Patterns of Adaptation and Integration of English Loanwords in Lithuanian and Russian

43s aipsniai / a icles keyWo ds: bo owing, language con ac , english loanwo ds, Li huanian, ussian. esMiniai ŽodŽiai: skolinys, kalbų yšiai, anglų kalbos s e imžodžiai, lie u ių kalba, usų kalba. heLen Mye s he ohio s a e uni e si y ields o esea ch: Language con ac s, his o ical linguis ics, se- mio ics o ilm and li e a u e. Pa e ns o adaP a ion and in eg a ion o engLish LoanWo ds in Li huanian and ussian anglų kalbos s e imžodžių adap a imo i in eg a imo būdai lie u ių i usų kalbose anno a ion besides being a language o in e na ional communica ion, english has become he la ges sou ce o bo owings o he con empo a y wo ld languages. howe e , despi e he ac ha bo owing om english is a commonly ecognized linguis ic phenomenon o he mode n wo ld, he e is no much w i en abou he inco po a ion o english bo owings in o Li huanian and ussian, languages ha possess many sha ed linguis ic ea u es due o hei close his o ical con ac s. he goal o he p esen pape is o classi y he majo mechanisms o adap a ion and in eg a ion o english loanwo ds in he linguis ic sys ems o Li huanian and ussian. based on my esea ch, he e a e many simila i ies in he pa e ns o bo owing english lexicon by Li hua- nian and ussian. he mos common pa e n o in eg a ing english loanwo ds in bo h lan- guages is mo phological adap a ion, especially su ixa ion. o he mechanisms include phono- logical, mo pho-phonological, syn ac ic adap a ion and wo d c ea ion. he e a e also a ew dis inguishable pa e ns o assimila ing o eign ma e ial by hese wo languages. based on he analyzed da a, mo phological adap a ion is mo e p oduc i e in Li huanian han in ussian. in gene al, he in eg a ion o english bo owings in Li huanian and ussian e lec s he mos p oduc i e na i e pa e ns o wo d o ma ion in bo h languages. 44 heLen Mye s ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXX ano acija anglų kalba y a ne ik a p au inės komunikacijos kalba, be i didžiausias skolinių šal inis šiuolaikinėms pasaulio kalboms. no s skolinimasis iš anglų kalbos y a apęs isuo inai p ipa- žin u ling is iniu šiuolaikinio pasaulio eiškiniu, anglų kalbos skolinių in eg a imas į lie u ių i usų kalbas, . y. kalbas, dėl a imų is o inių yšių u inčias daug bend ų ling is inių b uožų, nė a dažnas y imų objek as. Šio s aipsnio ikslas – suklasi ikuo i pag indinius anglų kalbos s e imžodžių adap acijos i in eg acijos mechanizmus lie u ių i usų kalbų sis emose. y imas a skleidžia daug anglų kalbos leksikos skolinimosi būdų panašumų lie u ių i usų kalbose. dažniausias anglų kalbos s e imžodžių in eg a imo būdas abiejose kalbose y a mo ologinė adap acija, ypač p iesaginė da yba. ki i in eg a imo būdai apima onologinę, mo onologinę, sin aksinę adap aciją bei žodžių da ybą. Šių kalbų p ak ikoje naudojami i keli ski ingi užsie- nio kalbos medžiagos asimilia imo būdai. kaip odo analizuojami duomenys, mo ologinė adap acija p oduk y esnė lie u ių nei usų kalboje. anglų kalbos skolinių in eg acija lie u ių i usų kalbose a skleidžia p oduk y iausius ie inius abiejų kalbų žodžių da ybos būdus. i. in oduc ion besides being a language o in e na ional communica ion, english has also become he la ges sou ce o bo owings o he con empo a y wo ld languages. anglicisms a e being inco po a ed in o di e en domains, bu such a eas as com- pu e science, e-comme ce, business, and in e na ional ela ions ha e adi ionally expe ienced he g ea es impac o english. despi e he ac ha bo owing om english is a commonly ecognized linguis ic phenomenon o he mode n wo ld, no much has been w i en abou he inco po a ion o english loanwo ds in o Li huanian and ussian. i.1. Li huanian backg ound Li huanian belongs o he bal ic g oup o he indo-eu opean amily o lan- guages and, based on he da a p o ided by e hnologue (Lewis, simons, and en- nig (eds.) 2013), is spoken by abou 4 million people wo ldwide. Li huanian has unde gone ewe changes han any o he language o he indo-eu opean amily. some o i s e lexes a e almos iden ical o hose ound only in ex inc languages such as ancien g eek, sansk i , and go hic, e.g., y as ‘man’ L ./ ӯ as ‘man’ san- sk i , pla us ‘wide’ L ./pla us ‘wide’ g ., sūnus nom. ‘son’, sūnaũs gen. ‘son’ L ./ sunus nom. ‘son’, sunaus gen.’son’ go hic1. one o he mos p ominen ench 1 he abo e examples a e aken om: Zinke ičius 1998. Pa e ns o adap a ion and in eg a ion o english Loanwo ds in Li huanian and ussian 45s aipsniai / a icles linguis s, an oine Meille , claimed ha anyone who wishes o hea he sound o indo-eu opean should lis en o he Li huanian peasan . he e we e imes in he his o y o Li huanian when i expe ienced hea y in lu- ence om o he languages. schola s dis inguish pe iods o ge maniza ion, Polo- niza ion and ussi ica ion o he Li huanian language. he e m ‘ge maniza ion’ e e s o he linguis ic in luence expe ienced by P ussian Li huanians, who li ed in eas P ussia since he 15 h cen u y and made up he e he la ges g oup o non- ge man popula ion2. he so-called P ussian pe iod was e y impo an because he i s p in ed ex s in Li huanian appea ed in he duchy o P ussia in he 16–17 h cen u ies. hese books became he sou ce o he s anda d mode n Li huanian. howe e , he de ea o he eu onic o de and he es ablishmen o he P ussian ge man mona chy pu P ussian Li huanians and hei language in o an un a o a- ble si ua ion. e en ually Li huanian popula ion in P ussia had sh unk conside ably due o a plague and he ollowing immig a ion o ge many du ing he 18–20 h cen u ies. he policy o ge maniza ion was igh ened du ing he 19 h cen u y. in he ea ly 20 h cen u y, Li huanian majo i y emained only no h o he neman i e and a eas sou h and sou hwes o he i e . he e m ‘Poloniza ion’ e e s o he pe iod o he Polish–Li huanian com- monweal h ha was o med in 1569 be ween he kingdom o Poland and he g and duchy o Li huania, and las ed un il 1795. du ing his ime he Li huanian gen y was polonized and i s membe s conside ed hemsel es o be Poles o Li hua- nian o igin (Zinke ičius 1998: 256). Polish became he dominan language while Li huanian was conside ed pagan and was ough agains in schools, chu ches, poli ics, e c. only peasan s con inued o use Li huanian du ing hese imes. Zinke ičius men ions he ac s when peasan s we e punished o saying hei p aye s in Li huanian (256). When he commonweal h los i s poli ical dominance and was pa i ioned among ussia, P ussia, and aus ia a he end o he 18 h cen u y, he la ges pa o Li huania became pa o he ussian empi e. sa is go e nmen implemen - ed a numbe o ussi ica ion policies including a ban on Li huanian p ess, and Li huania became pa o he new ussian adminis a i e a ea called no h Wes - e n k aj ( egion). ees ablishmen o he Li huanian s a e ook place in 1918 a e Wo ld Wa i (259). so a Li huanian was able o p ese e i s a chaic ea u es e en in he imes o he oughes subjuga ion by o he languages, especially by Polish, ge man and ussian. howe e , some schola s exp ess se ious conce n ega ding he p esen 2 he his o ical in o ma ion abou Li huanian language is based on Zinke ičius 1998. 46 heLen Mye s ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXX day english bo owings in o Li huanian language ( he socie y o Li huanian lan- guage 1993; klimas 1994). hund eds o anglicisms s a ed appea ing in Li huanian du ing ecen decades, especially in he spoken e nacula o he younge ci y dwelle s. Many o hese anglicisms i s came ia music, i.e., songs, eco ds, cds, ideos, adio, V, ilms, as well as wi h isi ing ock bands om he Wes . Va ious Li huanian newspape s, jou nals, and popula illus a ed magazines published a - icles calling on he edi o s, jou nalis s, w i e s, V, and adio announce s o s op his lood o english bo owings in o Li huanian, which appea ed in almos all sphe es o li e (klimas 1994). ala med linguis s a e ying o p edic whe he Li huanian will be able o wi hs and such in ense in luence o english and e ain i s unique a chaic ea u es. i.2. ussian backg ound he his o ical neighbo o he bal s, ussian, has ound i sel in a simila si u- a ion when anglicisms had looded in o i s domains a e ussia opened up po- li ically and cul u ally o he in e na ional exchange a e he all o he so ie union. ussian is a membe o he eas sla ic g oup o languages and is spoken by app oxima ely 162 m people wo ldwide (Lewis, simons, and ennig (eds.) 2013). he e m ‘ unglish’, which was i s in en ed by ussian cosmonau s in 2000 o desc ibe hei communica ion wi h ame ican colleagues on he in e na ional space s a ion (“ he expedi ion one c ew”), is now b oadly used o illus a e dange ous pene a ion o english in o all domains o ussian li e, an ala ming ea o he pu i y o he language o Pushkin, ols oy, and dos oe sky. o emphasize he impo ance o his p ocess, he ede al law o ussian ede a ion “abou he s a e language o he ussian ede a ion” signed by he ussian go e nmen in 2005 ( g. u) con ains he clause which disallows using o eign wo ds in ussian as he s a e language unless such wo ds ha e no ussian equi alen s. among o he go - e nmen al measu es designed o aise public in e es o ussian and i s pu i y, was decla ing 2007 he yea o ussian language (news u.com). i.3. goals h oughou he long pe iod o he sha ed his o ical de elopmen a e b anch- ing ou om he indo-eu opean amily, bal ic and sla ic languages de eloped many common inno a ions, which a e s ill p esen in hese languages. in he cu - en s udy, i make an a emp o in es iga e whe he Li huanian and ussian use simila mechanisms o inco po a ing english bo owings in o hei linguis ic sys- ems. o my esea ch, i use ma e ials o a ious gen es ound in he as co pus Pa e ns o adap a ion and in eg a ion o english Loanwo ds in Li huanian and ussian 47s aipsniai / a icles o he online w i en medium such as online newspape s, blogs, o ums, echno- logical si es, and academic a icles. since in e ne undoub edly e lec s he mos ecen linguis ic in e ac ion o di e en languages, i allows disce ning he con- secu i e s ages o he o eign wo ds adap a ion by he a ge languages. based on my moni o ing o he anglicisms inco po a ed in online communica ion, i de ine he mos common pa e ns o in eg a ing english loanwo ds in Li huanian and ussian and compa e hese pa e ns o es ablish simila i ies and di e ences in he ways hese languages adap english bo owings. based on he ac ha in lec ional and wo d- o ma ion sys ems o Li huanian and ussian sha e many common ea u es, i expec ha mechanisms o in eg a ing english loanwo ds in hese languages should sha e many simila i ies as well. ii. sociaL Mo iVa ions o engLish LeXicaL bo oWings in Li huanian and ussian ollowing classi ica ion by Wein eich, which was adap ed by many schola s wo king in he language con ac ield, he e a e wo majo social mo i a ions o lexical bo owings: need and p es ige. Mode n de elopmen o echnology, media, business, and ock music in he Wes , and especially in ame ica, and sp eading i a ound he globe du ing he ecen decades c ea ed he need ‘ o designa e new hings, pe sons, places and concep s’ (Wein eich 1968: 56). Mode niza ion o so- cie ies cons an ly c ea es he need o upda e languages wi h new esou ces. new bo owings om english a e looding in o many wo ld languages including Li hua- nian and ussian, illing he gaps in hei lexicons (Win o d 2010: 38). in he ollowing example (1) in eg a ion o english ‘mul imedia’ in Li huanian and ussian ep esen s no jus lexical bo owing, bu i s o all i e lec s bo - owing o he en i e concep o ‘using, in ol ing, o encompassing se e al media’ (Me iam-Webs e ). (1) mul imedija (L .) / mul’ imedia ( us.) ‘mul imedia’ i is no always clea wha mo i a es bo owing. in some cases a bo owed wo d eplaces he na i e one wi h he same meaning. he example (2) demons a es how english loanwo d dai e eplaces ussian ny jal’ščik wi h he equi alen meaning. (2) dai e ( us.) ‘di e ’ – ny jal’ščik ( us.) ‘di e ’ he concep o di ing exis ed in ussian language om he ancien imes and he e o e was suppo ed by he wo d deno ing his concep . in ac , many sla ic 48 heLen Mye s ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXX languages ha e a ian s o he oo ny -/ni - in he wo ds ha indica e objec s o ac ions pe aining o di ing, e.g., ny ka (bl s.) ‘kind o duck’ (Носовичъ 1984: 343); wynu zy (Pol.) ‘ o come o he su ace’ (Vasme E ymological Dic iona y), c o. poni a i ‘sink / disappea ’ (bujas 2008: 1112), e c. he ac ha his oo ex- is s in o he languages o he sla ic amily indica es i s common sla ic o igin. i is clea ha he bo owing dai e was no mo i a ed by need. P es ige in his case also seems an unlikely mo i a ion, as he e is no endency in mode n ussian owa ds eplacing gene al ocabula y wi h i s english coun e pa s. howe e , he bo owing dai e has la ely become inc easingly popula in some domains and e en su passed in equency he usage o na i e ussian ny jal’ščik. acco ding o he ussian na ional co pus (accessed augus 26, 2013), dai e is used 4 imes in ic ional and non- ic ional li e a y ex s and 54 imes in newspape s, while ny jal’ščik was used 50 imes in li e a y ex s and only 33 imes in newspape s. in he majo - i y o con ex s, dai e deno es ‘di ing as a p o ession’ while he na i e ny jal’ščik has mo e gene al usage and may deno e bo h ‘a p o essional di e ’ and ‘ he one who di es o pleasu e o hobby’. howe e , his dis inc ion is sub le and we can ind he con ex s whe e dai e is almos synonymous o ny jal’ščik (3): (3) a ak alang daju em, u kogo es ’ se i ika dai e a-ljubi elja. ‘ hose ge he aqualung who ha e a ce i ica e o he ama eu di e .’ i belie e ha eplacemen o ussian ny jal’ščik and o he na i e wo ds a e no necessa ily mo i a ed by p es ige bu a he by he gene al endency owa ds lan- guage simpli ica ion. he e a e simila examples in he Li huanian language as well. o example, english bo owing b ause is (L .) ‘b owse ’ is o en used o eplace na i e na ykle (L .) which o iginally mean ‘ba ie on he i e o ca ch ish, ne ’, bu wi h he de elopmen o echnology i also s a ed being used o deno e ‘b owse ’. Li hua- nian sea ch engine google.l (accessed augus 26, 2013, h p://www.google.l /# p=a5 7ece00357cd65&q=b ause is ) e u ned 514,000 okens o b ause is used by he Li huanian web si es o deno e ‘b owse ’ and 1,080,000 okens o na šykle, he majo i y o which a e used in he meaning ‘b owse ’, e.g., Na šyklė „Fi e ox“ ‘b owse i e ox’, and some o hem in he meaning ‘ne o ca ch ish’, e.g., iš na šklės a nešė aukšlių ‘( hey) b ough bleaks om he ne ’. i seems plausible ha some domains, in his case he domain o echnology, inco po a e english wo ds no only ou o he need ‘ o ill he gaps in hei lexicons’ (Win o d 2010: 38), bu also due o a gene al endency among speake s o di e en languages o use some kind o uni e sal e minology which simpli ies communica ion. he ques ion ha a ises om he analysis o his si ua ion is whe he bo h wo ds, a bo owing and a na i e lexeme, will su i e. acco ding o Wein eich, Pa e ns o adap a ion and in eg a ion o english Loanwo ds in Li huanian and ussian 49s aipsniai / a icles ans e o o eign wo ds ha do no ep esen a new concep and he e o e edu- plica e an exis ing ocabula y c ea e con usion in he usage which is usually e- s ic ed o he i s s ages o language con ac (Wein eich 1968: 54). e en ually one o he e ms may be abandoned, o bo h o hem may emain in he language wi hin he ixed ange o con ex s. iii. yPes o bo oWings in Li huanian and ussian be o e we can analyze english bo owings in Li huanian and ussian, i is impo an o cla i y he e minology ha will be used o de ine bo owing and i s ypes. bo owing is adi ionally dis inguished om in e e ence, o ans e , which is associa ed wi h he second language acquisi ion (Win o d 2010). in bo owing, ma e ials om a non-dominan sou ce language (sL) a e impo ed in o a ecipien language ( L) ia he agency o speake s o whom he la e is he dominan , o p ima y, language, i.e., L agen i i y. (Win o d 2005: 377). bo owing ypically in ol es ocabula y and some imes elemen s o s uc u e. bo owed i ems un- de go assimila ion o a ce ain deg ee and become ully in eg a ed in o he lin- guis ic sys em o an L. hei ep oduc ion does no equi e knowledge o a sL by speake s. a he same ime unassimila ed i ems a e o en e e ed o as code swi ching (Lo eday 1996; Mye s-sco on 2003) and usually equi e bilingualism and conscious a en ion on he speake s’ pa . haugen’s ypology (1950: 212) di ides bo owings in o impo a ion and subs i u ion based on he p esence o he absence o he ma ke s o o eignness. When speake s subs i u e mo phemes in he bo - owed wo ds, hey demons a e ecogni ion o he equi alence be ween hese mo - phemes (213). howe e , haugen’s ypology does no include phonological imi a ion. Lexical bo owings usually unde go adap a ion no only a he le el o mo phol- ogy bu on he o he le els as well, un il hey became indis inguishable om he na i e ma e ial (Win o d 2005). in his wo k i ollow he ypology p oposed by an coe sem and suppo ed by many mode n linguis s who desc ibe bo owing as a dynamic p ocess o imi a ion and adap a ion a he han i s inal esul s. imi a ion is desc ibed by an coe sem as he ‘p ima y mechanism’ o bo owing, which p oduces an app oxima ion o an sL i em ( an coe sem, quo ed om Win o d 2005). imi a ion is o en ollowed by adap a ion, which in ol es he assignmen o a loanwo d o he linguis ic ea u es ypical o his wo d class in he L. he p oduc s o his p ocess a e ‘di ec ’ loanwo ds and loan blends, which ep esen addi ions o L a di e en s ages o hei in eg a ion wi hou a ec ing an L 50 heLen Mye s ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXX s uc u e. he majo i y o english bo owings in Li huanian and ussian i in o he ca ego y o ‘di ec ’ loanwo ds and loan blends. examples (3) and (5) a e he illus a ions o he ‘di ec ’ loanwo ds which a e inco po a ed in o he ecipien languages in hei ‘pu e’ o ms wi hou modi ica ion excep o adding in lec- ional a ixes o indica e ag eemen in gende , case, and numbe . examples (4) and (6) a e loan blends and demons a e he p ocess o a aching de i a ional su - ixes o a bo owed s em in o de o a bo owed i em o i in o a bo owing ca ego y. in case o b u al’nos ’ ( us.) (example 4) om english ‘b u ali y’, su ix -NOST’- is a ma ke o abs ac eminine noun and is synonymous o english su ix -iTY- in wo ds like ‘mo ali y, pa iali y’, e c. Li huanian su ix -AV- in in- ansa o ‘ inanced’ is a modi ied o m o he e bal su ix -AU- which becomes -AV- be o e a owel. (3) p edik o ( us.) ‘p edic o ’ – di ec loanwo d (4) b u al’-NOST’ ( us.) ‘b u ali y’ – loan blend b u al.noun.abs . em. (5) singl-AS (L .) ‘single (cd)’ – di ec loanwo d singl.noun.Masc.nom.sg (6) inans-AV-O (L .) ‘ inanced’ – loan blend inans.Ve b.Pas .sg o he ypes o lexical bo owings such as loan shi s a e also p esen in Li hua- nian and ussian bu a e no as nume ous as loanwo ds. examples (7) and (8) illus a e ussian and Li huanian calques o english ‘skysc ape ’. in case o Li hua- nian (example 8), owel /o/ is used o connec ansla ed oo s dang- ‘sky’ and - aižis ‘sc ape ’. (7) nebo-sk ëb ( us.) ‘skysc ape ’ – loan ansla ion (calque) sky-sc ape (8) dang-o- aižis (L .) ‘skysc ape ’ – loan ansla ion (calque) sky-o-sc ape in o de o communica e concep s bo owed om english, bo h Li huanian and ussian also use c ea ions, which can be comp ised o only na i e wo ds o mo - phemes, o combina ions o he na i e ma e ial wi h o eign cons i uen s. i is no always possible o explain mo i a ion o such c ea ions. based on he ypologies de eloped by haugen and Win o d, he ollowing example (9) ep esen s a pu ely na i e c ea ion used o exp ess in ussian he sign ‘@’, which is in english ocal- ized as he spa ial p eposi ion ‘a ’. he eason why ussians decided o use he diminu i e o m o a noun ‘dog’ in he meaning o he sign @ is no clea a all, bu he e a e nume ous examples o naming his sign a e animals in o he lan- Pa e ns o adap a ion and in eg a ion o english Loanwo ds in Li huanian and ussian 51s aipsniai / a icles guages as well. o example, i is called ‘a wo m’ in hunga ian, ‘a ca ’ in innish, ‘a duck’ in g eek, and ‘a snail’ in ko ean3. (9) sobač-K-A ‘@ sign’ - na i e c ea ion dog.noun.diminu i e- em.nom.sg hyb id c ea ions, which a e bilingual in na u e (haugen 1950) and in ol e ans e o some s uc u al pa e ns o he ecipien languages, ep esen p oduc i e ype o wo d o ma ion in bo h Li huanian and ussian. hyb id in example (10) om Li huanian is a ixed noun ph ase, which consis s o he na i e head noun s e aine ‘gues - oom’ and he bo owed modi ie in e ne o, which is adap ed o he Li huanian ag eemen sys em h ough he addi ion o he na i e in lec ional a ix -o which deno es masculine singula noun in geni i e case. (10) in e ne O s e aine (L .) ‘websi e’ – hyb id c ea ion in e ne .Masc.gen.sg.-gues - oom example (11) illus a es a compound hyb id om ussian, comp ised o he di ec loanwo d dip ‘dip’ and he na i e namazka ‘sp ead’ - a eminine noun o he i s de- clension in –a, which, being he head o his compound, go e ns i s in lec ion. (11) dipnamazka ( us.) ‘dip’ – compound hyb id c ea ion dip-sp ead iV. PhonoLogicaL, Mo Pho-PhonoLogi- caL, Mo PhoLogicaL and syn ac ic in eg a ion o bo oWings iV.1. Phonological in eg a ion he deg ee o which bo owings assimila e o he linguis ic sys em o a e- cipien language depends on he ac how long a bo owing has exis ed in he language and o he sociological ac o s. howe e , he ime i sel does no in luence he a e o assimila ion; i in luences he a e o equency o use ha in ensi ies he deg ee o assimila ion (holden 1976). o become ully in eg a ed, bo owings unde go a numbe o sound changes o con o m o a phonological sys em o he a ge language. 3 Компьютеры и жизнь. «Собачка» @: Мифы и реальность», accessed augus , 27, 2013, h p://a icles. o g. u/blog/i em/170 58 heLen Mye s ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXX eXaMPLes o engLish bo oWings in Li huanian and ussian abLe 1. Loanwo ds assimila ed phonologically Loanwo d ecipien language gloss Loanwo d ecipien language gloss Akayn us. ‘accoun Moni o Rus. ‘moni o ’ Andég ound us. ‘unde g ound’ Pica L . ‘pizza’ békg aund us. ‘backg ound’ Plis us. Please Bene icya y us. ‘bene icia y’ P edik o us. ‘p edic o ’ Juze us. ‘use ’ Šoping us. ‘making pu chases’ Kampus us. campus S op us. swap abLe 2. Loanwo ds assimila ed mo pho-phonologically Loanwo d ecipien language gloss Loanwo d ecipien language gloss Biodeg a- duodamai L . ‘biodeg adable’ Pikas L . ‘peak’ ins alljacija us. ‘ins alla ion’ P ecipi acija us. ‘p ecipi a ion’ Moni o is L . ‘moni o ’Šopingas L . ‘making pu chases’ abLe 3. Loanwo ds assimila ed mo phologically Loanwo d ecipien language gloss A koduo i L . ‘decode’ Konsolidi o a ’ us. ‘consolida e’ Moni o a imas L . ‘a p ocess o moni o ing’ Moni o inis L . ‘pe aining o moni o ing’ (adj.) Nei o i ulen nos ’ us. ‘neu o i ulence’ abLe 4. Loanwo ds which ob ained he ma ke s o syn ac ic ag eemen Loanwo d ecipien language gloss Loanwo d ecipien language gloss Au saide is L . ‘ou side ’ F iki us. ‘ eaks’ B i ingas L . ‘b ie ing’ Kukisy us. ‘cookies’ Dispense is L . ‘dispense ’ Moni o ius L . ‘moni o ’ Džinsai L . ‘jeans’ Rolly us. ‘ olls’ Failas L . ‘ ile’ Pa e ns o adap a ion and in eg a ion o english Loanwo ds in Li huanian and ussian 59s aipsniai / a icles abLe 5. c ea ions, in which na i e ma e ial is used Loanwo d ecipien language gloss Blanko- eksel’ us. ‘blank no e’ hyb idiza ion kollekcija banne o us. ‘banne pool’ hyb idiza ion Laundž-muzyka us. ‘lounge-music’ hyb idiza ion ob-nuli ’ us. Ze o ou c ea ion using na i e mo phemes Vnu isocyumnyje se i us. ‘social-ne wo k- ing si es’ hyb idiza ion Lis o abb eVia ions us – ussian c o – c oa ian L – Li huanian Pol – Polish bcs – bosnian/c oa ian/se bian sL – sou ce Language blg – bulga ian L – ecipien Language bl s – byelo ussian bibLiog aPhy ba nb ook geo , danielsson Pe nilla, and Mahlbe g Michaela (eds.) 2005: Meaning ul ex s: he ex ac ion o seman ic in o ma ion om monolingual and mul ilingual co po a. London; new yo k: con inuum. bende h. ha old a. Li huanian e ymological index. accessed augus , 15, 2013. h p://www.a chi e.o g/s eam/li huaniane ymol00bend ich/li huaniane ymol00bend- ich_dj u. x benson Mo on 1959: english loanwo ds in ussian. – Sla ic and Eas Eu opean Jou nal 3, 248–267. bujas Ž. 2008: Veliki h a sko-engleski ječnik. Zag eb: nakladni za od globus. asme Maks 1967: E imologičeskij slo a ’ usskogo jazyka. Mosk a: izda el’s o “P og ess”. ilipo ič udol 1982. The English Elemen in Eu opean Languages. Vol. 2. Zag eb: uni e si y o Zag eb. haugen ei n a 1950: he analysis o linguis ic bo owing. – Language 26, 210–31. holden ky il 1976: assimila ion a es o bo owings and Phonological P oduc i i y. – Language. Vol. 52, no. 1, 131–147. 60 heLen Mye s ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXX holden ky i l 1980: ussian bo owing o english. – The Sla ic and Eas Eu opean Jou nal. Vol. 24, no. 4, Win e , 387–399. klimas an anas 1991: P e ixes and su ixes in he Li huanian e bal sys em. – Li- uanus. Li huanian qua e ly jou nal o a s and sciences. Volume 37, no. 4, Win e . klimas an anas 1994: he angliciza ion o Li huanian. – Li uanus. Li huanian Qua - e ly Jou nal o A s and Sciences. Vol. 40, 2. summe . h p://www.li uanus.o g/1994_2/ 94_2_01.h m Lewis M. Paul, ga y . sim o n s, and cha les d. ennig (eds.) 2013: E hnologue: Languages o he Wo ld, se en een h edi ion. dallas, exas: siL in e na ional. online e - sion: h p://www.e hnologue.com. accessed augus , 15, 2013. Lo eday Leo j. 1996: Language Con ac in Japan: A Socio-linguis ic His o y. ox o d: cla endon P ess. Me iam-Webs e . An encyclopedia B i annica company. accessed augus , 25, 2013, h p:// www.me iam-webs e .com/dic iona y Mul idisciplina y app oaches o code swi ching. 2009. eds. Ludmila isu in, donald Win o d, kees de bo . News u.com. “Владимир Путин объявил 2007 год годом русского языка”. accessed augus , 23, 2013. h p://www.news u.com/ ussia/31dec2006/yzyk.h ml Pažūsis Lionginas 1982: he mo phological in eg a ion o english loan nouns in ame ican Li huanian. – The English elemen in Eu opean languages. Vol. 2. Zag eb. g. u. Российская газета. – Документы. accessed augus , 23, 2013. h p://www. g. u/2005/06/07/yazyk-dok.h ml . Russian Na ional Co pus. accessed augus , 26, 2013. h p://www. usco po a. u/en/ ska džius P anas 1943: Lie u ių kalbos žodžių da yba. Vilnius: Lie u os mokslų aka- demija. “ he expedi ion one c ew”, h p://space ligh .nasa.go . accessed 08/23/13 The To on o S a . sep embe 22, 2007. “ ussish ules. o englishian; ussian hi- ech wo ld peppe ed wi h anglicisms” . accessed augus , 15, 2013. h p://www. hes a .com/ li e/2007/09/22/ ussish_ ules_o _englishian.h ml Vasme ’s e ymological dic iona y. accessed augus 25, 2013, h p://s a ling. ine . u/ cgi-bin/main.cgi? oo =/us /local/sha e/s a ling/mo pho Wein eich u iel 1968: Languages in Con ac . Findings and P oblems. Mou on, he hague, Pa is. Win o d donald 2010: con ac and bo owing. – The Handbook o Language Con ac . Willey-blackwell: a john and sons, L d., Publica ions, 170–188. Pa e ns o adap a ion and in eg a ion o english Loanwo ds in Li huanian and ussian 61s aipsniai / a icles Win o d donald 2005: con ac -induced changes. classi ica ion and p ocesses. – Diach onica. Volume 22, 2. Zinke ičius Zigmas 1998: The His o y o he Li huanian Language. Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidykla. Zinke ičius Zig m a s 1980–1981: Lie u ių kalbos is o inė g ama ika. Vilnius: Mokslas. Мейе Антуан 1938: Введение в сравнительное изучение индоевропейских языков. Перевод Д. Кудрявского. Москва: Государственное социально-экономическое изда- тельство. Носовичъ И. И. 1984: Словарь бѣлорусскаго нарѣчiя (specimina philologiae sla i- cae). München: Ve lag o o sagne . anglų kalbos s e imžodžių adap a imo i in eg a imo būdai lie u ių i usų kalbose san auka anglų kalba y a ne ik a p au inės komunikacijos kalba, be i didžiausias skolinių šal inis šiuolaikinėms pasaulio kalboms. anglicizmai in eg uojami į į ai ias s i is, ačiau adiciškai didžiausią anglų kalbos į aką pa y ė kompiu e ių mokslas, elek oninė p ekyba, e slas i a p- au iniai san ykiai. no s skolinimasis iš anglų kalbos y a apęs isuo inai p ipažin u ling is iniu šiuolaikinio pasaulio eiškiniu, anglų kalbos skolinių in eg a imas į lie u ių i usų kalbas, . y. kalbas, dėl a imų is o inių yšių u inčias daug bend ų ling is inių b uožų, nė a dažnas y imų objek as. Šio s aipsnio ikslas – apib ėž i i suklasi ikuo i pag indinius anglų kalbos s e imžo- džių adap acijos i in eg acijos mechanizmus lie u ių i usų kalbų sis emose. analizei naudo- a in e ne e skelbiama medžiaga: in e ne iniai laik aščiai, in e ne o dieno aščiai, echniniai i akademiniai s aipsniai bei nacionalinis eks ynas. y imas a skleidžia daug skolinimosi būdų panašumų lie u ių i usų kalbose, įskai an i ai, kad didžioji dauguma s e imžodžių y a daik a a džiai, ku iems p iski i sin aksiniai giminės, linksnio i skaičiaus žymikliai. unkcinių mo emų, okių kaip a iksai, skolinimasis y a e as eiškinys; ie oje jo, suda an edinius, ie iniai kalbos dalies kei imo elemen ai pap as ai p idedami p ie daik a a džių kamienų. daž- niausias anglų kalbos s e imžodžių in eg a imo būdas abiejose kalbose y a mo ologinė adap- acija, ypač p iesaginė da yba. ki i in eg a imo būdai apima onologinę, mo onologinę, sin- aksinę adap aciją bei žodžių da ybą. dauguma suda y ų žodžių y a hib idai, ku iuose ie inė medžiaga naudojama siekian pakeis i užsienio kalbos mo emas. analizė pa odė, kad abiejose kalbose echnologijų s i is pa y ė didžiausią į aką. an oje ie oje – e slas, muzika, mais as i ki os s i ys. dėl sa o dinamiškumo in e ne as i spausdin a žiniasklaida pasižymi naujausiais skoliniais, o li e a ū a i knygos daugumos skolinių dažnai y a da nespėję in eg uo i. Lie u ių i usų kalbų p ak ikoje naudojami i keli ski ingi užsienio kalbos medžiagos asimilia imo 62 heLen Mye s ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXX būdai. Lie u ių kalboje ku kas dažniau naudojama ie inė medžiaga nei usų kalboje, odėl dauguma anglų kalbos s e imžodžių, ku ie y a gana dažni usų kalboje, ne a ojami lie u ių kalboje. ki as pas ebimas ski umas y a ai, kad usų kalboje s e imžodžiai dažnai a ojami su nulinėmis galūnėmis, o lie u ių kalbos daik a a džiai pap as ai ne u i nulinių galūnių, be u i kalbai būdingus sin aksinio de inimo žymiklius, p idė us p ie pasiskolin ų kamienų. kaip odo analizuojami duomenys, mo ologinė adap acija lie u ių kalboje p oduk y esnė nei usų. Pasi- skolin as daik a a džio kamienas dažnai ampa daugelio lie u ių kalbos edinių pag indu, uo a pu usų kalboje okia da yba nė a labai p oduk y i. dėl okios in ensy ios mo ologinės eiklos anglų kalbos skoliniai lie u ių kalbos sis emoje kalbos dalies kai ą pa i ia dažniau nei s e imžodžiai usų kalboje. anglų kalbos skolinių in eg acija lie u ių i usų kalbose a skleidžia p oduk y iausius ie inius abiejų kalbų žodžių da ybos būdus. Į eik a 2014 m. gegužės 29 d. heLen Mye s The Ohio S a e Uni e si y, Depa men o Sla ic and Eas Eu opean Languages and Cul u es 400 Hage y Hall, 1775 College Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 [email p o ec ed]