedija ( . 1: abe dynai–Juškienė), Vilnius: Mokslo i en-
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h p://slo a i. u/sea ch.aspx?s=0&p=3068.
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A icles by A icle 115
Žodžio augalas samp a a ( emian is s uden ų apklausa)
In he ield o li e a u e
Dębowiak P zemyslaw, Waniakowa Jadwiga 2019: Seman ic Mo i a ion o Plan
Names as a Pa o hei E ymology. […] Villal a, A., and Williams, G. (ed.) The
Landscape o Lexikog aphy. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://halshs.a chi es-ou e es. /
halshs-02309857 documen .
Gaidienė Anželika, Liu ke ičienė Danu ė 2017: De ini ion o he concep s is published
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on he In e ne : h p: www.bend inekalba.l ?90. G ybauskai ė Au elija
(G ybauskai ė Au elija, 2014) is a Li huanian no elis and sho s o y w i e . […]
Li huanian language 8, 1[…]11. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h p:
www.lie u iukalba.l index.php: lie u iukalba/a icle/ iew/95/75.
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Kazimie as Rū a: The image o he sun lowe in Li huanian poe y. […] Res
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Mikulskas-Rolandas, 2009: Cogni i e linguis ics and he p oblems o lexicog aphy. […]
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essayis . This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Ru ko ska K is ina, Sme ona
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Academic publishing house. Rysza d Toka sky (1993): The Sla onic language as an
in e p e a ion o he wo ld. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The encyclopedia o Polish cul u e o he 20 h cen u y, ol. II, W ocław: Polish language.
ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ, DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ
116 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXXII
Concep o he Wo d augalas
(Based on S uden Su ey)
SUMMARY
The aim o he esea ch was o in es iga e he con empo a y unde s anding o he wo d
plan and o de e mine which ea u es a e mo e impo an and easily ecognizable and which
a e less impo an . The s udy also sough o p o ide some sugges ions ega ding he
de ini ion o he wo d plan in he explana o y dic iona y o s anda d Li huanian, because
e en explana o y dic iona ies usually de ine his wo d solely as a bo anical e m by no
men ioning he ea u es ha a e conce ned wi h daily and pe sonal knowledge. In ac , his
wo d may also be de ined by mo e easily comp ehensible and usual wo ds a he han
scien i ic e ms only.
The analysis o he su ey da a e ealed ha he plan is usually ecognizable by ex e nal
( isible) ea u es (370), which a e usually associa ed wi h he isible pa s o he plan .
Conce ning he ex e nal ea u es o he plan , he ollowing a e usually men ioned: ‘ oo s’,
[…]lea es/needles, […]colou […], […]blossom[…] and […]s alk (s em)[…]. This is he i s ime I' e seen
in e nal ea u es (256, i.e. 36%), which a e conce ned wi h i s i al cycles. As ega ds he in e -
his. The plan is also ecognizable by i s nal ea u es o he plan , he esponden s usually
unde line he plan s ‘li e cycle, ‘pho osyn hesis and ‘habi a . The plan is less commonly
ecognizable by wha i is in he gene al sense (89, i.e. 12%). The mos common ea u e pinpoin ed
by his g oup: he plan is an ‘o ganism. When answe ing he ques ions o he su ey, he
esponden s o en con as he plan o he animal, hus ying o highligh hei essen ial
di e ences. The di e ences o mo emen a e usually unde lined: mos plan s canno mo e
ac i ely, i.e. hey g ow in a mo ionless posi ion, whe eas animals ha e he acul y o mo e. Men al
di e ences be ween plan s and animals a e emphasized as well: plan s do no ha e minds; They
can' hink. The analysis o he su ey da a and he ea lie a icle o he au ho s add essing he
pe cep ion o he plan in Li huanian, English and Russian dic iona ies en ail ha he de ini ion o
he e m plan in he Dic iona y o S anda d Li huanian should be made mo e consis en wi h i s
cogni i e de ini ion, c . plan , an o ganism ha eeds on ino ganic nu ien s and usually uses he
ene gy o ligh o i s g ow h; I is usually a ached o a single place, o en ha ing oo s, a s em,
lea es, and he capaci y o bloom (e.g., ee, lowe , g ass).
Deli e ed on 19 No embe 2019
I'm no going o lie o you.
This is DANUT LIUTKEVIČIEN
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
The Commission shall be empowe ed o
adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h
A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.