LIETUVIŲ TERMINOLOGIJA

LIETUVOS TSR MOKSLŲ AKADEMIJA

K. GAIVENIS

TWO-WORD COMPOUND TERMS IN CONTEMPORARY LITHUANIAN

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

§ 1. Over the past decade, the concept of a term has broadened somewhat. In describing its definition, many lexicologists now note that terms should be understood to include not only individual words but also combinations of words. It is often further specified that these are “lexicalized word combinations,” “substantive lexicalized word combinations,” and so on. Several significant articles and collections of articles have appeared in which terms are described in somewhat new ways and their place in the lexical system of language is surveyed¹. As the content of the concept of a term has expanded and deepened, the relations between terminology and phraseology and everyday vocabulary have also begun to be studied more intensively and in greater detail. Interest has also grown in the presentation of terms in general and specialized dictionaries. Thus, the terminology of individual fields of science is becoming the subject of increasingly extensive research. Only a few articles have been devoted specifically to the study of compound terms². Among Russian compound terms, the late D. Lotte was the principal researcher; since his death, at least three books on the subject have been published³. Until now, little attention has been paid to compound terms in our language, although they make up the greater part of all terms in dictionaries of terminology for various fields of science. The aim of this article is to examine the types (grammatical configurations) of two-word compound terms and their use in contemporary Lithuanian, taking into account the standardization practices applied to terminology in various fields. Examples for this article were collected from dictionaries of terminology, bulletins, and original scholarly works in various fields published in our republic in the postwar years.

¹ See Л. А. Капанадзе, On the concepts of term and terminology, — The Development of the Vocabulary of Modern Russian, Moscow, 1965; А. А. Реформатский, The term as a member of the lexical system of language, — Problems of Structural Linguistics 1967, Moscow, 1968; Б. Н. Головин, On some problems in the study of terms, — “Bulletin of Moscow University,” Philology, No. 5, Moscow, 1972; G. Akhmanova et al., Terminology: theory and method, M., 1974; collected volumes: Linguistic Problems of Scientific and Technical Terminology, Moscow, 1970; Issues in Russian Terminology, Moscow, 1971; Terminology and the Norm, Moscow, 1972, etc.

² See В. М. Овчаренко, Terminological unity of multicomponent terminological combinations in modern English, — “Bulletin of Kharkiv University,” issue 2, Kharkiv, 1965; Н. А. Баскаков, Structural types of terms in the Turkish language and their lexicographic presentation, — “Lexicographic Collection,” issue 6, Moscow, 1963; К. С. Маркарова, Main types of two-component nominal terms, — “Scholarly Notes of the Azerbaijan Pedagogical Institute,” Baku, 1966; Л. Ф. Кирова, Stable adjective–noun combinations in a terminological function, — “Scholarly Notes of Dnipropetrovsk University,” vol. 70, issue 17, Dnipropetrovsk, 1960, etc.

³ Žr. Д. С. Лотте, Основы построения научно-технической терминологии, М., 1961; то патие, Образование и правописание трехэлементных научно-технических терминов, М., 1969; то патие, Краткие формы научно-технических терминов, М., 1971.

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In parallel with Lithuanian terms, equivalents in Russian, German, and English found in the sources used are given in parentheses. The spelling and order of components in those equivalents are retained as they appear in the works from which they were taken; however, when a source gives several synonyms, usually only those listed first or those that best explain the corresponding Lithuanian term are used. Various abbreviations found in the cited source alongside Russian, German, and English equivalents (e.g., labels indicating the field of terminology) are omitted, except for abbreviations of grammatical gender in German terms. After the examples, source abbreviations are given, with Roman numerals indicating volumes and Arabic numerals indicating pages. Additional Arabic numerals in round brackets indicate the fascicle of a serial publication or the issue number of a periodical.

§ 2. Nominative combinations of words—agreeing, government, and adjoined—that function as fixed lexical units are used predominantly in the language of science. They name not only specific concepts within a field of science but may also serve as names for various other compound concepts. A wealth of terms in this field is also found in the older dictionaries of our language, for example: K. Sirvydas’s “Dictionarium trium linguarum” (according to the 1642 edition) – kanapine paukštele (konopka ptak) dzwoniec. Linaria (118, 34 a); kaltas tekintoiu (Tokar/kie dototo) Tornus (444, 14 b); kautalis žaišlinis, bruzgulis (kul do grania) Galus, taxillus (144, 30 b), akmuo giežiatraukis, Magnet, Magnes, Siderites (161, 16 b), P. Ruigys’s “Litauisch – deutsches und Deutsch – litauisches Lexicon” (1747) – Bangos žuwis, ein Walfisch (12), Gurgždžei laukinnei, die Angelica (45), Dantis krumminis, der Backenzahn (22), Gimmines Eilė, eine Geburtslinie (39), in L. Ivinskis’s manuscript “Polish–Lithuanian Dictionary” – Macierzanka, -i Cziōbras paprastasis žolie: (Thymus serpyllum); Bawełnica, -cy f. Bowelniinis audiklas; Miedziak, -a. m. Warinis pinigas; Likwor, -u m. Arielka pritaišitoję (ūdogomis arba wąjsejs); Mašluk, -a m. Riebisis kazliekas, gribas (Boletus luteus), and so on. There is not a single larger printed or manuscript Lithuanian dictionary that does not contain this type of word combination—compound terms. The first printed Lithuanian glossaries of terminology⁴ also contain compound terms consisting of two and even three components. Nevertheless, the concept of a “compound term” took several centuries to develop and for a long time had no name.

The adjective compound began to be used in Lithuanian terminology to describe heterogeneous concepts more than two centuries ago. For example, it is already found in the Lithuanian dictionaries of P. Ruigys (1747), D. Sutkevičius (1848), and others from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In “Prasma...” (1837), S. Daukantas also divided pronouns into “simple and compound pronouns.” K. Grinius⁵ proposed a considerable number of plant morphology terms containing this adjective, for example: compound leaves – folia composita, сложные листья; compound panicle – panicula composita, сложная

⁴ See P. Matulionis, *Žolynas*, Part II, Dictionary of Lithuanian Plants and Plant Atlas, Vilnius, 1906; Z. Žemaitis, Collection of Geometry and Trigonometry Terms, Kaunas, 1920; M. Šikšnys, Dictionary of Arithmetic and Algebra Terms, Kaunas, 1919; A. Maciejauskis, Dictionary of Technology, Kaunas, 1920; Lithuanian–Russian and Russian–Lithuanian Military Dictionary, Kaunas, 1919; J. Elisonas, Dictionary of Zoological Systematics Terms, Kaunas, 1920, etc.

⁵ See K. Grinius, “On Lithuanian terminology in botanical organography,” – “Lietuvių tauta,” III, Vilnius, 1914, p. 431.

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metėlka; compound fruit – fructus compositus, сложный плод; compound stamens – stamina composita, compound roots – radices compositae etc. Russian adjectives сложный and составной are proposed to be translated by the Lithuanian equivalent sudėtinis. In Z. Žemaitis’s “Collection of Geometry and Trigonometry Terms” (K., 1920) and the booklet “Terms, or Designations, Adopted by the Terminology Commission,” published on A. Vireliūnas’s initiative (K., 1924). The term compound sentence was used by K. Jaunius and J. Jablonskis in their grammars⁶. Thus, the adjective sudėtinis was used by many in Lithuanian terminology as a classificatory (attributive) element in terms from various fields, describing heterogeneous concepts, although for a long time it was not applied by anyone to designate the terms themselves.

Compound terms, as a distinct type of terms, were first identified and named by the renowned Lithuanian linguist J. Jablonskis, in his 1913 review of K. Jaunius’s “Grammar of the Lithuanian Language.” Criticizing K. Jaunius’s names for verb tenses, he wrote: “Compound terms: pirmiaus būsisės arba pirmiaus buvęsės laikas are unsuitable for our language…”⁷. Thus, we see that J. Jablonskis called terms consisting of several words compound terms. This designation was probably used spontaneously, and later neither J. Jablonskis himself nor other linguists used it again. In 1914, K. Grinius, writing about Lithuanian terms in plant morphology, used the designation multiple names. Later, some linguists and philosophers in bourgeois Lithuania showed some interest in theoretical and practical questions of terminology, but they did not examine compound terms in any depth.

In the postwar years, as research expanded across all fields of Lithuanian linguistics, word combinations were studied from several perspectives. The names of some grammatical word combinations were also changed. For example, in J. Žiugžda’s school grammar “Lithuanian Grammar,” following J. Jablonskis’s grammars, the terms compound numerals, compound pronouns, and compound adverbs are still used for numerals, pronouns, or adverbs made up of several separate words. The academic “Lithuanian Grammar” has already abandoned these terms, and the same word combinations, which form a single lexical unit, are called multiword forms⁸. This work notes that compound and multiword numerals constitute a structural type of complex numerals⁹. Prof. J. Budzinskis notes that the terms multiword pronouns and multiword numerals are not yet used in schools and, speaking about the teaching of adverbs, writes: “As long as this term is not used in eight-year schools, we could call adverbs written as several separate words complex uncontracted adverbs or simply complex adverbs¹⁰. Thus, the adjective sudėtinis (cf. compound sentence), which began to be used half a century ago

⁶ Žr. K. Jaunius, Lietuvos kalbos gramatika, Peterburgas, 1911, p. 12; Rygiškių Jono Lietuvių kalbos sintaksė, Seinai, 1911, p. 252 ir t. t.

⁷ See J. Jablonskis, Rinktiniai raštai (compiled by J. Palionis), 2, Vilnius, 1959, p. 134.

⁸ Žr. Lietuvių kalbos gramatika (vyr. red. K. Ulvydas), I, Vilnius, 1965, p. 636, 719. Samplaikinius įvardžius ir samplaikines dalelytes dar anksčiau yra išskyrę A. Valeckienė (žr. Lietuvių kalbos įvardžiai ir jų reikšmės, – „Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai“, VI, Vilnius, 1963, p. 31 tt.) ir V. Labutis (žr. Lietuvių kalbos sudėtinės dalelytės, – Lietuvių kalbos morfologinė sandara ir jos raida, Vilnius, 1964, p. 128 tt.).

⁹ Ibid., p. 636.

¹⁰ Žr. J. Budzinskis, Prieveiksmių rašybos kartojimas, – „Tarybinė mokykla“, 1967, Nr. 11, p. 28.

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as an element of syntactic terminology, during the Soviet years it gradually began to take root in morphological and lexical terminology as well. Since compound terms are word combinations of a somewhat different nature from the aforementioned multiword pronouns, numerals, and adverbs, and since the designation compound terms has been used repeatedly in recent years in dictionary introductions¹¹, in scholarly periodicals, and in newspapers¹², it is also the most suitable name for terms consisting of two or more words that form agreement, government, or adjunction word combinations.

§ 3. The terminologization of designata is often also associated with a change in the form of their names: not only in Lithuanian but also in other languages, scientific terms are more often expressed not by word combinations but by corresponding compound names used alongside them; cf. Lithuanian dry shrub and sauskrūmis (cf. Latin Sarothamnus scoparius) Fit 209, gray soil and pilkžemis (cf. Russian серозём) GeolŽ 132, warm house and šiltnamis BotŽ 436, and so on; German Industrieproduktion and industrielle Produktion, Betriebsgewerkschaftsleitung and betriebliche Gewerkschaftsleitung¹³, English black bird and blackbird¹⁴. In some cases, compound terms rather than one-word compounds are preferred. This is most often the case when other classificatory oppositions are expressed by compound terms. Moreover, newly distinguished classificatory concepts are much more often named with compound terms than with single-word terms.

The terminologization and determinologization of compound terms, their transformation into one-word equivalents, and other questions concerning the development of the content and form of this type of term will not be examined in detail in this article, since they lie beyond the scope of our chosen synchronic study of compound terms.

1. GRAMMATICAL CONFIGURATIONS OF TWO-WORD COMPOUND TERMS

Two-word compound terms constitute one small group of word combinations used in scientific language. They differ from other word combinations especially in that they can perform a communicative function entirely independently. The grammatical head of these terms is the main constituent. It is always a concrete or abstract noun. Terminologized synsemantic word combinations whose main constituent is an infinitive, participle, adjective, or another part of speech, or a grammatical form derived from one of these, are not considered compound terms, because they cannot perform

¹¹ Žr. Teisinių terminų žodynas (sudarė A. Žiurlys), V., 1954, p. 4; Rusiškai lietuviškas ekonomikos terminų žodynas (ats. red. K. Meškauskas), Vilnius, 1966, p. 7; Lietuviškas botanikos terminų žodynas (vyr. red. J. Dagys), Vilnius, 1965, p. 5. Plg. dar Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, I (antras leidimas), Vilnius, 1968, p. 12; Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, II leid., Vilnius, 1972, p. XII.

¹² See Z. Jonikaitė, Phraseological Units in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, — Issues in Lithuanian Linguistics, IV, Vilnius, 1961, pp. 266 ff.; E. Vanagienė, On the Use of Educational Terms, — “Soviet Teacher,” 1965.XII.23; Ch. Lemchenas, Several Questions of Term Formation, — “Language Culture,” 6, Vilnius, 1961, and others.

¹³ See A. K. Левковская, Именное словообразование в современной немецкой общественно-политической терминологии, М., 1961, p. 41.

¹⁴ Žr. T. Grzebieniowski, Słownictwo i słowotwórstwo angielskie, Warszawa, 1962, p. 164.

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one of the most important functions of a term—the nominative, or naming, function. The main constituent of two-word compound terms is identified not semantically but grammatically. It is the head word, which is linked to the other (dependent) constituent of the word combination by grammatical agreement, government, or adjunction. It may therefore be stated that the main constituent of compound terms does not always coincide with their semantic dominant, that is, the constituent carrying the greatest semantic weight in the word combination. This mismatch is particularly pronounced when genitives of nouns function as modifiers of compound terms. For example, particle scattering (cf. Russian рассеяние частиц, German Teilchenstreuten m, English particles scattering) TechT (5)5, purity of color (cf. Russian чистота цвета, German Farbdichte f) TechT (12)11, and similar compound terms: the first (modifying) constituent is semantically more important and more substantive than the second (modified) constituent, which is called the head.

§ 5. Two-word, or two-component, compound terms are to be divided into 3 groups according to the syntactic relations between the head and dependent constituents: 1) agreeing modifier; 2) governed modifier; and 3) juxtaposed modifier. Compound terms in the first group are characterized by the following grammatical configurations¹⁵:

1. Definite (or simple) qualitative adjective (modifier) + noun (modified word). E.g.:

great || variegated || branched || rough horsetail (cf. Latin Equisetum maximum || variegatum || ramosissimum || hiemale Flor I 56, 57, fast || slow neutrons (cf. Russian быстрые || медленные нейтроны, German rasche || langsame Neutronen n, English fast || slow neutrons) TechT (5)6, 7, brown skimmer (cf. Latin Libellula fulva) Vad vab 43, blue || green || red mud (cf. Russian голубой || зелёный || красный ил) GeolŽ 54, beautiful demoiselle (cf. Latin Calopteryx virgo L.) Vad vab 39, combustible gases (cf. Russian горючий газ) PolŽ 64, cold plasma (cf. Russian холодная плазма, English cold plasma, German Kälteplasma) TechT (22)9.

2. Adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė (modifier) + noun (modified word). E.g.:

Automatic regulator (cf. Russian автоматический регулятор, German Selbsttätiger Regler m, English automatic regulator) TechT (6)6, cork || fascicular cambium (cf. Russian пробковый || пучковый камбий, Latin phellogenum, cambium fasciculare) BotŽ 91, woodland tiger beetle (cf. Latin Cicindela silvatica L.) Vad vab 95, pear psylla (cf. Latin Psylla pyri) Vad vab 63, dock beetle (cf. Latin Gastroidea viridula) Vad vab 166, bubble boiling (cf. Russian пузырчатое кипение, German Blasenverdampfung m, English bubbling, nucleate boiling) TechT (4)6.

3. Definite (or simple) passive participle (modifier) + noun (modified word). E.g.: diverging || converging lens (cf. Russian рассеивающая || собирательная линза) FizŽ 54, distribution channel (cf. Russian распределительный ка-

¹⁵ For a fuller discussion of the concept of “grammatical configuration,” see Т. Н. Молошная, О понятии грамматической конфигурации, Структурно-типологические исследования, М., 1962, pp. 46 ff. Ю. Д. Апресян, Идеи и методы современной структурной лингвистики, М., 1966, p. 240 and elsewhere.

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nal) MelŽ 84, shut-off valve (cf. Russian запорный вентиль) MelŽ 199, comparative discharge (cf. Russian удельный расход, German Einheitsmenge f, English specific water discharge) TechT (3)4, explosive substance (cf. Russian взрывчатое вещество) GeolŽ 23, reflecting grating (cf. Russian отражательная решётка) FizŽ 31.

4. Pronominal (or simple) active participle (modifier) + noun (head word). For example:

Control rod (cf. Russian регулирующий стержень, German Regelstab m, English control rod) TechT (5)12, locking screw (cf. Russian стопорный винт) PolŽ 46, suction || collector drain (cf. Russian всасывающая || собирательная дрена) MelŽ 43, foul-smelling russula (cf. Latin Russula foetens) Valg gryb 228, disturbing factor (cf. Russian возмущающее воздействие, German Störgrösse f, English disturbance) TechT (6)12, descending spring (cf. Russian нисходящий ключ) PolŽ 145, enclosing reef (cf. Russian окаймляющий риф) GeolŽ 126.

5. Compound adjective (modifier) + noun (head word). For example:

Long-fibre || fine-fibre || coarse-fibre cotton (cf. Russian длинноволокнистый || тонковолокнистый || грубоволокнистый хлопок) TekstŽ 16, 17, like || unlike poles (cf. Russian одноимённый || разноимённый полюс) FizŽ 70, broad-scaled larch (cf. Latin Larix eurolepis, Russian лиственница широкочешуйчатая) Flor II 36, multicellular plants (cf. Latin planta multicellulares, многоклеточные растения) BotŽ 51, seven-spot ladybird (cf. Latin Coccinella septempunctata L.) Vad vab 144.

6. Noun (head word) + noun (modifier), where the uninflected modifier is either a simple noun used figuratively (a) or a one-word folk species name (b). For example:

a) peregrine falcon (cf. Latin Falco peregrinus) Paukšt II 171, pipistrelle bat (cf. Latin Vespertilio pipistrellus) Vad žind 107, flying squirrel (cf. Latin Pteromys volans) Vad žind 214, dwarf juniper (cf. Latin Juniperus nana) Aug anat 228, corn poppy (cf. Latin Papaver Rhoeas) Aug anat 482, sawyer beetle (cf. Latin Ergates faber L.) Vad vab 153, red admiral butterfly (cf. Latin Pyrameis atalanta) Vad vab 266;

b) bistort (cf. Latin Polygonum bistorta) Aug anat 481, lesser periwinkle (cf. Latin Vinca minor) Aug anat 244, common campion (cf. Latin Viscaria vulgaris) Aug anat 485, saffron milk cap (cf. Latin Lactarius deliciosus) Valg gryb 202, oak bolete (cf. Latin Boletus luridus) Valg gryb 107.

In the terminology of some scientific fields, the combination pronoun (modifier) + noun (head word) occurs, for example, savasis spinduliavimas (‘intrinsic radiation’; cf. Russian собственное излучение, German Eigenstrahlung f, English self radiation) TechT (4)7, along with other types of compound terms; however, these are relatively rare and unproductive, so we will not discuss them in greater detail.

§ 6. Compound terms with a governed modifier are less common and less clear-cut in all terminological systems than compound terms with an agreeing modifier. According to their grammatical configurations, compound terms of this type consisting of two constituents can be divided into the following types:

1. Governing noun (head word) + governed noun (modifier), or governed noun (modifier) + governing noun (head word). For example:

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A. The main component is a concrete or abstract common noun:

genitive government: Brake band (cf. Russian тормозная лента) PolŽ 174, coding || correcting || measuring || modeling || recording || calculating || writing || control || actuating device (cf. Russian кодирующее || корректирующее измерительное || моделирующее || регистрирующее || вычислительное || записывающее || управляющее || исполнительное устройство, German Verschlüssler m, korrigierende Einrichtung f, Messglied n, Nachbildner m, Schreiber m, Rechengerät n, Aufzeichnungsgerät n, Steuerglied in, Stellglied n, English encoder, corrector, measuring means, analog computer, recording system, calculating device, recorder, control device, final control element) TechT (6)4, 5; dune darkling beetle (cf. Latin Opatrum sabulosum) Vad vab 149;

dative government: Glass for bottles (cf. Russian бутылочное стекло) PolŽ 406, fabric for clothes (cf. Russian одёжная ткань, German Anzugsgeweben, English wear fabric) TechT (2)5, socket for a curling iron (cf. English bean bearing) AnglŽ 18;

instrumental government: Poem in prose (cf. Russian стихотворение в прозе) LitŽ 14, somersault turn (cf. Russian поворот кувырком) SportŽ 192;

locative government: Angle in a support position (cf. Russian угол в упоре) SportŽ 87, hostage in a bank (cf. Russian залож в банке) EkŽ 57.

B. The main component is a verbal abstract noun:

genitive government: corneal inflammation (cf. Latin Ceratitis) Vet 158, avoidance of mobilization (cf. Russian уклонение от мобилизации) TeisŽ 194, movement of freight (cf. Russian грузовое движение) PolŽ 82;

instrumental government: coating with gold (cf. Russian золотое бессечение) EkŽ 117, propagation by layering (cf. Russian размножение отводками) BotŽ 103, sod stripping in squares || in strips (cf. Russian сдёрновка в клетку || в стенку) PolŽ 238, fastening with stones (cf. Russian каменное крепление) GeolŽ 66, decoration with an order (cf. Russian награждение орденом) TeisŽ 11;

locative government: hardening in water (cf. Russian водяная закалка) PolŽ 107, swinging in a support position (cf. Russian размахивание в упоре) SportŽ 86, casting in flask boxes (cf. English box casting) AnglŽ 24, questioning in a confrontation (cf. Russian допрос на очной ставке) TeisŽ 12, imprisonment in solitary confinement (cf. Russian одиночное заключение) TeisŽ 67.

C. The main component is an adjectival abstract noun:

dative government: resistance to heat || drought || frost (cf. Russian жаровынесливость, засухоустойчивость, морозостойкость) BotŽ 45, sensitivity to light (cf. Russian светочувствительность) ChemŽ 131.

2. Governing noun (the modified word) + preposition¹⁶ + governed noun (modifier). E.g.:

on: Stand on the shoulder blades (cf. Russian стойка на лопатках) SportŽ 99, flight on the back (cf. Russian полёт на спине) PolŽ 301;

without: Basin without an outlet (cf. Russian бессточная котловина) MelŽ 48, division without remainder (cf. Russian деление без остатка) PolŽ 86, construction without a plan

¹⁶A preposition should be regarded only as an indicator of the grammatical relationship between words, and not as an independent component of a word combination.

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(cf. Russian беспроектное строительство) EkŽ 224, work without absenteeism (cf. Russian беспрогульная работа) EkŽ 177;

i: Right to education (cf. Russian право на образование) TeiŽ 175, contribution to the budget (cf. Russian взнос в бюджет) EkŽ 28, reinstatement at work (cf. Russian восстановление на работу) EkŽ 32, migration to cities (cf. Russian передвижение в город) EkŽ 140;

from: Power supply from the mains (cf. Russian питание от сети) PolŽ 282 (=appliance powered from the mains); dismissal from work (cf. Russian увольнение с работы) TeiŽ 18, standing start (cf. Russian старт с места) SportŽ 34, levelling from the middle (cf. Russian нивелировка из середины) PolŽ 226;

from: Deviation from the rules (cf. Russian отклонение от правил) SportŽ 22, water start (cf. Russian старт с воды) SportŽ 37;

according to: Valence with respect to oxygen (cf. Russian валентность по кислороду) ChemŽ 294, sale by sample (cf. Russian продажа по образцам) EkŽ 167, settlement under contracts (cf. Russian расчёт по договорам) EkŽ 190, plastering according to screed guides (cf. Russian штукатурка по маякам) PolŽ 505;

with: Crane with a boom (cf. Russian кран со стрелой) PolŽ 163, contactor with a latch (cf. Russian контактор с защелкой) PolŽ 154, burette with a tap (cf. Russian бюретка с краном) ChemŽ 49, anvil with beaks (cf. English beak iron) AnglŽ 18, frog with flanges (cf. English flange frog) AnglŽ 55, seeds with pappus (cf. Latin semina papposa, Russian семена с хохолком) Bot Ž 373.

In Lithuanian terminological dictionaries, terms with a governed modifier formed with other prepositions are rare. They are usually replaced by compound terms with an agreeing modifier, whose dependent elements are adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė. Terms of this type occur in nearly all terminological systems, but, in general, they are considerably less common than compound terms with an agreeing modifier.

§ 7. Two-element compound terms with an adjoined modifier are used much less frequently in the terminology of many fields of science than compound terms with agreeing or governed modifiers. They can be divided into three more common types:

1. Noun (head word) + adjoined participle (modifier). E.g.: Preservation by drying || salting (cf. Russian сухое || солёное консервирование) PolŽ 153, pressure welding (cf. Russian сварка давлением) PolŽ 371, correspondence tournament (cf. Russian турнир по переписке) SportŽ 233, thread rolling (cf. Russian накатка резьбы) PolŽ 212, bend testing (cf. Russian испытание на изгиб) PolŽ 126.

2. Noun (head word) + adjoined infinitive (modifier). E.g.: threat to kill (cf. Russian угроза убийством) TeiŽ 48, probability of surviving (cf. Russian вероятность дожития) EkŽ 27, permit to export || import (cf. Russian разрешение на вывоз || ввоз) EkŽ 184.

3. Noun (head word) + adjoined adverb (modifier). E.g.: instalment sale (cf. Russian торговля в рассрочку) EkŽ 235, cash-on-delivery forwarding (cf. Russian пересылка наложенным платежом) EkŽ 143.

It is also worth mentioning separately compound full terms consisting of two elements. Their elements are fused together and denote a single complex concept. They

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Some of these can be classified both as agreeing and as closely connected attributive compound terms, e.g.: grąžtas-zondas (cf. Russian бур-щуп) GeolŽ 19, rautuvas-rinktuvas (cf. Russian корчеватель-собиратель) Melž 139, teisėjas-fiksatorius (cf. Russian судья-фиксатор) SportŽ 23, augalai-indikatoriai (cf. Latin plantae indicadores, Russian растения-индикаторы) BotŽ 49, and so on. This is a new type of word combination that emerged in the postwar years. Such compound terms are not found in Lithuanian terminological dictionaries published in the early twentieth century and somewhat later (e.g., LBŽ, etc.). Russian compound full words written with a hyphen and consisting of two components⁷ are rendered in our language not only by compound full formations, but also by one-word terms (e.g., ortuoliena, cf. Russian опто-порода GeolŽ 93, vatvalandė, cf. Russian ватт-час PolŽ 39), terms of the “genitive noun + nominative noun” type (e.g., medvilnės pluoštas, cf. Russian хлопок-сырец EžKŽ 254, šiaurės vakarai, cf. Russian северо-запад), terms of the “adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė + nominative noun” type, e.g.: vakuuminis aparatas (cf. Russian вакуум-аппарат) PolŽ 36, gaubtuvinis maišiklis (cf. Russian мешалка-колпак) PolŽ 196; terms of the “passive participle + nominative noun” type, e.g.: maišomasis maitintuvas (cf. Russian питатель-смеситель) PolŽ 282; terms of the “nominative noun + nominative noun” type, e.g., pelė mažylė (cf. Russian мыша-малютка), etc. Compound full formations are particularly often chosen inaccurately when compound terms of the “nominative noun + nominative noun” type would suit our language much better, e.g.: lempa-nykštukas (cf. Russian пальчиковая лампа / лампа-пальчик) PolŽ 172, more accurately: lempa nykštukė; skolininkas-lupikas (cf. Russian заимодавец-ростовщик) EžKŽ 55, more accurately: skolininkas lupikas; valstietis-persikėlėlis (cf. Russian крестьянин-переселенец) EžKŽ 92, more accurately: valstietis persikėlėlis; įmonė-tiekėja || -pirkėja (cf. Russian предприятие-поставщик || -покупатель) EžKŽ 161, more accurately: įmonė tiekėja || pirkėja; čiuožėjas-lenktynininkas (cf. Russian конькобежец-скоростник) SportŽ 56, more accurately: čiuožėjas lenktynininkas; žirgas-ristūnas (cf. Russian рысак) SportŽ 137, more accurately: žirgas ristūnas, and so on. Using symbols, this entire inventory of grammatical configurations can be presented as follows: 1) (A + N)nom.; 2) (A₁ + N)nom.; 3) (Pₙ + N)nom.; 4) (Pₐ + N)nom.; 5) (Aₑ + N)nom.; 6) (N + N)nom.; 7) (Ngen + Nnom) v (Nnom + Ndat abl v loc); 8) (Nnom + Pr + Ngen v acc v abl); 9) (Nnom + P₁); 10) (Nnom + V); 11) (Nnom + P₁). The formulas will be more convenient to use when discussing the transformation of compound terms.

2. FUNCTIONS OF THE SECONDARY COMPONENTS OF TWO-WORD COMPOUND TERMS

§ 8. Agreeing, governed, and closely connected compound terms are divisible not only from a grammatical (syntactic) perspective, but also with respect to the thought they express. Their modifiers can characterize the principal component from various points of view. As a result, compound terms, even those having

¹⁷Their semantic groups and more characteristic structural features are discussed in detail in the following articles: А. И. Мельникова, Однословные приложения и переход сочетаний с приложением в сложные слова, — „Русский язык в школе“, 1959, № 1; Н. Д. Андреев, В. Л. Замбржицкий, Именное словообразование в спортивной терминологии, — Развитие современного русского языка, М., 1963; К. С. Маркарова, Основные типы двухкомпонентных именных терминов-словосочетаний в современном русском языке, — „Учёные записки Азербайджанского пед. ин-та им. М. Ф. Ахундова“, серия XII, № 1, Баку, 1966, p. 95 ff.

5. Lietuvių terminologija

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the same principal component, may form several (in rare cases, even a dozen or more) thematic groups, e.g.: leaf (cf. Russian лист, Latin folium) BotŽ 224, by venation: many-veined || connate-veined || conspicuously reticulate-veined || fully veined leaf (cf. Russian многонервный || соединенн-нервный || с ясной сетью разветвления || краебежно жил-кованный лист, Latin folium multinerve) BotŽ 225 || 226; by blade shape: round || auriculate || multilobed || deltoid || forked || spear-shaped leaf (cf. Russian круглый || ушковатый || многократно-рассеченный || дельтовидный || вилочатый || копьевидный лист, Latin folium rotundum || auriculatum || multisectum || deltoideum || dichotomum || hastatum) BotŽ 226 || 228; by blade margin: serrate || entire-margined leaf (cf. Russian пильчатый || цельнокрайной лист, Latin folium serratum || integrum) BotŽ 237; by leaf surface: velvety || undulate || prickly || pitted || warty leaf (cf. Russian бархатистый || мелко-волнистый || с шипами || ямчатый || бородавчатый лист, Latin folium velutinatum || undulatum || aculeatum || lacunosum || verrucosum) BotŽ 238; by spatial orientation and attachment: recurved || sheathing || fascicled || alternate leaf (cf. Russian отогнутый вниз || образующий влагалище || пучковый || очередной лист, Latin folium recurvatum || vaginantium || fasciculatum || alternum) BotŽ 241 || 243; by apex shape: obtuse || mucronate || emarginate || acute-apex leaf (cf. Russian тупой || остроконечный выемчатый || заостренный лист, Latin folium obtusum || mucronatum || emarginatum || acutum) BotŽ 245; by composition: exstipulate || sheathed || tendril-bearing leaf (cf. Russian сидячий || влагалищный || усиконосный лист, Latin folium sessile || vaginatum || cirrosum) BotŽ 246, etc. Similar thematic groups can also be formed by specific compound terms in other scientific fields. The broader the term’s subordination, the greater the number of thematic groups to which specific compound terms formed with it may belong. For example, the terms plant (botany), machine (technology), fabric (textiles), compound (chemistry), word (linguistics), and so on, may, with different modifiers, form at least several dozen distinct thematic groups. Terms may, of course, be classified into these groups only by observing the general rules for dividing logical concepts, namely: the division must be adequate and continuous, proceed on a single basis, and its members must exclude one another. Similar semantic groups are also formed by compound terms that have different principal components, but whose modifiers distinguish a species or any other systematic category according to the same feature. Compound terms of this type constitute particular species oppositions. Their distinguishing feature can be described as a particular logical-semantic function of the components that distinguish species within a compound term.

In practical work on standardizing terminology, one always first considers what needs to be specified by a species modifier, and then considers what grammatical form should express that modifier. The first question is generally answered by specialists in a particular scientific discipline, while the second is left to linguists. Thus, an onomasiological approach predominates in terminology standardization. We too shall take it as our point of departure in discussing the functions of the secondary components of compound terms.

§ 9. As we established in the previous section, the components that designate species in compound terms are most often pronominal qualitative adjectives, active and passive participles, adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė, governed genitive nouns, and so on. To date, Lithuanian adjectives have probably been the most extensively studied—

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the lexical-relational meanings of words with the suffix -inis, -ė, a noun in the genitive, and passive participles. We will briefly review some of them.

§ 10. More than a quarter of a century ago, P. Skardžius identified 10 meanings of denominal adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė, and noted that adjectival formations with the suffix -inis, -ė denote a permanent categorical property of an object, whereas those formed from past passive participles indicate the manner in which something is done, performed, acquired, or has been made or acquired, and so on. ¹⁸ A. Valeckienė comments on this classification of meanings: “...This classification is unsuitable for our purposes because, in classifying adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė, their lexical and functional meanings have been conflated. Denominal and adverbial adjectives, those derived from past simple passive participles, and those formed hypotactically from various word combinations are classified according to lexical meanings, whereas the meaning of adjectival formations with this suffix—an enduring categorical property of an object—is not lexical but functional”¹⁹. In presenting her own classification of adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė derived from nouns, she revises P. Skardžius’s account: she clarifies the interpretation of some meanings and identifies one entirely new meaning—“having something characteristic within or upon oneself, being distinguished by something,” e.g.: personal needle, atoliniai clover, auliniai boots, etc.²⁰. “This classification of the meanings of the adjective was also reproduced in the ‘Adjective’ chapter of the academic Lietuvių kalbos gramatika, which she wrote, although the definitions of the meanings were slightly revised here²¹; moreover, lexical meanings are not discussed here, and it is only stated that ‘denominal adjectives with the suffix -inis denote the relation of the object named by the headword to the object whose property is expressed, and by virtue of that relation distinguish the objects denoted from other objects of the same kind or express the class of the objects denoted’²². As many as 11 such relational meanings are distinguished: 1) the material from which or with which something is made (e.g., stone stair treads, etc.); 2) belonging to or association with the object denoted by the headword (e.g., mutton tallow, etc.); 3) similarity to the object denoted by the headword (e.g., lump sugar, etc.); 4) purpose or designation, suitability for the object denoted by the headword (e.g., fallow-land plough, etc.); 5) the place where something is, takes place, or lives, where something is kept, where someone does something, or from where something originates (e.g., houseplant, etc.); 6) the time with which the object denoted or its action is associated (e.g., winter wheat, etc.); 7) an instrument used to carry out or make something (e.g., kerosene lamp, etc.); 8) a lasting occupation or business associated with the object denoted by the headword, an inclination toward or fondness for that object (e.g., hemp sparrow, etc.); 9) a measurable quantity (measure, capacity, weight, number, age, etc.; e.g., two-horse cart, etc.); 10) the manner in which something is made or acquired (e.g., akinės vytis, etc.); 11) some other distinguishing feature present in or on the object denoted (e.g., leguminous crops, etc.²³.

On examining these meanings, it is easy to see that not all relational meanings are equally connected with the lexical meanings of the same adjective. For example, the feature of “time” is one of the lexical meanings of the nouns spring, night and so on.

¹⁸ Žr. P. Skardžius, Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, Vilnius, 1941, p. 246–253.

¹⁹ See A. Valeckienė, Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos įvardžiuotinių būdvardžių vartojimas, – „Literatūra ir kalba“, II, Vilnius, 1957, p. 259.

²⁰ See A. Valeckienė, cited work, p. 266.

²¹ Žr. Lietuvių kalbos gramatika, I, Vilnius, 1965, p. 568–571.

²² Ibid., p. 568.

²³ Ibid., pp. 568–571.

5*

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more important elements; the feature of “place” is among the lexical meanings of the nouns field, forest, and so on; the feature of “material” is associated with stone, amber, and so on. Adjectives formed from such nouns with the suffix -inis, -ė already indicate “time” even without a relation to the modified noun (cf. spring, -ė; night, -ė, and so on), “place” (cf. wild, -ė; forest, -ė, and so on), and “material” (cf. stone, -ė; amber, -ė, and so on). Moreover, from a terminological perspective, some meanings appear to be more finely branched. Consider, for example, the first relational meaning of denominal adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė—the material from which or with which something is made, e.g.: poppy-seed oil, stone stair treads, bristle brush, gold ring, oat kissel, potato mash, rubber boots, amber beads, panel doors, glass vessels, and so on. However, the terminology of various scientific fields also uses many other kinds of word combinations, e.g.: sugar || cereal || dye plants (cf. Russian сахароносы, зерновые растения, красильные растения) BotŽ 51 || 52, protein substances (cf. Russian белковые вещества) ChemŽ 41, and so on. Here, denominal adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė do not indicate the material from which the referent named by the head component of the compound term is made, but rather a material of which the referent in question contains a certain quantity or which is obtained from that referent. Consider also the following examples: selenium rectifier (cf. Russian селеновый выпрямитель) FizŽ 55, mercury barometer (cf. Russian ртутный барометр) GeolŽ 14, and so on, and we will see that denominal adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė can also indicate a material necessary for the operation of some device or instrument. There are also examples of another kind: ink cap (cf. Latin Coprinus atramentarius) Valg gryb 215, lead-colored puffball (cf. Latin Bovista plumbea) Valg gryb 224, waxy || milky ripeness (cf. Russian восковая || молочная спелость) BotŽ 89, iron spot disease (cf. Russian железистая пятнистость) BotŽ 107, marbled endosperm (cf. Latin endospermium marmoratum) BotŽ 129, mealy endosperm (cf. Latin endospermium farinaceum, Russian лучинистый эндосперм) BotŽ 129, etc. The adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė functioning as attributive components in these compound terms indicate a material to which the referent designated by the head component of the compound term is similar in color or consistency.

§ 11. Researchers of the Lithuanian genitive case have distinguished a dozen or so meanings of this case²⁴, most of which are not terminologized. These include genitives of exclusion, negation, description, purpose, subject, indefinite quantity, lack, relation, and others. Terminologized meanings of the genitive are quite varied. Let us take, for example, the genitive of purpose. It can indicate the action (a) or object (b) for which the instrument denoted by the head component of a compound term is intended. E.g.:

a) control rod (cf. Russian управляющий стержень, German Kommandostab, m, English control rod) TechT (5)13, power || computing || adjustment || delay unit (cf. Russian блок питания || вычислительный || настройки || запаздывания) TechT (6)3; correction || measurement || modeling || recording || computation || writing || control || execution device (cf. Russian корректирующее || изме-

²⁴ See A. Schleicher, Handbuch der litauischen Sprache, Prag, 1856; J. Jablonskis, Linksniai ir prielinksniai, Kaunas, 1928; E. Fraenkel, Syntax der litauischen Kasus, Kaunas, 1928; Г. В. Булыгина, Неглагольные сочетания с родительным падежом в современном литовском языке, — Славянское языкознание, М., 1959; J. Balkevičius, Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos sintaksė, Vilnius, 1963; Lietuvių kalbos gramatika, I, Vilnius, 1965, and others.

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computing || modelling || recording || вычислительное || записыва-ющие || управляющее || исполнительное устройство, German Korrekturglied n, Messglied n, Analogrechner m, Schreiber m, Rechenmaschine f, Aufzeichnungsgerät n, Bedienungseinrichtungsregelglied n, English corrector, measuring means, analog computing system || recording system, computing element, recorder, monitor, final control element, positioning element) TechT (6)5; pressure pipe (cf. Russian напорный трубопровод, German Druckleitung f, English pressure conduit penstock) TechT (3)7;

b) image analyser (cf. Russian анализатор образа, German Gestaltanalysator m, English pattern analyser) TechT (14)11, neutron absorber (cf. Russian поглотитель нейтронов, German Neutronabsorber m, English neutron absorber) TechT (5)8, temperature relay (cf. Russian температурное реле, German Temperaturrelais n, English temperature relay) TechT (7)7, air pump (cf. Russian воздушный насос) PolŽ 219, stocking machine (cf. Russian чулочный автомат) PolŽ 10.

Two-word compound terms of this kind are used mainly in various fields of technology, physics, radio engineering, and electronics, and to a lesser extent in chemistry, geology, etc.

When the head element of a compound term is neither an instrument nor an agent in the strict sense of these words, but merely a means, purpose may also be expressed by terms with the following structures: a) “name of an object (genitive of a noun with a specific meaning) + name of a container intended for that object (nominative of a noun with a specific meaning)”, e.g.: gasoline tank (cf. Russian бензиновый бак) PolŽ 20, ash bunker (cf. Russian зольниковый бункер) PolŽ 33, cheese vat (cf. Russian сыродельная ванна) PolŽ 39, water chamber (cf. Russian водная камера) PolŽ 131; b) “name of an object (genitive of a noun with a specific meaning) + name of a place or device intended to act on or transport that object (nominative of a noun with a specific meaning)”, e.g.: raft passage (cf. Russian плотоход, German Flossgasse f, Flossdurchlass m, English race way for rafts) TechT (3)6, tractor road (cf. Russian тракторная дорога) PolŽ 95, cycle track (cf. Russian велотрек) SportŽ 67, fishway (cf. Russian рыбоход, German Fischweg m, English Fishway) TechT (3)8; c) “name of an object (genitive of a noun with a specific meaning) + name of a material intended to process or affect that object (nominative of a noun with a specific meaning)”, e.g.: seed dressing (cf. Russian протрава для семян) ChemŽ 245, rubber adhesive (cf. Russian резиновый клей) PolŽ 144, window glass (cf. Russian оконное стекло) PolŽ 406, road tar (cf. Russian дорожный дёготь) PolŽ 85; d) “name of an action (genitive of a verbal abstract noun) + name of a device or place intended for performing that action (nominative of a noun with a specific meaning)”, e.g.: running track (cf. Russian беговая дорожка) SportŽ 163, drainage ditch (cf. Russian осушительная канава) MelŽ 62, irrigation furrow (cf. Russian поливная борозда) MelŽ 183, cooling bath (cf. Russian охлаждающая ванна) PolŽ 38, coking furnace (cf. Russian коксовальная печь) PolŽ 278; e) “name of an action (genitive of a verbal abstract noun) + name of a material required to perform that action (nominative of a noun with a concrete or abstract meaning)”, e.g.: hardening fluid (cf. Russian закалочная жидкость) PolŽ 102, baking powder (cf. Russian пекарный порошок) ChemŽ

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148, moulding mixtures (cf. Russian формовочная смесь) PolŽ 388, lining materials (cf. Russian футеровочные материалы) ChemŽ 127, polishing powder (cf. Russian полировальный порошок) ChemŽ 226, laundry soap (cf. Russian мыло для стирки) ChemŽ 253. Thus, when genitive meanings are examined from the perspective of terminology, it can be observed that each divides into several more narrowly defined meanings. However, the results of research based on this method of inventorying genitive meanings are of only one-sided benefit to the practice of standardizing compound terms. As we have already noted, terminologists more often need to answer not what relational meaning a given term has, but what type of word combination should express a given meaning.

§ 12. All the observations made show that the relational meanings of Lithuanian adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė, noun genitives, and other grammatical categories have been examined quite extensively and in detail, but from only one perspective—taking the dependent element of the word combination as the point of departure. Taking the head element of the word combination as the point of departure, as we have seen, can yield somewhat different results, which complement and deepen the studies discussed. Moreover, this approach is the one that best suits the practice of term standardization.

§ 13. As noted, the logical and grammatical centre of compound terms is the head element of the word combination. Taking this element as our point of departure, let us survey the main thematic groups of two-word compound terms: 1) instruments or agents; 2) actions or processes; 3) animals and plants; 4) natural and artificial materials; 5) properties²⁵, etc., and examine how the dependent elements of these terms can specify their head elements.

§ 14. If the head element of a compound term is the name of an instrument or agent²⁶, then the dependent element of such a term may indicate:

1. A distinguishing (structural) feature of the operation of that instrument or agent. In this case, the dependent element of the compound term may be expressed by:

a) an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė, e.g.: automatic regulator (cf. Russian автоматический регулятор, German selbstätiger Regler m, English automatic controller) TechT (6)6, vibration regulator (cf. Russian вибрационный регулятор, German Vibrationsregler m, English oscillating regulator) TechT (6)8, step converter (cf. Russian шаговый преобразователь, English step-switch converter) TechT (7)10, pumped-storage hydroelectric plant (cf. Russian гидроаккумуляторная электростанция, German Pumpspeicherwerk n) TechT (3)5, centrifugal pump (cf. Russian центробежный насос) FizŽ 80;

b) a pronominal (or simple) qualitative adjective, e.g.: fast reactor (cf. Russian быстрый реактор, German Schnellreaktor m, English fast reactor) TechT (5) 11, adaptive automaton (cf. Russian адаптивный автомат, German adaptiver Automat m, English adaptive automat) TechT (14)4, self-learning system (cf. Russian самообу-

²⁵ It is inaccurate to regard names of persons by profession as terms. For more detail, see Л. А. Шкатова, Являются ли терминами наименования лиц по профессии, — Вопросы современного русского литературного языка, Челябинск, 1967.

²⁶ For more detail on the concept of “agent,” see Э. Ф. Скороходько, Структура и семантика английских научно-технических терминов, — Прикладная лингвистика и машинный перевод, Киев, 1962, p. 41 ff.

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learning system, German lernendes System n, English self-learning system) TechT (14)5, circular carding machine (cf. Russian круглочесальная машина) PolŽ 187;

c) by a definite (or simple) passive participle, e.g.: equalizing reservoir (cf. Russian уравнительный резервуар, German Wasserschloss n) TechT (3)5, rotary gate valve (cf. Russian вращающаяся задвижка) PolŽ 106; tipping wagon (cf. Russian опрокидывающийся вагон) PolŽ 35, sliding gates (cf. Russian откатные ворота) PolŽ 54, variable capacitor (cf. Russian переменный конденсатор) FižŽ 48;

d) by a definite (or simple) active participle, e.g.: locking screw (cf. Russian стопорный винт) PolŽ 46, guiding wheel (cf. Russian направляющее колесо) PolŽ 148, control rod (cf. Russian регулирующий стержень, German Regelstab m, English control rod) TechT (5)12, suction || collecting drain (cf. Russian всасывающая || собирательная дрена) MelŽ 43, rotating prism (cf. Russian поворачивающая призма) FižŽ 72;

e) by a compound adjective, e.g.: long-range sprinkler (cf. Russian дальнеструйный дождеватель) MelŽ 100, two-bottom || five-bottom plough (cf. Russian двухкорпусный || пяти корпусный плуг) MelŽ 130, single-stage || multistage pump (cf. Russian одноступенчатый || многоступенчатый насос) MelŽ 148 || 149, four-stroke engine (cf. Russian четырёхтактный двигатель) FižŽ 99, straight-through valve (cf. Russian прямоточный вентиль) PolŽ 41, gas-discharge lamp (cf. Russian газосветная лампа) PolŽ 173.

2. Purpose of use: A) the direct, specific object of an instrument’s or agent’s work; B) a work operation performed by an instrument or agent.

A. When the secondary component of a compound term denotes the direct object of an instrument’s or agent’s work, that component may be expressed by:

a) a noun in the genitive case, e.g.: image analyzer (cf. Russian анализатор образа, German Gestaltanalysator m, English pattern analyser) TechT (14)11, neutron absorber (cf. Russian поглотитель нейтронов, German Neutronabsorber m, English neutron absorber) TechT (5)8, mud collector (cf. Russian грязевик) MelŽ 89, current transformer (cf. Russian трансформатор тока) FižŽ 97, paint sprayer (cf. English air brush) AnglŽ 9, air pump (cf. Russian воздушный насос) PolŽ 219, stone collector (cf. Russian камнесобиратель) MelŽ 142;

b) an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė, e.g.: warp beam (cf. Russian навой) PolŽ 210, ventilation gate (cf. Russian вентиляционная задвижка) PolŽ 106, soil thermometer (cf. Russian почвенный термометр) MelŽ 171.

For forming compound terms of this type, the noun in the genitive case is older and more productive across all terminological systems. The spread of adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė in this context is influenced to some extent by the corresponding Russian term patterns, in which adjectival components predominate.

B. When the secondary component of a compound term denotes a work operation performed by an instrument or agent, that secondary component may be expressed by:

a) a verbal noun in the genitive case, e.g.: coding || correction || measurement || modelling || recording || calculation || writing || control || execution device (cf. Russian устройство кодирующее || корректирующее || измер-

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modeling || recording || computing || registering || recording || controlling || actuating, German Verschlüsseler m, korrigierende Einrichtung f, Messglied n, Nachbildner m, Schreiber m, Rechengerät n, Aufzeichnungsgerät n, Steuerglied n, Stellglied n, English encoder, corrector, measuring means, analog computer, recording system, calculating device, recorder, control device, final control element) TechT (6)4 || 5, power || computing || matching || delay unit (cf. Russian блок питания || вычислительный || настройки || запаздывания) TechT (6)3, evaporator (cf. Russian выпарной аппарат) PolŽ 15, inlet || outlet || pressure || suction valve (cf. Russian впускной || выпускной || напорный || всасывающий клапан) MelŽ 201; b) by a passive participle with or without the definite form, e.g.: shut-off tap (cf. Russian запорный кран) PolŽ 163, undercutting || backfilling || loading machine (cf. Russian врубовая || закладочная || погрузочная машина) GeolŽ 74, measuring microscope (cf. измерительный микроскоп) FizŽ 58, overflow || drainpipe (cf. Russian переливная || сточная труба) MelŽ 185, shut-off valve (cf. Russian запорный вентиль) MelŽ 199, guide vanes (cf. Russian направляющие лопатки, English corner vanes, German Leitschaufeln) TechT (25)13.

In contemporary Lithuanian terminology, the dependent component of compound terms of this type is more often expressed by a noun in the genitive than by a simple or definite passive participle. The use of a verbal abstract noun in the genitive is encouraged by the ambiguity of some participial phrases of this type.

3. A whole (machine, device, etc.) of which the agent or instrument named by the head component of the compound term is regarded as a part (component). In this case, the dependent component of the compound term is expressed by the so-called genitive of whole–part relationship, e.g.: switch-rail tongue (cf. Russian перо перевода) PolŽ 277, concrete mixer drum (cf. Russian барабан бетономешалки) PolŽ 22, piston ring (cf. Russian поршневое кольцо) PolŽ 150, reactor casing (cf. Russian кожух реактора), German Reaktorgehäuse n, English jacket reaktor) TechT (5)12, plough blade (cf. Russian нож плуга) MelŽ 131, bell button (cf. English bell puch) AnglŽ 19, lock gate (cf. Russian шлюзовые ворота) MelŽ 166, dam diaphragm (cf. Russian диафрагма плотины) MelŽ 182.

4. A material or energy necessary for the operation of the agent or instrument named by the head component of the compound term. The dependent component of compound terms with this meaning may be expressed by:

a) an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė, e.g.: selenium rectifier (cf. Russian селеновый выпрямитель) FizŽ 55, nuclear reactor (cf. Russian ядерный реактор), German Kernreaktor m, English nuclear reactor) TechT (5)10, electronic regulator (cf. Russian электронный регулятор) TechT (6)6, alkaline battery (cf. Russian щелочный аккумулятор) FizŽ 6, magnetic compass (cf. Russian магнитный компас) FizŽ 47, kerosene lamp (cf. керосиновая лампа) FizŽ 53, mercury || semiconductor thermometer (cf. Russian ртутный || полупроводниковый термометр) FizŽ 95, electric || steam engine (cf. Russian электродвигатель, паровой двигатель) FizŽ 99, air brake (cf. English air damping) AnglŽ 10;

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b) by a noun in the genitive, e.g.: mercury rectifier (cf. Russian ртутный выпрямитель) FizŽ 55, electric lamp (cf. Russian электрическая лампа) FizŽ 53, steam generator (cf. Russian парогенератор, German Dampferzeuger, English steam generator) TechT (5)5, thermal relay (cf. Russian тепловое реле, German Thermorelais, English thermal relay) TechT (7)7, wind || water engine (cf. Russian ветродвигатель, водяной двигатель) MelŽ 197, gas stove (cf. English gas range) AnglŽ 59.

The genitive construction used to form compound terms of this type is older, but in contemporary Lithuanian those compound terms whose dependent components are adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė are now considerably more common. The genitive of a noun is generally unsuitable for forming terms of this type because such compounds can easily be confused with the terms mentioned above, in which the dependent component denotes the object on which the instrument or agent operates.

5. A distinctive component that is one of the most important or at least characteristic elements of the instrument or agent named by the head component of the compound term. This relational meaning is in a certain logical opposition to the aforementioned meaning of whole. In this case, the dependent component of the compound term is expressed by:

a) an adjective with the suffix -inis -ė, e.g.: disc harrow (cf. Russian дисковая борона) MelŽ 12, spring-tine harrow (cf. Russian пружинная борона) PolŽ 30, ball valve (cf. Russian шаровый кран) PolŽ. 163, drum || impeller mixer (cf. Russian барабанная || крыльчатая мешалка) PolŽ 196, mirror || prism square (cf. Russian зеркальный || призменный эккер) MelŽ 51, cable-scraper excavator (cf. Russian канатноскребковый экскаватор) MelŽ 51, diaphragm || screw || piston pump (cf. Russian диафрагменный || винтовой || поршневой насос MelŽ 149, pointer galvanometer (cf. Russian стрелочный гальванометр) FizŽ 30;

b) a compound adjective, e.g.: wideband amplifier (cf. Russian широкополосный усилитель) FizŽ 87, single-bucket || multi-bucket excavator (cf. Russian одноковшовый || многоковшовый экскаватор) MelŽ 51, three-pass apparatus (cf. Russian трёхпрощёчный аппарат) PolŽ 16, two-moldboard ditch digger (cf. Russian двухотвальный канавокопатель) MelŽ 61;

c) the preposition su (‘with’) followed by a noun, e.g.: crane with a boom (cf. Russian кран со стрелой) PolŽ 163, burette with a tap (cf. Russian бюретка с краном) ChemŽ 49, contactor with a latch (cf. Russian контактор с защелкой) PolŽ 54, splined shaft (cf. Russian шлицевый валик) PolŽ 38.

Adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė are more systematic and better suited to expressing distinctions between types; therefore, in contemporary Lithuanian they are more productive than prepositional combinations of compound-term components for expressing the relational meaning under discussion.

6. The inventor who created the agent or instrument named by the head component of the compound term. The attributive component of these compound terms is always expressed by a proper name in the genitive, e.g.: Foucault pendulum (cf. Russian маятник Фуко) FizŽ 29, Daniell hygrometer (cf. Russian гигрометр Даниэлля) FizŽ 34, Kundt || Quincke tube (cf. Russian трубка Кундта || Квинке) FizŽ 51, Leyden jar (cf. Russian лейденская банка) FizŽ 53, Linde || Atwood || Carnot engine (cf. Russian машина Линде || Ат-вуда || Карно) FizŽ 55 || 58, X-ray apparatus

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(cf. Russian рентгеновская установка) FižŽ 77, Ророво гарантyvas (cf. Russian испаритель Попова) MelŽ 56, Boro magnetonas (cf. Russian магнетон Бора) FižŽ 56, Marteno krosnis (cf. Russian мартеновская печь) PolŽ 270, Morzės raktas (cf. Russian ключ Морзе) PolŽ 145, Selerso guolis (cf. English adjustable bearing) AnglŽ 8.

7. The external form characteristic of the instrument or agent designated by the head constituent of the compound term. The thing whose form the agent or instrument resembles is usually expressed by an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė, e.g.: shield-type || cylindrical shutter (cf. Russian щитовой || цилиндрический затвор) MelŽ 178, weir-type || tubular flow meter (cf. Russian водосливный || трубчатый водомер) MelŽ 187, spherical capacitor (cf. Russian сферический конденсатор) FižŽ 48, conical pendulum (cf. Russian конический маятник) FižŽ 90, spoon-type || plate-type drill (cf. Russian ложковый || тарельчатый бур) GeolŽ 19, anchor bolt (cf. Russian анкерный болт) PolŽ 29.

8. The material from which the agent or instrument designated by the head constituent of the compound term is made, wholly or in part. The dependent constituent of compound terms expressing this relational meaning may be expressed by:

a) an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė, e.g.: wooden gutter (cf. Russian деревянный лоток) MelŽ 97, cement || concrete pipe (cf. Russian цементная || бетонная труба) MelŽ 184, porcelain funnel (cf. Russian воронка Бюхнера) PolŽ 54, steel pin (cf. Russian стальной нагель) PolŽ 210, tiled stove (cf. Russian кафельная печь) PolŽ 279, bronze wire (cf. Russian бронзовый провод) PolŽ 323, rubber belt (cf. Russian резиновый ремень) PolŽ 360, wooden shield (cf. English brattice) AnglŽ 25, brass sleeve (cf. English brass case) AnglŽ 25;

b) a noun in the genitive, e.g.: stone || pole || timber-drain arena (cf. Russian каменная || жердевая || брусчатая дрена) MelŽ 43, stone || earth dam (cf. Russian каменная || земляная плотина) MelŽ 181.

§ 15. The transformation of the grammatical configurations of terms of this kind is most often determined by three factors: 1) the mismatch between the forms of compound terms and those of word combinations with analogous meanings in literary or colloquial language; 2) the analogy of similar specific concepts in neighboring branches of science; 3) the influence of other languages (especially Russian).

Transformations of compound terms of these types may be varied and not unidirectional; however, far from all of them are equally important for the practice of term standardization. We shall mention only those cases of transformation of compound terms (especially specific terms) over which linguists sometimes disagree with specialists.

(Ngen + Nnom) — × → (A1 + N)nom, when Ngen denotes a) a work operation performed by an instrument or agent (expressed by the genitive of a verbal abstract noun), e.g.: pressure valve (cf. Russian напорный клапан) PolŽ 143: pressure-type valve, thread-cutting milling cutter (cf. Russian резьбовая фреза) PolŽ 470: thread-cutting milling cutter;

b) the whole (machine, device) of which the agent or instrument designated by the head constituent of the compound term is considered a part (component) (the so-called genitive of the whole–part relationship), e.g.: reactor casing (cf. Russian кожух реактора) TechT (5)12: reactor-type casing, sluice gates (cf. Russian шлюзные ворота) PolŽ 54: sluice-type gates, piston ring (cf. Russian поршневое кольцо) PolŽ 150: piston-type ring;

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c) an inventor who has created or constructed the agent or instrument named by the principal constituent of the compound term, e.g.: Marteno krosnis (cf. Russian мартеновская печь) PolŽ 279: marteninė krosnis, Leideno indas (лейденская банка) FizŽ 53: leidėninis indas, etc.

When evaluating transformations involving active- and passive-voice participles in compounds of this type, the following points should be borne in mind: 1) absolute systematicity of terms for species cannot be achieved not only in the terminology of any one branch of science, but even within terminological microsystems; for example, in contemporary terminology for the classification of agricultural machinery, alongside terms of the “threshing [machine]” type, newer terms of the “threshing machine” type may also legitimately exist; 2) the consistency of terms should be regarded as a codificatory requirement no less important than the ambiguity of terms of the (Pₚ + N)ₙₒₘ type—an ambiguity sometimes overemphasized and vaguely explained—in comparison with terms of the (N₉ₑₙ + Nₙₒₘ) type.

In terms of quality, terms of the (N₉ₑₙ + Nₙₒₘ) type are more common in contemporary collections of our technical terminology. Cf.:

Term type | Source | TechT (1–15) | PolŽ | FizŽ | MelŽ | GeolŽ | TekstŽ (N₉ₑₙ + Nₙₒₘ) | 38 | 250 | 0 | 41 | 1 | 5 (Pₚ + N)ₙₒₘ | 6 | 60 | 8 | 33 | 21 | 0

§ 16. The principal constituent of a compound term may indicate an animal or a plant. In colloquial speech, only single-word names of animals or plants are generally used. The terminology of botanical and zoological taxonomy is binary: the first (principal) constituent indicates the genus, and the second (subordinate) one indicates the species. In this case, the subordinate constituents of compound taxonomic terms indicate the animal’s or plant’s:

1. Food source. The constituent expressing this semantic function is generally an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė, e.g.: žvirblinė pelėda (cf. Latin Glaucidium passerinum) Paukšt II 267, pušinė sniegena (cf. Latin Pinicola enucleator) Paukšt II 127, eglinis kryžiasnapis (cf. Latin Loxia curvirostra) Paukšt I 286, kopūstinis amaras (cf. Latin Pieris rapae) Vad vab 264, uoginė blakė (cf. Latin Dolycorus baccarum L.) Vad vab 79, žirninis grūdinukas (cf. Latin Bruchus pisorum L.) Vad vab 171, ąžuolinis verpikas (cf. Latin Lasiocampa quercus L.) Vad vab 241, riešutinis straubliukas (cf. Latin Curculio nucum L.) Vad vab 187.

2. Habitat and growing site. The subordinate constituent of compound terms with this relational meaning may be expressed by:

a) an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė, e.g.: akmeninė || miškinė kiaunė (cf. Latin Martes foina || martes) Vad žind 178 || 184, ąžuolinė || lazdyninė miegapelė (cf. Latin Elimomys quercinus L., Muscardinus avellanarius L.) Vad žind 230 || 228; miškinis || vandeninis || dirvoninis kalviukas (cf. Latin Anthus trivialis || spinoletta || campestris) Paukšt III 184 || 187, urvinė || langinė kregždė (cf. Latin Riparia riparia, Delichon urbica) Paukšt III 327 || 336, pelkinis papartis (cf. Latin Dryopteris thelypteris L., Russian щитовник болотный) Flor I 34, kalninė pušis (cf. Latin Pinus

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montana, Russian coccha горная) Flor I 161, forest bolete (cf. Latin Boletus cyanescens) Valg gryb 115, marsh russula (cf. Latin Russula paludosa) Valg gryb 194; marsh skater (cf. Latin Gerris paludum) Vad vab 85, housefly (cf. Latin Musca domestica L.) Vad vab 326;

b) by the genitive case of a noun, e.g. mountain wagtail (cf. Latin Motacilla cinerea) Paukšt III 193, porpoise (cf. Latin Phocaena phocaena) Vad žind 298, dune darkling beetle (cf. Latin Opatrum sabulosum L.) Vad vab 149.

3. Place of origin, usually expressed by an adjective formed from a proper noun with the suffix -inis, -ė, e.g.: Icelandic sandpiper (cf. Latin Calidris canutus) Paukšt II 220, Ural owl (cf. Latin Strix uralensis) Paukšt II 273, Swedish frit fly (cf. Latin Oscinosoma frit) Vad vab 325, American larch (cf. Latin Larix americana, Russian американская лиственница) Flor I 140, Caucasian fir (cf. Latin Abies Nordmanniana, Russian Пихта Нордмана) Flor I 102, European yew (cf. Latin Taxus baccata, Russian тисс ягодный) Flor I 87, Korean pine (cf. Latin Pinus koraiensis, Russian корейская сосна) Flor I 148, Canadian mink (cf. Latin Mustela vison) Vad žind 169, Ussuri raccoon dog (cf. Latin Nyctereutes procyonoides) Vad žind 134, Siberian roe deer (cf. Latin Capreolus capreolus pygargus) Vad žind 312.

4. External bodily characteristics: A – shape and other characteristics of the whole body, B – characteristics of the surface of the body or its parts, C – color of the body or its parts.

A. When the attributive component of a compound term indicates characteristics of the body shape of an animal or plant, that component may be expressed by:

a) a definite or simple qualitative adjective, e.g.: lesser earwig (cf. Latin Labia minor L.) Vad vab 54, broad stag beetle (cf. Latin Dorcus parallelepipedus L.) Vad vab 196, large short-winged beetle (cf. Latin Creophilus maxillosus L.) Vad vab 116, flat skimmer (cf. Latin Libellula depressa L.) Vad vab 42, long-stemmed puffball (cf. Latin Calvatia saccata) Valg gryb 231, large jewel beetle (cf. Latin Chalcophora mariana) Vad vab 130;

b) an appositive noun, e.g.: pygmy bat (cf. Latin Vespertilio pipistrellus) Vad žind 107, pygmy mouse (cf. Latin Micromys minutus) Vad žind 256, dwarf juniper (cf. Latin Juniperus nana) Aug anat 228.

B. When the attributive component of a compound term indicates characteristics of the surface of an animal’s or plant’s entire body or its parts, that secondary component is usually expressed by a definite qualitative adjective, e.g.: spiny longhorn beetle (cf. Latin Rhagium mordax L.) Vad vab 154, smooth ground beetle (cf. Latin Carabus glabratus) Vad vab 100, slimy false chanterelle (cf. Latin Gomphidius glutinosus) Valg gryb 229, shaggy parasol (cf. Latin Lepiota rhacodes) Valg gryb 230, mild milkcap (cf. Latin Lactarius mitissimus) Valg gryb 231, etc.

C. When the attributive component of a compound term indicates the body color of an animal or plant, that secondary component may be expressed by:

a) a definite or simple qualitative adjective, e.g.: white spruce (cf. Latin Picea canadensis, Russian ель канадская) Flor I 123, black scoter (cf. Latin Oidemia nigra L.) Paukšt II 115, gray goose (cf. Latin Anser anser) Paukšt II 135, yellow milkcap (cf. Latin Lactarius scrobiculatus) Valg gryb 210, green mosses (cf. Russian зелковые мхи) Melž 144, brown noctule (cf. Latin Nyctalus

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noctula) Vad žind 102, black || brown rat (cf. Latin Rattus rattus || norvegicus) Vad žind 241;

b) by an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė, e.g.: purple weevil (cf. Latin Rhynchites bacchus L.) Vad vab 174, violet bark beetle (cf. Latin Hylurgops palliatus) Vad vab 192, silver moth (cf. Latin Cucullia argentea) Vad vab 253, ink cap (cf. Latin Coprinus atramentarius) Valg gryb 231, lilac tricholoma (cf. Latin Tricholoma nudum) Valg gryb 230;

c) by a compound adjective, e.g.: yellow-red hypholoma (cf. Latin Hypholoma sublateritium) Valg gryb 173, yellow-brown fly agaric (cf. Latin Amanita junquillea) Valg gryb 162, blood-red russula (cf. Latin Russula sanguinea) Valg gryb 196, gray-green russula (cf. Latin Russula aeruginea) Valg gryb 188, varicolored Gomphidius (cf. Latin Gomphidius viscidus) Valg gryb 120.

Sometimes, in a compound term in plant systematics, the specific modifier indicates the color not of the whole organism but only of one of its organs; this is summarized by an individualizing specific modifier. Recently, botanical specialists have rightly avoided such cases.

5. Internal characteristics: A — characteristics perceived by the subject’s senses, B — individual internal characteristics.

A. When the modifying component of a compound term specifies an internal characteristic perceived by the subject’s senses, the subordinate component of the compound term may be expressed:

a) by a pronominal or simple qualitative adjective, e.g.: elastic bolete (cf. Latin Boletus bovinus) Valg gryb 229, fragrant waxcap (cf. Latin Hydrophorus agathosmus) Valg gryb 229, fragile russula (cf. Latin Russula fragilis) Valg gryb 231, bitter bolete (cf. Latin Tylopilus felleus) Valg gryb 232, slimy Gomphidius (cf. Latin Gomphidius glutinosus) Valg gryb 229;

b) by a pronominal passive participle, e.g.: stinking russula (cf. Latin Russula foetens) Valg gryb 228;

c) by an appositional noun, e.g.: field restharrow (cf. Latin Ononis arvensis) LBŽ 239, russula delicacy (cf. Latin Russula delica) Valg gryb 227.

B. When the modifying component of a compound term specifies an individual internal characteristic of an animal or plant, that subordinate component may be expressed:

a) by a pronominal qualitative adjective; e.g.: predatory noctuid moth (cf. Latin Eupsilia satellitia L.) Vad vab 253, biting ants (cf. Latin Campanotidae) Vad vab 300, clinging woodruff (cf. Latin Asperula aparine) LBŽ 444;

b) by an appositional noun, e.g.: ivy climber (cf. Latin Hedera helix) Aug anat 326, peregrine falcon (cf. Latin Falco peregrinus) Paukšt II 171, flying squirrel (cf. Latin Pteromys volans) Vad žind 214, field poppy (cf. Latin Papaver rhoeas) Aug anat 482, singing grasshopper (cf. Latin Tettigonia cantans) Vad vab 49, stable fly (cf. Latin Stomoxys calcitrans) Vad vab 327;

c) by a pronominal active participle, e.g.: creeping bugle (cf. Latin Ajuga reptans) LBŽ 515, yellowing milkcap (cf. Latin Lactarius scrobiculatus) LBŽ 472, blackening puffball (cf. Latin Bovista nigrescens) Valg gryb 231, creeping buttercup (cf. Latin Ranunculus reptans) LBŽ 518 (= creeping buttercup).

6. Distinguishing characteristics of a separate organ: A — shape, B — color, C — various outgrowths.

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A. When the attributive constituent of a complex term indicates the shape of an animal’s or plant’s external organ, that dependent constituent may be expressed by:

a) an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė, e.g.: crested fern (cf. Latin Dryopteris cristata, Russian щитовник гребенчатый) Flor I 40, lanceolate grapefern (cf. Latin Botrychium lanceolatum) Flor I 24, exclamation-mark moth (cf. Latin Agrotis exclamationis) Vad vab 252, conical morel (cf. Latin Morehella conica) Valg gryb 228, umbonate chanterelle (cf. Latin Cantharellus umbonatus) Valg gryb 229;

b) a compound adjective, e.g.: broad-scaled larch (cf. Latin Larix eurolepis, Russian лиственница широкочешуйчатая) Flor II 36, sharp-nosed dung beetle (cf. Latin Copris lunaris) Vad vab 199, toothed thrips (cf. Latin Odonthothrips loti) Vad vab 88, broad-leaved plempė (cf. Latin Clitocybe platyphylla) Valg gryb 229, spear-leaved orache (cf. Latin Atriplex hastatum) LBŽ 392.

B. When the attributive constituent of a complex term indicates the colour of an external organ of an animal or plant, it is generally expressed by a compound adjective: white-backed woodpecker (cf. Latin Dryobates leucotos) Paukšt III 49, yellow-billed linnet (cf. Latin Carduelis cannabina) Paukšt III 116, black-headed bullfinch (cf. Latin Pyrrhula pyrrhula) Paukšt III 122, red-shouldered scavenger beetle (cf. Latin Sphaeridium scarabaecides L.) Vad vab 137, green-eyed fly (cf. Latin Chlorops pumilionis) Vad vab 325, white-veined moth (cf. Latin Melicleptria scutosa) Vad vab 255, blue-headed feathered moth (cf. Latin Diloba coeruleocephala) Vad vab 249, brown-capped bolete (cf. Latin Boletus badius) Valg gryb 227, yellow-⦿-weevil (cf. Latin Chlorophanus viridis) Vad vab 128.

C. When the dependent constituent of a complex term names one of the characteristic outgrowths of an animal or plant, the attribute may be expressed by:

a) a definite qualitative adjective, e.g.: crested lark (cf. Latin Galerida cristata) Paukšt III 173, bearded reedling (cf. Latin Panurus biarmicus) Paukšt III 223, hairy broad-nosed weevil (cf. Latin Sitona crinitus) Vad vab 181, spiny || warty puffball (cf. Latin Locoperdon echinatum || gemmatum) Valg gryb 231, scaly bolete (cf. Latin Strobilimyces strobilaceus) Valg gryb 232;

b) an appositional noun, e.g.: click beetle cross-bearer (cf. Latin Selatosomus eruciatus) Vad vab 127, fern kudlis (cf. Latin Dryopteris phegopteris) LBŽ 126, sedge fringe-sedge (cf. Latin Carex microglochin) LBŽ 71, hawk’s-beard downy hawk’s-beard (cf. Latin Crepis praemorsa) LBŽ 108.

7. The researcher who distinguished and described the species of animal or plant denoted by the head constituent of a complex term. In this case, the dependent constituent of the complex term is expressed by the genitive of the name, e.g.: Skolski’s osmia (cf. Latin Osmia Skolskiyi) Vad vab 293, Banks’s pine (cf. Latin Pinus Banksiana, Russian сосна Банкса) Flor I 154, Veitch’s fir (cf. Latin Abies Veitchii, Russian пихта Вича) Flor I 94, Engelmann’s spruce (cf. Latin Picea Engelmannii, Russian ель Энгельмана) Flor I 118, Natterer’s bat (cf. Latin Myotis Nattereri) Vad žind 91, Nathusius’s pipistrelle (cf. Latin Vespertilio Nathusii) Vad žind 110.

8. The time when an animal is active or breeds, or a plant flowers, bears fruit, and so on. In such cases, the dependent constituent of complex terms is generally expressed by:

a) an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė, e.g.: summer evetria (cf. Latin Evetria duplana Hb.) Vad vab 223, nocturnal June beetle (cf. Latin Serica brunnea L.) Vad vab 199, spring geometrid moths (cf. Latin Oenochrominae) Vad vab 257, spring ||

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autumn || summer adonis (cf. Lat. Adonis vernalis || autumnalis || aestivalis L.) LBŽ 383, summer truffle (cf. Lat. Tuber aestivum) Valg gryb 227;

b) a definite-form qualitative adjective, e.g.: early spring moth (cf. Lat. Brephos parthenias L.) Vad vab 257, late bat (cf. Lat. Vespertilio serotinus) Vad žind 107.

9. The purpose and use of the plant itself or its fruits. The specific constituents of these terms are generally only the adjective medicinal, the passive participle edible, etc., e.g.:

medicinal borage (cf. Lat. Barrago officinalis L.) LBŽ 384, medicinal pellitory (cf. Lat. Parietaria officinalis) Aug anat 609, medicinal soapwort (cf. Lat. Saponaria officinalis) Aug anat 548;

edible garlic (cf. Lat. Allium sativum) LBŽ 403, edible truffle (cf. Lat. Tuber brumale) Valg gryb 227, edible false morel (cf. Lat. Gyromitra esculenta) Valg gryb 228, edible chanterelle (cf. Lat. Cantharellus cibarius) Valg gryb 228, edible lentil (cf. Lat. Lens esculenta) Aug anat 404.

10. An evaluative property of the subject. The qualifying constituents of compound terms with this relational meaning are most often the adjectives common (a) and true (b), e.g.:

a) common hop (cf. Lat. Humulus lupulus L.) LBŽ 386, common fly agaric (cf. Lat. Amanita muscaria) Valg gryb 231, common shrew (cf. Lat. Sorex araneus) Vad žind 66, common cocklebur (cf. Lat. Xanthium strumarium) Aug anat 612, common earthball (cf. Lat. Scleroderma bovista tr.) Valg gryb 75;

b) true violet (cf. Lat. Viola tricolor) Aug anat 573, true russula (cf. Lat. Russula vesca) Valg gryb 192, true bedstraw (cf. Lat. Galium verum) Aug anat 398, true mice (cf. Lat. Murinae) Vad žind 238, true moths (cf. Lat. Tineidae) Vad vab 214.

§ 17. In natural-science terminology, terms of the (N + N)ₙₒₘ type have long been in use. Recently, in strict accordance with international binomial nomenclature, in which the first constituent of two-word taxonomic terms indicates the species of animal or plant, and the second the genus, terms of this type have begun to be transformed in three ways: 1) (N + N)ₙₒₘ → (A + N)ₙₒₘ, e.g.: dwarf mouse (Mycromys minutus) Vad žind 256 → lesser mouse; edible russula (Russula delica) Valg gryb 186 → delicious russula; ring dove (Columba palumbus) Paukšt 146 → ringed dove; 2) (N + N)ₙₒₘ → (Pₐ + N)ₙₒₘ, e.g.: flying squirrel (Pteromys volans) Vad žind 214 → flying squirrel, poppy (Papaver Rhoeas) LBŽ 246 → poppy, ivy (Hedera Helix) LBŽ 163 → climbing ivy; 3) (N + N)ₙₒₘ → (A₁ + N)ₙₒₘ, e.g.: pipistrelle bat (Vespertilio pipistrellus) Vad žind 107 → pipistrelle, lesser periwinkle (Vinca minor) LBŽ 372 → lesser periwinkle, red campion (Viscaria vulgaris) LBŽ 374 → red campion and so on.

Furthermore, cases occur in which the first constituent of terms of this type is omitted, e.g.: mantis shrimp (Squilla mantis) NBŽ 308 → mantis, cross spider (Araneus diadematus) NBŽ 320 → cross spider, red admiral (Pyrameis atalanta) Vad vab 266 → admiral and so on. A similar departure from taxonomic rules also occurs when plant varieties or forms are named by two-word terms (a), while species are named by one-word terms (b), e.g.: a) leaf cabbage (Brassica olearacea var. acephala) ŽūŽ 32, linseed flax (Linum usitatissimum var. brevimulti) ŽūŽ

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121, paradise apple (Malus pumila var. paradisiaca) ŽūŽ 230; b) peacock butterfly (Vanessa io) Vad vab 266, small tortoiseshell (Vanessia urticae) Vad vab 266, goat willow (Salix caprea) Vad aug 154, cabbage (Brassica olearacea) Vad aug 231, etc. The schemes for Lithuanian taxonomic terms denoting species (a) and varieties (b) are as follows:

These schemes are followed in practice not only by botanists but also by zoologists. Thus, the type (N+N)nom itself is to be regarded as possible and normative in taxonomy, but unproductive and, in general, without prospects.

As we have seen, adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė and genitives of nouns may be used side by side to indicate a habitat or growing place. In contemporary Lithuanian taxonomic terminology, adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė are used considerably more often in this function than noun genitives. When the genitive is used, its plural form is more characteristic. Cf.:

Use of adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė and noun genitives to denote location

Source Type of term Bird I–III Vad vab Vad žind Valg gryb (A₁ + N)nom 39 34 20 13 (Ngen + Nnom) 1 1 3 0

§ 18. If the principal constituent of a compound term is the name of an action or process expressed by a verbal abstract noun, then the subordinate constituent of such a term may indicate:

1. The object affected by that action, or the object in which that process takes place. The subordinate constituents of compound terms with this relational meaning may be expressed by:

a) the genitive of a governed noun, e.g.: freezing of plants || damping-off || waterlogging (cf. Russian обмерзание || выпревание || вымокание растений) BotŽ 68, wood maturation (cf. Russian созревание древесины) BotŽ 271, bud formation (cf. Latin foliatio, Russian почекложение) BotŽ 349, water basin becoming waterlogged (cf. Russian заболачивание водосбора) MelŽ 160, neutron moderation (cf. Russian замедление нейтронов, German Neutronenbremsung and English neutron thermalization) TechT (5)8, heat transfer (cf. Russian теплопередача, German Wärmeübertragung and English heat transmission) TechT (4)4, runoff regulation (cf. Russian регулирование стока, German Ausgleichung des Abflusses, English water drain control) TechT (3)6, payment of expenses (cf. Russian оплата расходов) EkŽ 127;

b) a governed noun with a preposition, e.g.: return to work (cf. Russian восстановление на работу) EkŽ 32, migration to cities (cf. Russian перевди-

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movement into a city) EkŽ 140, dismissal from work (cf. Russian увольнение с работы) TeisŽ 18, deviation from the rules (cf. Russian отклонение от правил) SportŽ 22, deviation from the norm || from the plan (cf. Russian отклонение от нормы || от плана) EkŽ 132;

e) by postpositional case forms of the governed noun, e.g.: coating with gold (cf. Russian золотое обеспечение) EkŽ 17, propagation by layering || suckers || cuttings (cf. Russian размножение отводками || порослями || черенками) BotŽ 103, embanking with dikes (cf. Russian обвалование) MelŽ 15, leveling by dragging (cf. Russian планировка гребком) PolŽ 283, salting in brine (cf. Russian засолка тузлучная) PolŽ 111, quenching in water || air || oil (cf. Russian закалка водяная || воздушная || масляная) PolŽ 107.

2. Manner, or the distinguishing feature of an action or process, which may be expressed by:

a) a definite qualitative adjective, e.g.: round turning (cf. Russian обтачка круглая) PolŽ 236, smooth weave (cf. Russian переплетение гладкое) PolŽ 274, coarse || fine grinding (cf. Russian помол крупный || тонкий) PolŽ 306, flexible || rigid connection (cf. Russian соединение гибкое || плотное) PolŽ 390, selective radiation (cf. Russian избирательное излучение, German selektive Strahlung f, English selective radiation) TechT (4)7;

b) a definite passive participle, e.g.: oscillatory motion (cf. Russian колебательное движение) FizŽ 42, percussive drilling (cf. Russian ударное бурение) GeolŽ 19, sintering firing (cf. Russian обжиг спекающий) PolŽ 230, intermittent (blown) smelting (cf. Russian плавка продувкой) PolŽ 282, stationary fitting (cf. Russian посадка неподвижная) PolŽ 309, upward movement (cf. Russian восходящее движение) GeolŽ 41;

c) an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė, e.g.: flow motion (cf. Russian движение поточное) PolŽ 83, jet flow (cf. Russian движение струйчатое || струйное) PolŽ 83, radial pressure (cf. Russian давление радиальное) PolŽ 79, basin || strip || furrow irrigation (cf. Russian полив по лункам || по полосам) MelŽ 95, spark || arc discharge (cf. Russian искровой || дуговой разряд) FizŽ 37, film || bubble boiling (cf. Russian кипение плёночное || пузырчатое) PolŽ 139, twill weave (cf. Russian переплетение саржевое) PolŽ 274;

d) by postpositional case forms of the governed noun, e.g.: connection in delta || star configuration (cf. Russian соединение треугольником || звездой) FizŽ 43, furrow irrigation (cf. Russian бороздный полив) MelŽ 96, sodding in squares || in a wall pattern (cf. Russian одерновка в клетку || в стенку) PolŽ 238, circular motion (cf. Russian движение по кругу) FizŽ 41;

e) by a governed noun with a preposition, e.g.: backstroke flight (cf. Russian полёт на спине) PolŽ 301, reception by ear (cf. Russian приём на слух) PolŽ 319, settlement under contracts (cf. Russian расчёт по договорам) EkŽ 190, plastering according to guide marks (cf. Russian штукатурка по маякам) PolŽ 505, sale by samples (cf. Russian продажа по образцам) EkŽ 167;

f) by a converb attached to the main verb, e.g.: preservation by pickling || salting || drying (cf. Russian консервирование пикельное || сухое || солёное) PolŽ 153, thread rolling (cf. Russian накатка резьбы) PolŽ 212, tension under compression || shear ||

6. Lietuvių terminologija

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when rotating (cf. Russian напряжение сжимающее || скалывающее || скручивающее) PolŽ 217, welding by pressure || fusion || butt welding (cf. Russian сварка давлением || плавлением || стыковая сварка) PolŽ 371, lubrication by pressure || pouring (cf. Russian смазка под давлением || поливанием) PolŽ 387.

3. A subject’s evaluative characteristic, which may be expressed by:

a) a pronominal or simple qualitative adjective, e.g.: normal pressure (cf. Russian давление нормальное) PolŽ 79, late || early ignition (cf. Russian зажигание позднее || ранее) PolŽ 106, precise measurement (cf. Russian измерение точное) PolŽ 121, principal stress (cf. Russian напряжение главное) PolŽ 216, rapid cooling (cf. Russian охлаждение резкое) PolŽ 259, uncontrolled flight (cf. Russian полёт неуправляемый) PolŽ 301, deep drilling (cf. Russian глубокое бурение) GeolŽ 20, conformable stratification (cf. Russian согласное наслоение) GeolŽ 83;

b) an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė, e.g.: initial blowing (cf. Russian дутьё первое) PolŽ 98, critical pressure (cf. Russian давление критическое) PolŽ 79, direct measurement (cf. Russian измерение прямое) PolŽ 121, forced mixing (cf. Russian примешивание принудительное) PolŽ 273, primary deposition (cf. Russian первичное залегание) GeolŽ 49.

4. The time at which an action or process takes place, usually expressed by an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė, e.g.: autumn || spring plowing (cf. Russian зяблевая || весенняя вспашка) MelŽ 16, night flight (cf. Russian ночной полёт) PolŽ 301, winter grafting (cf. Russian зимняя прививка) BotŽ 384, and so on.

5. The purpose of an action, most often expressed by a pronominal passive participle, e.g.: refreshing irrigation (cf. Russian полив освежительный) PolŽ 302, test flight (cf. Russian полёт испытательный) PolŽ 301, exploratory drilling (cf. Russian разведочное бурение) GeolŽ 20.

§ 19. The main component of a compound term may be an adjectival abstract noun. It usually denotes a permanent, characteristic feature that constitutes a separate terminological concept. The secondary component of such a compound term describes:

1. The direct object of the characteristic named by the main component of the compound term, usually expressed by a noun in the genitive, e.g.: calorific value of gas (cf. Russian теплотворность газа, German Gaskalorienwert m, English calorific capacity of gas) TechT (11)6, luminous intensity (cf. Russian сила света, German Lichtstärke f, English luminous intensity) TechT (12)7, fabric density (cf. Russian плотность ткани, German Gewebedichte f, English gauge of the cloth) TechT (2)5, machine power (cf. Russian мощность машины) FizŽ 30, oscillator strength (cf. Russian сила осциллятора) FizŽ 88, peat ash content (cf. Russian зольность торфа) MelŽ 50, radiation intensity (cf. Russian уровень радиации, German Strahlenspiegel m, English amount of radiation) TechT (5)9, ionization intensity (cf. Russian интенсивность ионизации) FizŽ 88, balance mobility (cf. Russian мобильность баланса) EkŽ 103, and so on.

2. The indirect object of the characteristic named by the main component of the compound term, which may be expressed by:

a) an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė, e.g.: light sensitivity (cf. Russian световая чувствительность, German Unterschiedempfindlichkeit f, English contrast sensitivity) TechT (12)9, electrical conductivity (cf. Russian электропроводность, German Elek-

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trische Leitfähigkeit f, English electrical conduction) TechT (8)5, ionic conductivity (cf. Russian ионная электропроводность, German Ionenleitung f, English ionic conduction) TechT (8)5, moisture capacity (cf. Russian влагоёмкость) MelŽ 74;

b) by postpositional cases of the governed nouns, e.g.: resistance to heat || drought || frost (cf. Russian жаровыносливость, засухоустойчивость, морозостойкость) BotŽ 45, sensitivity to heat || light (cf. Russian чувствительность к нагреву, светочувствительность) ChemŽ 131, heat capacity (cf. Russian теплоёмкость) MelŽ 75.

Lithuanian terminological dictionaries and scholarly periodicals occasionally contain a compound term expressing the relational meaning under discussion, whose secondary component is a genitive noun, e.g. air capacity (cf. Russian воздухоёмкость) MelŽ 120. Such terms, however, should not be considered standard, since formally they are entirely identical to compound terms expressing the relational meaning of the object of a direct property. The double expression of this relational meaning is due to the fact that the formation of adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė is morphologically restricted. For example, if the indirect object of a property is designated by the name of an action or process, a compound term expressing this relational meaning always takes the form of a governed word combination.

3. An evaluative property of the subject, which may be expressed by:

a) a pronominal or simple qualitative adjective, e.g.: effective power (cf. Russian эффективная мощность) PolŽ 206, actual acidity (cf. Russian актуальная кислотность) MelŽ 143, unstable moisture (cf. Russian неустойчивое увлажнение) MelŽ 110, normal depth (cf. Russian нормальная глубина) PolŽ 70, special capacity for work (cf. Russian специальная трудоспособность) TeisŽ 34, highest valency (cf. Russian наивысшая валентность) ChemŽ 37;

b) a pronominal or simple passive participle, e.g.: criminal negligence (cf. Russian преступная небрежность) TeisŽ 94, apparent stratification (cf. Russian ложная слоистость) GeolŽ 139;

c) an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė, e.g.: absolute || relative humidity (cf. Russian абсолютная || относительная влажность) MelŽ 38, primary || secondary stratification (cf. Russian первичная || вторичная слоистость) GeolŽ 138, critical depth (cf. Russian критическая глубина) PolŽ 70, main || secondary frequency (cf. Russian главная || боковая частота) PolŽ 484, average frequency (cf. Russian средняя частота) PolŽ 484, conditioning moisture content (cf. Russian кондиционная влажность) ChemŽ 155.

§ 20. If the principal component of a compound term denotes a natural or artificial material, then the secondary component of such a term describes:

1. The place where that material naturally exists or is formed. The secondary component of these compound terms may be expressed by:

a) an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė, e.g.: groundwater || interstratal water (cf. Russian грунтовая || межпластовая вода) GeolŽ 24, marine soil (cf. Russian морской грунт) GeolŽ 38, volcanic mud (cf. Russian вулканический ил) GeolŽ 54, bottom ice (cf. Russian донный лёд) GeolŽ 70, shore ice (cf. Russian береговой лёд) GeolŽ 70;

b) the genitive of a noun, e.g.: bog ore (cf. Russian болотная руда) ChemŽ 213, mine gas (cf. Russian рудничный газ) ChemŽ 146, forest gray soils (cf. Russian серые лесные почвы) GeolŽ 114.

6*

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In present-day Lithuanian terminology, compound terms serving this function more often have adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė as modifiers than genitives of nouns. Word combinations of the latter type cannot be dispensed with, since not every noun can be used to form an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė.

2. External or internal physical properties: A — structure, consistency; B — potency; C — color, etc.

A. When the dependent component of a compound term indicates the structure or consistency of a natural or artificial material, it may be expressed by:

a) a pronominal qualitative adjective, e.g.: granular rock (cf. Russian зернистая порода) GeolŽ 111, coarse || fine sand (cf. Russian грубозернистый || мелкий песок) PolŽ 278, smoky || clear quartz (cf. Russian дымчатый || прозрачный кварц) GeolŽ 60, loose soil (cf. Russian рыхлый грунт) MelŽ 63;

b) an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė, e.g.: fibrous gypsum (cf. Russian волокнистый гипс) GeolŽ 34, crystalline rock (cf. Russian кристаллическая порода) GeolŽ 112, calcareous sponges (cf. Latin Calcarea, Russian известковые губки) GeolŽ 40;

e) a compound adjective, e.g.: polyatomic gas (cf. Russian многоатомный газ) FizŽ 19, fine-grained sand (cf. Russian мелкозернистый песок) GeolŽ 102, coarse-fibered || fine-fibered cotton (cf. Russian тонковолокнистый || грубоволокнистый хлопок) TekstŽ 16 || 17.

B. When the dependent component of a compound term indicates the potency of an artificial or natural material, it may be expressed by:

a) a pronominal qualitative adjective, e.g.: combustible gases (cf. Russian горючие газы) PolŽ 64, cohesive soil (cf. Russian связанный грунт) PolŽ 77, loose sand (cf. Russian сыпучий песок) PolŽ 278;

b) a pronominal or simple active participle, e.g.: drying oil (cf. Russian высыхающее масло) PolŽ 183, inflowing water (cf. Russian притекающая вода) MelŽ 194, cementing powders (cf. Russian цементирующий песок), PolŽ 308, sintering clay (cf. Russian спекающаяся глина) GeolŽ 34;

c) a pronominal passive participle, e.g.: absorptive oil (cf. Russian поглотительное масло) PolŽ 183, assimilable water (cf. Russian усвояемая вода) MelŽ 195 (= consumable), explosive gas (cf. Russian гремучий газ) PolŽ 62.

C. When the dependent component of a compound term denotes the color of a natural or artificial material, it is most often expressed by a pronominal adjective, e.g.: blue || greenish || red mud (cf. Russian голубой || зелёный || красный ил) GeolŽ 54, white clay (cf. Russian белая глина) GeolŽ 34, brown coal (cf. English brown coal) AnglŽ 27.

3. Intended use. In this case, the modifying component of a compound term is most often expressed by:

a) an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė, e.g.: ornamental stone (cf. Russian поделочный камень) GeolŽ 58, porcelain clay (cf. Russian фарфоровая глина) GeolŽ 34, construction sand (cf. Russian строительный песок) GeolŽ 103, raw cotton (cf. Russian хлопок-сырец) TekstŽ 17, mirror glass (cf. Russian зеркальное стекло) PolŽ 406, laboratory wax (cf. Russian лабораторный воск) ChemŽ

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162, feed salt (cf. Russian кормовая поваренная соль) ChemŽ 213, printing metal (cf. Russian типографический металл) ChemŽ 256, sackcloth (cf. Russian мешочная ткань) PolŽ 438, drawing paper (cf. Russian чертёжная бумага) PolŽ 33, weft silk (cf. Russian уточный шелк) TekstŽ 38;

b) by a definite passive participle, e.g.: drinking water (cf. Russian питьевая вода) MeiŽ 195, weldable steel (cf. Russian сварочная сталь) PolŽ 402, wrapping || writing paper (cf. Russian обёрточная || писчая бумага) PolŽ 33, moulding wax (cf. Russian лепной воск) PolŽ 55, welding acid (cf. Russian варочная кислота) PolŽ 141;

c) by a preposed genitive of a governed noun, e.g.: soldering acid (cf. Russian паяльная кислота) PolŽ 140, rubber glue (cf. Russian резиновый клей) PolŽ 144, window glass (cf. Russian оконное стекло) PolŽ 406, road tar (cf. Russian дорожный дёготь) PolŽ 85, baking powder (cf. Russian пекарный порошок) ChemŽ 148, laundry soap (cf. Russian мыло для стирки) ChemŽ 253, brewer’s yeast (cf. English beer yeast) AnglŽ 19;

d) by postposed cases of governed nouns, e.g.: glass for bottles (cf. Russian бутылочное стекло) PolŽ 406, fabric for clothing (cf. Russian одежная ткань, German Anzugsgewebe, English wear fabric) TechT (2)5.

4. Object of origin. The dependent component of compound terms with this relational meaning may be expressed by:

a) the genitive of a governed noun, e.g.: birch || wood || peat tar (cf. Russian берёзовый || древесный || торфяной дёготь) PolŽ 85, bone charcoal (cf. Russian костяной уголь) PolŽ 450, ore-bearing rock (cf. Russian рудоносная порода) PolŽ 308, slag wool (cf. Russian шлаковая вата) TekstŽ 40 wood resin (cf. Russian древесная смола) PolŽ 388, hardwood cellulose (cf. Russian целлюлоза из древесины лиственных пород) TekstŽ 9;

b) an adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė, e.g.: oil-shale bitumen (cf. Russian сланцевый битум) PolŽ 27, sedimentary rock (cf. Russian осадочная порода) PolŽ 308, cotton fabric (cf. Russian хлопчатобумажная ткань) PolŽ 428, vegetable || animal charcoal (cf. Russian растительный || животный уголь) PolŽ 448, wool crepe (cf. Russian шерстяной креп) TekstŽ 14, cellulose silk (cf. Russian искусственный шелк) TekstŽ 38, quartz sand (cf. Russian кварцевый песок) GeolŽ 102, igneous rock (cf. Russian магматическая порода) GeolŽ 112.

In rare cases, the head component of a compound term may refer to an artificial material, while the dependent component names the inventor who produced that material (e.g.: Wood’s metal, cf. метал Вуда PolŽ 192). The relational meaning of manner is also not very productive. In compound terms with this meaning, the head component denotes an artificial material, while the dependent component indicates how it is produced, e.g.: a) cast concrete (cf. Russian литой бетон) PolŽ 26; b) ground paints (cf. Russian тёртые краски) PolŽ 164, and so on.

§ 21. Compound terms with governed and adjacent modifiers are found in all Lithuanian terminology dictionaries. They are, however, most numerous in the terminology of those fields of science where concepts are not rigorously systematized and terms

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insufficiently standardized taxonomically. In addition, terms of these types often denote concepts only partially or, in other words, concepts that are only partially terminologized. When standardizing terms of this type, specialists can often use transformation to make their semantic definition more precise.

The following types of two-word compound terms are most often transformed:

1) (Nnom + Ndat ∨ abl ∨ loc) → (A1 + N)nom, e.g.: fabric for clothing (cf. Russian одежная ткань, German Anzugsgewebe, English wear fabric) TechT (2) 5 → clothing fabric, propagation by layering (cf. Russian размножение отводками) BotŽ 103 → layering propagation, sensitivity to light (cf. Russian световая чувствительность) ChemŽ 131 → light sensitivity, etc.

2) (Nnom + Pr + Ngen ∨ acc ∨ abl) → (Ac + N) ∨ (A1 + N)nom, e.g.: construction without a design (cf. Russian беспроектное строительство) EkŽ 224 → designless construction, write-off without acceptance (cf. Russian безакцептное списание) EkŽ 214→non-acceptance write-off, basin without an outlet (cf. Russian бессточная котловина) MelŽ 48 → outletless basin; payment into the budget → (cf. Russian взнос в бюджет) EkŽ 28 → budgetary payment, settlement under contracts (cf. Russian расчёт по договорам) EkŽ 190 → contractual settlement; contactor with a snap-action mechanism (cf. Russian контактор с защелкой) PolŽ 154 → snap-action contactor, etc.

3) (Nnom + P1) → (Nnom + Nabl) ∨ (Pp + N)nom, e.g.: thread rolling (cf. Russian накатка резьбы) PolŽ 212 → thread rolling or rolled thread forming; twisting stress (cf. Russian скручивающее напряжение) PolŽ 217 →stress by twisting or torsional stress; butt welding (cf. Russian стыковая сварка) PolŽ 371→welding by joining or joint welding, etc.

4) (Nnom + Ad) → (Pp + N)nom∨ (A1 + N)nom e.g.: dispatch cash on delivery (cf. Russian пересылка наложенным платежом) EkŽ 143 → cash-on-delivery dispatch or cash-on-delivery shipment; cladding in a staggered pattern (cf. Russian обшивка вразбежку) PolŽ 237→staggered cladding or staggered-pattern cladding, etc.;

5) (Nnom + V) → (Ngen + Nnom), e.g.: probability of surviving || dying (cf. Russian вероятность дожития || смерти) EkŽ 27 → probability of survival || death, permission to export || import (cf. Russian разрешение на вывоз || ввоз) EkŽ 184 → export || import permit, etc.

Not all transformations of the above-mentioned compound terms with governed and adjacent attributes can be adopted in the terminology of the relevant branches of science. In deciding whether a transformation of terms of this type is justified, two circumstances must be taken into account: 1) word combinations with agreeing attributes are better suited to distinguishing conceptual oppositions and forming specific terms; and 2) because transforming such combinations may shift some essential features of concepts (e.g., features of a part may be attributed to the whole, and those of the whole to a part, etc.), the classificatory features of the concepts designated by abbreviated terms (transformations) must be taken into account when adopting these transformations²⁷. Transformation is impermissible in all cases for specialized two-word terms of the (Nnom + Ndat) type (e.g.: ampere per kilogram, joule per meter, lumen per watt, etc.).

²⁷ For a fuller discussion from a theoretical perspective, see Д. С. Лотте, Краткие формы научно-технических терминов, М., 1971.

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CONCLUSIONS

1. Not all two-word combinations presented in terminological dictionaries should be considered compound terms, but only those whose principal components are nouns. Thus, only autosemantic, and not synsemantic, terminologized word combinations function as compound terms. In contemporary Lithuanian, compound terms consisting of two components are used most frequently, the great majority of which are specific terms. The semantic dominant (the word carrying the greatest semantic weight) and the principal component of compound terms do not always coincide.

2. Two factors are significant for the structure of compound terms: 1) the grammatical relations between the principal and secondary components and 2) the systematic relations between the principal and secondary components. Compound terms consisting of two components should be divided into three groups according to the syntactic relations between the principal and secondary components: a) those with an agreeing attribute, b) those with a governed attribute, and c) those with an adjoined attribute.

3. Two-word compound terms in contemporary Lithuanian form 11 more frequently used grammatical configurations, namely: 1) pronominal (or simple) adjective + noun (an agreeing word combination); 2) adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė + noun (an agreeing word combination); 3) pronominal (or simple) passive participle + noun (an agreeing word combination); 4) pronominal (or simple) active participle + noun (an agreeing word combination); 5) compound adjective + noun (an agreeing word combination); 6) noun + noun (an appositional word combination); 7) noun + noun (a case-governed word combination); 8) noun + preposition + noun (a prepositionally governed word combination); 9) noun + adjoined gerund; 10) noun + adjoined infinitive; 11) noun + adjoined adverb.

4. The more significant thematic groups of two-word compound terms are: 1) names of instruments; 2) names of actions or processes; 3) names of animals and plants; 4) names of properties; 5) names of natural and artificial materials, etc.

4.1. If the principal component of a two-word compound term is the name of an instrument or agent, the secondary component of that term may indicate: a) a distinguishing feature of the instrument’s or agent’s operation; b) the purpose for which the instrument or agent named by the principal component of the compound term is used; c) the whole (a machine, device, etc.) of which the agent or instrument named by the principal component of the compound term is considered a part (component); d) the material or energy necessary for the agent or instrument named by the principal component of the compound term to function; e) a distinguishing part that is one of the most important elements of the instrument or agent named by the principal component of the compound term; f) the inventor who created the instrument or agent named by the principal component of the compound term; g) the form characteristic of the instrument or agent named by the principal component of the compound term; h) the material from which the instrument or agent named by the principal component of the compound term is made, wholly or partly.

4. 2. If the principal component of a two-word compound term is the name of an animal or plant, the secondary component of that term may indicate the animal’s or plant’s-

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diet: a) food source; b) habitat or place of growth; c) place of origin; d) external bodily features (shape, colour, etc.); e) internal features (qualities perceived through the subject’s senses, inclination toward something, etc.); f) distinguishing features of a particular organ (shape, colour, etc.); g) the researcher who distinguished and described the species of animal or plant named by the compound term; h) the time when the animal is active or breeds, or when the plant flowers or bears fruit; i) the purpose or use of the plant or its fruits; j) a systematic feature as evaluated by the subject.

4.3. If the principal component of a two-word compound term is the name of an action or process expressed by a deverbal abstract noun, the secondary component of that term may indicate: a) the object affected by the action or the object in which the process takes place; b) the manner, or a distinguishing feature of how the action or process proceeds; c) an evaluative feature attributed by the subject; d) the time when the action or process takes place; e) the purpose of the action.

4.4. If the principal component of a two-word compound term is an adjectival abstract noun denoting a property, the secondary component of that term may describe: a) the direct object of the property denoted by the principal component of the compound term; b) the indirect object of the property denoted by the principal component of the compound term; c) an evaluative feature attributed by the subject.

4.5. If the principal component of a two-word compound term names a natural or artificial material, the secondary component of that term may describe: a) the place where the material occurs naturally or where it forms; b) the external or internal physical properties of the material; c) its intended use; d) its origin, etc.

5. Cases of transformation occur in all groups of compound terms. There may be not just one transform, but two, three, or even more. Since compound terms are not as stable as one-word terms, transformation plays a relatively important role in the practice of standardizing the former.

Abbreviations

I

AnglŽ — A. Novodvorskis, Anglų-lietuvių kalbų politechnikos žodynas, Vilnius, 1958.

Aug anat — J. Dagys, Augalų anatomija, Vilnius, 1950.

BotŽ — Dictionary of Botanical Terms, Vilnius, 1965.

ChemŽ — K. Daukšas, Chemijos žodynas, Vilnius, 1960.

EkŽ — Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary of Economic Terms, Vilnius, 1966.

FizŽ — Dictionary of Physics Terms, Vilnius, 1958.

Flor — Flora of the Lithuanian SSR, I—IV, Vilnius, 1959—1971.

GeolŽ — V. Gudelis, Geologijos ir fizinės geografijos terminų žodynas, Vilnius, 1956.

Gram — Lithuanian Grammar, Vilnius, I — 1965, II — 1971.

LBŽ — Lithuanian Botanical Dictionary, Kaunas, 1938.

MelŽ — J. Čeičys, Melioracijos terminų žodynas, Vilnius, 1960.

NBŽ — V. Natali, Bestuburių zoologija, Vilnius, 1966.

Paukšt — T. Ivanauskas, Birds of Lithuania, I—III, Vilnius, 1955—1959.

PolŽ — Russian-Lithuanian Language Polytechnical Dictionary, Vilnius, 1959.

Sod — V. Venskutonis, I. Štaras, Sodininkystė, Vilnius, 1959.

SportŽ — Dictionary of Sports Terms, Vilnius, 1959.

TechT — Technical Terms, 1—29, Kaunas, 1960—1969.

TeisŽ — Dictionary of Legal Terms, Vilnius, 1954.

TekstŽ — A. Jurevičius and A. Čižas, Explanatory Dictionary of Textile Terms, I, Vilnius, 1962.

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Vad aug — P. Snarskis, Vadovas Lietuvos augalams pažinti, Vilnius, 1968.

Vad vab — A. Lešinskas, S. Pileckis, *Guide to Lithuanian Insects*, Vilnius, 1967.

Vad žind — T. Ivanauskas, N. Likevičienė, S. Maldžiūnaitė, *Guide to Lithuanian Mammals*, Vilnius, 1964.

Valg gryb — J. Mazelaitis, A. Minkevičius, *Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms*, Vilnius, 1957.

Žuv — A. Grigelis ir kt., Žuvininkystė, Vilnius, 1967.

Žūž — V. Anskaitis, M. Kilas, *Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary of Agricultural Terms*, Vilnius, 1971.

II

A — adjectivum “adjective”

A₁ — adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė

Aᶜ — adjectivum compositum “compound adjective”

Ad — adverbium “adverb”

N — nomen “noun”

Pa — participium activi “active participle”

Pp — participium passivi “passive participle”

Pr — praepositio “preposition”

Pl — participium adverbialis “adverbial participle”

→ — symbol for a possible transformation

—×→ — symbol for an impossible transformation

Other signs — conventional symbols of formal logic.

К. ГАЙВЯНИС

BINARY COMPOUND TERMS IN MODERN LITHUANIAN

Abstract

The article examines the inventory of grammatical configurations of binary compound terms in modern Lithuanian. Eleven grammatical configurations are more productive: 1) pronominal adjective + noun (attributive phrase); 2) adjective with the suffix -inis, -ė + noun (attributive phrase); 3) pronominal passive participle + noun (attributive phrase); 4) pronominal active participle + noun (attributive phrase); 5) compound adjective + noun (attributive phrase); 6) noun + noun (appositional attributive phrase); 7) governing noun + governed noun; 8) governing noun + preposition + governed noun; 9) noun + adjoined gerund; 10) noun + adjoined infinitive; 11) noun + adjoined adverb.

Several thematic groups of compound terms are distinguished (e.g., names of instruments and agents, the classification of plants and animals, names of work processes and operations, names of properties, etc.), and the main functions of their specifying components are identified.

Compound terms are generally a more variable stratum of terminological vocabulary than, for example, single-word terms. Therefore, transformations of this type of term are often observed in Lithuanian scientific and technical terminology. They are mainly driven by three causes: 1) a mismatch between models of compound terms and phrases used in other styles of the standard language; 2) analogy with specifying terms in related terminological systems; 3) the influence of other languages. The article examines and evaluates more specific cases of such transformation.

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