206 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII
SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0003-2538-9502 Resea ch a eas include
e hnolinguis ics, cogni i e linguis ics, linguis ic cul u al
s udies, and ela ed languages.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
How o Be a F iend and a F iend
Classi ica ion by coun y
The Cou o Audi o s o he Eu opean Union
LANGUAGES In he wo ld
F iend and Enemy as Re e ence Poin s
o Wo ld Ca ego iza ion in he Wo ld iew
o he Li huanian Language
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
In he a icle, he ca ego ies o iendliness and hos ili y a e compa ed wi h he wo ld iew
o he Li huanian language. Based on he analysis o adjec i es iendly and hos ile
combina ions wi h a ious seman ic e bs, he aim is o e eal he si ua ions in which he
analogy wi h iends and enemies is used o pe cei e he wo ld iew o he Li huanian
language. The ocus is on how he wo ld iew o language cap u es he possibili y o con eying
a iendly o hos ile ela ionship, which is pe cei ed om he senses, based on he logic o
nai e psychology. The s a emen s o he a icle a e based on examples om he analysis o
he ex o he con empo a y Li huanian language compiled by he Compu e Linguis ics
Cen e o he Vy au as Didysis Uni e si y in Kaunas. This s udy no only p o ides in o ma ion
on he con en o he ca ego ies o iendliness and hos ili y, bu also complemen s wha is
al eady known abou he peculia i ies o he pe cep ion o DRAUGO and PRIEŠO in he wo ld iew o he Li huanian language.
These a e he wo ds: iend, wo ld iew, ca ego iza ion o he wo ld, concep , nai e
psychology, enemies.
A icles o he 207 h
D augas i p iešas kaip pasaulio ka ego izacijos
a skai os aškai lie u ių kalbos pasaulė aizdyje
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle compa es he ca ego ies o iendly ( iendly) and hos ile (hos ile) associa ed
wi h he wo ld iew o he Li huanian language. Using he analysis o he iends and enemies
combina ions o he ad e bs d augiškai and p iešiškai and he e bs o a ious seman ics,
he aim is o e eal he si ua ions he unde s anding o which equi es he analogy wi h
in he wo ld iew o he Li huanian language. A en ion is ocused on how he wo ld iew o
language cap u es he possibili y o con eying a iendly o nai e psychology. The s a emen s
hos ile ela ionship and h ough which senses such a ela ionship is pe cei ed based on
o he a icle a e based on he analysis o examples om he Co pus o Con empo a y
Li huanian Language compiled a he Cen e o Compu a ional Linguis ics o Vy au as Magnus
Uni e si y in Kaunas. This s udy no only p o ides in o ma ion abou he con en o he
ca ego ies o iendliness and hos ili y, bu also adds o wha is al eady known abou he
peculia i ies o he pe cep ion o iend and enemy in he wo ld iew o he Li huanian
language. Keywo ds: concep , enemy, iend, he wo ld iew o language, nai e psychology,
ca ego iza ion o he wo ld.
No es o he pu poses o his Annex:
Wo ld ca ego iza ion s udies in he wo ld iew o he Li huanian language ha e
al eady made g ea p og ess. They became ac i e a he beginning o he 21s
cen u y, when many cogni i e linguis ic ideas appea ed in close-up wo ks ha
analyze concep s ela ed o he wo ld iew o he Li huanian language (Aleksai ė 2018;
Bogdze ič 2020; Gaidienė, Liu ke ičienė 2019; Ru ko ska, Sme onienė, Sme ona 2017;
2019; Sme onienė, Sme ona, Ru ko ska 2021), along wi h he peculia i ies o he
wo ld iew o wo o mo e languages (Cibulskienė 2020; Ju gai is 2015). Tokyo- ype
s udies a e in e es ing because o he possibili y o desc ibing he speci ic image o
he wo ld cap u ed in he language, hey e eal he alue sys em o he people
speaking he language, sugges ing models o beha io . Language helps o ca ego ize
eali y, i.e. o be e unde s and i , o dis inguish phenomena, hings and
cha ac e is ics om each o he . To make he ca ego iza ion e en simple , an
analogy is used wi h be e known and unde s andable agmen s o eali y, which
hemsel es do no need u he explana ion. The goals, he asks, he me hods. The
aim o he s udy p esen ed in his a icle is o desc ibe and compa e some o he
ca ego ies o iendliness and hos ili y o he Li huanian language wi h he
wo ld iew o he wo ld iew o he wo ld iew o he wo ld iew o he wo ld iew o
he wo ld iew o he wo ld iew o he wo ld iew o he wo ld iew o he wo ld iew
o he wo ld iew o he wo ld iew.
SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ
Ac a Linguis ica LXXVIII: The Logic o Psychology: A F iendly and Hos ile
Rela ionship is Unde s ood The pu pose o he
siek i kel i okie užda iniai:
1. o analyze he si ua ions desc ibed in he examples o iendly and hos ile
beha iou collec ed om he ex o he con empo a y Li huanian language, o
classi y he examples acco ding o wha is el , based on he logic o he
wo ld iew o he language, is used o pe cei e he ela ionship ansmi ed. 2.
o compa e he ac ions and s a es wi h which we associa e and wi h which he
senses pe cei e he ela ionships be ween us a e cha ac e ized by iendly
and hos ile ac ions.
Rengian s aipsnį, em asi žodžių d augiškai i p iešiškai junginių analize –
sukaup a daugiau kaip 1000 pa yzdžių iš Daba inės lie u ių kalbos eks yno: 829
Depending on he pu pose o he s udy and he na u e o he subjec ma e ,
desc ip i e, in e p e a i e, concep ual analysis and ela ed me hods should be
used. Examina ion o hea ing. The aim is o e eal how iends and enemies a e
elgesio su okimu pasinaudojama ka ego izuojan pasaulį – panašių y imų ę-
sinys. Jau ap ašy a, kiek nacionalinio cha ak e io speci iką a skleidžia isų žo-
džio lie u iškas, -a o mų junginių analizė (Papau ėly ė-Klo ienė 2009), lygin-
cha ac e ised by he ypical beha iou al cha ac e is ics o women, child en
and men eco ded in he language (Papau ėly ė-Klo ienė 2008), o discuss he
si ua ions o which he wo ds di ine (Papau ėly ė-Klo ienė 2015) and diabolical (Papau ėly ė-Klo ienė 2015) a e used.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The wo ds iend and enemy ha e a ac ed he a en ion o Li huanian
speake s. Jonas Klima ičius discussed he use o he wo ds iend, iendly,
iendly and sough o answe he ques ion whe he he wo d iendly is a e b (Klima ičius 2008:
133–140).
Elena Akimo a and Ina Boikienė, w i ing abou he p oblems o he s udy o
Li huanian masculine and eminine linguis ic consciousness, suppo ed an
associa ion expe imen in which, among o he s imuli, he wo d iend was used as an example.
(Akimo a, Boikienė, 2001) This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has been consul ed on his ma e .
In he a icle, Vik o iya Maka o a p esen s he esul s o he compa a i e
analysis o he Li huanian cul u al concep PRIEŠAS and he Russian cul u al
concep VRAG. In he analysis, he au ho used 100 examples om he publicis
discou se. Kalbininkė sough o e eal wha is called enmi y, wha
p iešui i kokius eiksmus jis a lieka (Maka o a 2014).
Iš dalies su p iešo aizdinio ap ašymu y a susijęs i ki as os pačios moksli-
cha ac e is ics a e cha ac e is ic o he a icle, in which she analyzed how he
Li huanian media p esen s he con lic be ween Polishness and Li huanianness.
Acco ding o he au ho , he e is an in o ma ion wa going on in Li huania
agains he Polish na ional mino i y, he esul o which is a link be ween
A icles o he T ea y
D augas i p iešas kaip pasaulio ka ego izacijos
a skai os aškai lie u ių kalbos pasaulė aizdyje
Polishness and nega i e hings in he public consciousness, he pe cep ion o
Poles as enemies (Maka o a 2013; see also Šeina 2018 abou he image o hos ile Poles).
Naujausias d augo i p iešo su okimo lie u ių kalbos pasaulė aizdyje ypa-
umus a skleidžian is da bas y a Lo e os Vaičiuly ės-Semėnienės, Vesla os
The monog aph o Čižik-P okaše a, Au elija G i ėnienė, Danu ė Liu ke ičienė
and Angelika Gaidienė Li huanian neighbo s: iends o enemies? Speech and
hough analysis (2023).
The monog aph summa izes ha so-called iends can bind people o each o he in a
pa ija a ba kūniškas in ymumas. Pab ėžiama, kad okie san ykio ipai gali p a-
symbio ic way: he e is a possibili y ha iendship will be eplaced by physical lo e;
I may also be ha , ha ing los physical lo e, hey become iends again o become
e y good acquain ances (Vaičiuly ė-Semėnienė, Čižik-P okaše a, G i ėnienė,
Liu ke ičienė, Gaidienė 2023: 125; see also Vaičiuly ė-Semėnienė 2020). In he same
monog aph, i is s a ed ha he image o he enemy, based on a ious ypes o
ex s w i en in Li huanian, can be a guide. This is he name gi en o an a ack by
he a my o ano he coun y, an un iendly coun y o i s people, an un iendly
pe son, an abs ac phenomenon o a speci ic inanima e objec ha causes
damage. Mos o en his wo d is used o e e o people wi h opposing belie s. I is
concluded ha he s a us o enemy and iend ends o change, i.e. a o me enemy
can become a iend, and a iend can become an enemy (Vaičiuly ė-Semėnienė,
Čižik-P okaše a, G i ėnienė, Liu ke ičienė, Gaidienė 2023: 161162; see also Gaidienė
2020). I is hoped ha he indings o he s udy p esen ed in his a icle will be
complemen ed by wha is al eady known abou he pe cep ion o iends and
enemies in he wo ld iew o he Li huanian language based on linguis ic ma e ial.
The heo e ical basis o he s udy. In o de o desc ibe he ca ego ies o
iendliness and hos ili y, cogni i e linguis ics is used o app oach he essence o
he ca ego y mo e closely, main aining a comp omise be ween s uc u al and
cogni i e language. The ca ego iza ion is di ec ly ela ed o he concep ualiza ion
o he wo ld: a pe son ecei es in o ma ion om he en i onmen , he has o
pe cei e, p ocess, o ganize and s o e i in such a way ha he can quickly ind and
use he in o ma ion a any ime. Concep s a e o med in he consciousness based
on he in o ma ion ecei ed and accumula ed. In his a icle, we belie e ha a
concep is a uni o hough , in o ma ion abou a hing o phenomenon ha exis s in
he consciousness o a pe son, g oup o people, o na ion. The con en o he
concep can be con eyed in a ious ways […] h ough wo ks o a , music, ac ing,
e c., bu he mos in o ma i e way is he language ( o mo e on he concep , see
Papau ėly ė-Klo ienė 2007: 15[…]20). I should be acknowledged ha he con en o a
concep exp essed by linguis ic means will no necessa ily be unde s ood in he
same way by all use s o he language. Howe e , i can be p edic ed ha , in unde s anding he meanings o wo ds, he e will be mo e commonali y han
SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ
210 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII, o example, in ying o de e mine
wha in o ma ion is con eyed by he o ms o colou s o a wo k o a .
Classi ica ion and concep ualiza ion a e linked by a classi ica ion na u e, bu
hei goals and esul s a e di e en . The esul o concep ualiza ion is
minimal expe ience uni s, concep s. The ca ego iza ion o simila concep s
connec s o la ge classes […] ca ego ies.
I should be no ed ha al hough he desc ip ion o a ca ego y p o ides
in o ma ion abou he concep ha connec s he membe s o he ca ego y in
ques ion, i is no possible o w i e a sign o equali y be ween he desc ip ion o
he ca ego iza ion agmen o he wo ld and he desc ip ion o he co esponding concep .
S a i p iežas is ka ego ijos ap ašymo nep ilygin i koncep o ap ašymui y a
apib ėž as ap ašymo laukas. Kaip i iamąją medžiagą iman žodžių d augiškai
and hos ile compounds wi h e bs in o ma ion is ob ained only abou he ac ions
a ibu ed o he DRAG and FRIENDS o he use s o he language, he s a es
expe ienced, so o he , mo e s a ic cha ac e is ics o hem may emain
undesc ibed. O cou se, i is no necessa y o comple ely sepa a e he desc ip ion
o he ca ego y om he desc ip ion o he concep , he in o ma ion associa ed
wi h he ca ego y and he concep coincides, so in o de o desc ibe he
cha ac e is ics o he ca ego iza ion o he wo ld and ocus on any one poin o
e e ence, in o ma ion abou he speci ic concep (o concep s) is also ob ained.
The desc ip ion o he ca ego iza ion o he wo ld always p o ides in o ma ion abou he speci ics
o he wo ld iew o he language. Since he ocus o he s udy is on ela ionships wi h people, he
sphe e o emo ions and eelings is linked o he ca ego ies o iendship and hos ili y, i can be
cla i ied ha he a icle desc ibes a agmen o nai e psychology cha ac e is ic o he wo ld iew
o he Li huanian language. Naï e psychology is conside ed o be he pe cep ion o he na u e o
human in e nal wo ld phenomena, hei causal ela ionships and exp essi e quali ies, which a e
cap u ed in he explici wo ld iew o he language by means o language. The wo ld iew o a language
is he whole pic u e o a na ion's way o li e, en i onmen , alue sys em, wo ld iew and beha iou al
models e lec ed in he language, i.e. i co e s absolu ely e e y hing - bo h he conc e e and he
non-conc e e. Naï e psychology has p ese ed he pe cep ion o he phenomena o he inne wo ld,
which was he only one un il i was eplaced by empi ically based knowledge o he wo ld ( o mo e on
he wo ld iew o language, see Papau ely ė-Klo ienė 2007: 23-26). In he a icle, he e ms wo ld- iew
logic and nai e psychology logic a e ela ed by he same whole-pa ela ionship. The use o he e m
"concep " o de ine absolu e in o ma ion is no app op ia e because he scope o he concep
changes as expe ience changes. In addi ion, he scope o concep s associa ed wi h di e en people,
g oups o people may a y, e.g. he pe cep ion o eedom in he consciousness o a pa icipan in
pos -wa s uggles and a eenage in he hi d decade o he 21s cen u y.

S aipsniai / A icles 211
D augas i p iešas kaip pasaulio ka ego izacijos
a skai os aškai lie u ių kalbos pasaulė aizdyje
The logic o he wo ld iew o language is he wo ld iew and he ela ionships
be ween hings, phenomena and p ocesses ha a e cap u ed in language, e en
hough hey con adic he scien i ic wo ld iew. Fo example, he saying " he sun
goes down" does no co espond o eali y, bu i is used, passed down om
gene a ion o gene a ion. The logic o nai e psychology […] is he language in which
he ela ionships be ween he phenomena o psychic li e a e eco ded. Fo example,
he logic o nai e psychology is illus a ed by he saying au umn dep ession. A F iend and a F iend's F iend
Mee ing o he Li huanian delega ion
PASAULĖVAIZDYJE
Lie u ių kalbos žodyne žodis d augiškai minimas apibūdinan d i iš penkių
būd a džio d augiškas eikšmių: 1. būdingas d augui, bičiuliškas: d augiškas
he beha iou . iendly ad . Usually a iendly pe son beha es in a iendly way. 3.
gene al: [Su ay im] is he wo k o a iendly h ee-pe son di ini y. iendly:
F iendly clo h (LKŽe).
In he same wo d, he adjec i e "hos ile" is indica ed nex o he adjec i e
"hos ile" o he i s meaning "un iendly, un a o able": Thei ela ionship is
hos ile. I 's hos ile. I seemed o Gi ni ha Gedu was looking a him om abo e,
hos ile, wi h a badly concealed displeasu e.
The common Li huanian ocabula y indica es ha he p e ix iendly has wo
meanings. The i s meaning is associa ed wi h he iendly meaning o he i s
adjec i e ( iendly o iends; sin. bičiuliškas), he second wi h he meaning o he
hi d adjec i e men ioned ( iendly, neighbo ly). The wo d enemy is included in he
dic iona y manusc ip , in o ma ion abou i is collec ed (BLKŽe). The adjec i es
" iendly" and "hos ile" a e also an onyms, so i has bo h common and iendly
and hos ile usage examples a e based p ima ily on he ac ha , in e ms o
desc ip ions, such a si ua ion connec s wo subjec s: he one who seeks o
besiski iančių semų.
Klasi ikuojan iš Daba inės lie u ių kalbos eks yno su ink us p ie eiksmių
ansla e his ela ionship (will be called he adjec i e), and he one acco ding o
which he a icle classi ies wha o he i e senses […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […],
[…], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […]
minė a in o macija ski iama (ad esa ą). Kadangi si uacija be ad esa o p a as ų
p asmę, isi su p ie eiksmiais d augiškai i p iešiškai a ojami eiksmažodžiai
SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ
Ac a Linguis ica LXXVIII, he in o ma ion de i ed om hem is pe cei ed ( o
mo e in o ma ion on he senses, see The Mye s 2000:
147–184).
By desc ibing he o ali y o ways o demons a ing a iendly o hos ile
ela ionship wi h each o he senses, he aim is o sys ema ize he e bs
acco ding o he possibili ies o dis inguishing and discussing seman ic g oups.
1. Repea ed
Rega can be pe cei ed no only by nea by objec s, bu also by dis an objec s.
Du ing he s udy, i was ound ha , acco ding o he logic o he wo ld iew o he
Li huanian language, ega is he eeling ha helps o pe cei e he ways o
exp essing iendliness and hos ili y associa ed wi h e y di e en seman ic
e bs. Since he ace is usually he mos isible when communica ing wi h people,
he exp essions o iendliness and hos ili y, as he ma e ial o he Li huanian
language's wo ld iew shows, a e he eyes, he gaze. Such si ua ions a e desc ibed
by he e bs o he isual seman ic g oup. These e bs can be unde s ood in wo
ways: bo h as di ec ly e e ing o he pe cep ion o he eye, and as he esul o
eccen ic ela ionships, used o desc ibe a si ua ion in which an a i ude o he
objec o speech, an opinion, is exp essed. The line be ween he i s and second
meanings is also e y sub le, and he si ua ion desc ibed can be unde s ood in wo
ways. : e y iendly o ou is s, ye hey a e a sou ce o income; I would be
possible o look a he s a e in a since e and iendly way. I would be jus i ied o
a ibu e examples o he ac ualiza ion o ac ion wo ds om he cen ic
ela ions o he seman ic g oup o pe cep ion o hose ha a e pe cei ed as mixed sensa ions.
Pa o he examples desc ibe he si ua ion e y clea ly, because he seman ics o
he e bs hemsel es imply an app op ia e assessmen . As is cus oma y in
language, he e alua ion is usually nega i e, and he co esponding beha io
ein o ces such an e alua ion e en mo e. In his con ex , he mo e commonly used
wo d is hos ile, which has he same meaning as he nega i e wo d iendly, e.g., [...]
nelabai d augiškai; [...] p o šalį p aėjo d i me gužėlės lakuo ais kuodais, p iešiškai
o us he gossiping one spoke o me; The ailway wo ke s ood up in opposi ion. In
some cases, he seman ics o he e b pa ially con adic each o he , and he
čiam p ie eiksmiui, aip galimai ku iamas ne ikė umo e ek as, p z., Šis pašnai-
meaning is qui e iendly.
2 The selec ion o samples o he s udy was no based on quan i y, no was i aimed a men ioning
absolu ely all he wo ds ha o m compounds wi h iendly and hos ile […] he aim was o e lec he
di e si y o hese wo ds and hei ela ionship wi h a ious si ua ions o non- e bal eali y. 3 In
o de o a oid o e ly b oad o o e ly na ow seman ic g oups, no a emp is made o link all e bs in
he a icle o seman ic g oups.
A icles o he T ea y
D augas i p iešas kaip pasaulio ka ego izacijos
a skai os aškai lie u ių kalbos pasaulė aizdyje
When a e b belongs o he seman ic g oup o sigh , i is no associa ed wi h any
e alua ion (see, look, do no look, obse e, look, look), i s meaning is conc e ized
p ecisely by he e b, e.g. [...] we look a wha we a e li ing wi h in a iendly way; Tom
looked a me wi h a iendly blue eye and assessed he e en s he had obse ed.
iena uda akimi; [...] žmonės Kaune į d i a ininkus žiū i p iešiškai; Jis iš lė o p ie-
šiškai nuž elgė po kamba į išsiba sčiusius negausius lanky ojus; [...] mačiau, kaip
p iešiškai sužiu o į mane subėgęs pe sonalas; Gana p iešiškai sa o pačių iš šono
Acco ding o he logic o he wo ld iew o he Li huanian language, he e a e
mimics and ges u es among he ways o exp essing iendly ela ions pe cei ed by
he eye. One o he mos common e bs used in a iendly manne o indica e a
ela ionship be ween he add essee and he add essee is a smile. The smile i sel
indica es ha ei he he pa icipan s in he si ua ion a e bound by a iendly
ela ionship o ha such a ela ionship is sough . A iendly smile can complemen
he in o ma ion con eyed by he ongue, e.g. No hing, no hing, a iendly smile
h ough he glasses; He spoke simply, since ely, wi h a iendly smile; I didn' expec
you o smile in a iendly way.
I is eco ded in he examples ha in o de o show a iendly a i ude, i is
in o ma i e simply o smile, o es ablish a ela ionship only by mimic y, e.g. They
smile a me om a dis ance, iendly. [...] did no lowe he eyes, looked a him
since ely, wi h a iendly smile; The gi l smiled a me in a iendly way and b oke he
albums. O he e bs ha desc ibe a simila mimic y, based on he logic o he
language's wo ld iew, can also be associa ed wi h a iendship bond, only in his
ap ašyme iksuojama i daugiau niuansų, p z.: Pagaliau jis su eaga o d augiškai
yp elėdamas; [...] nu ijęs jį ka u su seilėmis, p isi e čiau d augiškai išsi iep-
si ua ion. In his case, he e b emphasizes no he iendly ela ionship, bu
simply he ension, indica ing dissa is ac ion, i i a ion, o ange a he g imace.
In he second example, his imp ession is u he ein o ced by he e b o o ce.
Thus, he ela ionship called iendly beha io can also be a emo ed om ha
which is p o o ypically pe cei ed as cha ac e is ic o a iend. "I'm no going o lie
Be šypsenos, d augiško san ykio aiškos būdai y a mi k elėjimas, gal os
link elėjimas a kils elėjimas (kils elė i gal ą, link elė i, mi ksė i, mi k elė i, mo-
o you," she said, nodding he head in a iendly way. [...] walking h ough he ci y,
hands behind hei backs, chee ing iendlylyly as I ied o call hem; He mis
susi inkusiems.
Rega su okiami ankų judesiai e d ėje: Le inas i Dy e is d augiškai iš olo
b idges him in a iendly way and ex ends his hand.
Pa o he exp essi e si ua ions o a iendly o hos ile ela ionship
pe cei ed by he eye a e s a ic and no necessa ily s ic ly de ined in e ms o ime. Such si ua ions
SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ
The Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica LXXXVIII does no usually ha e a clea esul , and he
p ocess i sel is impo an , and he ela ionship is exp essed du ing i . Bo h he
add essee and he add essee a e clea in he desc ip ions, e.g. [...] he uni in u n
should us he audi o s amicably; "Th ee men, whom Ab aham welcomed and
com o ed unde a ee. They' e e y iendly o me, because o hei
ag icul u al wo k.
The same si ua ion can also be desc ibed in he opposi e way […] by ag eeing,
ag eeing, adop ing an exp essly hos ile a i ude, e.g. [...] he medical applica ion some
o he con ic ed me hos ile and inally decided he doc o ; Democ acy, as a as
possible, is hos ile o Wes e n coali ions; [...] we we e me wi h qui e hos ili y in he
ecep ion depa men . The si ua ion whe e he wo d "enmi y" is used can be
cla i ied by o he desc ip ions ha show how close he meaning o he wo d
"enmi y" is o he cen e o he ca ego y o "enmi y," e.g. " hey we e ecei ed
coldly and hos ile." ... esiden s we e e y hos ile o Wes e n media ep esen a i es;
Especially he Po uguese we e hos ile o newcome s. The e b o ag ee is
dis inguished by s ong eccen ic connec ions, so i can also be used o desc ibe an
a i ude, e.g. [...] he decisions made by he speake s a e o en con adic o y; The
wo ld we came in o was hos ile o us; C i ics and he public we e e y hos ile o
hese pain ings, hey did no ole a e insul s and insul s; [...] he ag eemen was
ecei ed coldly and e en hos ile in Poland. The e b o wo k is associa ed wi h an
ac ion ha has a leas a heo e ically possible esul , a iendly ac ion in such a
con ex can be accompanied by a wo d. Thus, i can be said ha wo possible iendly
meanings a e being ac ualized: ‘as iends do, ‘ oge he , in common, e.g.: [...] i is a
way o communica ing o s a he wo king day and o wo k oge he in a iendly
way; [...] we ha e con inued o wo k in good ai h and ha e succeeded in con incing
he Sejm.
The cooking, ea ing, and d inking o ood ha e angible esul s. When such
si ua ions a e used wi h he adjec i e amicably, he meaning o he adjec i e is
upda ed ‘only, in gene al, e.g. [...] p ac ice, all h ee amicably; Rasela ound po a oes
užsuk i pas jį į kaju ę, paplepė i, d augiškai išmauk i s iklą; [...] išsiaiškinę nesusi-
and hey s a ed cooking lunch in a iendly way. In desc ip ions o si ua ions
whe e he ocus is no on he ac o ea ing i sel , bu on he na u e o he
beha io , he iendly meaning o he beha io is upda ed ‘as iends do, e.g. Lunch
was p e y iendly. Nanis black pulled him aside, iendly pou ing him co ee o a
sip o good wine. The abili y o ac in a iendly and hos ile manne , i.e. o be in a
ela ionship o iendship o hos ili y, based on he wo ld iew eco ded in he
Li huanian language, is cha ac e is ic no only o humans bu also o ca s and dogs.
Since animals do no no mally speak o humans, hei ansmi ed ela ionship can
usually be pe cei ed by he eye, plg. Bu seeing a dog wi h a iendly ail... he a io7.
The absolu e majo i y o examples desc ibe si ua ions in which bo h iendships
A icles by A icles 221
D augas i p iešas kaip pasaulio ka ego izacijos
a skai os aškai lie u ių kalbos pasaulė aizdyje
and hos ili y a e exp essed by he add essees and he add essees a e people.
Howe e , he Li huanian language's wo ld iew is cha ac e ized by he abili y o
exp ess an emo ional ela ionship o animals ha a e closes o humans. The e a e
examples in which dogs, u keys, ca s a e desc ibed as capable o exp essing
iendliness. I was concluded ha a much g ea e a ie y o ac ions is associa ed
wi h he wo d iendly. The add essee usually con eys such a ela ionship in ways
ha a e pe cei ed by he eye and he ea , and iendliness is also exp essed in
ges u es aimed a he pu sui o con ac , which can be pe cei ed h ough ano he
sensa ion. In si ua ions whe e iendly ela ions a e es ablished be ween he
pa ies, he e may be a a ie y o a i udes: i is no jus abou es ablishing and
main aining con ac , bu also abou p oduc i e ac ions ha ha e a angible esul .
The e bs associa ed wi h he wo d amicably a e mo e a ied because o he
na u e o he ela ionship i sel , because i p o ides o he p ospec o u he
in e ac ion. In hese con ex s, wo main meanings o he wo d " iendly" can be
dis inguished: " iendly" […]as iends do[…] and " iendly" […] oge he ,
oge he […]. The i s meaning is conside ed o be he main, mo e impo an one, i
mo i a es he second, because ac ion oge he is possible in he case o common
in e es s, iendly ela ions. When he e b is used in a iendly way wi h hose
e bs ha accompany a esul -o ien ed ac ion, he meaning " oge he , oge he "
is upda ed. F iendly, used in conjunc ion wi h e bs whose named ac ions ha e no
conc e e esul o a leas no o ien a ion o i , can be conside ed o be close o
he cen e o he ca ego y o iendliness, i we compa e he meaning o his
wo d wi h he a o emen ioned " oge he , oge he ".
The wo d " iendly" can be e ined in o one o mo e wo ds, so i s desc ip ions
a e comp ehensi e, lea ing mo e eedom o in e p e a ion, b oade and he
meaning o he wo d i sel .
The enemy's app oach is much mo e limi ed. The e is a p o ision in he language's
wo ld iew ha communica ion is di icul in he case o such a ela ionship, he
mo e unsuccess ul and common ac i i ies […] enemies a e inclined badly, so i is
impossible o ac oge he , ac only agains each o he , des uc i ely, in he bes
case comple ely wi hou common a ai s. By analogy wi h he ca ego y o
iendliness, looking a he ca ego y o enmi y, he la e can be said o be close ,
o ha e ewe nuances o meaning.
The e bs ha make up he e b conjuga ion do no desc ibe such a a ie y o
si ua ions. Usually limi ed o ini ial con ac . Acco ding o he logic o nai e
psychology, hos ili y is mo e o en pe cei ed h ough he eyes, some imes h ough
he ea s o mixed senses, bu he e ha e been no examples o alking abou hos ili y
h ough ouch […] hos ili y co ela es wi h con on a ion, dis ance. 7 O cou se, a
pe son may be hos ile owa d himsel , bu i is no necessa y o exp ess i .

SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ
222 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVIII
Ve inan d augiškumo i p iešiškumo ka ego ijas kaip isumą, da y ina iš-
sugges s ha he combina ion o iendly and hos ile wo ds wi h e ec s o
(and) e bs o a mo e speci ic meaning, accompanying ac ions pe cei ed by
a ious senses, he s a e, he analysis e eals he nuances o he iendly and
hos ile ela ionship. I can be no ed ha pa s o e bs, used wi h iendly and
hos ile p eposi ions, ha e a cha ac e is ic endency owa d eccen ic
ela ionships, i.e. he con en o a sen ence can be pe cei ed bo h di ec ly and by
e e ing o he ans e o a i le o he con en o ano he seman ic g oup.
The ac ualiza ion o eccen ic ela ionships is a p e equisi e o he necessi y o exp essing he mos gene al assessmen (good e sus bad). o he wo ld
ka ego izacija a skai os aškais laikan DRAUGĄ i PRIEŠĄ, . y. d augišku-
mo i p iešiškumo ka ego ijas, y a pasaulio ka ego izacija emian is e inimu
i ai y a ge ai s. i ai y a blogai.
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S aipsniai / A icles 223
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SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ
224 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXXVIII
Sme ana Ma ius and Ru ko ska K is ina a e also ea u ed in he ilm. The b ead. Mo he ,
Vilnius: Vilnius Uni e si y publishing house. This is Vic o ia 2018: Opposi ion, hos ili y,
opp esso : Polish image y in Li huanian li e a u e be ween he ages. […] The new
ligh house-Aidai 7, 25 […] 30. "Lo e a 2020: The Concep o he D eam" is published in he
jou nal "Lo e a 2020: The Concep o he D eam" by he publishing house "Lo e a 2020."
Wo ld iew o Polish and Li huanian alues. D. 1. The ollowing able is inse ed: Theo e ical assump ions and in e p e a ions
jos, sud. K. Ru ko ska, S. Neb ziegowska-Ba minska, Vilnius: Vilniaus uni e si e o
leidyk la, 337–365.
This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has o ed in a ou o he
Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks
ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k. Analysis o language images: a collec i e
monog aph, Vilnius: Ins i u e o Li huanian language.
F iend and Enemy as Re e ence Poin s
o Wo ld Ca ego iza ion in he Wo ld iew
o he Li huanian Language
Summa y
The esea ch aims o desc ibe and compa e some o he ca ego ies o iendliness and
hos ili y, i.e. o analyze wha ac ions and s a es a e desc ibed as ypical o iend and enemy in
he wo ld iew o he Li huanian language. The esea ch was based on he analysis o he
combina ions o he ad e bs iendly ( iendly) and hos ile (hos ile). O e 1,000 examples we e
d awn om he Co pus o Con empo a y Li huanian Language: 829 wo ds iendly and 360
wo ds hos ile. Conside ing he pu pose o he esea ch and he na u e o he esea ch
ma e ial, desc ip i e, in e p e i e, concep ual analysis and compa a i e me hods we e
employed. The classi ica ion o he examples o ad e bs iendly and hos ile was based on he
ac ha such si ua ions gene ally connec wo sides: he one who seeks o send his o he
ela ionship and he one o whom he said message is sen . Since he si ua ion wi hou he
add essee would lose i s meaning, all e bs used wi h he ad e bs iendly and hos ile a e
classi ied aking in o accoun h ough which o he i e human senses, namely sigh , hea ing,
ouch, as e o smell, he in o ma ion is pe cei ed.
A icles by A icles 225
D augas i p iešas kaip pasaulio ka ego izacijos
a skai os aškai lie u ių kalbos pasaulė aizdyje
I was concluded ha a much wide ange o ac ions is associa ed wi h he wo d iendly. The
add essee usually sends such a ela ionship pe cei ed by sigh and hea ing; F iendliness is also
exp essed by ges u es aimed a he pu sui o con ac , he pe cep ion o which is possible
wi h he help o ano he sense, i.e. ouch. The na u e o a si ua ion whe e bo h sides a e on
iendly e ms can be di e se: i is no only he es ablishmen and main enance o ini ial
o con ac , bu also p oduc i e ac ions wi h a angible esul .
Ve bs used wi h he wo d p iešiškai desc ibe less di e se si ua ions. I is usually limi ed
con ac , as communica ion and coope a ion a e no possible in such a ela ionship.
Deli e ed on 18 Ap il 2023.
SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Pe o Vilešio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Li huania
Sil ija.klo [email p o ec ed] This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, esiden s o , o o he wise closely associa ed wi h Pe o Vilešio g.