43s aipsniai / a icles
keyWo ds: bo owing, language con ac , english loanwo ds, Li huanian, ussian.
esMiniai ŽodŽiai: skolinys, kalbų yšiai, anglų kalbos s e imžodžiai, lie u ių kalba, usų
kalba.
heLen Mye s
he ohio s a e uni e si y
ields o esea ch: Language con ac s, his o ical linguis ics, se-
mio ics o ilm and li e a u e.
Pa e ns o adaP a ion
and in eg a ion o engLish
LoanWo ds in Li huanian
and ussian
anglų kalbos s e imžodžių adap a imo
i in eg a imo būdai lie u ių
i usų kalbose
anno a ion
besides being a language o in e na ional communica ion, english has become he la ges
sou ce o bo owings o he con empo a y wo ld languages. howe e , despi e he ac ha
bo owing om english is a commonly ecognized linguis ic phenomenon o he mode n wo ld,
he e is no much w i en abou he inco po a ion o english bo owings in o Li huanian and
ussian, languages ha possess many sha ed linguis ic ea u es due o hei close his o ical
con ac s. he goal o he p esen pape is o classi y he majo mechanisms o adap a ion and
in eg a ion o english loanwo ds in he linguis ic sys ems o Li huanian and ussian. based on
my esea ch, he e a e many simila i ies in he pa e ns o bo owing english lexicon by Li hua-
nian and ussian. he mos common pa e n o in eg a ing english loanwo ds in bo h lan-
guages is mo phological adap a ion, especially su ixa ion. o he mechanisms include phono-
logical, mo pho-phonological, syn ac ic adap a ion and wo d c ea ion. he e a e also a ew
dis inguishable pa e ns o assimila ing o eign ma e ial by hese wo languages. based on he
analyzed da a, mo phological adap a ion is mo e p oduc i e in Li huanian han in ussian. in
gene al, he in eg a ion o english bo owings in Li huanian and ussian e lec s he mos
p oduc i e na i e pa e ns o wo d o ma ion in bo h languages.
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ano acija
anglų kalba y a ne ik a p au inės komunikacijos kalba, be i didžiausias skolinių šal inis
šiuolaikinėms pasaulio kalboms. no s skolinimasis iš anglų kalbos y a apęs isuo inai p ipa-
žin u ling is iniu šiuolaikinio pasaulio eiškiniu, anglų kalbos skolinių in eg a imas į lie u ių
i usų kalbas, . y. kalbas, dėl a imų is o inių yšių u inčias daug bend ų ling is inių b uožų,
nė a dažnas y imų objek as. Šio s aipsnio ikslas – suklasi ikuo i pag indinius anglų kalbos
s e imžodžių adap acijos i in eg acijos mechanizmus lie u ių i usų kalbų sis emose. y imas
a skleidžia daug anglų kalbos leksikos skolinimosi būdų panašumų lie u ių i usų kalbose.
dažniausias anglų kalbos s e imžodžių in eg a imo būdas abiejose kalbose y a mo ologinė
adap acija, ypač p iesaginė da yba. ki i in eg a imo būdai apima onologinę, mo onologinę,
sin aksinę adap aciją bei žodžių da ybą. Šių kalbų p ak ikoje naudojami i keli ski ingi užsie-
nio kalbos medžiagos asimilia imo būdai. kaip odo analizuojami duomenys, mo ologinė
adap acija p oduk y esnė lie u ių nei usų kalboje. anglų kalbos skolinių in eg acija lie u ių
i usų kalbose a skleidžia p oduk y iausius ie inius abiejų kalbų žodžių da ybos būdus.
i. in oduc ion
besides being a language o in e na ional communica ion, english has also
become he la ges sou ce o bo owings o he con empo a y wo ld languages.
anglicisms a e being inco po a ed in o di e en domains, bu such a eas as com-
pu e science, e-comme ce, business, and in e na ional ela ions ha e adi ionally
expe ienced he g ea es impac o english. despi e he ac ha bo owing om
english is a commonly ecognized linguis ic phenomenon o he mode n wo ld,
no much has been w i en abou he inco po a ion o english loanwo ds in o
Li huanian and ussian.
i.1. Li huanian backg ound
Li huanian belongs o he bal ic g oup o he indo-eu opean amily o lan-
guages and, based on he da a p o ided by e hnologue (Lewis, simons, and en-
nig (eds.) 2013), is spoken by abou 4 million people wo ldwide. Li huanian has
unde gone ewe changes han any o he language o he indo-eu opean amily.
some o i s e lexes a e almos iden ical o hose ound only in ex inc languages
such as ancien g eek, sansk i , and go hic, e.g., y as ‘man’ L ./ ӯ as ‘man’ san-
sk i , pla us ‘wide’ L ./pla us ‘wide’ g ., sūnus nom. ‘son’, sūnaũs gen. ‘son’ L ./
sunus nom. ‘son’, sunaus gen.’son’ go hic1. one o he mos p ominen ench
1 he abo e examples a e aken om: Zinke ičius 1998.
Pa e ns o adap a ion and in eg a ion
o english Loanwo ds in Li huanian and ussian
45s aipsniai / a icles
linguis s, an oine Meille , claimed ha anyone who wishes o hea he sound o
indo-eu opean should lis en o he Li huanian peasan .
he e we e imes in he his o y o Li huanian when i expe ienced hea y in lu-
ence om o he languages. schola s dis inguish pe iods o ge maniza ion, Polo-
niza ion and ussi ica ion o he Li huanian language. he e m ‘ge maniza ion’
e e s o he linguis ic in luence expe ienced by P ussian Li huanians, who li ed
in eas P ussia since he 15 h cen u y and made up he e he la ges g oup o non-
ge man popula ion2. he so-called P ussian pe iod was e y impo an because
he i s p in ed ex s in Li huanian appea ed in he duchy o P ussia in he 16–17 h
cen u ies. hese books became he sou ce o he s anda d mode n Li huanian.
howe e , he de ea o he eu onic o de and he es ablishmen o he P ussian
ge man mona chy pu P ussian Li huanians and hei language in o an un a o a-
ble si ua ion. e en ually Li huanian popula ion in P ussia had sh unk conside ably
due o a plague and he ollowing immig a ion o ge many du ing he 18–20 h
cen u ies. he policy o ge maniza ion was igh ened du ing he 19 h cen u y. in
he ea ly 20 h cen u y, Li huanian majo i y emained only no h o he neman
i e and a eas sou h and sou hwes o he i e .
he e m ‘Poloniza ion’ e e s o he pe iod o he Polish–Li huanian com-
monweal h ha was o med in 1569 be ween he kingdom o Poland and he
g and duchy o Li huania, and las ed un il 1795. du ing his ime he Li huanian
gen y was polonized and i s membe s conside ed hemsel es o be Poles o Li hua-
nian o igin (Zinke ičius 1998: 256). Polish became he dominan language while
Li huanian was conside ed pagan and was ough agains in schools, chu ches,
poli ics, e c. only peasan s con inued o use Li huanian du ing hese imes.
Zinke ičius men ions he ac s when peasan s we e punished o saying hei p aye s
in Li huanian (256).
When he commonweal h los i s poli ical dominance and was pa i ioned
among ussia, P ussia, and aus ia a he end o he 18 h cen u y, he la ges pa
o Li huania became pa o he ussian empi e. sa is go e nmen implemen -
ed a numbe o ussi ica ion policies including a ban on Li huanian p ess, and
Li huania became pa o he new ussian adminis a i e a ea called no h Wes -
e n k aj ( egion). ees ablishmen o he Li huanian s a e ook place in 1918
a e Wo ld Wa i (259).
so a Li huanian was able o p ese e i s a chaic ea u es e en in he imes o
he oughes subjuga ion by o he languages, especially by Polish, ge man and
ussian. howe e , some schola s exp ess se ious conce n ega ding he p esen
2 he his o ical in o ma ion abou Li huanian language is based on Zinke ičius 1998.
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day english bo owings in o Li huanian language ( he socie y o Li huanian lan-
guage 1993; klimas 1994). hund eds o anglicisms s a ed appea ing in Li huanian
du ing ecen decades, especially in he spoken e nacula o he younge ci y
dwelle s. Many o hese anglicisms i s came ia music, i.e., songs, eco ds, cds,
ideos, adio, V, ilms, as well as wi h isi ing ock bands om he Wes . Va ious
Li huanian newspape s, jou nals, and popula illus a ed magazines published a -
icles calling on he edi o s, jou nalis s, w i e s, V, and adio announce s o s op
his lood o english bo owings in o Li huanian, which appea ed in almos all
sphe es o li e (klimas 1994). ala med linguis s a e ying o p edic whe he
Li huanian will be able o wi hs and such in ense in luence o english and e ain
i s unique a chaic ea u es.
i.2. ussian backg ound
he his o ical neighbo o he bal s, ussian, has ound i sel in a simila si u-
a ion when anglicisms had looded in o i s domains a e ussia opened up po-
li ically and cul u ally o he in e na ional exchange a e he all o he so ie
union. ussian is a membe o he eas sla ic g oup o languages and is spoken
by app oxima ely 162 m people wo ldwide (Lewis, simons, and ennig (eds.) 2013).
he e m ‘ unglish’, which was i s in en ed by ussian cosmonau s in 2000 o
desc ibe hei communica ion wi h ame ican colleagues on he in e na ional space
s a ion (“ he expedi ion one c ew”), is now b oadly used o illus a e dange ous
pene a ion o english in o all domains o ussian li e, an ala ming ea o he
pu i y o he language o Pushkin, ols oy, and dos oe sky. o emphasize he
impo ance o his p ocess, he ede al law o ussian ede a ion “abou he s a e
language o he ussian ede a ion” signed by he ussian go e nmen in 2005
( g. u) con ains he clause which disallows using o eign wo ds in ussian as he
s a e language unless such wo ds ha e no ussian equi alen s. among o he go -
e nmen al measu es designed o aise public in e es o ussian and i s pu i y,
was decla ing 2007 he yea o ussian language (news u.com).
i.3. goals
h oughou he long pe iod o he sha ed his o ical de elopmen a e b anch-
ing ou om he indo-eu opean amily, bal ic and sla ic languages de eloped
many common inno a ions, which a e s ill p esen in hese languages. in he cu -
en s udy, i make an a emp o in es iga e whe he Li huanian and ussian use
simila mechanisms o inco po a ing english bo owings in o hei linguis ic sys-
ems. o my esea ch, i use ma e ials o a ious gen es ound in he as co pus
Pa e ns o adap a ion and in eg a ion
o english Loanwo ds in Li huanian and ussian
47s aipsniai / a icles
o he online w i en medium such as online newspape s, blogs, o ums, echno-
logical si es, and academic a icles. since in e ne undoub edly e lec s he mos
ecen linguis ic in e ac ion o di e en languages, i allows disce ning he con-
secu i e s ages o he o eign wo ds adap a ion by he a ge languages. based on
my moni o ing o he anglicisms inco po a ed in online communica ion, i de ine
he mos common pa e ns o in eg a ing english loanwo ds in Li huanian and
ussian and compa e hese pa e ns o es ablish simila i ies and di e ences in he
ways hese languages adap english bo owings.
based on he ac ha in lec ional and wo d- o ma ion sys ems o Li huanian
and ussian sha e many common ea u es, i expec ha mechanisms o in eg a ing
english loanwo ds in hese languages should sha e many simila i ies as well.
ii. sociaL Mo iVa ions o engLish
LeXicaL bo oWings in Li huanian
and ussian
ollowing classi ica ion by Wein eich, which was adap ed by many schola s
wo king in he language con ac ield, he e a e wo majo social mo i a ions o
lexical bo owings: need and p es ige. Mode n de elopmen o echnology, media,
business, and ock music in he Wes , and especially in ame ica, and sp eading i
a ound he globe du ing he ecen decades c ea ed he need ‘ o designa e new
hings, pe sons, places and concep s’ (Wein eich 1968: 56). Mode niza ion o so-
cie ies cons an ly c ea es he need o upda e languages wi h new esou ces. new
bo owings om english a e looding in o many wo ld languages including Li hua-
nian and ussian, illing he gaps in hei lexicons (Win o d 2010: 38).
in he ollowing example (1) in eg a ion o english ‘mul imedia’ in Li huanian
and ussian ep esen s no jus lexical bo owing, bu i s o all i e lec s bo -
owing o he en i e concep o ‘using, in ol ing, o encompassing se e al media’
(Me iam-Webs e ).
(1) mul imedija (L .) / mul’ imedia ( us.) ‘mul imedia’
i is no always clea wha mo i a es bo owing. in some cases a bo owed wo d
eplaces he na i e one wi h he same meaning. he example (2) demons a es how
english loanwo d dai e eplaces ussian ny jal’ščik wi h he equi alen meaning.
(2) dai e ( us.) ‘di e ’ – ny jal’ščik ( us.) ‘di e ’
he concep o di ing exis ed in ussian language om he ancien imes and
he e o e was suppo ed by he wo d deno ing his concep . in ac , many sla ic

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languages ha e a ian s o he oo ny -/ni - in he wo ds ha indica e objec s o
ac ions pe aining o di ing, e.g., ny ka (bl s.) ‘kind o duck’ (Носовичъ 1984:
343); wynu zy (Pol.) ‘ o come o he su ace’ (Vasme E ymological Dic iona y),
c o. poni a i ‘sink / disappea ’ (bujas 2008: 1112), e c. he ac ha his oo ex-
is s in o he languages o he sla ic amily indica es i s common sla ic o igin. i
is clea ha he bo owing dai e was no mo i a ed by need. P es ige in his case
also seems an unlikely mo i a ion, as he e is no endency in mode n ussian
owa ds eplacing gene al ocabula y wi h i s english coun e pa s. howe e , he
bo owing dai e has la ely become inc easingly popula in some domains and e en
su passed in equency he usage o na i e ussian ny jal’ščik. acco ding o he
ussian na ional co pus (accessed augus 26, 2013), dai e is used 4 imes in
ic ional and non- ic ional li e a y ex s and 54 imes in newspape s, while ny jal’ščik
was used 50 imes in li e a y ex s and only 33 imes in newspape s. in he majo -
i y o con ex s, dai e deno es ‘di ing as a p o ession’ while he na i e ny jal’ščik
has mo e gene al usage and may deno e bo h ‘a p o essional di e ’ and ‘ he one
who di es o pleasu e o hobby’. howe e , his dis inc ion is sub le and we can
ind he con ex s whe e dai e is almos synonymous o ny jal’ščik (3):
(3) a ak alang daju em, u kogo es ’ se i ika dai e a-ljubi elja.
‘ hose ge he aqualung who ha e a ce i ica e o he ama eu di e .’
i belie e ha eplacemen o ussian ny jal’ščik and o he na i e wo ds a e no
necessa ily mo i a ed by p es ige bu a he by he gene al endency owa ds lan-
guage simpli ica ion.
he e a e simila examples in he Li huanian language as well. o example,
english bo owing b ause is (L .) ‘b owse ’ is o en used o eplace na i e na ykle
(L .) which o iginally mean ‘ba ie on he i e o ca ch ish, ne ’, bu wi h he
de elopmen o echnology i also s a ed being used o deno e ‘b owse ’. Li hua-
nian sea ch engine google.l (accessed augus 26, 2013,
h p://www.google.l /#
p=a5 7ece00357cd65&q=b ause is
) e u ned 514,000 okens o b ause is used
by he Li huanian web si es o deno e ‘b owse ’ and 1,080,000 okens o na šykle,
he majo i y o which a e used in he meaning ‘b owse ’, e.g.,
Na šyklė
„Fi e ox“
‘b owse i e ox’, and some o hem in he meaning ‘ne o ca ch ish’, e.g., iš
na šklės a nešė aukšlių ‘( hey) b ough bleaks om he ne ’. i seems plausible ha
some domains, in his case he domain o echnology, inco po a e english wo ds
no only ou o he need ‘ o ill he gaps in hei lexicons’ (Win o d 2010: 38), bu
also due o a gene al endency among speake s o di e en languages o use some
kind o uni e sal e minology which simpli ies communica ion.
he ques ion ha a ises om he analysis o his si ua ion is whe he bo h
wo ds, a bo owing and a na i e lexeme, will su i e. acco ding o Wein eich,
Pa e ns o adap a ion and in eg a ion
o english Loanwo ds in Li huanian and ussian
49s aipsniai / a icles
ans e o o eign wo ds ha do no ep esen a new concep and he e o e edu-
plica e an exis ing ocabula y c ea e con usion in he usage which is usually e-
s ic ed o he i s s ages o language con ac (Wein eich 1968: 54). e en ually
one o he e ms may be abandoned, o bo h o hem may emain in he language
wi hin he ixed ange o con ex s.
iii. yPes o bo oWings
in Li huanian and ussian
be o e we can analyze english bo owings in Li huanian and ussian, i is
impo an o cla i y he e minology ha will be used o de ine bo owing and
i s ypes.
bo owing is adi ionally dis inguished om in e e ence, o ans e , which is
associa ed wi h he second language acquisi ion (Win o d 2010). in bo owing,
ma e ials om a non-dominan sou ce language (sL) a e impo ed in o a ecipien
language ( L) ia he agency o speake s o whom he la e is he dominan , o
p ima y, language, i.e., L agen i i y. (Win o d 2005: 377). bo owing ypically
in ol es ocabula y and some imes elemen s o s uc u e. bo owed i ems un-
de go assimila ion o a ce ain deg ee and become ully in eg a ed in o he lin-
guis ic sys em o an L. hei ep oduc ion does no equi e knowledge o a sL
by speake s. a he same ime unassimila ed i ems a e o en e e ed o as code
swi ching (Lo eday 1996; Mye s-sco on 2003) and usually equi e bilingualism
and conscious a en ion on he speake s’ pa . haugen’s ypology (1950: 212) di ides
bo owings in o impo a ion and subs i u ion based on he p esence o he absence
o he ma ke s o o eignness. When speake s subs i u e mo phemes in he bo -
owed wo ds, hey demons a e ecogni ion o he equi alence be ween hese mo -
phemes (213). howe e , haugen’s ypology does no include phonological imi a ion.
Lexical bo owings usually unde go adap a ion no only a he le el o mo phol-
ogy bu on he o he le els as well, un il hey became indis inguishable om he
na i e ma e ial (Win o d 2005). in his wo k i ollow he ypology p oposed by
an coe sem and suppo ed by many mode n linguis s who desc ibe bo owing as
a dynamic p ocess o imi a ion and adap a ion a he han i s inal esul s. imi a ion
is desc ibed by an coe sem as he ‘p ima y mechanism’ o bo owing, which
p oduces an app oxima ion o an sL i em ( an coe sem, quo ed om Win o d
2005). imi a ion is o en ollowed by adap a ion, which in ol es he assignmen o
a loanwo d o he linguis ic ea u es ypical o his wo d class in he L. he
p oduc s o his p ocess a e ‘di ec ’ loanwo ds and loan blends, which ep esen
addi ions o L a di e en s ages o hei in eg a ion wi hou a ec ing an L
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s uc u e. he majo i y o english bo owings in Li huanian and ussian i in o
he ca ego y o ‘di ec ’ loanwo ds and loan blends. examples (3) and (5) a e he
illus a ions o he ‘di ec ’ loanwo ds which a e inco po a ed in o he ecipien
languages in hei ‘pu e’ o ms wi hou modi ica ion excep o adding in lec-
ional a ixes o indica e ag eemen in gende , case, and numbe . examples (4)
and (6) a e loan blends and demons a e he p ocess o a aching de i a ional su -
ixes o a bo owed s em in o de o a bo owed i em o i in o a bo owing
ca ego y. in case o b u al’nos ’ ( us.) (example 4) om english ‘b u ali y’, su ix
-NOST’- is a ma ke o abs ac eminine noun and is synonymous o english
su ix -iTY- in wo ds like ‘mo ali y, pa iali y’, e c. Li huanian su ix -AV- in in-
ansa o ‘ inanced’ is a modi ied o m o he e bal su ix -AU- which becomes
-AV- be o e a owel.
(3) p edik o ( us.) ‘p edic o ’ – di ec loanwo d
(4) b u al’-NOST’ ( us.) ‘b u ali y’ – loan blend
b u al.noun.abs . em.
(5) singl-AS (L .) ‘single (cd)’ – di ec loanwo d
singl.noun.Masc.nom.sg
(6) inans-AV-O (L .) ‘ inanced’ – loan blend
inans.Ve b.Pas .sg
o he ypes o lexical bo owings such as loan shi s a e also p esen in Li hua-
nian and ussian bu a e no as nume ous as loanwo ds. examples (7) and (8)
illus a e ussian and Li huanian calques o english ‘skysc ape ’. in case o Li hua-
nian (example 8), owel /o/ is used o connec ansla ed oo s dang- ‘sky’ and
- aižis ‘sc ape ’.
(7) nebo-sk ëb ( us.) ‘skysc ape ’ – loan ansla ion (calque)
sky-sc ape
(8) dang-o- aižis (L .) ‘skysc ape ’ – loan ansla ion (calque)
sky-o-sc ape
in o de o communica e concep s bo owed om english, bo h Li huanian and
ussian also use c ea ions, which can be comp ised o only na i e wo ds o mo -
phemes, o combina ions o he na i e ma e ial wi h o eign cons i uen s. i is no
always possible o explain mo i a ion o such c ea ions. based on he ypologies
de eloped by haugen and Win o d, he ollowing example (9) ep esen s a pu ely
na i e c ea ion used o exp ess in ussian he sign ‘@’, which is in english ocal-
ized as he spa ial p eposi ion ‘a ’. he eason why ussians decided o use he
diminu i e o m o a noun ‘dog’ in he meaning o he sign @ is no clea a all,
bu he e a e nume ous examples o naming his sign a e animals in o he lan-
Pa e ns o adap a ion and in eg a ion
o english Loanwo ds in Li huanian and ussian
51s aipsniai / a icles
guages as well. o example, i is called ‘a wo m’ in hunga ian, ‘a ca ’ in innish,
‘a duck’ in g eek, and ‘a snail’ in ko ean3.
(9) sobač-K-A ‘@ sign’ - na i e c ea ion
dog.noun.diminu i e- em.nom.sg
hyb id c ea ions, which a e bilingual in na u e (haugen 1950) and in ol e
ans e o some s uc u al pa e ns o he ecipien languages, ep esen p oduc i e
ype o wo d o ma ion in bo h Li huanian and ussian. hyb id in example (10)
om Li huanian is a ixed noun ph ase, which consis s o he na i e head noun
s e aine ‘gues - oom’ and he bo owed modi ie in e ne o, which is adap ed o he
Li huanian ag eemen sys em h ough he addi ion o he na i e in lec ional a ix
-o which deno es masculine singula noun in geni i e case.
(10) in e ne O s e aine (L .) ‘websi e’ – hyb id c ea ion
in e ne .Masc.gen.sg.-gues - oom
example (11) illus a es a compound hyb id om ussian, comp ised o he di ec
loanwo d dip ‘dip’ and he na i e namazka ‘sp ead’ - a eminine noun o he i s de-
clension in –a, which, being he head o his compound, go e ns i s in lec ion.
(11) dipnamazka ( us.) ‘dip’ – compound hyb id c ea ion
dip-sp ead
iV. PhonoLogicaL, Mo Pho-PhonoLogi-
caL, Mo PhoLogicaL and syn ac ic
in eg a ion o bo oWings
iV.1. Phonological in eg a ion
he deg ee o which bo owings assimila e o he linguis ic sys em o a e-
cipien language depends on he ac how long a bo owing has exis ed in he
language and o he sociological ac o s. howe e , he ime i sel does no in luence
he a e o assimila ion; i in luences he a e o equency o use ha in ensi ies
he deg ee o assimila ion (holden 1976). o become ully in eg a ed, bo owings
unde go a numbe o sound changes o con o m o a phonological sys em o he
a ge language.
3 Компьютеры и жизнь. «Собачка» @: Мифы и реальность», accessed augus , 27, 2013, h p://a icles.
o g. u/blog/i em/170
58
heLen Mye s
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXX
eXaMPLes o engLish bo oWings
in Li huanian and ussian
abLe 1. Loanwo ds assimila ed phonologically
Loanwo d ecipien
language gloss Loanwo d ecipien
language gloss
Akayn us. ‘accoun Moni o Rus. ‘moni o ’
Andég ound us. ‘unde g ound’ Pica L . ‘pizza’
békg aund us. ‘backg ound’ Plis us. Please
Bene icya y us. ‘bene icia y’ P edik o us. ‘p edic o ’
Juze us. ‘use ’ Šoping us. ‘making pu chases’
Kampus us. campus S op us. swap
abLe 2. Loanwo ds assimila ed mo pho-phonologically
Loanwo d ecipien
language gloss Loanwo d ecipien
language gloss
Biodeg a-
duodamai L . ‘biodeg adable’ Pikas L . ‘peak’
ins alljacija us. ‘ins alla ion’ P ecipi acija us. ‘p ecipi a ion’
Moni o is L . ‘moni o ’Šopingas L . ‘making pu chases’
abLe 3. Loanwo ds assimila ed mo phologically
Loanwo d ecipien language gloss
A koduo i L . ‘decode’
Konsolidi o a ’ us. ‘consolida e’
Moni o a imas L . ‘a p ocess o moni o ing’
Moni o inis L . ‘pe aining o moni o ing’ (adj.)
Nei o i ulen nos ’ us. ‘neu o i ulence’
abLe 4. Loanwo ds which ob ained he ma ke s o syn ac ic ag eemen
Loanwo d ecipien
language gloss Loanwo d ecipien
language gloss
Au saide is L . ‘ou side ’ F iki us. ‘ eaks’
B i ingas L . ‘b ie ing’ Kukisy us. ‘cookies’
Dispense is L . ‘dispense ’ Moni o ius L . ‘moni o ’
Džinsai L . ‘jeans’ Rolly us. ‘ olls’
Failas L . ‘ ile’

Pa e ns o adap a ion and in eg a ion
o english Loanwo ds in Li huanian and ussian
59s aipsniai / a icles
abLe 5. c ea ions, in which na i e ma e ial is used
Loanwo d ecipien
language gloss
Blanko- eksel’ us. ‘blank no e’ hyb idiza ion
kollekcija banne o us. ‘banne pool’ hyb idiza ion
Laundž-muzyka us. ‘lounge-music’ hyb idiza ion
ob-nuli ’ us. Ze o ou c ea ion using
na i e mo phemes
Vnu isocyumnyje
se i us. ‘social-ne wo k-
ing si es’ hyb idiza ion
Lis o abb eVia ions
us – ussian c o – c oa ian
L – Li huanian Pol – Polish
bcs – bosnian/c oa ian/se bian sL – sou ce Language
blg – bulga ian L – ecipien Language
bl s – byelo ussian
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2005: con ac -induced changes. classi ica ion and p ocesses. –
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anglų kalbos s e imžodžių adap a imo
i in eg a imo būdai lie u ių i usų kalbose
san auka
anglų kalba y a ne ik a p au inės komunikacijos kalba, be i didžiausias skolinių šal inis
šiuolaikinėms pasaulio kalboms. anglicizmai in eg uojami į į ai ias s i is, ačiau adiciškai
didžiausią anglų kalbos į aką pa y ė kompiu e ių mokslas, elek oninė p ekyba, e slas i a p-
au iniai san ykiai. no s skolinimasis iš anglų kalbos y a apęs isuo inai p ipažin u ling is iniu
šiuolaikinio pasaulio eiškiniu, anglų kalbos skolinių in eg a imas į lie u ių i usų kalbas, . y.
kalbas, dėl a imų is o inių yšių u inčias daug bend ų ling is inių b uožų, nė a dažnas y imų
objek as. Šio s aipsnio ikslas – apib ėž i i suklasi ikuo i pag indinius anglų kalbos s e imžo-
džių adap acijos i in eg acijos mechanizmus lie u ių i usų kalbų sis emose. analizei naudo-
a in e ne e skelbiama medžiaga: in e ne iniai laik aščiai, in e ne o dieno aščiai, echniniai i
akademiniai s aipsniai bei nacionalinis eks ynas. y imas a skleidžia daug skolinimosi būdų
panašumų lie u ių i usų kalbose, įskai an i ai, kad didžioji dauguma s e imžodžių y a
daik a a džiai, ku iems p iski i sin aksiniai giminės, linksnio i skaičiaus žymikliai. unkcinių
mo emų, okių kaip a iksai, skolinimasis y a e as eiškinys; ie oje jo, suda an edinius,
ie iniai kalbos dalies kei imo elemen ai pap as ai p idedami p ie daik a a džių kamienų. daž-
niausias anglų kalbos s e imžodžių in eg a imo būdas abiejose kalbose y a mo ologinė adap-
acija, ypač p iesaginė da yba. ki i in eg a imo būdai apima onologinę, mo onologinę, sin-
aksinę adap aciją bei žodžių da ybą. dauguma suda y ų žodžių y a hib idai, ku iuose ie inė
medžiaga naudojama siekian pakeis i užsienio kalbos mo emas. analizė pa odė, kad abiejose
kalbose echnologijų s i is pa y ė didžiausią į aką. an oje ie oje – e slas, muzika, mais as i
ki os s i ys. dėl sa o dinamiškumo in e ne as i spausdin a žiniasklaida pasižymi naujausiais
skoliniais, o li e a ū a i knygos daugumos skolinių dažnai y a da nespėję in eg uo i. Lie u ių
i usų kalbų p ak ikoje naudojami i keli ski ingi užsienio kalbos medžiagos asimilia imo
62
heLen Mye s
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXX
būdai. Lie u ių kalboje ku kas dažniau naudojama ie inė medžiaga nei usų kalboje, odėl
dauguma anglų kalbos s e imžodžių, ku ie y a gana dažni usų kalboje, ne a ojami lie u ių
kalboje. ki as pas ebimas ski umas y a ai, kad usų kalboje s e imžodžiai dažnai a ojami su
nulinėmis galūnėmis, o lie u ių kalbos daik a a džiai pap as ai ne u i nulinių galūnių, be u i
kalbai būdingus sin aksinio de inimo žymiklius, p idė us p ie pasiskolin ų kamienų. kaip odo
analizuojami duomenys, mo ologinė adap acija lie u ių kalboje p oduk y esnė nei usų. Pasi-
skolin as daik a a džio kamienas dažnai ampa daugelio lie u ių kalbos edinių pag indu, uo
a pu usų kalboje okia da yba nė a labai p oduk y i. dėl okios in ensy ios mo ologinės
eiklos anglų kalbos skoliniai lie u ių kalbos sis emoje kalbos dalies kai ą pa i ia dažniau nei
s e imžodžiai usų kalboje. anglų kalbos skolinių in eg acija lie u ių i usų kalbose a skleidžia
p oduk y iausius ie inius abiejų kalbų žodžių da ybos būdus.
Į eik a 2014 m. gegužės 29 d.
heLen Mye s
The Ohio S a e Uni e si y, Depa men o Sla ic and Eas Eu opean
Languages and Cul u es
400 Hage y Hall, 1775 College Rd, Columbus, OH 43210
[email p o ec ed]