Draugas ir priešas kaip pasaulio kategorizacijos atskaitos taškai lietuvių kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje

206 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXVIII SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas ORCID id: orcid.org/0000-0003-2538-9502 Research areas include ethnolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, linguistic cultural studies, and related languages. This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. How to Be a Friend and a Friend Classification by country The Court of Auditors of the European Union LANGUAGES In the world Friend and Enemy as Reference Points for World Categorization in the Worldview of the Lithuanian Language This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal. In the article, the categories of friendliness and hostility are compared with the worldview of the Lithuanian language. Based on the analysis of adjectives friendly and hostile combinations with various semantic verbs, the aim is to reveal the situations in which the analogy with friends and enemies is used to perceive the worldview of the Lithuanian language. The focus is on how the worldview of language captures the possibility of conveying a friendly or hostile relationship, which is perceived from the senses, based on the logic of naive psychology. The statements of the article are based on examples from the analysis of the text of the contemporary Lithuanian language compiled by the Computer Linguistics Center of the Vytautas Didysis University in Kaunas. This study not only provides information on the content of the categories of friendliness and hostility, but also complements what is already known about the peculiarities of the perception of DRAUGO and PRIEŠO in the worldview of the Lithuanian language. These are the words: friend, worldview, categorization of the world, concept, naive psychology, enemies. Articles of the 207th Draugas ir priešas kaip pasaulio kategorizacijos atskaitos taškai lietuvių kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal. The article compares the categories of friendly (friendly) and hostile (hostile) associated with the worldview of the Lithuanian language. Using the analysis of the friends and enemies combinations of the adverbs draugiškai and priešiškai and the verbs of various semantics, the aim is to reveal the situations the understanding of which requires the analogy with in the worldview of the Lithuanian language. Attention is focused on how the worldview of language captures the possibility of conveying a friendly or naive psychology. The statements hostile relationship and through which senses such a relationship is perceived based on of the article are based on the analysis of examples from the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian Language compiled at the Centre of Computational Linguistics of Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas. This study not only provides information about the content of the categories of friendliness and hostility, but also adds to what is already known about the peculiarities of the perception of friend and enemy in the worldview of the Lithuanian language. Keywords: concept, enemy, friend, the worldview of language, naive psychology, categorization of the world. Notes for the purposes of this Annex: World categorization studies in the worldview of the Lithuanian language have already made great progress. They became active at the beginning of the 21st century, when many cognitive linguistic ideas appeared in close-up works that analyze concepts related to the worldview of the Lithuanian language (Aleksaitė 2018; Bogdzevič 2020; Gaidienė, Liutkevičienė 2019; Rutkovska, Smetonienė, Smetona 2017; 2019; Smetonienė, Smetona, Rutkovska 2021), along with the peculiarities of the worldview of two or more languages (Cibulskienė 2020; Jurgaitis 2015). Tokyo-type studies are interesting because of the possibility of describing the specific image of the world captured in the language, they reveal the value system of the people speaking the language, suggesting models of behavior. Language helps to categorize reality, i.e. to better understand it, to distinguish phenomena, things and characteristics from each other. To make the categorization even simpler, an analogy is used with better known and understandable fragments of reality, which themselves do not need further explanation. The goals, the tasks, the methods. The aim of the study presented in this article is to describe and compare some of the categories of friendliness and hostility of the Lithuanian language with the worldview of the worldview of the worldview of the worldview of the worldview of the worldview of the worldview of the worldview of the worldview of the worldview of the worldview of the worldview. SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ Acta Linguistica LXXVIII: The Logic of Psychology: A Friendly and Hostile Relationship is Understood The purpose of the siekti kelti tokie uždaviniai: 1. to analyze the situations described in the examples of friendly and hostile behaviour collected from the text of the contemporary Lithuanian language, to classify the examples according to what is felt, based on the logic of the worldview of the language, is used to perceive the relationship transmitted. 2. to compare the actions and states with which we associate and with which the senses perceive the relationships between us are characterized by friendly and hostile actions. Rengiant straipsnį, remtasi žodžių draugiškai ir priešiškai junginių analize – sukaupta daugiau kaip 1000 pavyzdžių iš Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstyno: 829 Depending on the purpose of the study and the nature of the subject matter, descriptive, interpretative, conceptual analysis and related methods should be used. Examination of hearing. The aim is to reveal how friends and enemies are elgesio suvokimu pasinaudojama kategorizuojant pasaulį – panašių tyrimų tęsinys. Jau aprašyta, kiek nacionalinio charakterio specifiką atskleidžia visų žodžio lietuviškas, -a formų junginių analizė (Papaurėlytė-Klovienė 2009), lygincharacterised by the typical behavioural characteristics of women, children and men recorded in the language (Papaurėlytė-Klovienė 2008), to discuss the situations for which the words divine (Papaurėlytė-Klovienė 2015) and diabolical (Papaurėlytė-Klovienė 2015) are used. This Decision shall enter into force on the day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. The words friend and enemy have attracted the attention of Lithuanian speakers. Jonas Klimavičius discussed the use of the words friend, friendly, friendly and sought to answer the question whether the word friendly is a verb (Klimavičius 2008: 133–140). Elena Akimova and Ina Boikienė, writing about the problems of the study of Lithuanian masculine and feminine linguistic consciousness, supported an association experiment in which, among other stimuli, the word friend was used as an example. (Akimova, Boikienė, 2001) This is the first time that the European Parliament has been consulted on this matter. In her article, Viktoriya Makarova presents the results of the comparative analysis of the Lithuanian cultural concept PRIEŠAS and the Russian cultural concept VRAG. In the analysis, the author used 100 examples from the publicist discourse. Kalbininkė sought to reveal what is called enmity, what priešui ir kokius veiksmus jis atlieka (Makarova 2014). Iš dalies su priešo vaizdinio aprašymu yra susijęs ir kitas tos pačios mokslicharacteristics are characteristic of her article, in which she analyzed how the Lithuanian media presents the conflict between Polishness and Lithuanianness. According to the author, there is an information war going on in Lithuania against the Polish national minority, the result of which is a link between Articles of the Treaty Draugas ir priešas kaip pasaulio kategorizacijos atskaitos taškai lietuvių kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje Polishness and negative things in the public consciousness, the perception of Poles as enemies (Makarova 2013; see also Šeina 2018 about the image of hostile Poles). Naujausias draugo ir priešo suvokimo lietuvių kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje ypatumus atskleidžiantis darbas yra Loretos Vaičiulytės-Semėnienės, Veslavos The monograph of Čižik-Prokaševa, Aurelija Gritėnienė, Danutė Liutkevičienė and Angelika Gaidienė Lithuanian neighbors: friends or enemies? Speech and thought analysis (2023). The monograph summarizes that so-called friends can bind people to each other in a patija arba kūniškas intymumas. Pabrėžiama, kad tokie santykio tipai gali prasymbiotic way: there is a possibility that friendship will be replaced by physical love; It may also be that, having lost physical love, they become friends again or become very good acquaintances (Vaičiulytė-Semėnienė, Čižik-Prokaševa, Gritėnienė, Liutkevičienė, Gaidienė 2023: 125; see also Vaičiulytė-Semėnienė 2020). In the same monograph, it is stated that the image of the enemy, based on various types of texts written in Lithuanian, can be a guide. This is the name given to an attack by the army of another country, an unfriendly country or its people, an unfriendly person, an abstract phenomenon or a specific inanimate object that causes damage. Most often this word is used to refer to people with opposing beliefs. It is concluded that the status of enemy and friend tends to change, i.e. a former enemy can become a friend, and a friend can become an enemy (Vaičiulytė-Semėnienė, Čižik-Prokaševa, Gritėnienė, Liutkevičienė, Gaidienė 2023: 161162; see also Gaidienė 2020). It is hoped that the findings of the study presented in this article will be complemented by what is already known about the perception of friends and enemies in the worldview of the Lithuanian language based on linguistic material. The theoretical basis of the study. In order to describe the categories of friendliness and hostility, cognitive linguistics is used to approach the essence of the category more closely, maintaining a compromise between structural and cognitive language. The categorization is directly related to the conceptualization of the world: a person receives information from the environment, he has to perceive, process, organize and store it in such a way that he can quickly find and use the information at any time. Concepts are formed in the consciousness based on the information received and accumulated. In this article, we believe that a concept is a unit of thought, information about a thing or phenomenon that exists in the consciousness of a person, group of people, or nation. The content of the concept can be conveyed in various ways […] through works of art, music, acting, etc., but the most informative way is the language (for more on the concept, see Papaurėlytė-Klovienė 2007: 15[…]20). It should be acknowledged that the content of a concept expressed by linguistic means will not necessarily be understood in the same way by all users of the language. However, it can be predicted that, in understanding the meanings of words, there will be more commonality than SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ 210 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXVIII, for example, in trying to determine what information is conveyed by the forms or colours of a work of art. Classification and conceptualization are linked by a classification nature, but their goals and results are different. The result of conceptualization is minimal experience units, concepts. The categorization of similar concepts connects to larger classes […] categories. It should be noted that although the description of a category provides information about the concept that connects the members of the category in question, it is not possible to write a sign of equality between the description of the categorization fragment of the world and the description of the corresponding concept. Svari priežastis kategorijos aprašymo neprilyginti koncepto aprašymui yra apibrėžtas aprašymo laukas. Kaip tiriamąją medžiagą imant žodžių draugiškai and hostile compounds with verbs information is obtained only about the actions attributed to the DRAG and FRIENDS of the users of the language, the states experienced, so other, more static characteristics of them may remain undescribed. Of course, it is not necessary to completely separate the description of the category from the description of the concept, the information associated with the category and the concept coincides, so in order to describe the characteristics of the categorization of the world and focus on any one point of reference, information about the specific concept (or concepts) is also obtained. The description of the categorization of the world always provides information about the specifics of the worldview of the language. Since the focus of the study is on relationships with people, the sphere of emotions and feelings is linked to the categories of friendship and hostility, it can be clarified that the article describes a fragment of naive psychology characteristic of the worldview of the Lithuanian language. Naïve psychology is considered to be the perception of the nature of human internal world phenomena, their causal relationships and expressive qualities, which are captured in the explicit worldview of the language by means of language. The worldview of a language is the whole picture of a nation's way of life, environment, value system, worldview and behavioural models reflected in the language, i.e. it covers absolutely everything - both the concrete and the non-concrete. Naïve psychology has preserved the perception of the phenomena of the inner world, which was the only one until it was replaced by empirically based knowledge of the world (for more on the worldview of language, see Papaurelytė-Klovienė 2007: 23-26). In the article, the terms world-view logic and naive psychology logic are related by the same whole-part relationship. The use of the term "concept" to define absolute information is not appropriate because the scope of the concept changes as experience changes. In addition, the scope of concepts associated with different people, groups of people may vary, e.g. the perception of freedom in the consciousness of a participant in post-war struggles and a teenager in the third decade of the 21st century. Straipsniai / Articles 211 Draugas ir priešas kaip pasaulio kategorizacijos atskaitos taškai lietuvių kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje The logic of the worldview of language is the worldview and the relationships between things, phenomena and processes that are captured in language, even though they contradict the scientific worldview. For example, the saying "the sun goes down" does not correspond to reality, but it is used, passed down from generation to generation. The logic of naive psychology […] is the language in which the relationships between the phenomena of psychic life are recorded. For example, the logic of naive psychology is illustrated by the saying autumn depression. A Friend and a Friend's Friend Meeting of the Lithuanian delegation PASAULĖVAIZDYJE Lietuvių kalbos žodyne žodis draugiškai minimas apibūdinant dvi iš penkių būdvardžio draugiškas reikšmių: 1. būdingas draugui, bičiuliškas: draugiškas the behaviour. friendly adv. Usually a friendly person behaves in a friendly way. 3. general: [Sutvayrim] is the work of a friendly three-person divinity. friendly: Friendly cloth (LKŽe). In the same word, the adjective "hostile" is indicated next to the adjective "hostile" of the first meaning "unfriendly, unfavorable": Their relationship is hostile. It's hostile. It seemed to Girni that Gedut was looking at him from above, hostile, with a badly concealed displeasure. The common Lithuanian vocabulary indicates that the prefix friendly has two meanings. The first meaning is associated with the friendly meaning of the first adjective (friendly to friends; sin. bičiuliškas), the second with the meaning of the third adjective mentioned (friendly, neighborly). The word enemy is included in the dictionary manuscript, information about it is collected (BLKŽe). The adjectives "friendly" and "hostile" are also antonyms, so it has both common and friendly and hostile usage examples are based primarily on the fact that, in terms of descriptions, such a situation connects two subjects: the one who seeks to besiskiriančių semų. Klasifikuojant iš Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstyno surinktus prieveiksmių translate his relationship (will be called the adjective), and the one according to which the article classifies what of the five senses […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […], […] minėta informacija skiriama (adresatą). Kadangi situacija be adresato prarastų prasmę, visi su prieveiksmiais draugiškai ir priešiškai vartojami veiksmažodžiai SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ Acta Linguistica LXXVIII, the information derived from them is perceived (for more information on the senses, see The Myers 2000: 147–184). By describing the totality of ways of demonstrating a friendly or hostile relationship with each of the senses, the aim is to systematize the verbs according to the possibilities of distinguishing and discussing semantic groups. 1. Repeated Rega can be perceived not only by nearby objects, but also by distant objects. During the study, it was found that, according to the logic of the worldview of the Lithuanian language, rega is the feeling that helps to perceive the ways of expressing friendliness and hostility associated with very different semantic verbs. Since the face is usually the most visible when communicating with people, the expressions of friendliness and hostility, as the material of the Lithuanian language's worldview shows, are the eyes, the gaze. Such situations are described by the verbs of the visual semantic group. These verbs can be understood in two ways: both as directly referring to the perception of the eye, and as the result of eccentric relationships, used to describe a situation in which an attitude to the object of speech, an opinion, is expressed. The line between the first and second meanings is also very subtle, and the situation described can be understood in two ways. : very friendly to tourists, yet they are a source of income; It would be possible to look at the state in a sincere and friendly way. It would be justified to attribute examples of the actualization of action words from the centric relations of the semantic group of perception to those that are perceived as mixed sensations. Part of the examples describe the situation very clearly, because the semantics of the verbs themselves imply an appropriate assessment. As is customary in language, the evaluation is usually negative, and the corresponding behavior reinforces such an evaluation even more. In this context, the more commonly used word is hostile, which has the same meaning as the negative word friendly, e.g., [...] nelabai draugiškai; [...] pro šalį praėjo dvi mergužėlės lakuotais kuodais, priešiškai to us the gossiping one spoke to me; The railway worker stood up in opposition. In some cases, the semantics of the verb partially contradict each other, and the čiam prieveiksmiui, taip galimai kuriamas netikėtumo efektas, pvz., Šis pašnaimeaning is quite friendly. 2 The selection of samples for the study was not based on quantity, nor was it aimed at mentioning absolutely all the words that form compounds with friendly and hostile […] the aim was to reflect the diversity of these words and their relationship with various situations of non-verbal reality. 3 In order to avoid overly broad or overly narrow semantic groups, no attempt is made to link all verbs in the article to semantic groups. Articles of the Treaty Draugas ir priešas kaip pasaulio kategorizacijos atskaitos taškai lietuvių kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje When a verb belongs to the semantic group of sight, it is not associated with any evaluation (see, look, do not look, observe, look, look), its meaning is concretized precisely by the verb, e.g. [...] we look at what we are living with in a friendly way; Tom looked at me with a friendly blue eye and assessed the events he had observed. viena ruda akimi; [...] žmonės Kaune į dviratininkus žiūri priešiškai; Jis iš lėto priešiškai nužvelgė po kambarį išsibarsčiusius negausius lankytojus; [...] mačiau, kaip priešiškai sužiuro į mane subėgęs personalas; Gana priešiškai savo pačių iš šono According to the logic of the worldview of the Lithuanian language, there are mimics and gestures among the ways of expressing friendly relations perceived by the eye. One of the most common verbs used in a friendly manner to indicate a relationship between the addressee and the addressee is a smile. The smile itself indicates that either the participants in the situation are bound by a friendly relationship or that such a relationship is sought. A friendly smile can complement the information conveyed by the tongue, e.g. Nothing, nothing, a friendly smile through the glasses; He spoke simply, sincerely, with a friendly smile; I didn't expect you to smile in a friendly way. It is recorded in the examples that in order to show a friendly attitude, it is informative simply to smile, to establish a relationship only by mimicry, e.g. They smile at me from a distance, friendly. [...] did not lower her eyes, looked at him sincerely, with a friendly smile; The girl smiled at me in a friendly way and broke her albums. Other verbs that describe a similar mimicry, based on the logic of the language's worldview, can also be associated with a friendship bond, only in this aprašyme fiksuojama ir daugiau niuansų, pvz.: Pagaliau jis sureagavo draugiškai vyptelėdamas; [...] nurijęs jį kartu su seilėmis, prisiverčiau draugiškai išsiviepsituation. In this case, the verb emphasizes not the friendly relationship, but simply the tension, indicating dissatisfaction, irritation, or anger at the grimace. In the second example, this impression is further reinforced by the verb to force. Thus, the relationship called friendly behavior can also be far removed from that which is prototypically perceived as characteristic of a friend. "I'm not going to lie Be šypsenos, draugiško santykio raiškos būdai yra mirktelėjimas, galvos linktelėjimas ar kilstelėjimas (kilstelėti galvą, linktelėti, mirksėti, mirktelėti, moto you," she said, nodding her head in a friendly way. [...] walking through the city, hands behind their backs, cheering friendlylyly as I tried to call them; Hermis susirinkusiems. Rega suvokiami rankų judesiai erdvėje: Levinas ir Dyteris draugiškai iš tolo bridges him in a friendly way and extends his hand. Part of the expressive situations of a friendly or hostile relationship perceived by the eye are static and not necessarily strictly defined in terms of time. Such situations SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ The Acta Linguistica Lituanica LXXXVIII does not usually have a clear result, and the process itself is important, and the relationship is expressed during it. Both the addressee and the addressee are clear in the descriptions, e.g. [...] the unit in turn should trust the auditors amicably; "Three men, whom Abraham welcomed and comforted under a tree. They're very friendly to me, because of their agricultural work. The same situation can also be described in the opposite way […] by agreeing, agreeing, adopting an expressly hostile attitude, e.g. [...] the medical application some of the convicted met hostile and finally decided the doctor; Democracy, as far as possible, is hostile to Western coalitions; [...] we were met with quite hostility in the reception department. The situation where the word "enmity" is used can be clarified by other descriptions that show how close the meaning of the word "enmity" is to the center of the category of "enmity," e.g. "they were received coldly and hostile." ...residents were very hostile to Western media representatives; Especially the Portuguese were hostile to newcomers. The verb to agree is distinguished by strong eccentric connections, so it can also be used to describe an attitude, e.g. [...] the decisions made by the speakers are often contradictory; The world we came into was hostile to us; Critics and the public were very hostile to these paintings, they did not tolerate insults and insults; [...] the agreement was received coldly and even hostile in Poland. The verb to work is associated with an action that has at least a theoretically possible result, a friendly action in such a context can be accompanied by a word. Thus, it can be said that two possible friendly meanings are being actualized: ‘as friends do, ‘together, in common, e.g.: [...] it is a way of communicating to start the working day and to work together in a friendly way; [...] we have continued to work in good faith and have succeeded in convincing the Sejm. The cooking, eating, and drinking of food have tangible results. When such situations are used with the adjective amicably, the meaning of the adjective is updated ‘only, in general, e.g. [...] practice, all three amicably; Rasela found potatoes užsukti pas jį į kajutę, paplepėti, draugiškai išmaukti stiklą; [...] išsiaiškinę nesusiand they started cooking lunch in a friendly way. In descriptions of situations where the focus is not on the fact of eating itself, but on the nature of the behavior, the friendly meaning of the behavior is updated ‘as friends do, e.g. Lunch was pretty friendly. Nanis black pulled him aside, friendly pouring him coffee or a sip of good wine. The ability to act in a friendly and hostile manner, i.e. to be in a relationship of friendship or hostility, based on the worldview recorded in the Lithuanian language, is characteristic not only of humans but also of cats and dogs. Since animals do not normally speak to humans, their transmitted relationship can usually be perceived by the eye, plg. But seeing a dog with a friendly tail... the ratio7. The absolute majority of examples describe situations in which both friendships Articles by Articles 221 Draugas ir priešas kaip pasaulio kategorizacijos atskaitos taškai lietuvių kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje and hostility are expressed by the addressees and the addressees are people. However, the Lithuanian language's worldview is characterized by the ability to express an emotional relationship to animals that are closest to humans. There are examples in which dogs, turkeys, cats are described as capable of expressing friendliness. It was concluded that a much greater variety of actions is associated with the word friendly. The addressee usually conveys such a relationship in ways that are perceived by the eye and the ear, and friendliness is also expressed in gestures aimed at the pursuit of contact, which can be perceived through another sensation. In situations where friendly relations are established between the parties, there may be a variety of attitudes: it is not just about establishing and maintaining contact, but also about productive actions that have a tangible result. The verbs associated with the word amicably are more varied because of the nature of the relationship itself, because it provides for the prospect of further interaction. In these contexts, two main meanings of the word "friendly" can be distinguished: "friendly" […]as friends do[…] and "friendly" […]together, together[…]. The first meaning is considered to be the main, more important one, it motivates the second, because action together is possible in the case of common interests, friendly relations. When the verb is used in a friendly way with those verbs that accompany a result-oriented action, the meaning "together, together" is updated. Friendly, used in conjunction with verbs whose named actions have no concrete result or at least no orientation to it, can be considered to be closer to the center of the category of friendliness, if we compare the meaning of this word with the aforementioned "together, together". The word "friendly" can be refined into one or more words, so its descriptions are comprehensive, leaving more freedom for interpretation, broader and the meaning of the word itself. The enemy's approach is much more limited. There is a provision in the language's worldview that communication is difficult in the case of such a relationship, the more unsuccessful and common activities […] enemies are inclined badly, so it is impossible to act together, act only against each other, destructively, in the best case completely without common affairs. By analogy with the category of friendliness, looking at the category of enmity, the latter can be said to be closer, to have fewer nuances of meaning. The verbs that make up the verb conjugation do not describe such a variety of situations. Usually limited to initial contact. According to the logic of naive psychology, hostility is more often perceived through the eyes, sometimes through the ears or mixed senses, but there have been no examples of talking about hostility through touch […] hostility correlates with confrontation, distance. 7 Of course, a person may be hostile toward himself, but it is not necessary to express it. SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ 222 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXXVIII Vertinant draugiškumo ir priešiškumo kategorijas kaip visumą, darytina išsuggests that the combination of friendly and hostile words with effects or (and) verbs of a more specific meaning, accompanying actions perceived by various senses, the state, the analysis reveals the nuances of the friendly and hostile relationship. It can be noted that parts of verbs, used with friendly and hostile prepositions, have a characteristic tendency toward eccentric relationships, i.e. the content of a sentence can be perceived both directly and by referring to the transfer of a title to the content of another semantic group. The actualization of eccentric relationships is a prerequisite for the necessity of expressing the most general assessment (good versus bad). of the world kategorizacija atskaitos taškais laikant DRAUGĄ ir PRIEŠĄ, t. y. draugiškumo ir priešiškumo kategorijas, yra pasaulio kategorizacija remiantis vertinimu ir tai yra gerai vs. ir tai yra blogai. LITERATŪRA Aleksaitė Agnė 2018: Meilės konceptas ir jo sinonimai lietuvių kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje. – Bendrinė kalba 91. Prieiga internete: https://journals.lki.lt/bendrinekalba/ article/view/80. Akimova Elena, Boikienė Ina 2001: Lietuvių vyriškosios ir moteriškosios kalbinės sąmonės tyrinėjimo problemos. – Filologija 4(17), 121–129. 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The following table is inserted: Theoretical assumptions and interpretations jos, sud. K. Rutkovska, S. Nebrziegowska-Bartminska, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidyk la, 337–365. This is the first time that the European Parliament has voted in favour of the Commission's proposal for a directive on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens at work. Analysis of language images: a collective monograph, Vilnius: Institute of Lithuanian language. Friend and Enemy as Reference Points for World Categorization in the Worldview of the Lithuanian Language Summary The research aims to describe and compare some of the categories of friendliness and hostility, i.e. to analyze what actions and states are described as typical of friend and enemy in the worldview of the Lithuanian language. The research was based on the analysis of the combinations of the adverbs friendly (friendly) and hostile (hostile). Over 1,000 examples were drawn from the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian Language: 829 words friendly and 360 words hostile. Considering the purpose of the research and the nature of the research material, descriptive, interpretive, conceptual analysis and comparative methods were employed. The classification of the examples of adverbs friendly and hostile was based on the fact that such situations generally connect two sides: the one who seeks to send his or her relationship and the one to whom the said message is sent. Since the situation without the addressee would lose its meaning, all verbs used with the adverbs friendly and hostile are classified taking into account through which of the five human senses, namely sight, hearing, touch, taste or smell, the information is perceived. Articles by Articles 225 Draugas ir priešas kaip pasaulio kategorizacijos atskaitos taškai lietuvių kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje It was concluded that a much wider range of actions is associated with the word friendly. The addressee usually sends such a relationship perceived by sight and hearing; Friendliness is also expressed by gestures aimed at the pursuit of contact, the perception of which is possible with the help of another sense, i.e. touch. The nature of a situation where both sides are on friendly terms can be diverse: it is not only the establishment and maintenance of initial of contact, but also productive actions with a tangible result. Verbs used with the word priešiškai describe less diverse situations. It is usually limited contact, as communication and cooperation are not possible in such a relationship. Delivered on 18 April 2023. SILVIJA PAPAURĖLYTĖ-KLOVIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vilešio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania Silvija.klov[email protected] This is a list of people who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Petro Vilešio g.