Žodinės asociacijos kaip informacijos apie konceptą šaltinis (remiantis žodžių DUKRA ir SŪNUS asociacijų laukais)

SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ. Žodinės asociacijos kaip informacijos apie konceptą šaltinis (remiantis žodžių dukra ir sūnus asociacijų laukais) 9 SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas ORCID id: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2538-9502 Research fields: ethnolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, linguistic culturalology, comparative linguistics. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2024.97.01 WORDS ASSOCIATIONS AS INfORMaTIOn APIe kOnCePtą SOURCE (ReMIantIs WORDS daughter AND the son of the association Field) ESmINIAI žOdžIAI: asociacijos, dukra, kalbos pasaulėvaizdis, konceptas, laisvųjų asociacijų eksperimentas, precedentiniai tekstai, sūnus. AnOtaCIja researching the content of concepts due to the undefined boundaries of the research object requires more and more diverse material to reveal the variety of information associated with the concept. The fields of associations of specific lexical units analyzed by the experiment of free associations are also informative in order to reveal at least partially the content of any concept. The article, based on the association fields of the words daughter and son, discusses part of the content of concepts DukRa and sŪnus associated with the Lithuanian language worldview, presents how Lithuanian-speaking people perceive what characteristics are characteristic of daughter and son. aBstRaCt Research on the content of concepts, due to the uncertainty of the boundaries of the researched object, requires to use of more diverse materials in order to reveal the variety of information associated with the concept. Verbal associations are the information about what the object named by the word stimulus is associated with in the minds of language users. Hence, it can be said that associations are also a direct source of information about the content of a concept. this is why the information obtained from the experiment of free associations and the description of the association fields of specific lexical units can help to describe the content of any concept in more detail. 10 General | 97 Based on the association fields of the words daughter and son, the article cusses part of the content of the concepts DauGHteR and sOn associated with the worldview of the Lithuanian language as well as presents how Lithuaniandisspeaking people perceive the characteristics of a daughter and a son. Introduction Conceptual research is one of the most important topics of the work of linguists based on the ideas of anthropocentric science paradigm. Guards. Among the works of the last decade alone, mentionable siekis aprašyti, kaip konkrečia kalba kalbantys žmonės suvokia vienus ar kitus nekalbinės tikrovės subjektus ir objektus, to suvokimo kaitos, jo išraiškos kalbos ir kitomis priemonėmis tyrimai vykdomi ir lietuvių kalbotyare the descriptions prepared by the group of scientists of the concepts of language, nation, State, Mother, Land, Land (smetonienė, smetona, Rutkovska 2019; 2021), the detailed descriptions of the images of FRIEND, country, neighbor, Belarusian (Gudo), Latvian, Polish, Russian, German (Vaičiulytė-semėnienė, ČižikProkaševa, Gritėnienė, Liutkevičienė, Gaidienė 2022), the image of MAN (sakalauskienė 2021), the concept of Love discussed (aleksaitė 2018) etc. In the aforementioned works, the descriptions of concepts are mainly based on various examples of the use of specific words. Another way of describing the content of a concept is the field analysis of associations of words associated with the concept. this article focuses on the associations of the words daughter and son. The aim of this article is to analyze respondents’ reactions to the stimuli daughter and son and to discuss the association fields of both words as sources of information about the concepts Daughter and Son. The choice of the research units was determined by the specific meaning of the words and their belonging to the everyday, non-specialized vocabulary, in addition, the association of the words daughter and son, the concepts Daughter and Son were not studied in Lithuanian linguistics. to achieve the goal, the following tasks were set: to carry out an experiment of free associations and to delete the associations of the words daughter and son from the list of 100 stimuli1; describe the association fields of both words according to the nature of the associations (to distinguish paradigmatic associations from syntactic) and the information they provide1 For more details about the experiment see pp. 12–13. SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ. Žodinės asociacijos kaip informacijos apie konceptą šaltinis (remiantis žodžių dukra ir sūnus asociacijų laukais) 11 the content of the communication; summarize what information about the concepts Daughter and Son is provided by the analysis of the association fields of the words daughter and son. research material – almost 600 words of daughter and son associations, inventoried after the experiment of free associations with students from Šiauliai and Vilnius2. The following methods were used for the implementation of the research tasks: descriptive, conceptual analysis, free association experiment, computation. Relevance of the question Lietuvių kalbotyroje žodinės asociacijos tirtos fragmentiškai. simonos steponavičienės „Lietuvių kalbos žodinių asociacijų žodynas“ parengtas rebased on material collected during the experiment of free associations in 1977-1982. The words daughter and son were not included in the list of stimuli. The associations related to individual lexical units were investigated by Gražina akelaitienė (2007). janina Daukšytė (2004, 2009) examined this topic through the prism of educational psychology (see also her articles with egle Vanagaite (2014) and edita Čaplinskaja (2014). The attitude of Lithuanians and Russians living in Lithuania towards other ethnic groups was studied by Marija Zavjalova and Svetlana Ryžakova (2004), the specifics of Lithuanian Russians’ linguistic consciousness and types of communicational behavior were described by Elena Akimova (2005). The doctoral dissertation of Silvija Papaurėlytė-Klovienė “The concept of sadness in Lithuanian and Russian languages” consists of a description of a research based on the analysis of word associations. The dissertation proves that the conclusions of the study of the concept based on the analysis of verbal associations coincide with those that were obtained by analyzing the samples collected from the texts of contemporary Lithuanian language, fiction. This allows us to say that the analysis of the field of word associations also provides information about the content of the concept called that word (Papaurėlytė-klovienė 2004: 130–138). associations of the words tree, word, village are described separately (Papaurėlytė-klovienė 2011, 2012, 2014). There is no doubt that the study of Lithuanian word associations will be more complete after the active use of the first version of the Lithuanian word associations database, which is freely available on the 2 Žodžių dukra ir sūnus asociacijų laukai pateikti straipsnio priede. 3 šiame straipsnyje nurodoma, kur minėta duomenų bazė yra prieinama. 12 BenDRInė kaLBa | 97 dalyvavo 304 respondentai. Bazę planuojama ilgainiui pildyti naujais stimuInternet. as stated by Laura Vilkaitė-Lodzienė (2019)3, the database contains 277 forms of stimuli (common nouns, verbs and adjectives). Selecting lietuvių kalbotyroje pateikiami ir skirtingais aspektais analizuojami žodžių dukra ir sūnus asociacijų laukai, o analizės rezultatai susiejami su koncepassociations lais. The words daughter and son are not among the stimuli in this database yet. The study presented in this article is new in that it is the first time that those Daughters and Sons content. The findings of the study požiūrį į šeimos narių santykį, lyčių sampratą ir vertybines nuostatas. 1. PeR asOCIaCIjų Lauką – Į kOnCePtO tuRInĮ 1.1. žodinių asociacijų tyrimo prielaidos ir išvadų pagrįstumas teorinės tyrimo nuostatos paremtos kognityvinės lingvistikos, kuri aktuamay be useful to those who are interested in the specifics of the Lithuanian Pristatomam tyrimui aktualių žodžių reikšmės lietuvių kalbos žodynuolanguage worldview, ways of perception of the world and stereotypes recorded in the language, behavioral models that reveal the close relationship between language and cognitive human abilities, ideas. se interpreted with a focus on gender and family ties. In the Lithuanian language dictionary, the word dukra refers to the word duktė. A daughter, according to the same dictionary, is a “female child to her parents” (Lk 1:28). also this dictionary explains the meaning of the word son: "a male child to his parents". The words daughter and daughter are given as synonyms in the Common Lithuanian Language Dictionary (the same approach is followed in the Synonyms Dictionary (sŽ), the definition is the same – “female child to her parents” (BLkŽ). The word sūnus is in the heading of the "General Lithuanian Language Dictionary", information about it is still being collected. The present study focuses on verbal associations. association is a connection between objects that is fixed in consciousness. object of linguistics – verbal associations, which are revealed by the experiment of free associations. In the experiment of free associations, respondents are given a list of words-stimulants and are asked to write the first word, word combination or sentence that comes to mind next to each stimulus without long thinking. the instructions given to the experimental participants must emphasise that all responses are good and that the results of the experiment will only be published in summary form. SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ. Žodinės asociacijos kaip informacijos apie konceptą šaltinis (remiantis žodžių dukra ir sūnus asociacijų laukais) 13 The responses to stimuli are called associates, and the entire list of associates is called the association field. The reaction to a stimulus shows how the language users understand the object or phenomenon named by this word, what properties they assign to it, with what objects of reality, phenomena they associate. It is necessary to mention that in the field of associations is expressed directly or indirectly the evaluation of the object of reality called word-stimulus. The authors of association dictionaries must prepare the list of words-stimulants with particular responsibility, because such a dictionary, due to its nature, could provide as much reliable information as possible about the worldview characteristic of the nation, in other words, about the naive worldview4. Of course, the vocabulary of associations will always remain fragmented – no matter how large it is, it could not encompass absolutely all the words that are important for culture. precisely why such a vocabulary does not reflect absolutely all causal, erdvinius, laiko ryšius ir emocijas, kurias kalbos vartotojui sukelia santykis su tikrovės daiktais ir reiškiniais. However, by carefully selecting the stimuli, it is possible to form at least a schematic picture of the value system, the way of perceiving the world and the behavioural patterns of a particular language-speaking people. When the set of stimuli is properly selected, the association fields of those words provide information about how nonverbal reality is perceived. how reliable the results of the association experiment depends on the number of participants. Based on the results of the association experiment, conclusions can be drawn if at least 30 persons participated in the experiment. Of course, the more similarities there are between the participants of the experiment (age, experience, etc.), the more reliable the conclusions. Some of the reactions to stimuli are common to people of the same nation, even more common if people are of similar age – belong to the same generation (this is already a presumption that some of the experience of these people will be common). 4 For example, it is possible to compare how appropriate it is to include the bird names gandras and marabu in the list of word-stimulants for the word association experiment organized for the preparation of the Lithuanian language word association dictionary. The goose is a bird familiar to people living in Lithuania from an early age, visible in everyday environment. As a child grows up, he acquires elementary knowledge about what a hedgehog is and what functions this bird has in the naive worldview of Lithuanian-speaking people. The naive worldview in this article refers to the understanding of the world formed in the consciousness of people, which, depending on the education of the person, coincides with the scientific worldview partially or not at all. Most likely, the associations of the word eagles will be abundant, they will record the peculiarities of the bird’s appearance, habitat, lifestyle and the fact that the eagles are considered the national bird of Lithuania. Marabu is an object belonging to a foreign environment, it is likely that the associations of this word laukas bus gerokai skurdesnis. 14 BenDRInė kaLBa | 97 1.2. dėl koncepto ir asociacijų lauko santykio the field of associations of a particular word and the concept called by that nio santykį galima apibrėžti kaip dalies ir visumos. teigiant, kad konceptas yra visa informacija apie nekalbinės tikrovės word has an object, it is understood that this information can be expressed in various ways perceived by the senses: language (verbal or written), image (art, theatre, dance), sound (music). The result of the association experiment is a field of associations associated with a particular word, consisting of words, word combinations or sentences5. Thus, it is most likely that the field of associations verbalizes that part of the concept’s content that has a linguistic expression. In addition, there may be associations that point to other content, not necessarily expressed in words, for example, the naming of paintings, sculptures or dances, mų. Vadinasi, tas turinys taip pat siejamas su konceptu. Didžiausias iš laisvųjų asociacijų eksperimento gautos informacijos priperformances, films – its maximum direct connection with the content of human consciousness. Since associations are directly obtained information about what the object called stimulus is associated with in the consciousness of language users, it can be said that associations are also a direct source of information about the content of the concept. when the content of the concept is examined by using cases of language use from, for example, journalistic texts, it is impossible to avoid the function characteristic of such texts not only to inform, but also to form an opinion, to draw attention. In realizing this function, it is necessary to look for more varied ways of expression, to create an impression of surprise, therefore more or less moving away from the real perception of objects and phenomena. that is why the examples in the publications do not necessarily fully reflect what is in the minds of the users of a particular language. correctly conducting the association experiment avoids this risk, because there is no purpose to draw attention when answering (usually anonymously). What is actually said is what is in the consciousness of the language users (cf. the results of the analysis of conceptual metaphors and verbal associations when describing the concept of sadness (Papaurėlytė 2004: 130–138); V. Karasikas (2005) also refers to the interpretation of associations associated with the concept as one of the methods of concept analysis. changing experience of people changes both the field of associations and the content of the concept in their consciousness. 5 The absence of any reaction to the stimulus is also informative. In this case, it can be said that the object of nonverbal reality called word-stimulus is not important, too little known, information about it is lacking. SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ. Žodinės asociacijos kaip informacijos apie konceptą šaltinis (remiantis žodžių dukra ir sūnus asociacijų laukais) 15 In order to reveal part of the concept content based on the results of the association experiment, it is necessary to take into account the type of the concept itself, which depends on the nature of the object of reality associated būsenų konceptai, sakykime, liūdesio, yra situacinio pobūdžio: emocinės būsenos turi priežastį, yra išreiškiamos išoriškai, gali turėti pasekmių (apie liūdesio koncepto aprašymą žr. Papaurėlytė-klovienė, 2004). filmo kadrą with the concept. For example, the concepts of hospitals or war are emotional – there are special circumstances of being in such a situation, there are typical participants, typical development of the scenario. The concepts of daughter and son discussed in the article could be more described as static (although it is impossible to absolute this completely, because daughter and son are persons who are characterized by intellectual activity, emotions, relationship with other members of society) – they should include a set of certain characteristics, in other words, answer the questions, who is the daughter (son), what gender is this person, what age, how he relates to other persons, what is the typical appearance of the daughter (son), what does the daughter (son) most often do, how the daughter (son) is valued, what expectations are placed on them, etc. It would be difficult to provide an exhaustive list of attributes, as the substance itself may dictate the attribution or non-attribution of specific attributes. 2. WORD Daughter AND Son Association Field of form and content aspects 2.1 General remarks Including names of kinship (especially close kinship, determined by blood relationship) in the list of stimuli necessary for the preparation of the vocabulary of associations is necessary. The names of the family members belong to the old Indo-European lexicon (see sabaliauskas 1990: 18, 23), so it can be assumed that in the world view characteristic of the nation they are associated with concepts of defined content. Giminystės ryšius pavadinančių žodžių asociacijos galėtų atskleisti, kas, remiantis kalbos pasaulėvaizdžio logika, sudaro buvimo dukra (sūnumi) esmę, kokie elgesio modeliai, socialiniai vaidmenys siejami su konkrečiu atliekant straipsnyje įvardijimu, kaip vertinamas vienas ar kitas giminystės (tiesioginės ar netiesioginės) ryšiu susietas žmogus. pristatomą tyrimą buvo apklausta beveik 600 Vilniaus ir šiaulių studentų – maždaug po lygiai vyrų ir moterų nuo 19 iki Žodžio sūnus asociacijų lauke 16 General | 97 Thirty years. They were given a list of 100 stimulus words, which included the words daughter and son, among other lexical units. These words are not written next to each other to reduce the likelihood of another, partly antonymous stimulus being presented as a response to one stimulus. Nevertheless, there were quite a few such reactions: thirty-two sūnus, o į žodį sūnus žodžiu dukra reagavo šešiasdešimt keturi asmenys. šios reakcijos kalbamųjų giminystės ryšio pavadinimų asociacijų laukuose respondents to the word daughter reacted verbally are second in frequency. Although, according to the dictionaries, the word son has no synonyms or antonyms (aŽ; sŽ), nevertheless daughter is in some sense an antonym of son: both words are connected by the fact that they designate the relationship of female persons (in the case of daughter) and male persons (in the case of son) with respect to their parents. All reactions to stimuli are firstly classified according to the relationships of the lexical unit – paradigmatic or syntagmatic – which they are determined by. The classification shows the relationship of a particular word with other elements of the language system and reveals the characteristics that are important for understanding the content of the concept. Some of the reactions to stimuli could not be directly related to the syntagmatic or paradigmatic relationships of the words daughter and son. The word daughter has more syntactic reactions in the field of associations – more than half of them are singular, given by men. Paradigmatic reactions were fewer, but they were presented by more respondents. dominuoja paradigminės reakcijos, sintagminių yra perpus mažiau. This is not a traditional case, because the association experiment was conducted with students not older than 30 years, and psycholinguists claim that younger respondents are more prone to syntactic associations (frumkina 2001: 194). The word daughter is understandable to everyone and clearly described. The women in the experiment of free associations were someone’s daughters, but none of the women who responded gave a reaction of I. This means that they reacted to the stimulus as they would to any other stimulus, without linking it mo nepateikė devyni eksperimento dalyviai – viena moteris ir aštuoni vyrai. Dviejų vyrų atsakymas buvo nežinau. toks pat visiems suprantamas yra ir stimulas sūnus. Respondentai vyrai patys yra sūnūs, reaguodami į stimulą jie gali remtis sava patirtimi. Dešimt to their own experience. No answer at allrespondents gave the answer I. This means that they first reacted to the stimulus by reflecting on their SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ. Žodinės asociacijos kaip informacijos apie konceptą šaltinis (remiantis žodžių dukra ir sūnus asociacijų laukais) 17 experience. there were none that didn't give any answer at all. At the stimulus son in the responses submitted two women and four men wrote I do not; no, I don't know answered one woman and one man. Iš to, kas buvo pasakyta, galima daryti prielaidą, kad kalbos vartotojų sąmonėje su konceptu sūnus siejama informacija labiau, jei lyginsime su žodžio dukra asociacijomis, atspindi asmeninę patirtį. 2.2. Sintagminės reakcijos stimulus daughter syntagmatic reactions slightly more frequent in female Palyginus vyrų ir moterų pateiktas sintagmines reakcijas į žodį sūnus, responses. The same conclusion was reached – slightly more syntagmatic reactions were given by women, but the reactions given by men are more diverse (most likely this is influenced by their personal relationship with this stimulus – being a son). The reactions of women and men to the word daughter are different, there are obvious quantitative differences – there are reactions that were given by a double-digit number of men and three times less of women. attributive compounds of the words daughter and son describe appearance, manner, behavioral inclinations. The descriptions of the daughter are more oriented to the typical description of a beautiful woman. The most common description of appearance is beautiful. so answered five women and nineteen men (see ugly mentioned by one man). The hair motif also figures among the syntagmic reactions – one man reacted to *curly6, one woman and one man – yellow-haired, four women and one man – long-haired. descriptions of the appearance of the son are not many, they are generally sparse, if we compare with the word daughter. the son is handsome (answered by one woman), blond (answered by one man) and strong (answered by one man). cardinally opposite descriptions of daughter and son are also associated with appearance: large (two women and one man maža (vienuolika moterų ir keturi vyrai), mažutė (vienas vyras). Viena iš abiem žodžiams bendrų reakcijų yra apibūdinimas mažas – gali būti siejaanswered), tall (two women answered) and mas both with height and age: daughter, son are children, and the younger the child, the closer his relationship with his parents. Thus, respondents emphasize young age. this description next to the word son was mentioned by ten women and nine men. Two women gave the antonymic answer high, 6 answers were uncorrected. 24 General language | 97 Summarizing all the information related to the concepts Daughter and Son, it can be concluded that the fields of associations of both words first of all record the aspiration – ideal images and the emotions associated with it. More detailed content of concepts could be revealed by analysis of more diverse linguistic material. šaLtInIaI aŽ – Dictionary of Antonyms, I. ermanytė, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 2003. BLkŽ – General Dictionary of Lithuanian Language, chief editor D. 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Valujavičienė Rasa 2016: The theme of the prodigal son in Western European art of the 16th–17th centuries. – Technology and Art: Research and Current Issues 7, 16–24. Vanagaitė eglė, Daukšytė janina 2014: Verbal associations of children and adolescents growing up in care and full families. – database logija 25, 18–3. Vilkaitė-Lodzienė Laura 2019: Pirmieji žingsniai kuriant lietuviškų of educational psychoword associations. – Applied Linguistics 12, 226–258. Received 2024-01-08 Adopted 2024-02-18 26 General | 97 SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ VeRBaL assOCIatIOns as a sOuRCe Of InfORMatIOn aBOut tHe COnCePt (BaseD On tHe assOCIatIOn fIeLDs Of tHe WORDs DAuGHTER anD sOn) summary the article aims to analyse respondents’ reactions to the stimuli daughter and son and to discuss the association fields of both words as sources of information about the concepts DauGHteR and sOn. During the research presented in the article, almost 600 students from Vilnius and Šiauliai were interviewed 268 women and 327 men aged 19 to 30. they were presented with a list of 100 words-stimuli that included the words daughter and son, among other lexical items. In Lithuanian linguistics, word associations have been studied fragmentarily so far. the novelty of the research presented in this article is that for the first time in Lithuanian linguistics, the association fields of the words daughter and son are presented and analysed in different aspects, and the results of the analysis are linked to the content of the concepts DauGHteR and sOn. the appendices of the article provide association fields for the words daughter and son. the greatest advantage of the information obtained through the experiment of free associations is its maximum direct connection with the content of human consciousness. since associations is directly obtained information about what the object named by the stimulus word is associated within the minds of language users, it can be said that associations are also a direct source of information about the content of the concept. With the aim of revealing part of the content of the concept based on the results of the association experiment, it is necessary to take into consideration scribed as the type of the concept itself, which depends on the nature of the reality object associated with the concept. the concepts DauGHteR and sOn could be destatic. admittedly, it is impossible to make it absolute because a daughter and a son are individuals who are characterized by intellectual activity, emotions, and relationships with other members of society. Consequently, concepts should include a gamut of certain characteristics, in other words, answer the question of who is a daughter (son), what gender is a person, what age is she/ he, how is she/he related to other persons, what is the typical appearance of a daughter (son), what a daughter (son) usually deals with, how a daughter (son) is evaluated, what expectations are raised for them, etc. SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ. Žodinės asociacijos kaip informacijos apie konceptą šaltinis (remiantis žodžių dukra ir sūnus asociacijų laukais) 27 after analysing the content of the association fields of the words daughter and son, the information associated with the concepts DauGHteR and sOn in the worldview of the Lithuanian language has been summarized. Based on the abundance of relevant reactions, it has been established that the most important characteristic of a daughter and a son is being family members and parents’ children. although the names of different age stages have been mentioned in the answers, the younger age has most often been mentioned: the younger a person is, the more suitable the word child is to describe him/her (this is especially true when talking about a son). In the consciousness of language users, daughter and son occupy one of the positions in the same paradigm as parents and other children of the family (therefore, also with each other). for Lithuanian-speaking people, a daughter is usually a person with a beautiful appearance (long hair is usually mentioned) and impeccable morals, although there are also rare reactions that include the opposite characteristics. according to the results of the association experiment, the daughter is a caring comforter and helper, but she is not expected to be an active actor or decision-maker. typical features of appearance, relationship with the world and oneself are also associated with the son. Positive descriptions dominate: the son is handsome, strong and fair-haired. He is positive about reality, intelligent, curious, cheerful, diligent, hardworking and honest. Only a few negative characteristics have been mentioned in the answers. the results of the association experiment reveal the emotions associated with the daughter and son fixed in the minds of language users, and the differences between the two concepts have also been confirmed by the precedent texts mentioned among the answers to the stimulus son, i.e., the texts that are important and recognizable for some culture, which, when used in another text, bring with them additional meanings and its semantic load. summarizing all the information related to the concepts DauGHteR and guistic materials could reveal the content sOn, it can be concluded that the fields of associations of both words primarily fix aspiration – ideal images and related emotions. the analysis of various linof the concepts in more detail. KEYwORdS: associations, daughter, the worldview of language, concept, the experiment of free associations, precedent texts, son. sILVIja PaPauRėLytė-kLOVIenė Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, Lt-10308 Vilnius [email protected] 28 General | 97 SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ Abstract The aim of this article is to analyze the responses of respondents to the stimuli daughter and son, to discuss the association fields of both words as sources of information about the concepts daughter and son. Nearly 600 students from Vilnius and Šiauliai – 268 women and 327 men from 19 to 30 years old – were interviewed during the study presented in the article. They were given a list of 100 stimulus words, which included the words daughter and son, among other lexical units. In Lithuanian linguistics, word associations have so far been studied fragmentarily. The research presented in this article is new in that for the first time word associations of the words daughter and son are presented and analyzed in different aspects, and the results of the analysis are linked to the content of the concepts Daughter and Son. The appendix to the article provides the fields of associations of the words daughter and son. The greatest advantage of the information obtained by experimentation of free associations is its maximum direct connection with the content of human consciousness. Since associations are directly obtained information about what the object named word-stimulus is associated with in the consciousness of language users, it can be said that associations are also a direct source of information about the content of the concept. with the aim of revealing conceptu, nature. The concepts of Daughter and Son could be more described as static. Of course, to absolute this is impossible, because the daughter and son are individuals characterized by intellectual activity, emotions, dalį koncepto turinio remiantis asociacijų eksperimento rezultatais būtina atsižvelgti ir į paties koncepto tipą, kuris priklauso nuo tikrovės objekto, siejamo su relationships with other members of society. Thus, the concepts should include a set of certain characteristics, in other words, answer the question, who is the daughter (son), what gender is this person, what age, how he relates to other persons, what is the typical appearance of the daughter (son), what does the daughter (son) usually do, how the daughter (son) is valued, what expectations are placed on them, etc. After analyzing the content of the association fields of the words daughter and son, the information related to the concepts daughter and son in the Lithuanian language worldview was summarized. Based on the abundance of relevant reactions, it was established that the most important characteristic of daughter and son is being family members, parents’ children. Although the answers mention different age groups, the younger age is still most often mentioned – the younger a SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ. Žodinės asociacijos kaip informacijos apie konceptą šaltinis (remiantis žodžių dukra ir sūnus asociacijų laukais) 29 person is, the more suitable the word child is to describe him (especially this is mentioned in the case of a son). in the minds of language users, daughter and son occupy one of the positions in the same paradigm along with parents and other children in the family (i.e., and with each other). For Lithuanian-speaking people, the daughter is usually a person with a pretty appearance (long hair is usually mentioned) and impeccable morals, and there are few reactions that include opposite characteristics. Based on the results of the association experiment, the daughter is a caring comforter and helper, but she is not provided with the opportunity to be an active actor or decision maker. with the son are also associated typical features of appearance, relationship with the world and self. Positive descriptions predominate: the son is a handsome and sturdy blonde. he is positive about reality, intelligent, curious, cheerful, diligent, hard-working and honest. responses mentioned only a few negative characteristics. The results of the association experiment reveal the emotions associated with daughter and son recorded in the consciousness of language users, and the differences between both concepts are confirmed by the popular precedent text mentioned among the responses to the stimulus son, which is classified among the important and recognizable texts, which, when used in another text, also bring additional meanings, their semantic load. Summarizing all the information associated with the concepts Daughter and Son, it can be concluded that the fields of associations of both words first of all record the aspiration – ideal images and related emotions. More detailed content of concepts could be revealed by analysis of more diverse linguistic material. ESmINIAI žOdžIAI: asociacijos, dukra, kalbos pasaulėvaizdis, konceptas, laisvųjų asociacijų eksperimentas, precedentiniai tekstai, sūnus. APPENDIX: Association Fields answers are listed in descending order. The number next to the reaction indicates how many individuals responded to the stimulus in this way, the first number in parentheses indicates how many women responded in this way, the second number indicates how many men responded in this way. The figures following the list provide the following information: the first number indicates how many responses were received for this stimulus, the second number indicates how many different responses were received, and the third number indicates how many times informants did not respond at all; the fourth number is the total of reactions recorded only once. the language of the answers has not been corrected. 30 BenDRInė kaLBa | 97 žodžio dukra asociacijų laukas Child 36 (14; 22); son 39 (23; 16); girl 27 (17; 10); beautiful 24 (5; 19); mother (1; 7); 23 (10; 13); sesuo 23 (15; 8); gera 18 (5; 13); dukra 15 (8; 7); maža 15 (11; 4); šeima 11 (6; 5); jokio atsakymo 9 (1; 8); atžala 9 (4; 5); jauna 8 (5; 3); moteris 8 mylima 7 (4; 3); sister 7 (2; 5); friend 6 (3; 3); joy 6 (1; 5); love 6 (2; 4); miela 6 (4; 2); grandmother 6 (6; 0); dress 6 (2; 4); beauty 5 (0; 5); longhair 5 (4; 1); pancreas 5 (0; 5); worry 5 (2; 3); future 4 (1; 3); case 4 (3; 1); happiness 4 (1; 3); girl 4 (2; 2); assets 4 (3; 1); high 3 (2; 1) beauty 3 (3; 0); puppet 3 (1; 2); mano 3 (2; 1); mothers 3 (1; 2); I do not have 3 (0; 3); softness 3 (3; 0); granddaughter 2 (1; 1); artima 2 (2; 0); responsible 2 (2; 0); responsibility 2 (2; 0); trouble 2 (0; 2); brother 2 (0; 2); high 2 (2; 0) hardworking 2 (1; 1); daughter 2 (0; 2); yellow mine 2 (1; 1); good 2 (0; 2); odd 2 (2; 0) youth 2 (1; 1); baby 2 (1; 1); 1); offspring 2 (1; 1); stepmother 2 (0; mokosi 2 (1; 1); nežinau 2 (0; 2); nuoširdi 2 (2; 0); plaukai 2 (1; 1); padėjėja 2 (0; 2); pagalbininkė 2 (2; 0); paguoda 2 (2; 0); paklusni 2 (0; 2); paleistuvė 2 (1; 2); fairytale2(2; 0); maintenance 2 (0; 2); branch 2 (2; 0); theta 2 (0; 2); ceilings 2 (1; 1); great 2 (1; 1); wedding 2 (0; 2); single 2 (1; 1); tear 1 (0; 1); storm 1 (0; 1); water 1 (0; 1); future 1 (1; 0) bracket 1 (1; 0); babyte 1 (1; 0); fear 1 (1; 0); fear 1 (0; 1); horrible 1 (0; 1); base 1 (0; 1); shoes 1 (0; 1); blonde 1 (0; 1); most expensive 1 (0; 1); expensive 1 (0; 1); brother's daughter 1 (0; 1); bus 1 (0; 1); future mother 1 (0; 1); Danutė 1 (0; 1); diligence 1 (1; 0); worker 1 (0; 1); much will cost 1 (0; 1); dora 1 (1; 0); discipline 1 (0; 1); disciplined 1 (0; 1); shake 1 (1; 0); two braided casings 1 (0; 1); rejoice 1 (1; 0); Spruce 1 (0; 1); fairy 1 (0; 1); *curly 1 (0; 1); honor 1 (1; 0); street 1 (0; 1); flower 1 (0; 1); goodness 1 (0; 1); good 1 (0; 1); relative 1 (1; 0); born 1 (0; 1); family 1 (0; 1); live 1 (0; 1) life 1 (0; 1); gloss 1 (0; 1); beautiful 1 (0; 1); doubled 1 (0; 1); proud 1 (1; 0) output 1(0; 1); thrown 1 (0; 1) adopted 1 (0; 1); funny 1 (1; 0); neighbor 1 (0; 1); war 1 (0; 1); kasytės 1 (1; 0); ribbons 1 (1; 0); cat 1 (0; 1); chair 1 (0; 1); saturation 1 (0; 1); static 1 (1; 0); puck 1 (0; 1); lucky 1 (1; 0); waiting 1 (0; 1) sadness 1 (0; 1); Lithuanian 1 (1; 0); lip 1 (0; 1); pleasure 1 (0; 1); mamos 1 (0; 1); mom's helper 1 (1; 0); mannequin 1 (1; 0); my girl 1 (0; 1); my sister 1 (0; 1); small 1 (0; 1); beloved 1 (0; 1); beloved child 1 (0; 1); loving 1 (1; 0); scientist 1 (0; 1); schoolgirl 1 (1; 0); women 1 (1; 0); mot. sex child 1 (0; 1); night 1 (0; 1); ugly 1 (0; 1); innocence 1 (0; 1); notime = 1 (0; 1) accident 1 (0; 1); notmy1(0; 1); do not want 1 (0; 1); disobedient 1 (1; 0); mistrust 1 (0; 1); neringa 1 (0; 1); will not have 1 (0; 1); I do not have and I do not know 1 (0; 1); I would like (1; 0); *numiletine 1 (0; 1); nuotaka 1 (1; 0); padauža 1 (1; 0); padeda 1 (1; 0); pagalba 1 (1; 0); paguoda 1 (0; 1); palaidūnė 1 (0; 1); palaima 1 (0; 1); pamaiva 1 (0; 1); want 1 1 (0; 1); fairy tales 1 (0; 1); confidence 1 (1; 0) service 1 (1; 0); service 1 (0; 1); trusted 1 (1; 0); mouse 1 (1; 0) *drunk 1 (0; 1); money 1 (0; 1); substring 1 (0; 1); needs 1 (0; 1); extension 1 (1; 0) smart 1 (0; 1); problem 1 (0; 1); excellent 1 (0; 1); runtime 1 (1; 0); caring 1 (0; 1); diamonds 1 (1; 0) store 1 (0; sąsiuvinis 1 (0; 1); sava 1 (1; 0); savarankiška 1 (1; 0); savastis 1 (1; 0); sena 1 (0; SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ. Žodinės asociacijos kaip informacijos apie konceptą šaltinis (remiantis žodžių dukra ir sūnus asociacijų laukais) 31 1); skirt 1 (1; 0); smagi 1 (1; 0); funny 1 (1; 0); glaze 1 (1; 0); wonder 1 (1; 0); with cashiers 1 (1; 0); significant 1 (0; 1); comprehensibility 1 (0; 1); importance 1 (0; 1); family member 1 (0; 1); family member 1 (1; 0); warm 1 (1; 0); heat 1 (1; 0); smile 1 (1; 0); dancer 1 (1; 0); soft 1 (1; 0); soft side 1 (0; 1); dad 1 (1; 0); parent child (0; 1), true 1 (0; 1); lazy 1 (1; 0) purity 1 (1; 0); brittleness 1 (0; 1); order 1 (1; 0) orderly 1 (1; 0) fortress 1 (1; 0); grown 1 (0; 1); sympathy 1 (0; 1); frog 1 (0; 1); windy 1 (1; 0); value 1(0; 1) singleton 1 (1; 0); visad mylima 1 (0; 1); all 1 (0; 1) cherry 1 (1; 0); Life 1 (1; 0); charming 1 (0; 1); zeta 1 (0; 1) human extension 1 (0; 1). (595; 226; 9; 155) 1); word son association field Child 80 (45; 35); daughter 64 (34; 30); brother 25 (17; 8); father 24 (7; 17); good 19 (10; 9); low 19 (10; 9); vagabond 19 (9; 10); joy 17 (6; 11); family 14 (10; 4); boy 11 (7; 4); I = 10 (0; 10); apology 10 (4; 6); male 8 (4; 4); future 7 (3; 4); responsibility 6 (3; 3); new 6 (3; 3); beloved 6 (3; 3); I do not have 6 (2; 4); close to 5 (3; 2); expensive 5 (3; 2); mother 5 (2; 3); son 5 (0; 5); naughty 4 (3; 1); love 4 (0; 4); pride 4 (1; 3); sister 4 (1; 3); high 3 (1; 2); bad 3 (1; 2) friend 3 (1; 2); daughter 3 (3; 0); mano 3 (0; 3); obedient 3 (0; 3); offspring 3 (1; 2); example 3 (0; 3); problems 3 (2; 1); worry 3 (2; 1); asset 3 (3; 0); car 2 (0; 2); oak 2 (0; 2); diligent 2 (1; 1); large 2 (2; 0) discipline 2 (0; 2); relative 2 (2; 0); family 2 (1; 1); happiness 2 (1; 1); happy 2 (1; 1); school 2 (0; 2); learning 2 (1; 1); naughty 2 (0; 2); is not 2(1; 1) ne2(2; 0); parents 2 (2; 0); children 2 (0; 2); boy 2 (1; 1); one 2(0; 2); single 2 (1; 1); adrius 1 (0; 1); grandchildren 1 (0; 1); water 1 (0; 1); educated 1 žinau 2 (1; 1); paklydėlis 2 (2; 0); pirmagimis 2 (2; 0); protingas 2 (2; 0); ramstis 2 (1; 1); savas 2 (1; 1); spartus 2 (0; 2); stropus 2 (1; 1); šaunus 2 (1; 1); švelnus (1; 0); trouble 1 (0; 1); brother 1 (0; 1); future father 1 (0; 1); but 1 (0; 1); decimal 1 (0; 1); hero 1 (0; 1); massive 1 (1; 0) pride 1 (0; 1); courage 1 (0; 1); bold 1 (1; 0); gentleman 1 (1; 0); football 1 (0; 1); honor 1 (0; 1); gay 1 (0; 1); good 1 (0; 1); good 1 (0; 1); drinks 1 (0; 1); good son 1 (1; 0); flower 1 (0; 1); good 1 (0; 1); defender 1 (1; 0); defend 1 (0; 1); live 1 (0; 1) life 1 (0; 1); nice 1 (1; 0); nice 1 (1; 0); smart 1 (0; 1); teasing 1 (1; 0); proud 1 (1; 0); 1); baby 1 (0; 1); waiting 1 (0; 1) ištvermingas 1 (1; 0); įvaikintas 1 (0; 1); jaunesnis 1 (1; 0); kada nors 1 (1; 0); kaimynas 1 (0; 1); kažkoks vaikinas 1 (1; 0); kelnės 1 (0; 1); klausantis tėvo 1 (0; steps 1 (0; 1); happy 1 (0; 1); my friend 1 (0; 1); my child 1 (0; 1); Martynas 1 (0; 1); machine 1 (1; 0); minor 1 (0; 1); little boy 1 (0; 1); small child 1 (0; 1); cute 1 (0; 1); beloved child 1 (0; 1); dies 1 (0; 1); pupil 1 (0; 1); musician 1 (1; 0); neklusnus 1 (1; 0); notime = 1 (0; 1) rascal 1 (0; 1); disobedient 1 (1; 0); *not equal to 1 (0; 1); undefinable 1 (0; 1) random 1 (0; 1) favorite 1 (0; 1); or ne 1 (0; 1); goat 1 (0; 1); escaped 1 (1; 0); pachinko 1 (0; 1); assistant 1 (1; 0); 32 Common language | 97 help 1 (0; 1); assistant 1 (0; 1); bliss 1 (0; 1); position 1 (0; 1); drop 1 (1; 0) rogue 1 (1; 0), partisans 1 (0; 1); fairy 1 (0; 1); lost man 1 (0; 1); effort 1 (0; 1); inheritor 1 (0; 1); example 1 (1; 0) Perspective 1 (0; 1) *pick 1 (0; 1); angry 1 (1; 0); money 1 (0; 1); severe 1 (1; 0); troubles 1 (0; 1); marriage 1 (0; 1); own 1 (1; 0) fair 1 (1; 0); sister 1 (0; 1); side 1 (1; 0); curiosity 1 (1; 0); wonder 1 (0; 1); strength 1 (0; 1); adult 1 (0; 1); nephew 1 (0; 1); dream 1 (0; 1); Important 1 (0; 1) difficulty 1 (1; 0); great 1 (0; 1); heartbeat 1 (1; 0); shorts 1 (0; 1); blonde 1 (0; 1); father 1 (1; 0) *teacher of family 1 (0; 1); father 1 (1; 0); paternity 1 (0; 1); parent 1 (1; 0) parent 1 (0; 1); parent child 1 (0; 1); volumes 1 (1; 0); solid 1 (0; 1); trap 1 (1; 0); third 1 (1; 0) childhood 1 (0; 1); windmill 1 (1; 0); crying 1 (0; 1); value 1(0; 1) singleton 1 (0; 1); hope 1 (0; 1); male child 1 (0; 1); human extension 1 (0; 1); senior 1 (1; 0) male 1 (1; 0); *blue color 1 (1; 0); man 1 (1; 0). (595; 193; 0; 128) sILVIja PaPauRėLytė-kLOVIenė Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, Lt-10308 Vilnius [email protected]