IRENA DUKAVIČIENĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

Research interests: Prussian, or Baltic, languages; anthroponymy.

THIRTEENTH-CENTURY PRUSSIAN PERSONAL NAMES IN THE PRUSSIAN REGISTER

13^th Century Prussian Personal Names in the Prussian Register

ABSTRACT

The article surveys thirteenth-century Prussian personal names from the historical source Preussische Regesten bis zum Ausgange des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts (“Prussian Registers up to the End of the Thirteenth Century”), seeking to reveal the historical context in which Prussian personal names were used. It also discusses the formation of some personal names and explains their origins and the influence of the German language on changes in personal names.

The importance of Prussian personal names for research into Baltic onomastics is beyond doubt. It should be borne in mind that Prussian, or Baltic, proper names are the earliest attested facts of the Baltic languages.

KEYWORDS: Prussians, personal name, onomastics, kinship relations, Max Perlbach, Preussische Regesten.

ANNOTATION

The article reviews the 13^th century Prussian personal names from the historical source Preussische Regesten bis zum Ausgange des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts (Prussian registers until the end of the 13^th century) in order to reveal the historical context of existence of Prussian personal names. It also discusses the formation of certain personal names and explains their origin as well as the influence of the German language on the change of personal names.

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The importance of Prussian personal names to the research of Baltic proper names is unquestionable. It should be noted that Prussian (i.e. Baltic) proper names are the earliest recorded facts of the Baltic languages.

KEYWORDS: Prussians, personal name, proper names, family connections, Max Perlbach, Preussische Regesten.

INTRODUCTION

Studies of proper nouns—one of the most stable layers of the lexicon—provide important information about the phonetic, lexical, and morphological features of an already extinct language, which are recorded in proper names but may have disappeared from the appellative lexicon. It is precisely such studies that make it possible to learn ever more about the extinct Prussian people. Among the many sources, the register compiled by Max Perlbach and published in Königsberg in 1876, Preussische Regesten bis zum Ausgange des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts (hereafter PrR), was selected.

M. Perlbach was a German historian and librarian, an expert on the history of the Teutonic Order, and a researcher of medieval East Prussia and Poland (Mentzel-Reuters 2007: 39–53)¹. Since there is almost no information about M. Perlbach (born on November 4, 1848, in Gdansk; died on February 18, 1921, in Berlin) in the Lithuanian press, a brief introduction to his biography is also in order. The future scholar attended the Royal Friedrich Gymnasium from 1860 to 1868, where he met Colmar Grünhagen², who later worked with Wilhelm Wattenbach³. After graduating from the gymnasium, M. Perlbach began studying history at the University of Breslau, where W. Wattenbach worked as a provincial archivist. When W. Wattenbach became a professor in Heidelberg in 1862, M. Perlbach also set off for

¹ This is the main source about M. Perlbach that could be found.

² C. Grünhagen (born on April 2, 1828, in Trebnitz; died on July 27, 1911, in Breslau) was a German archivist and historian. He worked at the Royal Friedrich Gymnasium, taught history at the University of Breslau, and was director of the Silesian provincial archives. In 1866, he became professor of history at the University of Breslau. From 1864 to 1905, he was editor of the Silesian history journal (DB, accessed 2014-11-10).

³ W. Wattenbach (born on September 22, 1819, in Rantzau; died on September 20, 1897, in Frankfurt) was a German historian and paleographer. In Breslau, W. Wattenbach served as a provincial archivist; in 1862, he became a professor in Heidelberg, and later in Berlin (DB, accessed 2014-11-10).

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Heidelberg. In Heidelberg, M. Perlbach met Georg Waitz⁴. C. Grünhagen, W. Wattenbach, and G. Waitz had a very great influence on M. Perlbach. M. Perlbach completed his studies in Göttingen. There, under W. Waitz’s supervision, he defended his doctoral dissertation in 1871, Die ältere Chronik von Oliva (“The Old Chronicle of Oliva”). Later, M. Perlbach turned his attention to topics that interested him more. From 1872 to 1876, he worked as a librarian in Königsberg; in 1876, in Greifswald; and in 1883, in Halle, where he became senior librarian in 1894 and professor in 1899. In 1903, he joined the Berlin library, which was then still royal and later became a state institution, where he was appointed department director. On December 31 of that same year, M. Perlbach retired from active service.

M. Perlbach made a major contribution to research on Prussian history. He wrote about the history of Silesia, which he himself called his second home, but considered Prussia his homeland and researched it above all (East and West Prussia). In his 1873 article “Die ältesten preußischen Urkunden kritisch untersucht” (“The Oldest Prussian Documents Critically Examined”), he challenged the authenticity of the Treaty of Kruschwitz⁵, which was important to the Teutonic Order. He was also editor of the famous journal Altpreußische Monatsschrift (“Old Prussian Monthly”), which was significant for Prussian history.

Kaip rašo Mentzer-Reuters (2007: 44), M. Perlbachui darbuojantis Karaliaučiuje, Prūsijos istorijos tyrimai išgyveno krizę. Penkiatomis istorijos šaltinių rinkinys Scriptores rerum Prussicarum („Prūsijos retieji raštai“), sudarytas

⁴ G. Waitz (born on October 9, 1813, in Flensburg; died on May 24, 1886, in Berlin) was a German legal and medieval historian; he was Germany’s most prominent editor of historical sources. He studied history, philosophy, law, and Protestant theology. In 1842, W. Waitz became professor of history at the University of Kiel. In 1848, he established a history department at the University of Göttingen. From 1860, he became a Doctor of Law at the University of Berlin (DB, accessed 2014-11-10).

⁵ The Treaty of Kruschwitz is a document from June 1230 in which Duke Konrad of Masovia unconditionally transfers the Kulm region and all other conquered lands to the Teutonic Order. Recorded in PUB I 58–60, the document reads as follows: “1230 Juni. Bei Kruswica. Conrad, Herzog von Masovien, übergiebt dem DOrden das Culmer Land in bestimmten Grenzen und mit allen landesherrlichen Rechten zu freien Besitz gegen das Versprechen des Beistandes im Kampfe wider die heidnischen Preußen, desgleichen alle weiteren Eroberungen” (“June 1230. Kruswica. Conrad, Duke of Masovia, transfers to the Order the Kulm land, within specified boundaries and with all sovereign rights, as free property in return for a promise of assistance in the struggle against the pagan Prussians, as well as all further conquests”). All the remaining text is written in Latin. The notes (PUB I 60) state that the text is probably not an original. In 1873, M. Perlbach challenged the authenticity of the Treaty of Kruschwitz in his article “Die ältesten preußischen Urkunden kritisch untersucht.” August Seraphim attempted to prove the document’s authenticity. In 1980, Gerard Labuda resolved the dispute against M. Perlbach (Mentzel-Reuters 2007: 45, 47; PUB I 58–60).

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The work of Theodor Hirsch⁶, Max Pollux Toeppen⁷, and Ernst Strehlke⁸, on the one hand, was completed, but on the other hand it was highly problematic because of the editors’ decisions. The most talented contributor, E. Strehlke, died in 1869. M. Perlbach gently criticized his elders, often concealing his criticism between the lines. It was said, indeed, that Poles were most accustomed to consulting in Gdansk on historical research into their Prussian archives, whereas the gaze of their German colleagues was directed not toward Poland but farther south and west. While preparatory work was underway on the first book of Pomeranian documents, it had been clear since 1877 that, without examining Polish archives, the collection of the oldest documents might never be completed.

Besides the Society for the History of East and West Prussia, there was also the Hanseatic Historical Society, and, most importantly, the Historical Society for West Prussia, founded in 1879. M. Perlbach sought to unite the divided societies. At his and Karl Heinrich Lohmeyer’s⁹ initiative, a group of historical researchers and friends of the Prussian Provincial Society for History gathered and decided to publish Simon Grunau’s chronicle¹⁰, and

⁶ T. Hirsch (born on December 17, 1806, in Altschottland; died on February 17, 1881, in Greifswald) was a German historian who studied theology, history, and geography in Berlin, worked as a teacher at the Friedrich-Wilhelm Gymnasium, and taught history at a gymnasium in Gdansk from 1833. In 1850 he became director of the Gdansk City Archives, and from 1865 he was professor of history and director of the library at the University of Greifswald (DB, accessed 2014-11-10).

⁷ M. P. Toeppen (born on April 4, 1822, in Königsberg; died on December 3, 1893, in Elbing) was a German historian, geographer, and teacher. Toeppen made a significant contribution to Prussian history. He studied ancient languages and history in Königsberg. Later, he worked at various schools in East Prussia and Poznan. In 1854 he was appointed director of the Hohenstein secondary school (DB, accessed 2014-11-10).

⁸ E. Strehlke (born on September 27, 1834, in Berlin; died on March 23, 1869, in Berlin) was a German historian and archivist who devoted his short life to the history of the Teutonic Order. He studied at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin. In 1860 he became an archivist (DB, accessed 2014-11-10).

⁹ K. H. Lohmeyer (born on September 24, 1832, in Gumbinnen; died on May 15, 1909, in Königsberg) was a German historian who made a significant contribution to research on Prussian history. K. H. Lohmeyer collaborated on writing the history of Germany. He graduated from the University of Königsberg in 1857 and became a professor in 1873 (MLE 2003: 680; DB, accessed 2014-11-10).

¹⁰ S. Grunau (born circa 1470 in Tolkemit (East Prussia); died circa 1530–1537 in Gdansk (?)) was a Prussian chronicler, ethnographer, and Dominican monk. He lived in the monasteries of Elbing and Gdansk. Circa 1510–1526 he wrote a chronicle of Prussia Cronica und beschreibung allerlüstichen, nützlichen und waren historien des namkundingen landes zu Preussen (“Chronicle and description of the most delightful, useful, and true histories of the well-known land of Prussia”). He drew on chronicles written in Latin, including the lost chronicle of Christian, Bishop of Prussia. He described the Prussian lands from the 4th–6th centuries to 1529. He presented much valuable information on the ethnography, history, and mythology of the Prussians and Lithuanians. He described the Prussians’ origins, appearance, way of life, food, clothing, and beliefs.

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M. P. Toeppen began publishing Acten der Ständetage Preussens unter der Herrschaft des Deutschen Ordens (“Records of the Prussian Estates Assemblies under the Rule of the Teutonic Order”). In the view of the Mecklenburg archivists, the old Prussian documents were to be described according to dioceses and lands ruled by the Order (the so-called 1880 Elbing plan). A new four-part book of Prussian documents was to be created: political documents; documents of dioceses and monasteries; documents of commanderies; and documents of towns. M. Perlbach understood that this approach relegated the activities of the Order and the country’s rulers to the background. According to M. Perlbach, the history of old Prussia could be connected only through the period of conflict with the Teutonic Order. This context is reflected in the Order’s statutes, regarded as exemplary. M. Perlbach was not allowed access to Prussian manuscript documents, because the archive council’s position was not to allow the use of unpublished documents in the Königsberg archives.

M. Perlbach wrote many articles and books. His bibliography, compiled by Arno Mentzel-Reuters (2007: 49–53), gives an excellent picture of his work as a whole. Besides the work under discussion, some other works by M. Perlbach worth mentioning include: Die ältere Chronik von Oliva (“The Older Chronicle of Oliva”), Zur Geschichte der ältesten preußischen Bischöfe (“On the History of the Earliest Prussian Bishops”), Grunau, Simon: Simon Grunau’s preußische Chronik (“Grunau, Simon: Simon Grunau’s Prussian Chronicle”), and others.

In the preface to the work under discussion, M. Perlbach mentions Johannes Voigt¹¹, who is considered the founder of Prussian historical research. His immense contribution, never properly appreciated, was that he was the first to read documents in the Königsberg archives and publish Codex diplomaticus Prussicus (“Prussian Diplomatic Code”). J. Voigt limited himself to publishing unpublished documents and thus did not include in his work all the documents mentioned only in the texts of later editions, for example, Ermländische Urkundenbuch (“Ermland Charterbook”), valuable fragments of which had already been published.

To demonstrate that the Prussians and Lithuanians differed from the Germans, he included in the chronicle a glossary of 100 Prussian words and a Prussian prayer, Tėve mūsų (MLE 2000: 527; DB, accessed 2014-11-10).

¹¹ J. Voigt (born on August 27, 1786, in Bettenhausen; died on September 23, 1863, in Königsberg) was a German historian who made a significant contribution to research on Prussian history. He studied theology at the University of Jena, and later history and philology. He worked as a teacher at Francke’s Royal Pädagogium in Halle, and later taught there. From 1817 he was professor of history at the University of Königsberg; from 1830 to 1847 he was rector and dean of the Faculty of Philosophy. J. Voigt wrote a great many articles. Worth mentioning is the article published in 1860, Einige Beiträge über altpreußische Personen- und geographische Localnamen (“On Old Prussian Personal and Geographical Place Names”). He collected more than 300 Prussian personal names. J. Voigt established that all Prussian personal names are polysyllabic, that kinship ties are recorded in the documents, and that designations using two names also occur (DB, accessed 2014-11-10; Blažienė 2011: 467).

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Historians have repeatedly expressed the wish to gather all the scattered documents in one place. M. Perlbach began collecting material for a register of thirteenth-century Prussia. The preface to the aforementioned work explains that, when compiling the registers, particular attention was paid to completeness when a document’s content concerned only the province: unless exceptional circumstances, exhibits, or witnesses determined its inclusion in the register, the excerpt was presented as concisely as possible. All documents relating to the history of the Prussian territories on the right bank of the Vistula were included in the registers; untouched, according to M. Perlbach, was Eastern Pomerania, as was everything else pertaining only to the Teutonic Order. All testimonies relating to Prussian bishops or other distinguished persons, however, were collected more carefully. In addition to printed documents, M. Perlbach had free access to the archives of Gdańsk, Elbląg, Toruń, and Wrocław. He obtained valuable information from the cities of Dresden and Pelplin, from Karl Herquet¹² of Idstein, and from Paul Ewald Hasse’s¹³ of Halle. At the Königsberg archive, he was able to collect material only for 1260–1285. It is worth recalling the assistance provided by the archive secretary Rudolf Philippi¹⁴, who made extracts from various documents that, under the archive’s rules, were not permitted to be consulted (PrR III).

The main shortcoming is that errors were not avoided when processing the document excerpts; these can be explained by the nature of the sources used. To this day, it has not always been possible to verify documents published as excerpts against manuscripts, because M. Perlbach was not permitted systematic access to the Königsberg archive. The commentaries on the documents, especially explanations of place names, were limited to the most essential information; on the other hand, an overview of the sources used and an index of personal names were provided. In 1876, the work Preussische Regesten bis zum Ausgange des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts was printed by the Ferds. Beyer printing house in Königsberg. Rudolf Reicke and Ernst reprinted the register from Altpreussische Monatsschrift.

¹² K. Herquet (born October 5, 1832, in Fulda; died March 6, 1888, in Osnabrück) was a German historian and archivist. He studied history and philology in Marburg and Munich from 1852 to 1856. From 1869 to 1873, he worked at the municipal archive in Mühlhausen (DB, accessed 2014-11-10).

¹³ P. E. Hasse (born June 7, 1845, in Lübeck; died April 30, 1907, in Lübeck) was a German historian and archivist. At the University of Göttingen, he was a student of the legal scholar and medieval historian Georg Waitz; from 1875, he worked as a lecturer at the University of Kiel, and from 1880 he was a professor there. From 1876 to 1889, he served as secretary of the Society for the History of Schleswig-Holstein; in 1889, he moved to Lübeck, where he served as secretary in the senate, and from 1892 he became the city archivist (DB, accessed 2014-11-04).

¹⁴ R. Philippi (1821–1897 or 1902) was secretary of the Königsberg archive. From 1864, he worked in archival administration. He published Georg Christoph Pisanski’s Entwurf einer Preussischen Literärgeschichte (“An Essay on the History of Prussian Literature”) and S. Grunau’s Preussische Chronik II, in 1889 (“Prussian Chronicle”), together with M. Perlbach and P. Wagner. He collected documents for the publication Preussisches Urkundenbuch (“Book of Historical Sources on Prussia”) (MLE 2006: 560).

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Wichert. M. Perlbach did not examine manuscript sources¹⁵; consequently, the reading and recording of names depended on the historians who collected and recorded them in their works. Historians who publish and interpret the Order’s documents, in which Prussian and Prussian-language proper names are recorded, have not always rendered them accurately, and do not always do so today. For this reason, proper names should be checked by linguists so that they can be incorporated into scholarly discourse. As stated in the work’s title, the register records documents from the thirteenth century. These documents concern the regulation of land ownership, the destruction and founding of towns, the release of peasants from some obligations, the levying of tribute, and privileges granted to colonists and some local inhabitants.

NAMING OF THE PRUSSIANS

The source records 283 Prussian personal names. The accompanying annotations clarify that these are indeed Prussian personal names. Often, the annotation is simply the ethnonym Preusse (a Prussian), or the names of inhabitants of regions of Prussia: Samen (Sambians), Barther (Bartians), Sudauer (Sudovians), Pogesanier (Pogesanians), Natanger (Nattangians), Schalauer (Scalvians). Many magnates called vitingi (Wittinge) are also recorded in 1299; they received land together with their heirs. As the authors of MLE (2009: 766) explain, vitingi, or rikiai, were Prussian military retainers, mostly descendants of the tribal nobility in the state of the Teutonic Order. In the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries, they formed part of the lesser landowners. In return for military service and castle construction and repair work, the vitingi held hereditary fiefs under Prussian and Kulm law.

Single-name designation predominates in the register (1277 Pigant, Waysel, Sthonem, Naschom), but designations consisting of two names also occur. For example: 1271 Diwan genannt Klekine; 1284 Conrad Kirsin; 1287 Robe, Sangro, Cumdris, Ardange Preussen genannt Cirsini; 1289 Bottohonus Stango; 1290 Dubius, genannt Kirsini; 1296 Schude Grande. These examples show that in the thirteenth century, people were designated by a single name, and that two-name designations began to appear.

The earliest recorded names, dating to 1216, are several personal names presented with their source context:

¹⁵ M. Perlbachas (1876: V–XIII) išvardijo visus spausdintus istorijos šaltinius, iš kurių rinko medžiagą, pvz.: Acten der Ständetage Ost- und Westpreussens 1874 m. („Rytų ir Vakarų Prūsijos luomų susirinkimų aktų knygos“); Chronicon terrae Prussiae („Prūsijos žemės kronika“); Monumenta historiae Warmiensis („Varmės istorijos paminklai“); Johannes Voigt. Geschichte Preussens von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Untergange der Herrschaft des deutschen Orden 1827–39 m. („Johannes Voigt. Prūsijos kronika nuo seniausių laikų iki Vokiečių ordino valdymo pabaigos“) ir kt.

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1216 a.p. XVIII. XII Cal. Mar. 18. Febr. Lateran. Pope Innocent III confirms to the Bishop of Prussia the donation of the Prussian Philipp, formerly Warpoda) and his companions, who was recently baptized at the Apostolic See, of the land of Lansania. 1216 a.p. XVIII. XII Cal. Mar. 18. Febr. Lateran. The same pope confirms to the same recipient, in identical wording, the donation of the Prussian Paul, formerly Suavabuno, and his companions, who was recently baptized at the papal see, of the land of Lubovia.

The examples show that there were already baptized Prussians in 1216: Warpoda¹⁶ became Philipp after baptism, while Suavabuno¹⁷ became Paul.

PUB I, I 7 (Preussisches Urkundenbuch, hereafter PUB) provides somewhat more information:

[1216] February 18, in the Lateran. Pope Innocent III confirms to the Bishop of Prussia possession of the land of Löbau, as a gift from the newly baptized Prussian Survabuno. Ea propter, venerabilis in Christo frater dilecti filiis Pauli Pruteni, qui dim dicebatus Survabuno... (only the end of the sentence has been translated into Lithuanian: “dear son, the Prussian Paul, whom they called Survabuno...”).

The formation and origin of these two Prussian names merit attention.

Survabuno Prussian (7)

Perhaps Prussian *Surva-bunā. For the first stem, cf. Lithuanian surname Survas, which Zigmas Zinkevičius considers a truncation formed from elements of the first stem and the beginning of the second stem (Zinkevičius 2008: 320). Also cf. Lithuanian surname Surwalowa, 1759–1787 (IAK). For the second stem, Prussian *bun-, cf. Lithuanian surnames Būnas, Bunáitis (LPŽe), and Lithuanian surnames Būnis, Bunỹs (: bun-iōti ‘to flourish, thrive’) (Zinkevičius 2012: 192), Bunelis in 1598 (IAK), Buniena in 1729–1771 (IAK), Buniewicz in 1785 (IAK), Bunonis in 1633 (IAK).

Warpoda Prussian (7)

Prussian *Varp-ād-ā. Reinhold Trautmann mentions Prussian personal names with the stem *varp-: Warpote, Warputte, Warpele (TAP 116), and tends to identify the suffix *-ād-. Cf. Lithuanian surname Vārpiotas, which the authors of LPŽe associate with the Prussian personal name Warpote, and Lithuanian surname Varpùlis (: várpa ‘an elongated inflorescence or the grain-bearing fruiting head that grows from it’). Z. Zinkevičius (2008: 127, 156, 257) mentions Lithuanian surname Vár-putas, which he regards as a dithematic name (: Lithuanian surname Vāras + pūsti pūto ‘to swell, puff up’). Also cf. Lithuanian surnames Warpiot in 1665 (IAK), Warpis in 1759–1787 (IAK).

¹⁶ Prūsišką asmenvardį Warpoda užfiksavo Wilhelmas Piersonas (1873: 733), Reinholdas Trautmannas (1925: 116).

¹⁷ W. Piersono kodekse (1873: 721) ir M. Perlbacho registre (1876: 19) užfiksuotas to avd. variantas dėl netikslaus užrašymo Suavabuno leidžia daryti prielaidą, kad abu autoriai rinko medžiagą iš tų pačių šaltinių. R. Trautmannas (1925: 101), stropiai rinkęs medžiagą iš Ordino foliantų, perskaitė Survabuno.

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PERSONAL NAMES FOUND IN THE DOCUMENT WITH THE DESIGNATION PREUSSE

The source indicates that one or another bearer of a personal name was Prussian¹⁸. 89 personal names were found with the designation Preusse. For example: 1216...des Preussen Philipp ehemals Warpoda... (7);...des Preussen Paul ehemals Suavabuno... (7); 1239–1240...des Preussen Pomande... (53); 1242...des Preussen Nerdingis... (58); 1248...eines Preussen Preroch... (92); 1261...den Preussen Gedun... (177),...den Preussen Szinte, Pisz, Pogonomie und Azovir th... (178);...dem Preussen Wergule... (179);...den Preussen Waydote und Keytin... (179); 1262...dem Preussen Tyrune (182), dem Preussen Grunau... (188); 1267...den Preussen Santyrmes, Woczeslon und Buchelo... (205); 1267–70...den Preussen Paul (211), dem Preussen Tulizede... (212);...dem Preussen Blivot... (212); 1273...dem Preussen Peter... (217); 1274...den Preussen Gastimo und Luthymero... (218); 1275...dem Preussen Pomuzel... (220); 1276...dem Preussen Padangen (224), dem Preussen Redethin... (228); 1277...den Preussen Pigant, Waysel, Sthonem, Naschom... (229); 1278...dem Preussen Ponatho (p. 231), dem Preussen Regune... (231); 1279...dem Preussen Pakoke... (234); 1280...dem Preussen Sambango... (236); 1282...den Preussen Wargin und Napergann... (240);...den Preussen Poytun... (242);...den Preussen Curthi, Tarpi und Symon... (242); 1284...dem Preussen Blivot... (250);...den Preussen Doybe, Smyge, Sange und Conrad Kirsin, des Preussen Pede... (251);...dem Preussen Kerso, der Preusse Canthyr... (251);...dem Preussen Schroite... (252);...dem Preussen Trumpe... (252);...den Preussen Gandinis, Poburs, Cantune, Cawald, Argaldinus... (253); 1285...den Preussen Gedite und Cantym... (261);...des Preussen Thessym... (261–262);...dem Preussen Tulikoithe... (264); 1286...dem Preussen

¹⁸ W. Piersono prūsiškų onimų kodekse (1873: 483–744) randami tokie prūsų vardų variantai kaip Blivot (Blivot), Klecz (Clecz), Pygant (Pigant), Poythune (Poytun), Ponate (Ponatho), Scroyte (Schroite), Swinko (Swinco), Tessym (Thessym), Tirune (Tyrune), Tulicede (Tulizede), Tulicoyte (Tulikoithe), Waidote (Waydote), Waisel (Waysel), Wargule (Wergule). Jo kodekse nepavyko rasti šių vardų: Bottohonus Stange, Butelo, Grunau, Canthyr, Cantym, Luthymero, Methuo, Naschom, Pomuzel, Sangite, Symon, Sthonem, Stylige, Woczeslon. Ernstas Lewy yra pirmasis, kuris apgynė disertaciją iš prūsų asmenvardžių Altpreussischen Personennamen, kurioje išvardija slaviškus ir vokiškus prūsų vardus. Jis mini Luthymer, Simon. Rasti tokie vardų variantai: Aso vi rt (Azovirth), Nadop (Nodobe), Ponato (Ponadho), Skroite (Schroite), Stenam (Stenym?), Sinte (Szinte), Wargule (Wergule). E. Lewy nėra užfiksavęs Botohonus Stange, Butelo, Grunau, Itunthhe, Iuncter, Cantym, Keytin, Clecz, Curnoron, Mehtuo, Naschom, Navier, Pede, Philipp, Pigant, Pogonomie, Pomuzel, Redethin, Sange, Symun, Smyge, Sthonen, Stylige, Swinco, Tyrune, Tulizede, Waydote, Woczeslon. Ne visi M. Perlbacho surinkti prūsų vardai yra paminėti R. Trautmanno, nes jis nefiksavo dvinar io prūsų įvardijimo krikštavardžiu ir prūsišku vardu.

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Sulittolene... (269); 1287 ...dem Preussen Swinco, Ardange Preussen gennant Cirsini... (273–274); ...dem Preussen Kurthye... (274); 1288 ...des Preussen Juncter... (276); 1289 ...dem Preussen Clecz... (279); ...dem Preussen Naoier, des Preussen Ittunthe, Bottohonus Stange, Tessym, Gunthe, Clecz, Munthemil, Preussen... (279); 1290 ...dem Preussen Predrus... (284); ...dem Preussen Queyren... (286); 1291 ...Preussen Mehtuo und Sangite... (290); 1292 ...dem Preussen Tulne... (294); ...den Preussen Symunt und Stylige... (294);...Preussen Study... (295); 1297 ...dem Preussen Curnoron... (318); ...des Preussen Trumpe... (319); 1298 ...der Preusse Sadeluke... (323); ...den Preussen Triene und Stenym... (236); 1289–1299 ...des Preussen Nodobe... (326).

The formation and origin of several Prussian personal names from this list will be examined.

Ardange Cirsini Preusse (273–274, 287)

R. Trautmann (TAP 131) considers this Prussian personal name to be a compound, consisting of the preposition *ar- and the root *dang-. For *ar-, cf. Prussian personal names Arbute, Arwayde, Lithuanian personal name Ar̄minas (LPŽe). As the authors of LPŽe explain, *ar- may derive from the preposition ar ‘also, likewise’. The Prussian root *dang- occurs in the Prussian personal-name corpus; cf. Prussian personal names Queydange, Abdangs (TAP 135), and the Lithuanian personal name Daṅgis, whose origin, in the opinion of the LPŽe authors, is not entirely clear. Z. Zinkevičius (2008: 82) emphasizes that the Lithuanian personal names Ar̄-dangas, Sán-dangas, Daṅgis, Daṅutis are related to Lithuanian dangà ‘shelter’. The Prussian personal name *Ar-dang-.

Cirsini Preusse (273–274), Kirsini (273–274)

Prussian personal name *Kirsīn-, cf. Prussian personal name Kirsini (TAP 45). This was a famous noble family. Analyzing the Prussian place-name Kirsyn, Grasilda Blažienė (2005: 276) relates it to the Prussian personal name Kirsini and presents parallels with Latvian place-names Ciršeni, Cirsinieki, which are associated with Latvian cirsens ‘wasp’, cirsis ‘a kind of grasshopper, a kind of small bird’. Cf. Lithuanian personal name Kirsinicia in 1660 (IAK).

Azovirth Preusse (178)

This is probably a dithematic personal name. In TAP 131 it is recorded as the personal name Asso-wirt. As Vytautas Mažiulis (PKP II 50) has written, the consonants s and z are written with one and the same letter. For the first element *as-, cf. the Prussian personal names As-pan, Assayde (TAP 131), and Lithuanian personal names Ās-minas, Ās-vytas, Ās-mintas (Zinkevičius 2008: 75), which Z. Zinkevičius mentions was also borne by the Prussians. For the second element *virt-, cf. the Prussian personal names Po-wirte, Wirtil (TAP 157), and the Lithuanian personal name Virtelis, whose origin is unclear (LPŽe); cf. the Lithuanian personal names Wirtanis 1652–72 (IAK), Wirtukaytis 16th–17th centuries (IAK). Perhaps the Prussian personal name *As-a-virt-(?).

Stange Preusse (279)

Dėl pr. avd. Stange R. Trautmannas (1925: 160) plg. lie. avd. Stangỹs ir lie. stangùs ‘stangrus’. G. Blažienė (2011: 470) atstato pr. avd. *Stangā (?), plg. lie. avd. Stang-vilas, Stangỹs, Stangaitis iš Stan- su priedėtiniu -g-, galbūt dėl stangùs, pa-stangà (Zinkevičius 2008: 139).

Clecz Preusse (279)

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Plg. le. avd. Kleczka (Rospond 1973: 303). Aptardamas pr. vv. Klec lenkų onomastas Hubert as Górnowiczius (1980: 75) jį kildina iš avd. Klec, Clecz, kuris yra lenkiškas.

Curnoron Preusse (318)

Probably a corrupted spelling of the personal name. TAP 49 gives the Prussian personal name Curnothin, which is reconstructed as *Kurn-āt- or *Kurn-ōt- and tentatively associated with Latvian kurn ‘deaf’. R. Trautmann regards the Prussian personal names Curnothin and Curnotori (Latin dative), as well as Curnoron, as the same personal name. Vladimir Toporov (1984: 322) also connects it with Latvian kurns ‘deaf’. Cf. the Lithuanian personal names Kurnėika, Kùrnikas, Kurnãvičius, which are associated with Lithuanian kurn-ėti ‘to run nimbly, quickly’, kurn-iuóti ‘to walk slowly, to shuffle along’ (Zinkevičius 2008: 597). Pranas Skardžius did not describe the suffix -or-; no such suffix exists. The formation and origin are unclear. On the basis of M. Perlbach’s document, the authentic form cannot be reconstructed.

Doybe Preusse (251)

Ernstas Lewy (1904: 46) pateikia pr. avd. Dabore, Dabote, Doibe (Dubius), Doberin ir įžvelgia šaknį *dab-, kurią sieja su lie. dabinù ‘puošiu’, dabnùs ‘smulkus’. R. Trautmannas (TAP 26) užfiksavęs pr. avd. Doybe sieja jį su Dubius, Dube. V. Toporovas (1975: 356–359) pr. avd. Doybe, Dubius mini prie *dob- šaknies kartu minėdamas *dub- ir *daub- šaknis, plg. lie. duobė ‘įdubimas’, duóbti ‘daryti įdubimą; skobti’, dubùs ‘įdubęs, gilus’ (LKŽe). Gal pr. avd. *Daub- (?).

Gastimo Preusse (218)

R. Trautmann (TAP 28) recorded the Prussian personal name Gastuno (or Gastimo?). The origin of the stem gast- is unclear; compare Prussian personal names Gastame, Gastart?, and Old Slavic gostì ‘guests’ (Lewy 1904: 48). The Slavic Gost’ (cf. Russian gostj ‘guest’) and Germanic Gast- (German Gast ‘guest’) counterparts may be represented in Lithuanian by Gastilà, Gaščìūnas (Юркенас 2003: 106–107). The name Gast is also mentioned in FN 2008: 239. In the Middle Ages, this name was used for those who did not have permission to live in a town. Also compare Lithuanian personal names Gast 1760–1790 (IAK), Gasticia 1681 (IAK), Gałtiowski 1729–1776 (IAK), Gastis 1685–1731 (IAK), Gastowicz 1766 (IAK), Gastowski 1670 (IAK), Lithuanian gastùs ‘timid’, gãstauta ‘a kind of garden herb’ (LKŽe). V. Mažiulis (2013: 214–216) studied Prussian gasto ‘piece, piece of arable land, plot’; he derives Prussian gasto=*gastā from West Baltic *gastā ‘that which has gone out←adj. fem. *gastā ‘extinguished’, this in turn from West Baltic verb *ges- ‘to extinguish’ or *gas- ‘to put out’. Perhaps Prussian *Gast-īmā (?).

Ittunthe Preusse (279)

Wilhelmas Piersonas (1873: 512) pateikia šį pr. avd. jo neaiškindamas. R. Trautmannas nėra jo užfiksavęs. V. Mažiulis (PKP I 48) yra aiškinęs, kad balsis *ī neretai yra diftongizuotas, t. y. žymimas raidėmis ei, todėl visai įmanomas pr. avd. *Ei-tunt- (?). Dėl pirmojo komponento *ei- plg. kur. avd. Ei-tautt, Eytor (Kiparsky 278), lie. avd. Eibutas, Eīgailas, Eīgėlas, Eīgilas, Eīgintas,

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Eĭgirdas, Eĭkantas, Eĭkintas, Eĭminas, Eĭnoras, Eĭtautas, which are associated with Lithuanian eiti (LVKŽ 109, 112–118). For the second component *-tunt-, compare Lithuanian personal name Tuntỹs, which, according to the authors of LKŽe, may perhaps be related to Lithuanian tùntas, tuñtas ‘large group, crowd, troop’, tuntúoti ‘to walk aimlessly, to potter about, to shuffle in place’, tuntėti ‘to talk’ or the like. Perhaps Prussian *Ei-tunt- (?).

Pisz¹⁹ Preusse (178)

R. Trautmann (TAP 77) mentions the personal name but does not explain it. The combination sz may have denoted the sound s. Its formation and origin are unclear.

Pomuzel Preusse (220)

Perhaps the stem *musel- can be discerned; compare the Prussian personal names Swaimusel, Muselit, Musligente (Lewy 1904: 54), and Lithuanian personal name Mufelicia from 1678–1691 (IAK). R. Trautmann (TAP 147) treats the name as Po-musel and discusses the name’s connections with the Polish personal name Przemysł (TAP 191). For the prefix *pa- ‘under, by’, compare the Prussian personal names Po-burse, Po-lexe, Po-wilte (TAP 147). Perhaps Prussian *Pa-musel- (?).

Predrus Preusse (284)

R. Trautmann recorded the Prussian personal name Preydrus, and distinguishes the prefix *prei ‘toward’ and the stem *dru- (TAP 136, 149). For the Prussian prefix *prei- ‘toward’, compare Prussian personal names Prei-boto, Pre-weis, Pre-roch, Prei-tor (Lewy 1904: 56–57). V. Mažiulis (2013: 762) reconstructs the Prussian preposition *prei- ‘toward’, which was also the Prussian prefix *prēi- ‘toward’. Prussian preposition *prēi-/prefix *prēi- < Baltic-Slavic *prēi/*prei [>Lithuanian priẽ/prie-], Latvian prie-. For the stem *dru-, compare Prussian personal names Nis-drus, Na-drus (TAP 136), Lithuanian personal names Drusis, Drusay-czia from 1764–1786 (IAK), Druseykis from 1729–1771 (IAK), Drusewicz from 1765 (IAK). Perhaps Prussian *Prei-dru-s (?).

Smyge Kirsini Preusse (251)

W. Piersonas (1873: 716) ir R. Trautmannas (1925: 96) mini šį avd. neaiškindami. Plg. lie. avd. Smigùlskis, Smigiẽlškis (LPŽe), lie. avd. Smigielska 1760–1790 m. (IAK). Gal sietinas su lie. smigùs ‘sm iglus’ (LKŽe). G. Blažienė (2005: 330), aiškindama pr. vv. Smigelithin, sieja jį su pr. avd. Smyge, bet daugiau baltiškų paralelių nepateikia.

Swinco Preusse (273–274), Swinke (287)

R. Trautmannas (1925: 103) mini avd. Swynke. Plg. lie. avd. Svinkūnas, le. Świnka, ru. Свинкин (LPŽe). Gal prūsų avd. *Svink-(?), kuris veikiausiai lenkiškos kilmės.

Szinte Preusse (178)

W. Piersonas (1873: 714) yra užfiksavęs pr. avd. Szinte bei vv. Syntin, Zin-ten, bet jų nekomentuoja. TAP 103 paminėtas šis pr. avd., plg. vv. Szynth en. Plg. lie. avd. Žintelis, Žentỹs, kurie siejami su lie. žéntas (LPŽe). Kazimieras Būga (III 277) mini lie. žin-ti ‘negaluoja, sirginėja’, vv. Зинмель – Šelpilio vls.

¹⁹ E. Lewy šį pr. avd. sieja su lie. pizà, pizdà, dar plg. lie. dievą Pizius (1904: 42).

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single-seat < Sel. *Zintelis=Lith. Žintelis – surname‖1566 Žyntys, Žintikas‖Pr. *Zintis<1419 Sint̄hen. G. Blažienė, discussing (2005: 232–233) Pr. place names Zinten, reconstructs Pr. *Zint-, which she relates to the Pr. personal name Szinte. In one article by Leto Palmaitis (2010: 355–358), it is explained that ‘in initial position before a vowel the voiced sibilant [z] is almost never written with the letter z; the overwhelming majority of Baltic names with initial [z] before a vowel are represented with the usual letter s’. L. Palmaitis explains that there is no need for any žintyti, since Lithuania itself has Sintautus and the verb sintėti. Probably Pr. *Sint-.

Woczeslon (Woisław, Wotisław) Preusse (205) A Slavic name from the Czech dithematic personal name Věceslavъ: Old Slavic vešte ‘more’ and slava ‘glory’ (Zinkevičius 2010: 101).

PRUSSIAN AND CHRISTIAN NAMES MENTIONED IN THE SOURCE

The source mentioned above also makes clear that the Prussians gave their sons Prussian and Christian names. For example:

1260 ...confirms to Matto... (173); 1262 ...to the Prussian Grunaw... (188); 1267 ...grants to Marus... (205) ...to the Prussian...Woczeslon... (205); 1267–70 ...to the Prussian Paul... (211); 1273 ...to the Prussian Peter... (217); 1274 ...to the Prussian Luthymero... (218); 1278 ...for Petrus, son of Ponathi... (231); ...to Woymar... (232); 1282 ...to the Prussian Symon... (242); 1288 ...to Otto of Russen... (276); 1289 ...to the Prussian Navier, his sons Tulkoyte, Ludewicus and Merune...who [defined] the boundaries of Zedechen... Tessym, Gunthe, Clecz, Munthemil, Prussians......previously held by Golte, Sokor and Kirsne... (279); 1290 ...a grant of freedom to Stephan... (289); 1293 ...under Kulm law, between Lake Alden and the estates of Nauschutte and Bogusch... (300); 1296 ...the Samian Philipp and his brother Dietrich, the sons of Rige’s Schude, Grande, Logot, his brother Jane, Kerse... (314–315); 1299 ...the names of the old Witinge of Samland, Heninke, Philipp and Dietrich, Johann Brulant, Conrad Dyabullus, Guntar... Polexe, his son...Dirke... (329).

Many peoples of Central and Eastern Europe adopted Christianity at the end of the first millennium. Concerned with Christianizing the Baltic peoples, especially the West Prussians, the Roman pontificate established the province of the Polish Church. When the efforts of individual missionaries to baptize the numerous Prussian tribes proved fruitless, more drastic measures were undertaken. Over a period of 50 years, the knights of the Teutonic Order, supported and blessed by the pope, seized the entire territory of the Prussian tribes by sword and fire. Baptism was delayed because pagan status made it convenient to keep them as slaves and plunder their property. It can be said that all the Lithuania Minor inhabitants adopted Christianity only in the 16th century through

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the clergy of the Lutheran Church²⁰. The Prussians had to convert against their will. Prussian Christian names derived from Hebrew, Greek, and Latin names, e.g.: Jane, Johann, Symon, Matto, Peter, Philipp, Paul. There are also names of Christian origin derived from Slavic and Germanic names, e.g.: Woczeslon, Woymar, Dietrich, Gunthe.

The formation and origin of some such Prussian personal names will be analyzed.

Guntar Same (329)

Cf. Pr. personal names Guntawt, Nirgende, Gunde, Gunte, which R. Trautmann (TAP 159), like the Pr. personal name Guntar, connects with Pr. guntwei ‘to drive’. According to R. Trautmann, the suffix *-ar- can be distinguished here. V. Toporov (1979: 341) considers this personal name dithematic. But compare Lith. personal name Guntárskis, whose apparent root *guntar is associated with German personal names Günther, Günthardt, Günthor (LPŽe). Z. Zinkevičius’s view differs from that of the authors of LPŽ. He mentions the Lith. personal name Gùn-taras, which he considers dithematic, and connects its second element tar- with Lith. tãr-ti (2008: 147–148, 207). See also FN 2008: 267.

Schude Grande Same (314–315, 329), Schude Same (329)

Grande vokiškas vardas iš vž. grande ‘didelis’ (lo. grandis ‘didelis’) (FN 2008: 257). Plg. lie. avd. Granda 1665 m. (IAK), Grando 1604 m. (IAK), Grandin 1670 m. (IAK), Grandel 1784 m. (IAK), lie. grandãĩ ‘kartelių lubos, grįstai; šakų klojinys po javais’, grándyti ‘gręsti’, grandis ‘žiedas, lankelis; stora lenta, grandas’ (LKŽe). Dar žr. Blažienė 2000: 44.

R. Trautmann (TAP 94), along with Schude, mentions the variant Scude. For the root *skud-, cf. Pr. personal names Scudeyke, Scudenne, Scudete, Schudie, Schudike (TAP 150), Lith. personal names Skudỹs, Skùdas, Skùdis, whose origin is not entirely clear. The root skud- could be associated with Lith. skùdinti ‘to hurt; to cause pain; to injure’ (LPŽe). Cf. Lith. personal names Skudaytis in 1696 (IAK), Skudeykis in 1657 (IAK), Skudutis in 1740–1760 (IAK). Pr. personal name *Skud-.

TRIBAL AFFILIATION OF THE PRUSSIANS

Tribal affiliation is reflected in the register. A considerable number of Samogitians, Bartians, Sudovians, Pogesanians, Natangians, Scalvians, and Warmians are found. For example:

²⁰ MLE 2003: 323–324.

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Samogitians 1255...dem Samen Yboto... (140); 1260...im Samland Glande... (175); 1261...dem Samen Berischo... (178); 1261–62...dem Samen Preiboto... (182); 1281...dem Samen Napellin und seinen Brüdern Nargotin und Nerrnedin... (238); 1286...dem Samen Binge... (269); 1295...die Samen werden von ihrem Führer Naudiota, dem Sohne Jodute’s, verrathen... (311); 1296...den Samen Philipp und seinem Bruder Dietrich... (314–315) Bartians 1260...in Barthen Diwan (175); 1271...Diwan genannt Klekine der Führer der Barther... (215); 1284...Zwei Barther, Numo und Dersko... (253); 1289...den Barthern Butilabes und den Söhnen des Muntir... (284) Sudovians 1283...Sudauer, darunter auch Kantigerde... (247); 1285...dem Sudauer Scumant und seinen drei Söhnen, Rukals, Gedetes und Galms... (260–261); 1285...den Sudauern Muntigin, Tholeyke, Schare und Prodwele... (263); 1285...dem Kantigirde, sowie Zwinienne und seinen Brüdern den Sudauern... (263) Pogesanians 1260...in Pogesanien Auttumo... (175); 1271...Linko der Pogesanier... (215); 1296...dem getreuen Pogesanier Gederikes... (317) Natangians 1260...in Natangen Heinrich Monte... (175); 1295 Die Natanger erwählen Sabina, Gauwinia, Stanto, Trinta und Missino zu Anführern... (311) Scalvians 1276...des Schalauers Sarecka, die Schalauer Surbancz, Swisdeta und Surdeta... (227–228) Warmians 1260...in Ermland Glappo...(175)

The document in question records 103 Samogitians, 5 Bartians, 10 Sudovians, 3 Pogesanians, 6 Natangians, 4 Scalvians, and 1 Warmian. They are mentioned mostly in documents concerning land ownership and also in accounts of uprisings. All the vitingi were Samogitians. Below are the formation and origin of the names of two Scalvians.

Sarecka Schalauer (227–228)

Dėl šaknies plg. pr. avd. Sarecte (Pierson 1873: 709), Sarotte, Sarude (TAP 90), lie. Sár-gaudas, Saũ-saras, Sarỹs, siejamus su sar-iōti ‘siaubti’ (Zinkevičius 2008: 132). LPŽe autoriai mini lie. avd. Sareckis, Sarùlis, Sarõlis, Sarỹs, kurių šaknies sar- kilmė ne visai aiški. Plg. la. Sars, vo. Sar, Saro, Sahr ir galbūt lie. sariōti ‘siaubti, niokoti, plėšti; bastytis’. MLE (2009: 188) minimas Sarkis, Sarecka, Sarecke, Sareika kaip vienas skalvių vardų, netoli Rambyno kalno turėjęs Sareckos pilį. Dar plg. lie. avd. Saraka 1830 m. (IAK), Sarayczie 1781 m. (IAK), Sareykis 1816 m. (IAK), Sarenas 1740–60 m. (IAK), Sarulis 1765 m. (IAK). Gal pr. avd. *Sar-eik-a (?).

Surbancz Schalauer (227–228)

R. Trautmann (TAP 100) mentions this Prussian personal name but does not explain it. For the first component *sur- ‘around, near’, cf. Sur-gede, Sur-mine, Sur-teike (Lewy 1904: 61). V. Mažiulis (2013: 892) reconstructs Prussian *zur- ‘around’ or *sur-. Z. Zinkevičius (2008: 141) gives the Lithuanian personal names Sùr-gaudas, Nã-suras, Suráitis, linking sur- with Prussian surgi ‘around’.

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It is unclear how to read cz: as *-t- or *-d-. For the root *band-, cf. Prussian personal names Bandot, Perband, Bandune (Lewy 1904: 44); cf. Prussian en-banden ‘benefits’, Lithuanian bandà, bandýti (TAP 132). The name *band- is associated with band-ýti, bandà ‘wealth’ (Zinkevičius 2008: 76). Cf. Lithuanian personal names Bąnda in 1650 (IAK), Bandawa in 1691 (IAK), Bande in 1787 (IAK), Bandy in 1786 (IAK), Bandinis in 1787 (IAK), Bandorius in 1756 (IAK). For the root *bant-, cf. Prussian personal names Bantiko, Bantun (TAP 17), Lithuanian personal name Nōr-bantas (Zinkevičius 2008: 76). Perhaps Prussian *Sur-/*Zur-band-/-bant- (?).

VITINGAI MENTIONED IN THE DOCUMENT

Vitingai recorded in 1299 are listed in the table. It is specified that during the uprising they remained loyal to the Order and therefore received estates.

Place names²¹

Vitingai

Labota (Labtau)

Grande, his son Stantike, Sandir, his son Judute, Parupe, his son Gedete, Ibute, his son Kerse, Jodute, his son Logote, Schude Grande, Muntemil, his son Wissebute, Runkim, his son Waystote, Nakuntie, Nasynne, Tyrune, Swaymuzel, his son Rixte, Panote, his son Preytor.

Kvedenava (Quedenau)

Sclode, his son Nalube, Goyres, his son Buse, Tlokote, his son Prewilte, Heninke, his son Stintele, Schude, his son Dargute.

Medenava (Medenau)

Noytite, his son Surteyke, Gedune, his son Antime, Wissegawde, Napelle, Albert Dyabulus, Conrad Sagittarius, Tulekinste, Junde, his son Preydesse, Eyt iow, his son Queydange, Polexe, his son Nermok, Nemote, Dirke, Nodrans.

Rinava (Rynau)

Darexte, Glande, Nawalde, Gubike.

Kaimė (Kaymen)

Philipp and Dietrich, Palstok, Gedute.

Tepliava (Tapiau)

Sapelle, Azayme.

Valdava (Waldau)

Missote mit seinen Brüdern, Johann Brulant, Conrad Dyabulus.

Žiokai (Schaken)

Musk te.

Rudava (Rudau)

Rege und Romeke, Gedune, sein Sohn Stantele, Bayse, sein Sohn Santirme, Dywote und sein Bruder Pagawle, Sambil, sein Sohn Glande.

Vargiai (Wargen)

Sclode, Scardune, Guntar, sein Sohn Nakoken, Bygune, sein Sohn Kortie, Garbote, sein Sohn Bayone, Nadar, Wargatte, Eyt iow, sein Sohn Dargote, Surteik, Paytone.

Girmava (Germau)

Gymme, Kunkite, Biriske (329)

²¹ Place names reconstructed according to the interactive map of East Prussia II. Place Names (P, accessed 2014-09-10).

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The formation and origin of some *vitingas* names are discussed.

Goyres Same (329)

PUB I 448 gives a variant spelling of this personal name (PN), Guyros. R. Trautmann (TAP 37) recorded the Prussian PN Guyres. V. Toporov (1979: 351) cautiously connects the root *goir- with Lithuanian gvėra ‘fool, someone who is feeble-minded’, gvérti ‘to become lame’, gvérinti ‘to gape’. The personal name is inaccurately recorded in the register. Perhaps Prussian *Gvīr-as(?).

Pagawle Same (329)

R. Trautmann (TAP 147) considers this PN to be derived with the prefix *pa-, but also notes (TAP 160) August Leskien’s proposed connection between this PN and Lithuanian pagaulùs ‘quick to understand, perceptive, clever’; cf. the Lithuanian PN Gáulïa (TAP 73). Prussian *Pagaul-(?).

KINSHIP RELATIONS

The register under discussion also provides much information about kinship relations. It indicates that one or another bearer of a name is someone’s Vater (father), Oheim (uncle), Sohn (son), Bruder (brother), Brudersohn (brother’s son, nephew), or Schwestersohn (sister’s son, nephew). All the *vitingas* and their sons are also listed here. For example:

Father, uncle: 1284 ...grants to the Prussians Gaudinis, Poburs, Cantune, Cawald, Argaldinus, and their uncle Scanthit the field allotment called Spal, which their father Stirnis once possessed... (253); 1292 ...grants to the Prussian Tulne the field Lymite, in exchange for the 30 hides possessed by his father Alsutte and his uncles Dirsune and Suyrnis... (294).

Son: 1261 ...to the Prussian Wergule, son of the noble Sclodo... (179);... to the sons of Ybuthe, Kerse and Nekarkis... (180); 1278 ...for Petrus, son of Ponathi... (231); 1285 ...to the Sudovian Scumant and his three sons, Rukals, Gedetes, and Galms... (260–261); 1287 ...to the Prussian Swinco and his sons Nawekis, Nacolnis, Baynne, Samides... (273–274); 1288 ...to Otto of Russen, son of the Prussian Juncter... (276); 1289 ...to the Prussian Navier, his sons Tulkoyte, Ludewicus, and Merune, and their nephew Truncz... (279); 1290 ...Sange and his son Ardange... (287); 1295 ...from their leader Naudiota, son of Jodute... (311); 1297 ...to the Prussian Curnoron and his sons Knaypan and Spayrote... (318).

Brother: 1261...to the brothers Rornike and Gilbirs... (181); 1267 ...to Marus and his brothers Stortcz, Runot, Menant, Postreyde, and Stenians... (205); 1280 ...to Mandio and his brother Saluch... (237); 1281 ...to the Samlandian Napellin and his brothers Nargotin and Nermedin... (238–239); ...Tuschero and his brother Queriam... (238); 1282 ...to the Prussians Poytun and his brother Sassin... (242); 1283... to the full brothers Wargele, Astiothe, Spandothe, and Ybuthe... (249); 1284...

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to the Prussian Schroite, like his brother Johann, Bruland... (252); 1289 ...the brothers Quesyge and Samsange... (279); 1292 ...the brothers Curnotori and Santhaps... (293); 1296...the Samian Philipp and his brother Dietrich, the sons of Rige’s Schude, Grande, Logot, his brother Jane, Kerse and his brother Nakoke, Jodute, his brother Theysote, Nasyne, Nalube, his brothers, Parupe and his brother Dygune... (314–315).

Brother’s son: 1289 ...to the Prussian Navier, his sons Tulkoyte, Ludewicus and Merune, as well as their brother’s son Truncz... (279).

Sister’s son: 1284 ...to the Prussian Trumpe and his sister’s son Nassen-cepis... (252).

Kinship terms include words denoting blood and marital relationships. Prussian families were large. This source records 38 brothers, 18 sons, 3 uncles, 2 fathers, 1 brother’s son, and 1 sister’s son. In the register under discussion, Prussians are mentioned only in documents concerning land ownership or other privileges. The evidence makes clear that men were paramount; women are not named. The Grand Master of the Order issued documents to Prussians under Prussian or Kulm law concerning the management of land (granting, allocation, transfer, etc.) or other freedoms (exemption from peasant labor, from the tithe, etc.). It can be argued that in Prussian society, before it came under the Order’s rule, property was inherited only through the male line (Gelumbauskienė 2006: 81). For example, a document recorded in 1284 states that Bishop Heinrich of Warmia granted the Prussians Gaudinis, Poburs, Cantune, Cawald, Argaldinus and their uncle Scanthit Spal a field formerly held by their father Stirnis. It is also stated that they were required to perform military service, pay the Church, and surrender part of their harvest. Thus Stirnis (Pr. *Stirn-īs) had a brother, Scanthit (Pr. *Skant-īt-), and five sons: Gaudinis (Pr. *Gaud-īn-is), Poburs (Pr. *Pa-burs-), Cantune (Pr. *Kant-ūn-), Cawald (Pr. *Ka-vald-), and Argaldinus (Pr. *Ar-galdīn-us), who divided their father’s land after his death.

CONCLUSIONS

1. M. Perlbach’s register Preussische Regesten bis zum Ausgange des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts has revealed the historical context in which Prussian personal names were used in the 13th century fairly well. The list of personal names must continue to be reviewed and expanded, and the practices of naming Prussians must be identified.

2. The source in question records 283 Prussian personal names from the 13th century. Their identification as Prussian names is clarified by the accompanying labels—the ethnonym Preusse or the names of inhabitants of regions in Prussia: Samen, Barther, Sudauer, Pogesanier, Natanger, Schalauer. In addition, 91 Wittinge. are recorded in 1299.

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With the label Preusse, 89 personal names were found, as well as 103 Samians, 5 Barthers, 10 Sudavians, 3 Pogesanians, 6 Natangians, 4 Schalauians, and 1 Warmian. All the Wittinge were Samians.

3. By 1216, there were already Prussians who had voluntarily converted to Christianity (Philipp had formerly been Warpoda, Paul had formerly been Suavabuno). Prussians gave their sons Prussian names (Warpoda) as well as Christian names (Paul, Peter, Johann). It is thought that the baptismal names received at baptism were used for a time alongside the old pagan names, and that surnames may have developed from the latter.

4. Single-name designation predominates in the register (1277 Pigant, Waysel, Sthonem, Naschom), but two-name forms also occur. For example: 1284 Conrad Kirsin; 1287 Robe, Sangro, Cumdris, Ardange Preussen genannt Cirsini.

5. The register also contains information about kinship relations. This source records 38 brothers, 18 sons, 3 uncles, 2 fathers, 1 brother’s son, and 1 sister’s son. Prussians are mentioned only in documents concerning land ownership or other privileges. Property was inherited only through the male line; women are not named. The Grand Master of the Order issued documents to Prussians under Prussian or Kulm law concerning land management (granting, allocation, transfer, etc.) or other freedoms (exemption from peasant labor, from the tithe, etc.).

6. More than half of the personal names discussed are undoubtedly of Baltic origin, but some may be of another origin (German, Slavic, etc.) or uncertain origin. Most personal names of foreign origin derive from German. Names of baptismal origin were also found, for example, Matto.

7. In terms of word formation, the personal names examined in the register are derivatives. Most are names with suffixes; there are also compound names and a few prefixed derivatives. The formation of a considerable number of the names is unclear or can be interpreted in different ways.

8. A reliable collection of the material and presentation of all variants of each personal name would help explain their formation and origin more precisely, which would be of great benefit to research on Baltic anthroponymy.

SOURCES AND LITERATURE

Blažienė Grasil da 2000: Die baltischen Ortsnamen im Samland. (Hydronymia Europaea; Sonderband 2.) Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.

Blažienė Grasil da 2005: Baltische Ortsnamen in Ostpreußen. (Hydronymia Europaea; Sonderband 3.) Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.

Blažienė Grasil da 2011: Dėl prūsų asmenvardžių. – Inveniens quaero: Ieškoti, rasti, nenurimti. Vilnius: Vilniaus pedagoginio universiteto leidykla, 463–474.

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Būga Kazimieras 1958–1961: Rinktiniai raštai 1–3. Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla.

DB – Deutsche Biographie. Available online: http://www.deutsche-biographie.de

FN – Duden Lexikon der Familiennamen. Herkunft und Bedeutung von 20000 Nachnamen, edited by Rosa and Volker Kohlheim. Mannheim, Leipzig, Vienna, Zurich, 2008.

Gelumbauskienė Regina 2006: Paveldėjimo institutas baltų paprotinės teisės šaltiniuose (XII–XIVa.) – Jurisprudencija 89(11); 78–82.

Górnovicz Hubert 1980: Toponimia Powiśla Gdańskiego. Gdańsk. Gdańskie Towarzystwo Naukowe.

IAK – Historical Personal Names Index.

Kiparsky Valentin 1939: Die Kurenfrage. Helsinki: Druckerei der finnischen Literaturgesellschaft.

Lewy Ernst 1904: Die altpreussischen Personennamen. Breslau: Fleischmann. – Baltistica 45(2), 355–358.

LKŽe – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 1–20, 1941–2002, electronic edition, editorial board: Gertrūda Naktinienė (editor-in-chief), Jonas Paulauskas, Ritutė Petrokienė, Vytautas Vitkauskas, Jolanta Zabarskaitė. Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language. Available online: www.lkz.lt.

LPŽe – Dictionary of Lithuanian Surnames 1–2, electronic edition. Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language. Available online: http://pavardes.lki.lt.

LVKŽ – Kuzavinis Kazimieras, Savukynas Bronys 2009: Lietuvių vardų kilmės žodynas. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.

Mentzel-Reuter Arno 2007: Max Perl­bach als Geschichtsforscher. Preußenland. Mitteilungen der historischen Kommission for Ost- und Westpreussische Landesforschung und aus den Archiven der Stiftung preussischer Kulturbesitz. Nr 2, Jahrgang 45, 39–53.

MLE – Encyclopedia of Lithuania Minor 1–4. Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing, 2000–2009.

P – http://www.prusija.lki.lt

Palmaitis Letas 2010: Zintai-Cintai (o gal Žintai?) bei Prūzai-Prūsai (o gal Prūžai?). – Baltistica 45(2), 355–358.

Pierson Wilhelm 1873: Altpreussischer Namencode x. – Zeitschrift für preussische Geschichte und Landeskunde. Bd. 10. Berlin, 483–744.

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PKEŽ – Mažiulis Vytautas 2013: Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras.

PKP I – Mažiulis Vytautas 1966: Prūsų kalbos paminklai. Vilnius: Mintis.

PrR – Prussian Regesta up to the End of the Thirteenth Century. Compiled and edited by M. Perlbach. Königsberg: Ferds. Beyer, formerly Th. Theile’s Bookshop, 1876.

PUB I – Prussian Document Book 1. Königsberg: Gräfe und Unzer, Marburg: Elwert, 1982.

Rospond Stanisław 1973: Słownik nazwisk śląskich. T. 2, G–K. Wrocław – Warszawa – Kraków – Gdańsk: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich

Skardžius Pranas 1943: Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba. Vilnius.

TAP – Trautmann Reinhold 1925: Die altpreußischen Personennamen. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Zinkevičius Zigmas 2008: Lietuvių asmenvardžiai. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.

Zinkevičius Zigmas 2010: Krikščioniško vardyno kelionė į Lietuvą. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.

Zinkevičius Zigmas 2012: Vilnijos lenkakalbių pavardės. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras.

Юркенас Юозас 2003: Основы балтийской и славянской антропонимики. Vilnius: UAB „Ciklonas“.

Toporov – Toporov, Vladimir Nikolayevich. The Prussian Language. Dictionary 1–5. Moscow: Nauka. 1975–1990.

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13^th Century Prussian Personal Names in the Prussian Register

SUMMARY

The article reviews the 13^th century Prussian personal names from the historical source Preussische Regesten bis zum Ausgange des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts compiled by Max Perlbach. Whereas the information of Perlbach in the Lithuanian press is rather scarce, his life also falls into the subject-matter of this research. Prussian names were entered into the register from different printed sources. The way they were read and recorded depended on historians who put them down. Inaccuracies are rather common; therefore, it is necessary to check the names and to add them to scientific circulation. Since the graphical expression is unclear in the case of a number of personal names, it is difficult to restore their authentic forms; nevertheless, attempts are made to do it. We can possibly speak about the outcome of Germanization: the supplementary -e as a mnd. inflectional element (hypothesis of Knut Olof Falk).

Prussian personal names are first approached in terms of their formation because the analysis of word-formation best reflects their structure, the relationship between the base word and the derivative and helps to find out the origin of personal names which can be clear, not quite clear and unclear. In quest of the origin of personal names, they are associated with the common words of Baltic, Slavic and more remote Indo-European languages and compared with the proper names of the aforesaid languages. A quantitative method enables the generalization and evaluation of the word-formation research data.

More than half of personal names under analysis are definitely Baltic by origin but they may also be of a different, other than Baltic, origin or the origin may be unclear. The majority of personal names of foreign origin derive from the German language.

Received on 3 June 2015.

IRENA DUKAVIČIENĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

Petro Vile išio St. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania

[email protected]

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