SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

ORCID id: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2538-9502

RESEARCH AREAS: ethnolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, linguistic culturology, comparative linguistics.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2024.97.01

VERBAL ASSOCIATIONS AS A SOURCE OF INFORMATION ABOUT A CONCEPT (BASED ON THE ASSOCIATIVE FIELDS OF THE WORDS DAUGHTER AND SON)

KEYWORDS: associations, daughter, linguistic worldview, concept, free association experiment, precedent texts, son.

ABSTRACT

When investigating the content of concepts, the indeterminate boundaries of the object of study require the use of more and more varied material to reveal the diversity of information associated with a concept. The associative fields of specific lexical units, analyzed following a free association experiment, are also informative for partially revealing the content of any concept.

Drawing on the associative fields of the words daughter and son, the article discusses some of the content of the concepts DAUGHTER and SON associated with the Lithuanian linguistic worldview, and presents how Lithuanian speakers perceive the characteristics typical of a daughter and a son.

ABSTRACT

Research on the content of concepts, due to the uncertainty of the boundaries of the researched object, requires to use of more diverse materials in order to reveal the variety of information associated with the concept. Verbal associations are the information about what the object named by the word stimulus is associated with in the minds of language users. Hence, it can be said that associations are also a direct source of information about the content of a concept. This is why the information obtained from the experiment of free associations and the description of the association fields of specific lexical units can help to describe the content of any concept in more detail.

SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ. Žodinės asociacijos kaip informacijos apie konceptą šaltinis (remiantis žodžių dukra ir sūnus asociacijų laukais)

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Based on the association fields of the words daughter and son, the article discusses part of the content of the concepts DAUGHTER and SON associated with the worldview of the Lithuanian language as well as presents how Lithuanian-speaking people perceive the characteristics of a daughter and a son.

INTRODUCTION

Conceptual research is one of the most prominent themes in the work of linguists whose approaches are grounded in the ideas of the anthropocentric paradigm of science. Research into how people speaking a particular language perceive various subjects and objects of non-linguistic reality, changes in that perception, and its expression through language and other means is also conducted in Lithuanian linguistics. Among the works published in the last decade alone, noteworthy are descriptions of the concepts LANGUAGE, NATION, STATE, MOTHER, EARTH, and BREAD prepared by a research group (Smetonienė, Smetona, Rutkovska 2019; 2021); detailed descriptions of the images of FRIEND, NEIGHBOR, ENEMY, BELARUSIAN (GUDO), LATVIAN, POLE, RUSSIAN, and GERMAN (Vaičiulytė-Semėnienė, Čižik-Prokaševa, Gritėnienė, Liutkevičienė, Gaidienė 2022); the image of HUMAN (Sakalauskienė 2021); and a discussion of the concept LOVE (Aleksaitė 2018), etc.

In the works mentioned above, descriptions of concepts are based mainly on various examples of the use of specific words.

Another way to describe the content of a concept is to analyze the associative field of words associated with it. This article focuses on the associations of the words daughter and son.

The aim of the article is to analyze respondents’ reactions to the stimuli daughter and son and to discuss the associative fields of both words as sources of information about the concepts DAUGHTER and SON. The selection of the units under study was determined by the specific meaning of the words and their belonging to everyday, non-specialized vocabulary; moreover, in Lithuanian linguistics, the associations of the words daughter and son and the concepts DAUGHTER and SON have not been studied.

To achieve this aim, the following tasks were set: to conduct a free-association experiment and extract the associations for the words daughter and son from the list of 100 stimuli¹; to describe the associative fields of both words according to the nature of the associations (distinguishing paradigmatic from syntagmatic associations) and the information they provide—

¹ For more details about the experiment, see pp. 12–13.

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the content of the concepts; to summarize what information the analysis of the association fields of the words dukra and sūnus provides about the concepts DUKRA and SŪNUS. The research material comprises nearly 600 associations each for dukra and sūnus, inventoried in a free association experiment with students from Šiauliai and Vilnius².

The following methods were used to achieve the research objectives: descriptive, conceptual analysis, free association experiment, and calculation.

State of Research on the Question

Verbal associations have been studied only fragmentarily in Lithuanian linguistics. Simona Steponavičienė’s “Dictionary of Verbal Associations in the Lithuanian Language” was compiled on the basis of material collected in a free association experiment conducted in 1977–1982. The words dukra and sūnus were not included in the stimulus list.

Su atskirais leksikos vienetais susijusias asociacijas tyrė Gražina Akelaitienė (2007). Janina Daukšytė (2004, 2009) šią temą nagrinėjo per ugdymo psichologijos prizmę (taip pat žr. jos straipsnius su Egle Vanagaite (2014) ir Edita Čaplinskaja (2014).

Marija Zavjalova and Svetlana Ryžakova (2004) studied the attitudes of Lithuanians and Russians living in Lithuania toward other ethnic groups, while Elena Akimova (2005) described the specific features of the linguistic consciousness of Lithuanian Russians and types of communicative behavior.

Part of Silvija Papaurėlytė-Klovienė’s doctoral dissertation “The Concept of Sadness in Lithuanian and Russian” consists of a description of research based on the analysis of verbal associations. The dissertation demonstrates that the findings of concept research based on the analysis of verbal associations coincide with those obtained by analyzing examples collected from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language and works of fiction. This suggests that analysis of a word’s association field also provides information about the content of the concept denoted by that word (Papaurėlytė-Klovienė 2004: 130–138). The associations of the words medis, žodis, kaimas have also been described separately (Papaurėlytė-Klovienė 2011, 2012, 2014).

There is no doubt that research on verbal associations in Lithuanian will become more comprehensive once researchers begin making more active use of the first version of the Lithuanian word association database, which is freely available online. As Laura Vilkaitė-Lodzienė (2019) states³, the database contains forms of 277 stimuli (frequent nouns, verbs, and adjectives). When collecting associations

² The association fields of the words dukra and sūnus are presented in the appendix to the article.

³ This article indicates where the aforementioned database is available.

SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ. Žodinės asociacijos kaip informacijos apie konceptą šaltinis (remiantis žodžių dukra ir sūnus asociacijų laukais)

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304 respondents participated. The database is planned to be supplemented with new stimuli over time. The words dukra and sūnus are not currently among the stimuli in this database.

The study presented in this article is novel in that, for the first time in Lithuanian linguistics, the association fields of the words dukra and sūnus are presented and analyzed from different perspectives, and the results of the analysis are related to the content of the concepts DUKRA and SŪNUS. The study’s conclusions may be useful to those interested in the specific features of the Lithuanian-language worldview, ways of perceiving the world and stereotypes recorded in the language, behavioral patterns that reveal attitudes toward relationships among family members, conceptions of gender, and value orientations.

1. THROUGH THE ASSOCIATION FIELD TO THE CONTENT OF THE CONCEPT

1.1. Premises of the study of verbal associations and the validity of its conclusions

The study’s theoretical framework is based on ideas from cognitive linguistics, which foregrounds the close relationship between language and human cognitive abilities.

The meanings of words relevant to the study are explained in Lithuanian dictionaries with a focus on the aspects of sex and family relationship. In the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, the word dukra refers to the word duktė. Duktė, according to the same dictionary, is “a female child in relation to her parents” (LKŽ_e). The meaning of the word sūnus is also explained in this dictionary: “a male child in relation to his parents.”

In the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian, the words dukra and duktė are listed as synonyms (the same approach is taken in the Dictionary of Synonyms (SŽ)); the definition is identical: “a female child in relation to her parents” (BLKŽ). The word sūnus appears as an entry in the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian, and information about it is still being collected.

The study presented here focuses on verbal associations. An association is a connection between objects fixed in consciousness. The object of linguistics is verbal associations, which are revealed through a free association experiment.

In a free association experiment, respondents are given a list of stimulus words and asked to write beside each stimulus, without thinking for long, the first word, phrase, or sentence that comes to mind. The instructions given to experiment participants should emphasize that all responses are acceptable and that the results of the experiment will be made public only in aggregated form.

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Responses to stimuli are called associates, and the entire list of associates is an association field. A response to a stimulus shows how language users understand the object or phenomenon named by that word, what properties they attribute to it, and which objects and phenomena in reality they associate it with. It should be noted that the evaluation of the object in reality named by the stimulus word is also expressed directly or indirectly in the association field.

Compilers of association dictionaries must prepare the list of stimulus words with great care, because, by its nature, such a dictionary could provide the greatest possible amount of reliable information about the worldview characteristic of a nation, in other words, its naïve worldview⁴.

Of course, an association dictionary will always remain fragmentary—however large it may be, it could not encompass absolutely all words important to a culture. For this very reason, such a dictionary does not reflect absolutely all the causal, spatial, and temporal relations, or the emotions that arise in language users from their relationship with objects and phenomena in reality.

Nevertheless, by carefully selecting stimuli, one can form at least a schematic picture of the value system, the way of perceiving the world, and the behavioral patterns of a nation speaking a particular language. If the set of stimuli is selected appropriately, the association fields of those words provide information about how non-linguistic reality is perceived.

The reliability of the results of an association experiment also depends on the number of participants. Conclusions can be drawn from the results of an association experiment if at least 30 people took part. Of course, the more similarities the participants share (age, experience, etc.), the more reliable the conclusions. Some responses to stimuli are common to people of the same nation; there are even more commonalities when people are of a similar age—that is, belong to the same generation (which already presupposes that some of their experiences will be shared).

⁴For example, one can compare how appropriate it would be to include the names of birds in the list of stimulus words for a verbal association experiment being organized to compile a Lithuanian verbal association dictionary: gandras and marabu. For people living in Lithuania, the stork is a familiar bird from early childhood, one they see in their everyday surroundings. As a child grows up, they acquire basic knowledge of what a stork is and what functions are attributed to this bird in the naïve worldview of Lithuanian speakers. In this article, the naïve worldview is defined as the understanding of the world formed in people’s consciousness, which, depending on a person’s education, coincides partly or not at all with the scientific view of the world. It is most likely that the associations for the word gandras will be numerous, recording features of the bird’s appearance, habitat, and way of life, as well as the fact that the stork is considered Lithuania’s national bird. The marabou is an object belonging to a foreign environment, so its word’s association field is likely to be considerably poorer.

SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ. Žodinės asociacijos kaip informacijos apie konceptą šaltinis (remiantis žodžių dukra ir sūnus asociacijų laukais)

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1.2. On the relationship between a concept and an association field

The relationship between the association field of a particular word and the content of the concept named by that word can be defined as that of part to whole.

In saying that a concept is all the information about an object of non-linguistic reality, what is meant is that this information can be expressed in various ways perceived through the senses: through language (spoken or written), images (visual art, theatre, dance), or sound (music). The result of an association experiment is an association field linked to a particular word, consisting of words, word combinations, or sentences⁵. Thus, it is most likely that the association field verbalizes that part of the concept’s content which has linguistic expression. In addition, the associations may include items that point to other content, not necessarily expressed in words—for example, the titles of paintings, sculptures, dances, plays, or films. Thus, this content is also associated with the concept.

The greatest advantage of the information obtained from a free association experiment is its maximally direct connection to the content of human consciousness. Since associations are information obtained directly about what objects named by stimuli are associated with in language users’ consciousness, it can be argued that associations are also a direct source of information about the content of a concept. When a concept’s content is investigated using instances of language use from, for example, journalistic texts, it is impossible to avoid the function characteristic of such texts—not only to inform but also to shape opinion and attract attention. To fulfill this function, a wider variety of forms of expression must be sought, and an impression of novelty is pursued; consequently, the representation moves to a greater or lesser extent away from the real perception of things and phenomena. For this very reason, examples from journalistic texts do not necessarily fully correspond to what is present in the consciousness of speakers of a particular language. This risk is avoided when an association experiment is conducted appropriately, because respondents have no purpose in drawing attention to themselves when providing answers (usually anonymously). They say what is actually present in language users’ consciousness (cf. the results of analyses of conceptual metaphors and verbal associations in describing the concept of liūdesio (Papaūrėlytė 2004: 130–138); V. Karasikas (2005) also identifies the interpretation of associations linked to a concept as one of the methods of concept analysis.

People’s changing experiences alter both the association field and the content of the concept in their consciousness.

⁵ The absence of any response to a stimulus is also informative. In such a case, one can argue that the object of non-linguistic reality named by the stimulus word is unimportant or insufficiently familiar, or that information about it is lacking.

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With the aim of revealing part of a concept’s content on the basis of the results of an association experiment, it is necessary to take into account the type of the concept itself, which depends on the nature of the real-world object associated with it. For example, concepts of emotional states, such as liūdesio, are situational in nature: emotional states have a cause, are expressed externally, and may have consequences (for a description of the concept of liūdesio, see Papaurelýtė-Klovienė, 2004). The concepts of ligoninės or karo evoke a film frame: there are particular circumstances for being in such a situation, typical participants, and a typical sequence of events.

The concepts of dukros and sūnaus discussed in this article could be described as more static (although this cannot be taken as an absolute, since daughters and sons are people characterized by intellectual activity, emotions, and relationships with other members of society): they should encompass a set of characteristics, in other words, answer questions such as who a daughter (son) is, what sex the person is, how old they are, how they are related to other people, what a typical daughter’s (son’s) appearance is, what a daughter (son) usually does, how daughters (sons) are regarded, what expectations are placed on them, etc. It would be difficult to provide a finite list of characteristics, since the material itself may determine whether particular characteristics are identified or not.

2. THE ASSOCIATION FIELDS OF THE WORDS DUKRA AND SŪNUS IN TERMS OF FORM AND CONTENT

2.1. General remarks

It is essential to include kinship terms (especially those denoting close blood relations) in the list of stimuli required to compile an association dictionary.

Terms for family members belong to the old Indo-European lexicon (see Sabaliauskas 1990: 18, 23), so it may be assumed that in a people’s characteristic view of the world they are associated with concepts of defined content. Associations elicited by words denoting kinship relations could reveal what, according to the logic of the linguistic worldview, constitutes the essence of being a daughter (son), what behavioral patterns and social roles are associated with a particular designation, and how a person connected by one or another kinship relation (direct or indirect) is evaluated.

For the study presented in this article, almost 600 students from Vilnius and Šiauliai were surveyed—roughly equal numbers of men and women aged 19 to

SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ. Žodinės asociacijos kaip informacijos apie konceptą šaltinis (remiantis žodžių dukra ir sūnus asociacijų laukais)

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30 years. They were given a list of 100 word stimuli which, alongside other lexical units, included the words dukra and sūnus. These words were not placed next to each other, in order to reduce the likelihood that one would be given as a response to the other, partly antonymous stimulus. Nevertheless, there were quite a few such responses: thirty-two respondents responded to the word dukra with the word sūnus, while sixty-four people responded to the word sūnus with the word dukra. These responses rank second in frequency in the association fields of the kinship terms in question. Although, according to dictionaries, the word sūnus has no synonyms or antonyms (AŽ; SŽ), dukra is nevertheless an antonym of sūnaus in a certain sense: the two words are connected in that they name a person’s relationship to their parents, feminine in the case of dukros and masculine in the case of sūnaus.

All responses to the stimuli were first classified according to which relations of the lexical unit—paradigmatic or syntagmatic—gave rise to them. This classification shows the relationship between a particular word and other elements of the language system, while also revealing characteristics important for understanding the concept’s content. Some responses to the stimuli could not be directly linked to either the syntagmatic or paradigmatic relations of the words dukra and sūnus.

In the association field of the word dukra, syntagmatic responses are more numerous; more than half of them are single responses given by men. Paradigmatic responses are fewer, but were given by more respondents.

Paradigmatic responses dominate in the association field of the word sūnus; there are half as many syntagmatic responses. This is not a typical case, since the participants in the association experiment were students no older than 30, whereas psycholinguists state that syntagmatic associations are more characteristic of younger respondents (Frumkina 2001: 194).

The word dukra is universally understood and clearly defined. The women who took part in the free association experiment are someone’s daughters, yet none of the women who responded gave the response aš. Thus, they responded to the stimulus as they did to all the others, without relating it to their own experience. Nine participants gave no response at all—one woman and eight men. Two men responded nežinau.

The stimulus sūnus is likewise universally understood. The male respondents are themselves sons, and in responding to the stimulus they could draw on their own experience. Ten respondents gave the answer aš. Thus, they first responded to the stimulus by reflecting on their own experience. There were none who failed to give any response at all

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response. Among the answers given to the stimulus sūnus, two women and four men wrote neturi; nėra, nežinau was the response of one woman and one man each. From what has been said, it can be assumed that, in language users’ minds, the information associated with the concept sūnus, compared with the associations of the word dukra, reflects personal experience to a greater extent.

2.2. Syntagmatic responses

Syntagmatic responses to the stimulus dukra are somewhat more frequent in women’s answers.

A comparison of the syntagmatic responses given by men and women to the word sūnus led to the same conclusion: women gave slightly more syntagmatic responses, but the responses given by men are more varied (this is most likely influenced by their personal relationship to this stimulus—being a son). Men’s and women’s responses to the word dukra are varied, with obvious quantitative differences: there are responses given by a double-digit number of men and three times fewer women.

Attributive combinations with the words dukra and sūnus describe appearance, character, and behavioral tendencies.

Descriptions of a daughter are more oriented toward portraying a typically beautiful woman. The most frequent description of appearance is graži (‘beautiful’). Five women and nineteen men gave this answer (cf. negraži (‘ugly’) was mentioned by one man). Hair also figures among the syntagmatic responses: one man responded *garbanuota⁶, one woman and one man geltonkasė, and four women and one man ilgakasė.

Descriptions of a son’s appearance are few and far between, especially compared with those for the word dukra. A son is gražus (‘handsome’) (one woman answered this), fair-haired (one man answered this), and tvirtas (‘strong’) (one man’s answer).

Descriptions of dukros and sūnaus that are diametrically opposed are also associated with appearance: didelė (‘big’) (two women and one man answered this), aukšta (‘tall’) (two women answered this), and maža (‘small’) (eleven women and four men), mažutė (‘tiny’) (one man). One response common to both words is the description mažas (‘small’), which may be associated with either height or age: a daughter and a son are children, and the smaller the child, the closer their relationship with their parents. Thus, respondents emphasize young age. Ten women and nine men mentioned this description alongside the word sūnus. Two women gave the antonymic response didelis (‘big’),

⁶ Responses have not been edited.

SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ. Žodinės asociacijos kaip informacijos apie konceptą šaltinis (remiantis žodžių dukra ir sūnus asociacijų laukais)

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one woman—huge. Three women and three men also responded to the word young, which is likewise associated with age, in response to the word son; one woman described a daughter as young.

Respondents’ answers provide greater detail about the character traits of a daughter and a son, which are associated with a system of values and possible behavioral tendencies.

People note that a daughter is good—as indicated by five women and thirteen men. More specific descriptions of a daughter focus more on her relationship with her surroundings. Most of these characteristics describe a person who is non-confrontational and usually elicits positive emotions in those around them. A daughter is loved (four women and three men responded), sweet (four women and two men), obedient (two men), sincere and calm (two women each).

Associates describing an attitude toward work are not isolated, but neither are they among the most frequent: two women and one man think a daughter is hardworking, while one woman describes her as diligent.

Some descriptions reflecting syntagmatic word relations are not as distinctly positive as the majority of descriptions already mentioned, but they cannot be called negative either. A daughter is said to be spoiled (one man responded this way), disobedient (one woman), or flighty (one woman). In other words, a person described in this way may cause minor problems, but is certainly not a danger to those around them.

A son is also, first and foremost, simply good—ten women and ten men responded this way; great (one woman and one man responded), and a similar response from one woman was exemplary. Other responses make clearer what goodness might mean. A son is hardworking (one woman and one man responded), cheerful (one woman and two men), intelligent (two women), diligent (one woman and one man), brave (one woman), clever (one man), and serious, curious (one response from each word by a woman).

Some syntagmatic responses describe a son in relation to others. First of all, a son belongs to someone: he is mine (three men responded), one’s own (one woman and one man), or my own (one woman). The descriptions loved (three women and three men), close and dear (three women and two men each), sweet and cherished (one man each) reveal a close relationship. In relation to other people, a son may be gentle (two women responded this way) or honest (one woman). Responses mischievous (three women and one man), obedient (three men), disobedient and noncompliant (one man each) show his relationship to socially accepted norms of behavior. One woman and two men wrote the description bad next to the word son.

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It can be concluded that the responses mainly capture ideal, prototypical characteristics of daughters and sons—their appearance, character traits, and patterns of behavior. In the linguistic worldview, daughters and sons are perceived as pleasant people: they are either described vaguely as good, or the ways in which goodness can be understood more specifically are indicated, through their attitude toward work and their surroundings.

2.3. Paradigmatic Responses

Responses of this type not only show how the words dukra and sūnus relate to other terms for close kinship, but also provide details about the content of these fragments of the linguistic worldview.

The most frequent response given by all respondents to both the word dukra and the word sūnus was the word vaikas. Fourteen women and twenty-two men gave this response when describing a daughter; forty-five women and thirty-five men did so when describing a son.

Other responses are related to the stimuli under discussion through hyponymic and hyperonymic relations.

The paradigmatic responses to the word dukra identify age stages: mergaitė (seventeen women and ten men), mergina (two women and two men), and moteris (one woman and seven men). The association field also includes reflections of family relationships: mama (ten women and thirteen men), sesuo (fifteen women and eight men), sesė (two women and five men), dukra (eight women and seven men), anūkė (two women and one man), and močiutė (six women); the responses pamotė and teta were each given by two men.

The stimulus sūnus elicited more paradigmatic responses: two women responded with the word vaikai, while one man each responded with mano vaikas and mažas vaikas; one man each gave the responses mylimas vaikas, tėvų vaikas and vyriškos lyties vaikas. The words atžala (four women and six men responded), palikuonis (one woman and two men), paveldėtojas (one woman), and ateitis, *tesėjas šeimos, žmogaus pratęsimas have almost the same meaning but are generally used in less formal styles (one man gave each response). Two women gave the response pirmagimis. Five men repeated the stimulus sūnus in their responses.

Responses to the stimulus sūnus associated with gender differ in their links to various age stages: kūdikis (given by one man), berniukas (seven women and four men), mažas berniukas (one man), pacaniukas (one man), vaikinas (one woman and one man), and vyras (four women and four men). These responses do not imply

SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ. Žodinės asociacijos kaip informacijos apie konceptą šaltinis (remiantis žodžių dukra ir sūnus asociacijų laukais)

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a blood-kinship relationship. The feature of blood kinship motivated the associates giminaitis (two women), giminė (one woman and one man), and anūkas (one man).

Sūnų and broliu (responses from seventeen women and eight men) are linked by their male gender and by a description that invokes their relationship with their parents. Notably, the response tėvas (five women and seventeen men) was given much more often than mama (two women and three men); one woman each responded tėtės and tėvo. Two women responded with the word tėvai. The response sesuo (given by one woman and three men) is somewhat more distant from sūnaus. Sūnus is also perceived as a būsimas tėvas (one man's response).

The one-off responses šeimos narys and šeimos narė are related to the word dukra through part-whole relations; the analogous response to the word sūnus is the word šeima (given by ten women and four men).

It can be summarized that the respondents’ syntagmatic and paradigmatic responses reveal many fragments of individual experience, as one-off responses are abundant. These are more characteristic of men in the association field for the word sūnus. The association field for the word dukra also contains many one-off responses, but they are distributed evenly between the responses of respondents of both genders.

2.4. Non-systematic responses

Some of the responses cannot be discussed by invoking the syntagmatic or paradigmatic relations of the words daughter and son; that is, it is not appropriate to view them from the standpoint of the language system and the relations connecting its elements. Responses of this kind are the most informative in terms of content, because they not only repeat the information captured by paradigmatic or syntagmatic responses, but also reveal more about the particularities of how reality is perceived.

The respondents’ answers provide a detailed reflection of the emotional experiences and states associated with a daughter and a son.

A daughter evokes the most positive emotions. Having a daughter is perceived as joy (one woman and five men responded this way), bliss (one man), an honor (one woman), or a miracle (one woman). To have a daughter is to feel love (the responses of two women and four men). One man reacted to this stimulus with the word *numiletine. A daughter is associated with tenderness (the responses of three men) and wealth (the responses of three women and one man). Based on the responses, it can be argued that men mentioned more positively charged emotion words.

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Emotion words are also found in the association field of the word son. The most frequent response of this type is the word joy (six women and eleven men responded this way). A review of all the responses in this group makes it clear that, here too, more positive emotions are characteristic of men: love (four men responded), pride (one woman and three men responded), to be proud (one man responded), happiness (one woman and one man responded); the responses honor, good, goodness, bliss, a value were each given by one man. The association field of the word son contains no negatively evaluated emotion words.

In respondents’ answers, the word daughter is also associated with fear and sadness (one man gave each of these responses). To have a daughter is to have a worry (two women and three men responded), troubles (two men), and problems (one man).

Other descriptions of a daughter correlate with the information about her captured by syntagmatic responses, although there is no complete overlap. Examples of positive evaluation are abundant. On the one hand, a daughter is a support (as one woman described her), a hard worker (one man’s description), a beauty (five men responded this way), a helper (two men), a comfort (two women), a wonderful girl (one woman and one man responded), and a dancer (one woman). On the other hand, a daughter is said to be a mischievous girl (one woman responded), a wayward girl (one man responded), a promiscuous woman (one man and one woman), a show-off, *a giggler (one man each responded), and a lazy girl (one woman responded).

A man, and therefore a son, is someone who would defend against an enemy if necessary: one woman gave the response defender, and one man gave to defend oneself. In peaceful everyday life, a son is a helper (one woman’s response), an assistant, help (one man gave each response).

Descriptions of a daughter draw on stereotypes concerning women’s appearance, clothing, and lifestyle. The main attribute of appearance is hair—usually long; among hair colors, only blond is mentioned. This perception is revealed by the responses blonde (one man responded), braids (five men), a braid (three women and one man), little braids (one woman), with braids (one woman), hair ribbons (one woman), and hair (one woman and one man). Respondents mentioned traditional items of women’s clothing: a skirt (one woman responded) and a dress (two women and four men). Among the responses are the names of two occupations that, judging by language users’ responses, may be characteristic of women: one woman mentioned a fashion model, and one man a female scientist. A toy commonly associated with girls was also mentioned—a doll (one woman and two men responded this way). One woman’s response, rue, may be associated with the symbolism of love and eroticism attributed to this garden plant—

SILVIJA PAPaurĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ. Žodinės asociacijos kaip informacijos apie konceptą šaltinis (remiantis žodžių dukra ir sūnus asociacijų laukais)

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bolika (Šeškauskaitė 2000: 49–51), su ta pačia tema koreliuoja atsakymas nekaltybė (taip atsakė vienas vyras).

Several responses to the word son are material attributes of a male person shaped by stereotypes: football (one man's response), car (responses by two men), kel<span>nės</span>, shorts (one response each by two men), car (one woman's response). The response oak (given by two men) symbolizes physical strength traditionally attributed to men⁷; one woman's response, *light blue, alludes to the entrenched view that masculine colors are light blue and blue. The association field tends not to specify particular occupations typical of a son—only one woman's response, musician, can be mentioned.

The association field for the word son also contains well-known precedent texts. Precedent texts are texts that are important and recognizable within a culture and which, when used in another text, also bring with them additional meanings and their own semantic weight. A precedent text performs its function only when it is recognized. Every cultural community has its own corpus of precedent texts, in which one can distinguish texts inspired by world culture and texts known only to members of a particular culture (Paurėlytė 2007). Precedent texts may differ between generations.

Among the associations for the word son, two responses are clearly precedent texts associated with world culture: nineteen respondents (nine women and ten men) gave the response prodigal, while two women responded to the stimulus son with the word wayward. Both responses are associated with the parable of the prodigal son described in the New Testament: the younger son, having squandered his father's wealth on amusements and false friends, returns home completely destitute and wretched. His father not only welcomes him back but also orders a great feast to celebrate his return, thereby angering the elder son, who had always lived peacefully at home with his father and worked diligently for him. The story of the prodigal son has been recorded in the works of many European artists. This allegory reveals religious and ethical dilemmas. Rasa Valujavičienė (2016: 16–24) discussed its spread in Western Europe and the particular features of its narrative representation. It can be argued that the responses prodigal, wayward point not only to a text, but also encompass aspects of the content of the concept SON that are not recorded in language.

The responses third (written by one woman) and ninth (given by one man) can be associated with national culture. These may allude to Lithuanian

⁷ It should be noted that such an association in another linguistic community, for example among Slavic-language speakers, may carry a very different semantic weight.

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folk tales that mention the nine brothers (that is, nine sons) or the third brother (son), who continually undergoes trials but ultimately becomes the victor in the situation described in the tale.

The associations aspen (given by one woman) and fir (given by one man) for the word daughter can be linked to precedent texts through possible allusions to the fairy tale “Eglė the Queen of Serpents.”

CONCLUSIONS

Having reviewed the association fields of the words daughter and son and assessed the number and types of associates and their interrelationships, we can summarize the information associated with the concepts DAUGHTER and SON.

As expected, the content of the concepts under discussion is more oriented toward static information, stating what a daughter and a son are like, although there is also a tendency to record changes: different age periods are mentioned, and activities are alluded to.

The most important characteristic of daughter and son is that they are family members, the children of parents. Although responses refer to different age periods, younger ages are emphasized most often: the younger a person is, the more appropriate it is to call them a child (based on the results of the association experiment, this is especially worth noting with regard to sons). Language users’ consciousness records that a daughter and a son occupy one of the positions in the same paradigm alongside parents and other children in the family (and thus alongside each other).

For Lithuanian speakers, a daughter is most often a person of attractive appearance (usually long-haired) and impeccable morals, although there are also responses that include essentially opposite characteristics (but these are few). The roles attributed to a daughter are to comfort, care for, and help. Based on the results of the association experiment, the possibility of a daughter being an active agent or decision-maker is not envisaged.

The responses mention typical traits associated with a son in terms of appearance and his relationship with the world and himself. Positively evaluated stereotypes predominate. A son is handsome, strong, and blond. He has a positive attitude toward reality and is intelligent, curious, cheerful, diligent, hardworking, and honest. The responses mention only a few characteristics that are evaluated negatively.

The results of the association experiment reveal the emotions associated with a son that are recorded in language users’ consciousness, while the importance of the concept SON is also confirmed by the well-known precedent text mentioned among the responses.

SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ. Žodinės asociacijos kaip informacijos apie konceptą šaltinis (remiantis žodžių dukra ir sūnus asociacijų laukais)

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To sum up all the information associated with the concepts DUKRA and SŪNUS, it can be concluded that the association fields of both words primarily capture an aspiration—the ideal images and the emotions associated with them. Analysis of a wider range of linguistic material could reveal the content of the concepts in greater detail.

ŠALTINIAI

AŽ – Antonimų žodynas, I. Erm〈?〉antytė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2003.

BLKŽ – Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, vyr. red. D. Liutkevičienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2013–2023. Prieiga internete: https://ekalba.lt/bendrinės-lietuviu-kalbos-zodynas. DOI: doi.org/10.35321/blkz.

LKŽ_e – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, 1–20 (1941–2002), red. kolegija G. Naktinienė, J. Paulauskas, R. Petrokienė, V. Vitkauskas, J. Zabarskaitė, vyr. red. G. Naktinienė, e. variantas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2008 (atnaujinta versija, 2018). Prieiga internete: https://ekalba.lt/lietuviu-kalbos-zodynas.

SŽ – Sinonimų žodynas, A. Lyberis, 2-asis patais. leid., Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2002.

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Aleksaitė Agnė 2018: Meilės konceptas ir jo sinonimai lietuvių kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje. – Bendrinė kalba 91. Prieiga internete: https://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba/article/view/80.

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Daukšytė Janina 2009: Septynmečių ir keturiolikmečių mokinių žodinės asociacijos. – Ugdymo psichologija 20, 7–15.

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Papaurelytė-Klovienė Silvija 2004: Liūdesio konceptas lietuvių ir rusų kalbose: daktaro disertacija, Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas.

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P a p a u r ė l y t ė - K l o v i e n ė S i l v i j a 2007: Kai kurie lingvistinės kultūrologijos bruožai: studijų knyga, Šiauliai: Šiaulių universiteto leidykla.

P a p a u r ė l y t ė - K l o v i e n ė S i l v i j a 2011: Žodžio medis asociacijų laukas lietuvių kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje. – Acta humanitarica universitatis Saulensis 13, 405–416.

P a p a u r ė l y t ė - K l o v i e n ė S i l v i j a 2012: Žodžio žodis asociacijų laukas lietuvių kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje. – Žmogus ir žodis 1, 103–109.

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S m e t o n i e n ė I r e n a, S m e t o n a M a r i u s, R u t k o v s k a K r i s t i n a 2019: Kalba. Tauta. Valstybė, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla.

S a b a l i a u s k a s A l g i r d a s 1990: Lietuvių kalbos leksika, Vilnius: Mokslas.

S a k a l a u s k i e n ė V i l i j a 2021: Žmogaus vaizdinys lietuvių tarmių leksikografiniuose šaltiniuose: etnolingvistinis ir semantinis aspektas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://lki.lt/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/sakalauskiene.pdf.

S m e t o n i e n ė I r e n a, S m e t o n a M a r i u s, R u t k o v s k a K r i s t i n a 2021: Žemė. Duona. Motina, Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas.

S t e p o n a v i č i e n ė S i m o n a 1986: Lietuvių kalbos žodinių asociacijų žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslas.

Š e š k a u s k a i t ė D a i v a 2000: Rūtos vaizdinys sutartinėse. – Liaudies kultūra 5, 49–51.

V a i č i u l y t ė - S e m ė n i e n ė L o r e t a, V e s l a v a Č i ž i k - P r o k a š e v a, A u r e l i j a G r i t ė n i e n ė, D a n u t ė L i u t k e v i č i e n ė, A n ž e l i k a G a i d i e n ė 2022: Lietuvio kaimynai: draugai ar priešai? Kalbinė vaizdinių analizė: kolektyvinė monografija, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.

V a l u j a v i č i e n ė R a s a 2016: Sūnaus palaidūno tema XVI–XVII a. Vakarų Europos dailėje. – Technologijos ir menas: tyrimai ir aktualijos 7, 16–24.

V a n a g a i t ė E g l ė, D a u k š y t ė J a n i n a 2014: Vaikų ir paauglių, augančių vaikų globos ir pilnose šeimose, žodinės asociacijos. – Ugdymo psichologija 25, 18–3.

V i l k a i t ė - L o d z i e n ė L a u r a 2019: Pirmieji žingsniai kuriant lietuviškų žodžių asociacijų duomenų bazę. – Taikomoji kalbotyra 12, 226–258.

Gauta 2024-01-08

Priimta 2024-02-18

S I L V I J A P A P A U R Ė L Y T Ė - K L O V I E N Ė. Žodinės asociacijos kaip informacijos apie konceptą šaltinis (remiantis žodžių dukra ir sūnus asociacijų laukais)

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SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ

VERBAL ASSOCIATIONS AS A SOURCE OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE CONCEPT (BASED ON THE ASSOCIATION FIELDS OF THE WORDS DAUGHTER AND SON)

Summary

The article aims to analyse respondents’ reactions to the stimuli daughter and son and to discuss the association fields of both words as sources of information about the concepts DAUGHTER and SON.

During the research presented in the article, almost 600 students from Vilnius and Šiauliai were interviewed 268 women and 327 men aged 19 to 30. They were presented with a list of 100 words-stimuli that included the words daughter and son, among other lexical items.

In Lithuanian linguistics, word associations have been studied fragmentarily so far. The novelty of the research presented in this article is that for the first time in Lithuanian linguistics, the association fields of the words daughter and son are presented and analysed in different aspects, and the results of the analysis are linked to the content of the concepts DAUGHTER and SON. The appendices of the article provide association fields for the words daughter and son.

The greatest advantage of the information obtained through the experiment of free associations is its maximum direct connection with the content of human consciousness. Since associations is directly obtained information about what the object named by the stimulus word is associated within the minds of language users, it can be said that associations are also a direct source of information about the content of the concept.

With the aim of revealing part of the content of the concept based on the results of the association experiment, it is necessary to take into consideration the type of the concept itself, which depends on the nature of the reality object associated with the concept. The concepts DAUGHTER and SON could be described as static. Admittedly, it is impossible to make it absolute because a daughter and a son are individuals who are characterized by intellectual activity, emotions, and relationships with other members of society. Consequently, concepts should include a gamut of certain characteristics, in other words, answer the question of who is a daughter (son), what gender is a person, what age is she/he, how is she/he related to other persons, what is the typical appearance of a daughter (son), what a daughter (son) usually deals with, how a daughter (son) is evaluated, what expectations are raised for them, etc.

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After analysing the content of the association fields of the words daughter and son, the information associated with the concepts DAUGHTER and SON in the worldview of the Lithuanian language has been summarized.

Based on the abundance of relevant reactions, it has been established that the most important characteristic of a daughter and a son is being family members and parents’ children. Although the names of different age stages have been mentioned in the answers, the younger age has most often been mentioned: the younger a person is, the more suitable the word child is to describe him/her (this is especially true when talking about a son). In the consciousness of language users, daughter and son occupy one of the positions in the same paradigm as parents and other children of the family (therefore, also with each other).

For Lithuanian-speaking people, a daughter is usually a person with a beautiful appearance (long hair is usually mentioned) and impeccable morals, although there are also rare reactions that include the opposite characteristics. According to the results of the association experiment, the daughter is a caring comforter and helper, but she is not expected to be an active actor or decision-maker.

Typical features of appearance, relationship with the world and oneself are also associated with the son. Positive descriptions dominate: the son is handsome, strong and fair-haired. He is positive about reality, intelligent, curious, cheerful, diligent, hardworking and honest. Only a few negative characteristics have been mentioned in the answers.

The results of the association experiment reveal the emotions associated with the daughter and son fixed in the minds of language users, and the differences between the two concepts have also been confirmed by the precedent texts mentioned among the answers to the stimulus son, i.e., the texts that are important and recognizable for some culture, which, when used in another text, bring with them additional meanings and its semantic load.

Summarizing all the information related to the concepts DAUGHTER and SON, it can be concluded that the fields of associations of both words primarily fix aspiration – ideal images and related emotions. The analysis of various linguistic materials could reveal the content of the concepts in more detail.

KEYWORDS: associations, daughter, the worldview of language, concept, the experiment of free associations, precedent texts, son.

SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ

Lietuvių kalbos institutas

Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius

[email protected]

SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ. Žodinės asociacijos kaip informacijos apie konceptą šaltinis (remiantis žodžių dukra ir sūnus asociacijų laukais) 27

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ŽODINĖS ASOCIACIJOS KAIP INFORMACIJOS APIE KONCEPTĄ ŠALTINIS (REMIANTIS ŽODŽIŲ DUKRA IR SŪNUS ASOCIACIJŲ LAUKAIS)

Santrauka

Straipsnio tikslas – išanalizuoti respondentų reakcijas į stimulus dukra ir sūnus, aptarti abiejų žodžių asociacijų laukus kaip informacijos apie konceptus DUKRA ir SŪNUS šaltinius. Atliekant straipsnyje pristatomą tyrimą buvo apklausta beveik 600 Vilniaus ir Šiaulių studentų – 268 moterys ir 327 vyrai nuo 19 iki 30 metų. Jiems buvo pateiktas 100 žodžių-stimulų sąrašas, kuriame, be kitų leksinių vienetų, buvo ir žodžiai dukra bei sūnus. Lietuvių kalbotyroje žodinės asociacijos kol kas tirtos fragmentiškai. Šiame straipsnyje pristatomas tyrimas yra naujas tuo, kad pirmą kartą pateikiamos ir skirtingais aspektais analizuojamos žodžių dukra ir sūnus žodinės asociacijos, o analizės rezultatai susiejami su konceptų DUKRA ir SŪNUS turiniu. Straipsnio priede pateikiami žodžių dukra ir sūnus asociacijų laukai.

Didžiausias laisvųjų asociacijų eksperimento būdu gautos informacijos privatumas – jos maksimaliai tiesioginis ryšys su žmogaus sąmonės turiniu. Kadangi asociacijos yra tiesiogiai gauta informacija apie tai, su kuo kalbos vartotojų sąmonėje siejamas žodžiu-stimulu pavadintas objektas, galima teigti, kad asociacijos yra ir tiesioginis informacijos apie koncepto turinį šaltinis. Turint tikslą atskleisti dalį koncepto turinio remiantis asociacijų eksperimento rezultatais būtina atsižvelgti ir į paties koncepto tipą, kuris priklauso nuo tikrovės objekto, siejamo su konceptu, pobūdžio. DUKROS ir SŪNAUS konceptai labiau galėtų būti apibūdinti kaip statiški. Žinoma, suabsoliutinti to neįmanoma, nes dukra ir sūnus yra asmenys, kuriems būdinga intelektinė veikla, emocijos, santykis su kitais visuomenės nariais. Vadinasi, konceptai turėtų apimti tam tikrų požymių visumą, kitaip tariant, atsakyti į klausimą, kas yra dukra (sūnus), kurios lyties tai žmogus, kokio amžiaus, kaip jis susijęs su kitais asmenimis, kokia tipiška dukros (sūnaus) išvaizda, kuo dukra (sūnus) dažniausiai užsiima, kaip dukra (sūnus) yra vertinami, kokie lūkesčiai jiems keliami etc.

Išanalizavus žodžių dukra ir sūnus asociacijų laukų turinį, buvo apibendrinta su konceptais DUKRA ir SŪNUS lietuvių kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje siejama informacija.

Remiantis atitinkamų reakcijų gausa konstatuota, kad svarbiausias dukros ir sūnaus požymis – buvimas šeimos nariais, tėvų vaikais. Nors atsakymuose minimi skirtingų amžiaus tarpsnių įvardijimai, vis dėlto dažniausiai minimas jaunesnis amžius – kuo žmogus jaunesnis, tuo labiau jam apibūdinti tinka žodis vaikas (ypač

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tai minėtina kalbant apie sūnų). Kalbos vartotojų sąmonėje dukra ir sūnus užima vieną iš pozicijų toje pačioje paradigmoje kartu su tėvais ir kitais šeimos vaikais (vadinasi, ir vienas su kitu).

Lietuviškai kalbantiems žmonėms dukra dažniausiai yra dailios išvaizdos (paprastai minimi ilgi plaukai) ir nepriekaištingos moralės žmogus, esama ir negausių priešingas charakteristikas apimančių reakcijų. Remiantis asociacijų eksperimento rezultatais, dukra yra rūpestinga globėja ir padėjėja, bet jai nenumatoma galimybė būti aktyvia veikėja ar sprendėja.

Su sūnumi taip pat siejami tipiški išvaizdos, santykio su pasauliu ir savimi bruožai. Dominuoja teigiamai vertinami apibūdinimai: sūnus yra gražus ir tvirtas šviesiaplaukis. Jis pozityviai nusiteikęs tikrovės atžvilgiu, protingas, smalsus, linksmas, stropus, darbštus ir sąžiningas. Atsakymuose paminėtos vos kelios neigiamai vertintinos charakteristikos.

Asociacijų eksperimento rezultatai atskleidžia kalbos vartotojų sąmonėje užfiksuotas su dukra ir sūnumi siejamas emocijas, o abiejų konceptų skirtumus patvirtina ir tarp atsakymų į stimulą sūnus minimas populiarus precedentinis tekstas, priskiriamas prie svarbių ir atpažįstamų tekstų, kurie, panaudoti kitame tekste, kartu atsineša ir papildomų reikšmių, savo prasminį krūvį.

Apibendrinant visą su konceptais DUKRA ir SŪNUS siejamą informaciją galima daryti išvadą, kad abiejų žodžių asociacijų laukai pirmiausia fiksuoja siekiamybę – idealiuosius vaizdinius ir su tuo susijusias emocijas. Išsamiau konceptų turinį atskleisti galėtų įvairesnės kalbinės medžiagos analizė.

ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: asociacijos, dukra, kalbos pasaulėvaizdis, konceptas, laisvųjų asociacijų eksperimentas, precedent iniai tekstai, sūnus.

PRIEDAS: ASOCIACIJŲ LAUKAI

Atsakymai surašyti mažėjimo tvarka. Šalia reakcijos pateiktas skaičius parodo, kiek asmenų taip atsakė į stimulą, pirmasis skaičius skliaustuose atskleidžia, kiek moterų pateikė tokią reakciją, antrasis žymi taip atsakiusius vyrus. Po sąrašo pateikti skaičiai suteikia tokią informaciją: pirmasis skaičius nurodo, kiek iš viso reakcijų sulaukė šis stimulas, antrasis – kiek yra skirtingų reakcijų, trečiasis – kiek kartų informantai nepateikė jokios reakcijos; ketvirtasis skaičius yra tik po vieną kartą užfiksuotų reakcijų visuma. Atsakymų kalba netaisyta.

SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ. Žodinės asociacijos kaip informacijos apie konceptą šaltinis (remiantis žodžių dukra ir sūnus asociacijų laukais)

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Žodžio dukra asociacijų laukas

Vaikas 36 (14; 22); sūnus 39 (23; 16); mergaitė 27 (17; 10); graži 24 (5; 19); mama 23 (10; 13); sesuo 23 (15; 8); gera 18 (5; 13); dukra 15 (8; 7); maža 15 (11; 4); šeima 11 (6; 5); jokio atsakymo 9 (1; 8); atžala 9 (4; 5); jauna 8 (5; 3); moteris 8 (1; 7); mylima 7 (4; 3); sesė 7 (2; 5); draugė 6 (3; 3); džiaugsmas 6 (1; 5); meilė 6 (2; 4); miela 6 (4; 2); močiutė 6 (6; 0); suknelė 6 (2; 4); gražuolė 5 (0; 5); ilgakasė 5 (4; 1); kasos 5 (0; 5); rūpestis 5 (2; 3); ateitis 4 (1; 3); kasa 4 (3; 1); laimė 4 (1; 3); mergina 4 (2; 2); turtas 4 (3; 1); didelė 3 (2; 1); grožis 3 (3; 0); lėlė 3 (1; 2); mano 3 (2; 1); motinos 3 (1; 2); neturiu 3 (0; 3); švelnumas 3 (3; 0); anūkė 2 (1; 1); artima 2 (2; 0); atsakinga 2 (2; 0); atsakomybė 2 (2; 0); bėda 2 (0; 2); brolis 2 (0; 2); aukšta 2 (2; 0); darbšti 2 (1; 1); duktė 2 (0; 2); geltonkasė 2 (1; 1); gerai 2 (0; 2); išdykus 2 (2; 0); jaunystė 2 (1; 1); mažylė 2 (1; 1); mokosi 2 (1; 1); nežinau 2 (0; 2); nuoširdi 2 (2; 0); plaukai 2 (1; 1); padėjėja 2 (0; 2); pagalbininkė 2 (2; 0); paguoda 2 (2; 0); paklusni 2 (0; 2); paleistuvė 2 (1; 1); palikuonis 2 (1; 1); pamotė 2 (0; 2); pasaka 2 (2; 0); priežiūra 2 (0; 2); rami 2 (2; 0); teta 2 (0; 2); stropi 2 (1; 1); šaunuolė 2 (1; 1); vestuvės 2 (0; 2); vienintelė 2 (1; 1); ašara 1 (0; 1); audra 1 (0; 1); auga 1 (0; 1); ateitis 1 (1; 0); atrama 1 (1; 0); babytė 1 (1; 0); bailė 1 (1; 0); baimė 1 (0; 1); baisu 1 (0; 1); basa 1 (0; 1); batai 1 (0; 1); blondinė 1 (0; 1); brangiausia 1 (0; 1); brangu 1 (0; 1); brolio dukra 1 (0; 1); bus 1 (0; 1); būsima mama 1 (0; 1); Danutė 1 (0; 1); darbštumas 1 (1; 0); darbštuolė 1 (0; 1); daug kainuos 1 (0; 1); dora 1 (1; 0); drausmė 1 (0; 1); drausminga 1 (0; 1); drebulė 1 (1; 0); dvi supintos kasos 1 (0; 1); džiaugtis 1 (1; 0); eglė 1 (0; 1); fėja 1 (0; 1); *garbanuota 1 (0; 1); garbė 1 (1; 0); gatvė 1 (0; 1); gėlė 1 (0; 1); gerumas 1 (0; 1); geris 1 (0; 1); giminaitis 1 (1; 0); gimė 1 (0; 1); giminė 1 (0; 1); gyva 1 (0; 1); gyvenimas 1 (0; 1); gležnumas 1 (0; 1); gražioji 1 (0; 1); įsidukrino 1 (0; 1); išdidi 1 (1; 0); išleisti 1 (0; 1); išlepinta 1 (0; 1); įvaikinta 1 (0; 1); jautri 1 (1; 0); kaimyno 1 (0; 1); karas 1 (0; 1); kasytės 1 (1; 0); kaspinai 1 (1; 0); katė 1 (0; 1); kėdė 1 (0; 1); kepu 1 (0; 1); klusni 1 (1; 0); kukli 1 (0; 1); laiminga 1 (1; 0); laukimas 1 (0; 1); liūdesys 1 (0; 1); lietuviškai 1 (1; 0); lūpa 1 (0; 1); malonu 1 (0; 1); mamos 1 (0; 1); mamos pagalbininkė 1 (1; 0); manekenė 1 (1; 0); mano mergaitė 1 (0; 1); mano sesuo 1 (0; 1); mažutė 1 (0; 1); mylimas 1 (0; 1); mylimas vaikas 1 (0; 1); mylinti 1 (1; 0); mokslininkė 1 (0; 1); mokslukė 1 (1; 0); moters 1 (1; 0); mot. lyties vaikas 1 (0; 1); naktis 1 (0; 1); negraži 1 (0; 1); nekaltybė 1 (0; 1); nelaikas 1 (0; 1); nelaimė 1 (0; 1); ne mano 1 (0; 1); nenoriu 1 (0; 1); nepaklusni 1 (1; 0); nepasitikėjimas 1 (0; 1); Neringa 1 (0; 1); neturėsiu 1 (0; 1); neturiu ir nežinau 1 (0; 1); norėčiau 1 (0; 1); noriu 1 (1; 0); *numiletine 1 (0; 1); nuotaka 1 (1; 0); padauža 1 (1; 0); padeda 1 (1; 0); pagalba 1 (1; 0); paguoda 1 (0; 1); palaidūnė 1 (0; 1); palaima 1 (0; 1); pamaina 1 (0; 1); pasakos 1 (0; 1); pasitikėjimas 1 (1; 0); paslauga 1 (1; 0); paslaug(i 1 (0; 1); patikimas 1 (1; 0); pelė 1 (1; 0); *pijokė 1 (0; 1); pinigai 1 (0; 1); podukra 1 (0; 1); poreikiai 1 (0; 1); pratęsimas 1 (1; 0); protinga 1 (0; 1); problemos 1 (0; 1); puiki 1 (0; 1); ruošą 1 (1; 0); rūpestinga 1 (0; 1); rūtos 1 (1; 0); saugoti 1 (0; 1); sąsiuvinis 1 (0; 1); sava 1 (1; 0); savarankiška 1 (1; 0); savastis 1 (1; 0); sena 1 (0;

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BENDRINĖ KALBA | 97

1); sijonas 1 (1; 0); smagi 1 (1; 0); smagu 1 (1; 0); smalsi 1 (1; 0); stebuklas 1 (1; 0); su kasomis 1 (1; 0); svarbi 1 (0; 1); supratingumas 1 (0; 1); svarbumas 1 (0; 1); šeimos narė 1 (0; 1); šeimos narys 1 (1; 0); šilta 1 (1; 0); šiluma 1 (1; 0); šypsena 1 (1; 0); šokėja 1 (1; 0); švelni 1 (1; 0); švelnioji pusė 1 (0; 1); tėtis 1 (1; 0); tėvų vaikas (0; 1), tikra 1 (0; 1); tinginė 1 (1; 0); tyrumas 1 (1; 0); trapumas 1 (0; 1); tvarka 1 (1; 0); tvarkinga 1 (1; 0); tvirtovė 1 (1; 0); užaugusi 1 (0; 1); užuojauta 1 (0; 1); varlė 1 (0; 1); vejavaikiška 1 (1; 0); vertybė 1 (0; 1); vienturtė 1 (1; 0); visad mylima 1 (0; 1); viskas 1 (0; 1); vyšnia 1 (1; 0); Vita 1 (1; 0); žavinga 1 (0; 1); žentas 1 (0; 1); žmogaus pratęsimas 1 (0; 1).

(595; 226; 9; 155)

Žodžio sūnus asociacijų laukas

Vaikas 80 (45; 35); dukra 64 (34; 30); brolis 25 (17; 8); tėvas 24 (7; 17); geras 19 (10; 9); mažas 19 (10; 9); palaidūnas 19 (9; 10); džiaugsmas 17 (6; 11); šeima 14 (10; 4); berniukas 11 (7; 4); aš 10 (0; 10); atžala 10 (4; 6); vyras 8 (4; 4); ateitis 7 (3; 4); atsakomybė 6 (3; 3); jaunas 6 (3; 3); mylimas 6 (3; 3); neturiu 6 (2; 4); artimas 5 (3; 2); brangus 5 (3; 2); mama 5 (2; 3); sūnus 5 (0; 5); išdykęs 4 (3; 1); meilė 4 (0; 4); pasididžiavimas 4 (1; 3); sesuo 4 (1; 3); aukštas 3 (1; 2); blogas 3 (1; 2); draugas 3 (1; 2); dukte 3 (3; 0); mano 3 (0; 3); paklusnus 3 (0; 3); palikuonis 3 (1; 2); pavyzdys 3 (0; 3); problemos 3 (2; 1); rūpestis 3 (2; 1); turtas 3 (3; 0); automobilis 2 (0; 2); ąžuolas 2 (0; 2); darbštus 2 (1; 1); didelis 2 (2; 0); drausmė 2 (0; 2); giminaitis 2 (2; 0); giminė 2 (1; 1); laimė 2 (1; 1); linksmas 2 (1; 1); mokykla 2 (0; 2); mokosi 2 (1; 1); neklaužada 2 (0; 2); nėra 2 (1; 1); nežinau 2 (1; 1); paklydėlis 2 (2; 0); pirmagimis 2 (2; 0); protingas 2 (2; 0); ramstis 2 (1; 1); savas 2 (1; 1); spartus 2 (0; 2); stropus 2 (1; 1); šaunus 2 (1; 1); švelnus 2 (2; 0); tėvai 2 (2; 0); vaikai 2 (0; 2); vaikinas 2 (1; 1); vienas 2 (0; 2); vienintelis 2 (1; 1); Adrijus 1 (0; 1); anūkas 1 (0; 1); auga 1 (0; 1); auklėjamas 1 (1; 0); bėda 1 (0; 1); brolio 1 (0; 1); būsim as tėvas 1 (0; 1); bute 1 (0; 1); devintas 1 (0; 1); didvyris 1 (0; 1); didžiulis 1 (1; 0); didžiuotis 1 (0; 1); drąsa 1 (0; 1); drąsus 1 (1; 0); džentelmenas 1 (1; 0); futbolas 1 (0; 1); garbė 1 (0; 1); gėjus 1 (0; 1); gerai 1 (0; 1); geras 1 (0; 1); geria 1 (0; 1); gerutis sūnelis 1 (1; 0); gėlė 1 (0; 1); gėris 1 (0; 1); gynėjas 1 (1; 0); gintis 1 (0; 1); gyvas 1 (0; 1); gyvenimas 1 (0; 1); graži 1 (1; 0); gražus 1 (1; 0); gudrus 1 (0; 1); išdaigos 1 (1; 0); išdidus 1 (1; 0); ištvermingas 1 (1; 0); įvaikintas 1 (0; 1); jaunesnis 1 (1; 0); kada nors 1 (1; 0); kaimynas 1 (0; 1); kažkoks vaikinas 1 (1; 0); kelnės 1 (0; 1); klausantis tėvo 1 (0; 1); kūdikis 1 (0; 1); laukimas 1 (0; 1); laiptai 1 (0; 1); linksmas 1 (0; 1); mano draugas 1 (0; 1); mano vaikas 1 (0; 1); Martynas 1 (0; 1); mašina 1 (1; 0); mažametis 1 (0; 1); mažas berniukas 1 (0; 1); mažas vaikas 1 (0; 1); mielas 1 (0; 1); mylimas vaikas 1 (0; 1); miršta 1 (0; 1); mokinys 1 (0; 1); muzikantas 1 (1; 0); neklusnus 1 (1; 0); nelaikas 1 (0; 1); nenaudėlis 1 (0; 1); nepaklusnus 1 (1; 0); *nenuoru 1 (0; 1); nenusakomas 1 (0; 1); netyčinis 1 (0; 1); numylėtas 1 (0; 1); oi ne 1 (0; 1); ožys 1 (0; 1); pabėgo 1 (1; 0); pacaniukas 1 (0; 1); padėjėjas 1 (1; 0);

SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ. Žodinės asociacijos kaip informacijos apie konceptą šaltinis (remiantis žodžių dukra ir sūnus asociacijų laukais)

31

pagalba 1 (0; 1); pagalbininkas 1 (0; 1); palaima 1 (0; 1); pareigos 1 (0; 1); pasileidęs 1 (1; 0); patrakėlis 1 (1; 0), partizanai 1 (0; 1); pasaka 1 (0; 1); pasiklydęs žmogus 1 (0; 1); pastangos 1 (0; 1); paveldėtojas 1 (0; 1); pavyzdingas 1 (1; 0); perspektyva 1 (0; 1); *pijokas 1 (0; 1); piktas 1 (1; 0); pinigai 1 (0; 1); rimtas 1 (1; 0); rūpesčiai 1 (0; 1); santuoka 1 (0; 1); savo 1 (1; 0); sąžiningas 1 (1; 0); sesė 1 (0; 1); siena 1 (1; 0); smalsus 1 (1; 0); stebuklas 1 (0; 1); stiprybė 1 (0; 1); suaugęs 1 (0; 1); sūnenas 1 (0; 1); svajonė 1 (0; 1); svarbus 1 (0; 1); sunkumai 1 (1; 0); šaunuolis 1 (0; 1); širdies plakimas 1 (1; 0); šortai 1 (0; 1); šviesiaplaukis 1 (0; 1); tėčio 1 (1; 0); *tesėjas šeimos 1 (0; 1); tėtės 1 (1; 0); tėvystė 1 (0; 1); tėvo 1 (1; 0); tėvuks 1 (0; 1); tėvų vaikas 1 (0; 1); Tomas 1 (1; 0); tvirtas 1 (0; 1); trapu 1 (1; 0); trečias 1 (1; 0); vaikystė 1 (0; 1); vėjav aikis 1 (1; 0); verkimas 1 (0; 1); vertybė 1 (0; 1); vienturtis 1 (0; 1); viltis 1 (0; 1); vyriškos lyties vaikas 1 (0; 1); žmogaus pratesimas 1 (0; 1); vyresnysis 1 (1; 0); vyriškas 1 (1; 0); *židra spalva 1 (1; 0); žmogus 1 (1; 0).

(595; 193; 0; 128)

SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ

Lietuvių kalbos institutas

Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius

[email protected]

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