ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 194 LXII[…]LXIII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
LaiMu ė baLode
Uni e si y o La ia
His scien i ic esea ch in e es s include Bal ic onomas ics,
La ian hyd onymics, La ian an h oponymics, lexicology and lexicog aphy.
O he , o a a con en , by weigh , in he d y ma e
Li huanian heLoniMs wo k.
F esh o chilled
Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e, 2008, page 497
97-960-911-018-4 No e e y na ion and no e e y language can boas o ha ing s udied all
i s place names, juolab mik o oponimus. The English always emphasize ha ing a
ho ough ocabula y o ield names (English Field Names: A Dic iona y, edi ed by John
Field, De on, Da id & Cha les, 1972). o he coun ies (Sco land, Sweden) a e also e y
in e es ed in ield names. The o onyms, o names o moun ains, o a ious coun ies
a e widely s udied (as well as in Li huania […] see Vanagas 1973, kačinai ė 2008). Howe e ,
no s udy has ye been published in secula onomas ics ha ho oughly and
comp ehensi ely analyzes he place names, o helonisms, o as e i o ies. By he
way, pe haps because o he condi ional unpopula i y o he objec o s udy, e en he
e m helonimai is no ye widesp ead in he heo e ical onomas ics li e a u e.
Laimu is bilkis, a esea che o Li huanian he i age, published his doc o al
disse a ion on Li huanian he i age in 1998 as a comp ehensi e monog aph on
Li huanian he i age. Spices and he bal emedies. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e,
2008, 500 pages (abou 200 pages […] a ious headings […] is also a necessa y and e y
aluable pa o he monog aph). The book is no only imp essi e in i s scope, bu also in
i s la o , elegance, and o e whelming appeal. The book, which consis s o h ee
chap e s, o he i s ime in Li huanian linguis ics ho oughly s udies Li huanian
Hellenisms, mo e p ecisely, he su ixa ion o su names. The mos impo an
Li huanian oponymic wo ks (only one and a hal pages) a e discussed e y b ie ly in
he in oduc ion (930 pages). The casual eade ge s he imp ession ha no much has
been done in his ba , al hough i is no so (see he b oade e iew in he la es edi ion
o he Li huanian Dic iona y o Place Names, i.e., 2008: XXVXXX). how widely Hellenis ic
s udies a e discussed in he wo ld ( ele an hema ic a icles published in Russian,
Uk ainian, Bulga ian, Polish, La ian, Ge man (one doc o al disse a ion) on
onomas ics). ALL_62_63_make as.indd 194 2011.06.17 a 8:24:13 I'm no su e wha you mean.
Laimu is bilkis. Lie u ių helonimų da yba.
P iesaginiai i p iesagė ieji helonimai
In he book, onomas ic e ms a e ho oughly explained, ocusing mainly on he mos
impo an e m, helonimai, i.e. balls, le e s, names o swans, a gumen s based on he
need o his e m and i s ela ionship o he b oade e m hyd onimai. Hellenism, as an
in e na ional e m o G eek o igin, has been in oduced by looking a he onomas ics o
Sla ic languages. he si ua ion is mainly compa ed wi h he Sla ic […] Russian, Bulga ian,
Uk ainian, Polish, Czech, Macedonian […] onomas ic e minology sys ems. By he way, he
e m has ecen ly been used qui e equen ly by La ian and Es onian onomas ics. The
monog aph also con ains o he good new e ms, e.g. p esc ip i e ansonymiza ion,
an h opohelonisms. e minology p oblems a e clea ly shown: he plu ali y o
physiog aphic e ms, he belonging o lexemes o se e al seman ic ields. We know ha
he physiog aphic p ope ies o we lands change: balls become meadows, soils, e c. The
p oblem o he de ini ion o he mic o oponym is also discussed and discussed. he e y
b ie ly men ioned aspec o he s anda disa ion o hyd onyms. I is doub ul whe he
he supe class o helonisms as a subclass is men ioned in he names o di ches, wells,
wells, ponds, e c. The monog aph is based on he desc ip ion o he sou ces o he
analyzed subs ance […] we see e y […]ma gą[…] oponymic ma e ial […] collec ed bo h
om li ing language and om w i en sou ces […] bu he amoun o his subs ance is
no named. The wo d "G oo " is de i ed om he oo "G oo ," which is a compound o
he e b "g oo " and he e b "g oo ," which is de i ed om he e b "g oo " (G oo ,
G oo , G oo , G oo , G oo , G oo , G oo , G oo , G oo , G oo , G oo , G oo , G oo ,
G oo , G oo , G oo , G oo , G oo ). in he second pa o he monog aph, p eposi ions
a e analyzed. As usual, he sea ch o place names s a s wi h he e b. The au ho is
based on he de ini ion o he concep s o beha io al analysis and mo phological analysis
by Alexande Vanago. The adjec i es a e called place names wi h he su ix o he
p oduc ion (p. 31). Howe e , he e a e also cases o con usion whe e i is di icul o
e en impossible o dis inguish he appella i e o he p e ix om he oponym o he
p e ix (especially in cases o diminu i es). he au ho has easonably inclined o ega d
such helonims as he esul o o ensic wo k and no as o ensic (a new e m!). The
monog aph acknowledges he exis ence o helonisms, he wo k o which can be ea ed
in se e al ways; Acco ding o he au ho , he e a e ew such examples, bu conc e e
examples o helonisms cas doub on his (see below). The las […] hi d […] sho es and
mos p oblema ic […] chap e is in ended o he helonyms. The au ho himsel
acknowledges ha , un o una ely, he dis inc ion be ween p eposi ions and
p eposi ions has no a oided eliable and subjec i e decisions (p. 33). This is con i med by
many conc e e examples. The sys ema ic p inciple chosen o he monog aph is o
classi y all he helonims o be analysed acco ding o he o igin o he p oduc ion o he
a ixes. This makes he analysis o helonisms sys ema ic and allows hei wo k o be
compa ed wi h he ixa ion o common nouns, o dis inguish speci ic adjec i es. Fo he
sake o cla i y, he helonimes a e di ided in o h ee g oups: clea da ybas (i g oup),
doub ul da ybas (ii g oup) and unclea , p oblema ic helonimus (iii g oup). This
classi ica ion is e y condi ional […] o e ime, he wo d "g oup" and he s a is ical
196 ac a Linguis ica
LaiMu ė baLode
Li huanica LXII[…]LXIII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
diag ams based on i may change. In addi ion, he i s g oup o en analyzes highly
ques ionable wo ks o Hellenism, e.g. Kazlaupiskis: i is claimed ha i o igina ed om
he now unknown name o he i e Kazlaup, e c. (85 p. he ac ual aspec o clea e bs
is supplemen ed by seman ic analysis. In e es ingly, he plu al nouns o he plu al nouns
a e: Ozeliai, Be žukai. I is he au ho 's opinion ha he seman ics o he possesso
(Žalelis) is cha ac e ized by he ac ha he adjec i es a e made in o helonimas.
Depending on he e ymology, wo main g oups o su names a e dis inguished in
he monog aph: ediniai om appella i es (p iesaginė onomizacija) and ediniai om nouns
( ansli e a ed ansli e a ion)
The e is some doub as o he in e p e a ion o some o he helonims, e.g. he name
Balika men ioned in he Vedas om o he helonims is de i ed om he name Bala (44
p.), bu he e is no commen on whe he Bala is also w i en in he same dialec , o
whe he he e a e o he a gumen s why he e sion o he o igin o he apelia yn
(physiog aphe ) is ejec ed. addi ional e e ences a e o en omi ed, especially in
cases whe e he main wo d indica es ano he place name.
whe e he analysis o indi idual helonisms should be supplemen ed, e.g. : Ba a ykinukė
is in e p e ed as a name de i ed om he i e Ba a ykinė (45 p.), bu in he
e ymological dic iona y o Li huanian hyd onyms by Vanago his i e is associa ed
wi h ano he i e named Ba a ykynas (Vanagas 1981: 58). Ano he example:
Moliūgiškis in he dic iona y is de i ed om he adjec i e moliūgas, pilkš ai us as,
gels as‘, bu he e is no indica ion o he a ea o p e alence o his adjec i e e m (85 p.).
The monog aph p o ides many good, inno a i e explana ions o he o igin o oponyms:
un il now mos o he helonims we e no e ymologized. Howe e , he e a e o en
se ious doub s abou he o igin o su names, especially in he g oup o dean oponymic
helonyms. In some ins ances, howe e , i is no ed ha he in o man o in o man
indica es he connec ion o he name wi h a pe sonal name, i.e. ha he name belonged
o a pa icula pe son o g oup. Howe e , he associa ion wi h a pe sonal name o en
seems e y hypo he ical, especially when he pe sonal name is econs uc ed, e.g. :
Vėpa iškė is explained by he oo wo d ( econs uc ed pe sonal name) *Vėpa is, bu i
can be con used wi h he appella i e windpa is, ėpla, žioplys (80 p.); Sk ambliškis is
de i ed om he econs uc ed pe sonal name *Sk amblys, al hough i can also be
connec ed wi h lie. he appella ion sc ambla,senas, sudžiū ęs gy ulys o žmogus (71
pages) Acco ding o he au ho , Kadaikiškis mos likely o igina ed om he pe sonal
name Kadeikis, plg. The Kadis (70 pages) Kepiskis […] om *Kepys (70 pages) Howe e , in all
hese cases, he o igin o he dean oponimic helonism is only a guess. The e a e many
examples o su names ha a e based on un ixed pe sonal names (Tu iškis, Žib i iškis
and many o he s). I is in e es ing ha all hese Hellenes belong o he i s g oup, i.e.
he locals o clea o igin and clea wo k. he explana ion o he o igin o some o he
helonisms is also ques ionable, e.g. Kleboniškis is boldly de i ed om he pe sonal name
Laimu is bilkis. Lie u ių helonimų da yba.
P iesaginiai i p iesagė ieji helonimai
197 e iews would p obably be linked o he appeal o Klebonas (70 p.); Dede iškiai
abejojan (bu assigned o he g oup!) is associa ed wi h he econs uc ed pe sonal
name *Dede ys and is compa ed wi h he appella i e dede ys, okia be iamoji‘ (72 p.),
al hough he seman ics o his league o lexemes is no sui able o he mo i a ion o
he wo d pelkė; "Ki klys" is hypo he ically associa ed wi h he econs uc ed
pe sonal name "Ki klys" (also analyzed in he i s , i.e. clea -cu , g oup o women),
al hough he compa ison wi h he appella i es "ki klys", "menka", "sulinkusi" and
"ki klys", " ėksnys", "k ioklys" (abou he child) (76 p.) seems much mo e app op ia e.
I is pe haps oo bold o say ha so many o he analysed helonisms a e made om
econs uc ed pe sonal names, so i is only wi h ese a ion ha he au ho 's
conclusion (87 p.) can be accep ed ha […][...] wi h p e ixes de i ed om *-isko-,
eco ded 1519 helonisms. he basic wo ds o mos o hem a e clea […] as many as
98.5% o hem […] in pa icula , he e a e many doub s abou he helonisms o g oup iii,
e.g. Ba akas […] is e y likely o be he o iginal oponym […] ba akas, and no a p e ixed
de i a i e, especially since his p e ix is e y a e in oponymy (p. 49). he doub and
he helonimo Be žučiukas (42 p.) o igina ing om be žu is and no om be žas; I 's
basically a wo-p onged app oach. In mos cases, i would be possible o men ion no
one, bu se e al de i a i es o p eposi ions: Guželiškis < gužas + -el- + iškis, simila o
Akeliškis, Gudeliškis, Vilkeliškės, Ži geliškis; Fo he pu poses o his Annex, he ollowing de ini ions shall apply: Pha maceu ical p oduc s
(87 p.) and k . T ue, opode i a ion is a e y di icul and a he awkwa d
ques ion: i canno be said ca ego ically, bu he analysis o he helonism ma e ial
lacks men ion o bo h hypo heses.
Klebonas, al hough in he whole ALL_62_63_make as.indd 1966.06.17 08:24:14 sepa a ely he e
a e dis inguished me apho s ediniai (Geldelė, Bačkelė, Ka ilėlis, To ielkėlė, šaukš inis,
Puodiniai), bu pe haps an indi ec compa ison lies in o he helons, e.g. šulinėlis, Laukeliai.
I is no clea why he helonymus ju alis is called a me apho ical de i a i e (p.99), bu ,
o example, Eje ces is classi ied as a de i a i e om a physiog aphic e m. I is
di icul o explain he nickname Klaipėda as a me apho ical de i a ion o he name o
he ci y Klaipėda, in e p e a ion (177 p.). I seems ha he alloca ion o me apho ical
Vedas does no adhe e o a single basis […] any place name de i ed om a physiog aphic,
lo a, auna o o he seman ic appella ion can also be in e p e ed as a seman ic
de i a i e, i.e. one ha can also be called a me apho .
I is eg e able ha in he monog aph, when indica ing a possible o he explana ion o
he o igin o he place name, i is o en no speci ied, e.g. he connec ion wi h he Polish
pe sonal name P y (73 pages) is indica ed nex o he helonymous P i iškis, bu he
compa ison o he plain language wi h he name Vanago is no p o ided. The Commission
shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen
his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. I
happens ha he monog aph s uc u e o he o m o he same objec used in pa allel
alls in o di e en g oups, o example: Lybiškis (70 p.) // Lybiškys (85 p.), wi hou
p o iding any in e connec ion. A he end o he book, i was wo hwhile o d aw
conclusions abou he o igin o he Hellenes. whe e he e a e many e e ences in he
198 ac a Linguis ica
LaiMu ė baLode
Li huanica LXII[…]LXIII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
ex ha link i o Polish pe sonal names […] in mos cases his is ALL_62_63_make as.indd
197 2011.06.17 08:24:14 done on he basis, bu no always his is he g ound and localiza ion
o he place name. possible polonisms (K ioniškis, P i iškiai), gudisms (Abša ū ė,
Amša inė), le icizms (A o ėlis, Lize as) a e also men ioned in he gene al analysis, bu
hey a e no included anywhe e. I would indeed be in e es ing o know how many
di e en ypes o helonisms he e a e in Li huania. illus a i e ables supplemen ing
he ex o he monog aph a e also equi ed (al hough hey would be e en mo e
illus a i e i hey we e supplemen ed by a leas one conc e e example). The book
con ains 33 maps o he dis ibu ion o indi idual p ecep s. he p e alence o p ey is
men ioned only in cases whe e i is possible o dis inguish indi idual concen a ed a eas,
bu i would be e y use ul o see mapped and a e p ey. Bilkio's analysis o he selec ion
o Hellenis ic cons uc ions, by classi ying place names acco ding o he o igin o hei
p eposi ions and he meaning o he Vedic (Da ic) cons uc ions, was co ec . I is a
e y aluable ma e ial ha can be compa ed wi h o he ypes o local (especially hyd onymic) c a s. he analysis and s a is ical summa ies o he p esc ibed helonimes a e s ill wo h discussing.
The selec ion, sys ema iza ion and analysis o Li huanian pelkė a džiai is a la ge
and me iculous wo k, which is en ied by neighbo s nea and a . he au ho
emphasizes in he o ewo d o he book ha his wo k is only he beginning o he
s udy o helonisms. We a e wai ing o he con inua ion o all he helonyms, no only
he cons uc ion, bu also he seman ic and e ymological analyses.
Li e a u a bilkis Laimu is 2008: Li huanian Hellenis ic wo ks o he yea . Spices and
he bal emedies. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. In he case o he i s pa
o 2008: he cha ac e is ics o Li huanian judicial p oceedings. […] Bal is ica 43(2),
Vanagas Alexande 1973: S uc u al-language analysis o he names o he moun ains
275–286.
o Li huania. […] Wo ks o he Academy o Sciences o he Li huanian SSR in se ies 3
(44), 209[…]219. Alexande Vanagansky, e ymological dic iona y o Li huanian
hyd onyms, published in 1981. Vilnius: The science.
Deli e ed in 2011...
LaiMu ė baLode
Uni e si y o La ia, La ian Language Ins i u e
a he Academy Squa e 1, Riga, LV 1050, La ia
Uni e si y o Helsinki, Facul y o Humani ies
Depa men o Mode n Languages
E. mail […]
[Email p o ec ed]
ALL_62_63_make as.indd 198 2011.06.17 a 08:24:14 Wha is he meaning o he name Make as?