Albina AUKSORIŪTĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

LAURYNAS IVINSKIS’S MINERALOGICAL NEOLOGISMS

Lauryno Ivinskio (1810–1881), vieno iš pirmųjų XIX a. lietuviškų gamtos mokslų terminų kūrėjų, botanikos ir mikologijos terminai jau šiek tiek nagrinėti¹, o šiame straipsnyje aptariami L. Ivinskio sudaryti mineralų pavadinimai.

L. Ivinskis presented mineralogical terms in the first part of the manuscript “Prigimtūmenė.” As has been noted², two versions of the first part of this scholarly work have survived: “Žemėtros,” held in the manuscript collection of the library of the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore, and “Žemėmina,” held in the manuscript collection of the Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Kraków. The main parts of both manuscripts, which describe inanimate nature, differ very little; therefore, the mineral names discussed in this article are taken from the manuscript held in Vilnius.

In his description of “Žemėtros,” L. Ivinskis provided over 400 geographical and mineralogical terms, giving Latin, and in many cases Polish and German, equivalents for each Lithuanian term, e.g.: bōraksas, Latin Chrysocolla, Polish Borax, German Der Borax Pr 36; sidābras, Latin Argentum, Polish Srébro, German Das Silber Pr 37. In this part, L. Ivins-

¹ See J a n k e v i č i u s K., J a n k e v i č i e n ė R. Some new data on L. Ivinskis’s work in the field of Lithuanian botanical terminology. – Botanikos klausi-mai 2, Vilnius, 1962, 151–163; A u k s o r i ū t ė A. The names of taxa in L. Ivinskis’s “Prigimtūmenė.” – Terminologija 2, Vilnius, 1995, 58–65; A u k s o r i ū t ė A. The names of the systematic categories in Laurynas Ivinskis’s “Prigimtūmenė.” – Lauryno Ivins-kio kalendoriaus 150-mečiui: Straipsniai ir dokumentai, Vilnius, 1997, 33–39; J a n-k e v i č i e n ė R. Laurynas Ivinskis—the creator of Lithuanian plant names. – Lauryno Ivinskio kalendoriaus 150-mečiui: Straipsniai ir dokumentai, Vilnius, 1997, 40–46; A u k s o r i ū t ė A. L. Ivinskis’s mycological terms. – Terminologija 7, Vilnius, 2000, 48–58.

² See A u k s o r i ū t ė A. Laurynas Ivinskis’s manuscripts in Krakow. – Terminolo-gija 5, Vilnius, 1998, 102–110; A u k s o r i ū t ė A. Laurynas Ivinskis’s terminological legacy. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 40, Vilnius, 1998, 32–40.

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The neologisms presented by Ivinskis make up more than one fifth of all the terms described in this part.

Most of the mineral names coined by L. Ivinskis are included in the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” with the sole note that the word is taken from L. Ivinskis’s writings. Comparing the mineral names from L. Ivinskis included in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽ) with the terms in the first part of “Prigimtūmenė” makes it clear that the mineral names by L. Ivinskis included in the LKŽ come precisely from this work of his.

Slightly more than half of L. Ivinskis’s neologisms are derivatives, while the remainder are compounds. In the group of derivatives, suffixal derivatives predominate, making up four fifths. Prefixal and ending derivatives together account for only one fifth of all derivatives.

Suffixal derivatives

L. Ivinskis most often used the suffix -enis, -enė to name minerals. Sixteen derivatives were formed with the variant of this suffix -enis, for example: dervenis ~ derwēnis³, Lat. Porphyrites piceus, Picites seu Lapis piceus, Pol. Smotowiec, Ger. Pechstein Pr 22 (: resin), cf. porfyritai ChTŽ; jakšenis ~ jakšēnis, Lat. Axinites rhomboides, Pol. Axynit, Ger. Axinit Pr 18 (: jakšis “axe” LKŽ IV), the motivation and base of this derivative have been altered (Lat. axinites; Gr. axon “axis”), cf. aksinitas ChTŽ; popierenis ~ popierēnis or kalnakimštis, Lat. Asbestus papyraceus vel suberosus, Ger. Der Papierasbest oder Bergkork Pr 25 (: paper), cf. asbestas ChTŽ; ratenis ~ ratēnis, Lat. Actinotus, Pol. Promieniec, Ger. Der Strahlstein Pr 24 (: wheel), cf.? aktinolitas ChTŽ; rievenis ~ riewēnis, Lat. Stearochalyx, Pol. Dolomit, Ger. Der Dolomit Pr 31 (: groove), cf. rievėnis I “dolomite” LKŽ XI; sviestenis ~ swiestēnis, Lat. Alumen butyraceum, Pol. Masło górne, Ger. Bergbutter Pr 36 (: butter), cf.? aliūnitas ChTŽ; taukenis ~ taukēnis, Lat. Oreostear, Pol. Talkowiec, Ger. Der Talk Pr 28 (: fat), cf. 1 táłkas DŽ, NdŽ, TŽŽ, MedŽ 531, LTE VII 275; Ser. “a very soft, greasy mineral—hydrous magnesium silicate, used in medicine, cosmetics and technology” LKŽ XV;

³ First, the terms are given in their standard-language transcription; after the tilde, the Lithuanian names and their equivalents in other languages are presented as written by L. Ivinskis.

⁴ Abbreviations are taken from the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (I – Ivinskis).

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nesium silicate, used in medicine, cosmetics, and technology” LKŽ XV; titnagenis ~ titnagenis, Lat. Schistus Lydius, Pol. Kamień Łydiski, Ger. Kieselschiefer Pr 5 (: flint), cf. titnagenis I “flint shale” LKŽ XVI, etc.

L. Ivinskis formed two derivatives with this suffix using as their bases derivatives he had coined himself, for example: palakštenis ~ palakštėnis, Lat. Atizoës Lepidolithus, Pol. Lepidolit, Ger. Lepidolith Pr 26–27 (: pàlakštzis arba palakstis, Lat. Atizoës micans Pr 26), cf. lepidolitas ChTŽ; rašmenis ~ razsmenis, Lat. Schistus tabularis, Pol. Łupek pisarski Pr 4 (: raszmuo, Lat. Graphites Pr 17).

The base words of other derivatives in -enis are not entirely clear, for example: plostenis ~ plostėnis, Lat. Hydrargyrus argent osus, Pol. Amalgama, Ger. Das Amalgam Pr 37 (: plostekė? see plostėkė 1) [K], Jn (Kv), J “fragment, splinter.” 2) J “slab.” 3) J, Vdk “small segment” LKŽ X; in this case it may be a disintegration—a suffix of the base word has been omitted), cf. amalgamà “a solution of a metal in mercury” ChTŽ; tirptenis ~ tirptenis, Lat. Basanites columnaris, Pol. Bazalt, Ger. Basalt Pr 7 (: to melt), cf. bazáltas ChTŽ; in this derivative, Ivinskis may have taken the consonant t before the suffix from the infinitive suffix, or from other base stems, for example swiestėnis, palakštėnis, since at the juncture of the suffix and stem-final consonant, the identical consonant could have obscured the suffix boundary, and in this case Ivinskis understood the suffix as containing t.

L. Ivinskis provided only a few derivatives with the suffix variant -enė, for example: paskandenė ~ paskandenė, Lat. Diluvialis, Pol. Pokłady napływowe, Ger. Fluthland (rock formed from deposits during a flood) Pr 7 (: flood, see LKŽ IX); sanpuvenė ~ sąnpuwėné, Lat. Stagnigena, Ger. Tertiär oder Molassegebirge Pr 6–7 (: marsh); vyšnenė ~ wiśznenė, Lat. Ceremium, Pol. Kamień Ceresowy, Ger. Cerinstein Pr 42 (: cherry); žemčiūgenė ~ žemčziugenė, Lat. Atizoës Margarites, Pol. Margaryt albo perłowiec, Ger. Der Perlglimmer Pr 27 (: žemčiūgas “pearl”).

L. Ivinskis gave few derivatives formed with other suffixes to name minerals. Only two or three examples were found for several suffixes, for example: -ėtras: akėtras ~ akietras, Lat. Phlegraeus pyropoecilödes, Pol. Trachit, Ger. Trachyt Pr 7 (: eye), cf. trachitas “a vesicular effusive rock of uneven-grained texture” ChTŽ; skylėtras ~ skiliėtras, Lat. Calx

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Tophus, Polish Tuf wapienny, German Kalktuff Pr 30 (: skyle), compare skilietras LMD (I), geology “calcareous tufa” LKŽ XII, tūfas “a light, porous rock of volcanic origin” ChTŽ; žalėtras ~ žalietras, Latin Atizoēs Chloauges, Polish Chloryt, German Der Chlorit Pr 27 (: žalias), compare chloritas ChTŽ. The suffix -ėtras should be regarded as an individual suffix used by L. Ivinskis, which he apparently favored and used to form not only these mineral names, but also the general name for mineralogy mentioned earlier, žemėtros (: žemė + -ėtros), as well as several plant names, e.g.: ankštėtras ~ ankšztietras, Latin Lomentaria Pr 93; buožėtras ~ bužietras, Latin Cephalotrichum Pr 53; kaišėtras ~ kajšzietras, Latin Naematella, etc. With -menis: baltmenis ~ baltmenis, Latin Astroites foliatus, Polish Albit, German Albit Pr 22–23 (: baltas), compare albitas ChTŽ; pilkmenis ~ pilkmenis, Latin Grammatikas griseus, Polish Coizitis (Zoisit), Pr 23 (: pilkas), compare coizitas ChTŽ. The suffix -menis is quite rare and is generally known only in dialects, but it occurs frequently in L. Ivinskis’s neologisms. -mina: gelžmina ~ gelžmina, Latin Metalla, Polish Kruszec, metalle, German Die Metalle Pr 36 (: gelžis; see DünŽ), compare gelžmena I, neologism “metal” LKŽ III; šarmina ~ szārmina, Latin Natrum, Polish Natron, German Mineralkali Pr 36 (: šarmas), synonyms also provided: paprastaj wadinas soda arba miltena Pr 36, compare natris ChTŽ. The suffix -mina is a Samogitian variant of the suffix -mena⁵. -ainis: mielainis ~ mièlajnis, Latin Cyanoïdes pseudo-sapphirus, Cyanites, Polish Cyanit, German Cyanit oder Disthen Pr 23 (: mielas, see 1 mielas 1) SD 59, [K], Kv, Rt, J. Jabl “gypsum, limestone.” 2) Kos 48, SD 113, J “chalk” LKŽ VIII); ragainis ~ ragājnis, Latin Silex corneus, Polish Rogowiec, German Hornstein Pr 21 (: ragas), compare 1 ragainis I, DŽ¹ “mountain rock—a compound of clayey rocks, granite, and other materials” LKŽ XI. -einis: ledeinis ~ ledejnīs, Latin Coagulum saxeum, Polish Kryolit, German Der Kryolith Pr 35 (: ledas), compare kriolitas ChTŽ; lapeinis ~ lapejnis, Latin Actinotus virgulatus, Anthophyllites, Polish Antophyllit, German Anthophyllit Pr 24 (: lapas), compare antofilitas ChTŽ.

⁵ Žr. Grinaveckis V. Lietuvių tarmės: Fonetika. Morfologija, Vilnius, 1991, 16; Vitkauskas V. Lietuvių kalbos tarmių morfoneminiai reiškiniai ir jų svyravimas: Habilitacinis darbas, Vilnius, 1999, 44–45.

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Only one derivative of some suffixes used to name minerals was found, e.g.:

-eitis: lašineitis ~ lašžinėjtis, Latin Steatites communis, Polish Steatyt czyli stoninieć, German Der Speckstein Pr 29 (: lard), compare steatite ChTŽ. As P. Skardžius wrote, the suffix -eita- is very rare; derivatives with the suffix -ietis are more commonly used, though derivatives also occur with -ei-, where the suffix has not yet changed into -ie⁶.

-ėtis: molėtis ~ molėjtis, Latin Schistus argillaceus, Polish Lupek gliniany miękki, German Schieferthon Pr 26 (: clay). There are also few derivatives of this suffix in Lithuanian, and almost all, as in this case, can be morphologically related to nouns.

-ininkas: stiklininkas ~ stiklininkas or atgires, Latin Antimonium, Polish Antymon, German Spiesglanzmetall Pr 40 (: glass), compare 1 stiklininkas (-inykas Kos 122). 2) Kos 122, I, J, NdŽ “arsenic” LKŽ XIII; Polish antymon—chemistry “antimony.” Derivatives with this suffix most often designate people, while its use to name various inanimate objects, as in this case, is less common.

-ūnas: ragūnas ~ ragūnas basaltic, Latin Actinotus basaniticus, Polish Rogowiec bazaltowy, German Die basaltartige Hornblende Pr 24 (: horn).

-uonis: baltuonis ~ baltuōnis, Latin Oritis alcalinus, Leucites, Polish Leucyt, German Der Leucit Pr 23 (: white), compare baltuonis I “a mineral, leucite” LKŽ I.

-oklis: smirdoklis ~ smirdoklis, Latin Dysodes, Lapis suis, Polish Kamień śmierdzący, German Der Stinkstein Pr 31 (: stinks).

-muo: rašmuo ~ rašmuo, Latin Graphites, Polish Ołówek, German Graphit, Reissblei Pr 17 (: wrote), compare graphite “a crystalline carbon form of the hexagonal system” ChTŽ.

-snis: tirpsnis ~ tirpsnis, Latin Rvax, Polish Lawa, German Lava Pr 7 (: molten), an explanation is provided: isztirpitas o užszałuses uolas Pr 7, compare tirpsnis I “lava” LKŽ XVI.

The base words of derivatives formed with the suffixes -enis, -ėtras, -mina, -ainis, -einis, -eitis, -ėtis, -ininkas and -ūnas are most often nouns,

⁶ Skardžius P. Rinktiniai raštai: Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba 1, Vilnius, 1996, 360–361.

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-menis, -uonis derivatives are adjectives, while the base words of derivatives with the suffixes -oklis, -muo and -šnis are verb forms; thus, most suffixal derivatives used to name minerals were formed from nouns, while derivatives from adjectives and verbs are less common.

Prefix derivatives

L. Ivinskis created only a few prefix derivatives to name minerals. They are formed with the prefixes pa-, pro-, san-, for example:

pa-: paanglenis ~ paanglenis, lot. Caementum carbonaceum, vok. Keupersandstein Pr 6 (: anglenis, lot. Carbonicums Pr I Kr 11); palakštis ~ pàtakšztis arba palàkštis, lot. Atizoës micans, lenk. Mìka, vok. Der Glimmer Pr 26 (: lakštas), cf. palakštis I see palakštė LKŽ IX, pàlakštė Šts “a tiny mica, a small mica plate, a small flake in a stone” LKŽ IX.

pro-: prokalkis ~ pròkalkis, Lat. Lychnites versicolor, Polish Wapień przechodowy, Ger. Uebergangskalkstein Pr 5 (: kalkis), cf. prókalkis I “limestone” LKŽ X; prorievis ~ pròrievis, Lat. Schistus transitorius, Polish Łupek przechodni, Ger. Uebergangsschiefer Pr 5 (: rievė), cf. prórievis I “shale (?)” LKŽ X.

san-: sankuolis ~ sánkuolis, Lat. Bary lithus lamelliformis, Polish Spat ciężki, Ger. Schwerspath Pr 34 (: kūlys). For this derivative, L. Ivinskis took the Samogitian word kūlys as its base word, while the uo written in the derivative is a hypernormalism; cf. kūlis DŽ, BŽ 195, Š, kūlyš Pp, Krkl, Lž; IM 1858, 46, Kos 121 “stone” LKŽ VI.

All L. Ivinskis’s prefix derivatives have the characteristic ending -is of prefix-derived nouns.

As the examples show, L. Ivinskis created neologisms not only with the most productive prefix in present-day standard language and term formation, pa-, but also with pro- and san-, which occur much less frequently in derivatives. This shows that, in forming prefixal neologisms as well, L. Ivinskis did not avoid fairly rare derivational formants.

One name is formed with a prefix and suffix together: pro-baltmis ~ pròbaltmis, Lat. Oritis leucitoïdes, Pol. Pro-leucyt, Ger. Anal-zim Pr 23 (pro- + white + -mis).

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Suffixal Derivatives

In the first part of “Prigimtūmenė,” L. Ivinskis used the third method of word formation—suffixation—to form only two names:

girnis ~ girnis, Latin Pyropoecilos foliaceus, Polish Gnejs, German Gneuss Pr 3 (: girna), cf. gneišas “a metamorphic rock of banded (gneissic) structure, formed from feldspar, quartz, and other minerals” ChTŽ; trąšis ~ trąnšis, Latin Chromium, Polish Chrom, Nadelerz Pr 42 (: trąšus “compact, dense”), cf. chrōmas ChTŽ.

Both neologisms are derivatives formed with the suffix -is. L. Ivinskis used one of the most productive -is suffix patterns and took a noun and an adjective as the base words.

Compounds

Compounds are usually classified according to the part of speech from which their second element derives. All L. Ivinskis’s compound mineral names have a noun as the second element, with the exception of one compound whose second element is adjectival.

L. Ivinskis coined 41 compounds with a noun as the second element. These neologisms can be discussed according to the part of speech from which their first element derives (a noun, adjective, or verb).

Twenty-three compounds consisting of two nouns were found. In six terms, the second element is the Samogitian word kūlys “stone”; it is unclear, however, why L. Ivinskis presented it as an a-stem word, e.g., akmenis or kuotaj, Latin Fossilia terrena, Polish Ziemie i kamienie, German Erdige Fossilien Pr 17. As this example shows, L. Ivinskis considered akmuo the primary term and continued to use it in the work (akmenis bran-giejė Pr 17), while choosing a Samogitian synonym to form compound terms. The diphthong uo written by L. Ivinskis in the word kuotaj should be regarded as hypernormalization. The word kūlys is a distinctive Samogitian word. “This word, used in the dialects of the coastal dounininkai, the Kvėdarna and Švėkšna dunininkai, and most donininkai, was also used in the writings of authors from that region—A. Pabrėža, S. Daukantas, and A. Kosaževskis—

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in them⁷. It is found in many folklore collections and in the dictionaries of A. Juška, J. Šlapelis, M. Niedermann, and others. Today, in the native dialect of L. Ivinskis, the word kūlys is used in the compounds girnų kūlys or girnakūlis. The present-day distribution of kūlys may not coincide with its former distribution, but L. Ivinskis most likely knew not only the word girnakūlis; while living in Rietavas, he also heard the word kūlis used to mean “any kind of stone.” Both girnakūlis, which L. Ivinskis wrote with the altered ending -as: girnakuolas ~ girnãkuotas, Lat. Pyropoecilos granites, Pol. Granit Pr 3, and kūlis had the ending -is or -ys throughout their area of use. Thus, L. Ivinskis could not have mistakenly written a different ending for kūlis out of ignorance; why he wrote it that way remains unclear.

L. Ivinskis formed two compounds with the characteristic ending -is of compound nouns: raup(l)akuolis ~ raupãkuolis, Lat. Variolites, Pol. Ospowiec, Ger. Variolith Pr 22 (: rauplės, kūlys), cf. Pol. ospa – “smallpox, pockmarks”; žirnakuolis ~ žirnãkuolis, Lat. Arragonites pisiformis, Pol. Arragonit grochowaty, Ger. Erbsenstein Pr 31 (: žirnis, kūlys), cf. aragonitas ChTŽ, Ger. die Erbse – “pea,” Ger. der Stein – “stone.”

In other compounds with kūlys as the second component, the ending is -as, for example: anglėkuolas ~ anglėkuotas, Lat. Lithoxylon, Petrosilex xyloïdeus, Pol. Drzewo skamieniałe w rogowiec, Ger. Holzstein Pr 21 (: anglės, kūlys); dervakuolas ~ derwãkuotas, Lat. Picites, Porphyrites piceus, Pol. Smotowiec, Ger. Pechstein Pr 7 (: derva, kūlys), cf. porfyritai ChTŽ, Pol. smotowiec – “tar,” Ger. das Pech – “resin, tar”; this neologism should be regarded as a synonym of the previously mentioned derivative with the suffix -enis, dervenis, since the equivalents in other languages are the same; gaurakuolas ~ gaurãkuotas, Lat. Natrolithus, Pol. Natrolit, Ger. Der Natrolith Pr 25 (: gaurai, kūlys), cf. natrolitas “a light-colored, fibrous mineral” TŽŽ; laukakuolas ~ laukãkuotas, Lat. Feldspathum, Pol. Feldspat, Ger. Feldspath Pr 3 (: laukas, kūlys), cf. pūtnagai “feldspars, field spars, a group of minerals in the silicate class” ChTŽ, Ger. der Feldspat – “field

⁷ Vitkauskas V. On the use of certain Samogitian words. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai: Lietuvių kalbos leksikos raida 8, Vilnius, 1966, 160.

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spar.” All the compounds mentioned above, except gaurakulą, were most likely formed by L. Ivinskis on the model of equivalents in other languages.

Two names also belong to this group; in the first component of each, the author borrowed a form from the equivalents in other languages: amazonkuolas ~ ama-zõnkuolas, Lat. Astrios Amazonicus, Pol. Feldspat Amazoński, Ger. Amazonenstein Pr 22; sprudелkuolas ~ sprudелkuotas, Lat. Arragonites, Pol. Arragonit sprudlowy, Ger. Sprudelstein Pr 31.

All these neologisms have the ending -as, which is atypical of standard Lithuanian, since most compound nouns have the endings -is (less often -ys) or -ė. Compounds of this type with other endings are extremely rare⁸.

Among compounds whose second component is the Samogitian noun kūlys, two neologisms with akmuo as the second component should also be mentioned: kosakmenis ~ kosakmenis, Lat. Stipteriacites, Alumen calcareus aluminaris albus, Pol. Kamień ahunowy, Ger. Der Alaunstein Pr 35 (: kosas, akmuo), cf. kõsas Als, Kv, J, M, BS 101, Vkš; see kvosas LKŽ VI, kvõsas (Pol. kwas) “alum” LKŽ VI; arlagelžis, arlaakmenis ~ artāgelžis arba artāakmenis, Lat. Ferrum aëtites, lenk. Żelazo gliniaste nerkowe, Ger. Die Esenniere oder der Adlerstein Pr 39 (: arlas, gelžis; arlas, akmuo), cf. arlaakmenis I; see arlagelžis LKŽ I, arlagelžis (hybrid) I meaning “Lat. ferrum aëtites” LKŽ I, Ger. der Adler – “eagle,” Ger. der Stein – “stone.” L. Ivinskis gave the compound arlaakmenis as a synonym. These examples show that, in forming compound nouns, L. Ivinskis used not only the Samogitian word kūlys, but also akmuo, which is used in a larger part of Lithuania.

The second component of five terms is the word gelžis, used in Samogitian (see gelžis, -ies “iron” DūnŽ, LKŽ III), for example: auksagelžis ~ auksa-gelžis, Lat. Ferrum sulphuratum seu Pyrites, Pol. Piryt żelazny, Ger. Schwefelkies Pr 38 (: auksas, gelžis), cf. auksagelžis I chem. “a compound of sulfur and iron; pyrite” LKŽ I, pirītas [Gr. pyritēs (lithos) – “fire stone”] “a light-yellow mineral” TŽŽ; deguongelžis ~ deguõngelžis, Lat. Ferrum phosphoratum, Pol. Fosforan żelaza, Ger. Phosphorsaure = Eisen Pr 39 (: deguonis, gelžis); piengelžis ~ piengelžis,

⁸ Ke i n y s S t. Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, Šiauliai, 1999, 73.

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Latin Lycochalcos, Scheelium ferrugineum, Polish Wolfram, German Wolframmetall Pr 42 (: milk, iron), cf. piengelžis I “tungsten” LKŽ IX, volframas [German der Wolf – “wolf” + der Rahm – “foam”] “chem. element W, atomic no. 74; metal” TŽŽ; rašmuogelžis ~ raszmuogelžis, Latin Ferrum rubrica, Polish Żelazo rubryka, German Röthel Pr 39 (: red ochre, Latin Graphites Pr 17, iron); stiklagelžis ~ stiktagelžis, Latin Ferrum niteus, ferrum speculare, Polish Żelazo błyszczące, German Der Eisenglan[z] Pr 38 (: glass, iron), cf. German Eisenglanz – mineral. “hematite, iron gloss.”

L. Ivinskis formed compounds with the second element gelžis to name some of the types of iron he distinguished. He probably coined these terms independently, naming various kinds of iron or other minerals by analogy, rather than following equivalents in other languages. With the term piengelžis he named not a type of iron but another metal—tungsten.

The author gave two synonyms for iron itself, listing the word gelžis second, e.g.: gelažis, gelžis ~ getazis or gelžis, Latin Ferrum, Polish Żelazo, German Das Eisen Pr 38, cf. geležis 2) “colloquial name for Fe alloys containing small quantities of other elements” ChTŽ.

L. Ivinskis also used the word gelžis in compound terms for naming other types of iron, e.g.: gelžis getswasis, Latin Ferrum badium, ferrum oxygenatum fuscum Pr 38; gelžis paprastasis, Latin Ferrum nativum Pr 39; sąnkolinis gelžis, Latin Ferrum carbonatum Pr 38–39, and so on.

A third group comprises compounds naming various types of slate, whose second element is the noun skiltis 4) “a detached piece, fragment, shard, splinter” M, Vžns, S. Dauk, BsP II 146 LKŽ XII, cf. skalūnas “a sedimentary metamorphic rock that splits into thin plates” ChTŽ. Examples of compounds in this group: kosa-skiltis ~ kosāskiltis, Latin Schistus aluminosus, Polish Łupek atunowy, German Alaunschiefer Pr 26 (: alum, slate); rašmuoskiltis ~ raszmuoskil-tis, Latin Schistus pictorum, Schistus graphicus, German Zeichenschiefer, ordinary black chalk Pr 26 (: red ochre, Latin Graphites Pr 17, slate), cf. juodkreidė “writing slate”: Juodkreide, or rašmuoskiltis I LKŽ IV. The first element of L. Ivinskis’s synonym juodkreidė is an adjective; ugneskiltis ~ ugnièskiltis, Latin Schistus glisceus, Schistus bitumi-

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nosus Pr 26 (: fire, slate), cf. combustible shale “kukersite, bituminous shale—a clayey siliceous rock containing up to 80% organic matter” ChTŽ; molaskiltis ~ molaskiltis, Latin Schistus communis, Argillosus, Polish Łupek gliniany, German Thonschiefer Pr 26 (: clay, slate), cf. molaskiltis I neol. “clay shale” LKŽ VIII; Polish gliniany means “clayey.” Another formation should also be mentioned in connection with this term: skiltmolis ~ skiltmolis, Latin Schistus communis, mensalis, tegularis, durus, Polish Łupek gliniany, German Thonschiefer Pr 4 (: slate, clay), cf. skiltmolis I “clay shale, usually used for writing” LKŽ XII. As can be seen, this formation consists of the same elements as the term mentioned immediately before it, but with those elements in reverse order, while the equivalents of both formations in other languages are identical. These formations should therefore be considered synonyms.

Four formations used to name types of limestone have the second element kalkis (see LKŽ V). The form of this word is also indicated by the names of other types—the compound terms given by L. Ivinskis, e.g.: kãlkis paprastasis, Latin Calx communis Pr 30; kãlkis grudiẽtasis, Latin Calx Lychnitis, Calcareus granularis Pr 30. Examples of formations with the second element kalkis are: anglėkalkis ~ angliẽkalkis, Latin Calces caementariae, Polish Węglany wapna, German Brausekalksteine oder Kohlensaure Kalke Pr 30 (: coal, limestone); gaurakalkis ~ gaurãkalkis, Latin Calx stiriaeformis seu Stalag mias, Polish Wapień naciek albo sopel, German Der fasrige Kalksinter Pr 30 (: fibers, limestone), L. Ivinskis also gives a synonym: “the most beautiful is on the island of Antiparos, commonly called lekėtkalkis” Pr 30 (: leketas 3. “icicle” DŽ, limestone), cf. Polish sopel – geology “stalagmite,” stalagmites “stalactites in karst caves that grow from the bottom upward” ChTŽ; varėkalkis ~ wariẽkalkis, Latin Calx fodinalis cuprifera, German Zechstein Pr 6 (: copper, limestone), cf. Latin cuprum – “copper.”

The fourth term could be assigned to this type of formation, but the base word of its first element is unclear: sraugėkalkis ~ sraugėkalkis, Latin Caementum calcareum interjectum, German Muschelkalk Pr 6 (: snail?, limestone), cf. German der Muschelkalk – geology “shell limestone.”

Two more formations composed of two nouns have been found: plytmolis ~ plītmolis, Latin Argilla, lateraria seu Argilla martialis, Polish Glina cegłarska, German Der Lehm Pr 27 (: brick, clay), cf. plytmolis I “clay suitable for making bricks” LKŽ X; tauk rievis ~ tāukriewis, Latin Talcum schistosum, Polish Łupek talkowy, German Talkschiefer Pr 4 (: fat, groove), cf.

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talc schist “a schistose metamorphic rock composed of talc with admixtures of chlorite, mica, and other minerals” ChTŽ, 1 talc “a very soft, greasy mineral—hydrous magnesium silicate, used in medicine, cosmetics, and technology” LKŽ XV.

L. Ivinskis’s neologisms formed from two nouns are subordinative (determinative) in terms of the semantic relationship between their components. The first component defines the second. Compounds of this type are the most common both in the general language and in terminology. The first nominal component can define the second in various ways, as is also evident from L. Ivinskis’s compounds. The first component indicates similarity (leketkalkis, stiklagėžis), the material of which the mineral named by the second component is composed (angliekuolas, dervakuolas), its purpose (plytmolis), the place where it is found (lau kak uolas), or a kind or category (molaskiltis, ugnėskiltis).

By the way the nominal components are joined, slightly less than a third of the L. Ivinskis compounds discussed have no connecting vowel. Twelve compounds are joined by the vowel -a- (e.g., auksagelžis, gaurakalkis, etc.), which is also the most frequent in compounds in present-day standard language; five more neologisms are joined by the vowel -ė- (e.g., ugnėskiltis, angliėkalkis, etc.), and two by the diphthong -uo- (rašmuogėžis, rašmuoskiltis), which is very rare and occurs only in compounds in Lithuanian dialects. In most Lithuanian compounds, the connecting vowels have developed from stem-final vowels; this tendency—whereby the connecting vowel coincides with the stem-final vowel of the base word of the first component—is also evident in L. Ivinskis’s neologisms, e.g., arlagelžis, gaurakuolas, kosaskiltis, stiklagelžis, angliėkalkis, angliekuolas, etc. However, in seven compounds the connecting vowels do not coincide with the stem-final vowels: dervakuolas, molaskiltis, rauplakuolis, žirnakuolis, varėkalkis, rašmuogelžis, rašmuoskiltis.

Eleven clear compounds with an adjectival and a nominal component were found. In some names, the second nominal components are the same as those in compounds formed from two nouns. Three compounds of this type were found with the second component kalkis: kietkalkis ~ kiėtkalkis, Latin Calx Spissa, Polish Wapień zbity, German Grobkalk Pr 7 (: kietas, kalkis), cf. kietkalkis I “hard lime (Calx spissa)” LKŽ V; senkalkis ~ šėnkalkis, Latin Lychnites, Marmor candidum, Polish Wapień stary, German Urkalk oder körnige Kalkstein Pr 4 (: senas, kalkis), cf. senkalkis I “old, coarse-grained limestone” LKŽ XII; šakėtkalkis ~ šakiėtkalkis,

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Latin Calx virgulata, Polish Wapień gałązkowaty, German Der Tutenkalk Pr 30 (: šakėtas 2) “with stripes resembling branches” LKŽ XIV, kalkis), cf. Latin virgula—“twig,” Polish gałąź—“branch.” The latter compound belongs among the rarer examples, since a general tendency in present-day Lithuanian compound nouns is for the stems of their components to be morphologically indivisible, whereas the first component of this compound is a suffixed adjective.

One term of this type was formed with the Samogitian noun kūlys: senkuolas ~ šėnkuotas, Latin Psaronius tenax, Polish Afanit zbity, German Urgrünstein, kitapj wadinas djoritas Pr 4 (: senas, kūlys), cf. dioritas “an intermediate-acidity intrusive igneous rock” ChTŽ. This compound, like compounds formed with two nominal components, characteristically ends in -is (-ys) or -ė; thus, like several previously mentioned compounds ending in -as, this term is uncharacteristic of our language.

Two more neologisms were formed with the second component anglės: grynangles ~ grinąngles, Latin Carbo fossil is, German Steinkohlengebirge Pr 5 (: grynas, anglės), cf. 1 anglis 2) “a particular fuel extracted from the ground” and 3) DŽ chem. “the principal element of organic matter (C), pure carbon” LKŽ I; kietanglis ~ kietąnglis, Latin Lithanthrax, Polish Węgiel kopalny czarny, German Steinkohle Pr 17 (: kietas, anglės), cf. kietanglis I “hard coal” LKŽ V.

L. Ivinskis formed several more compounds in which the first component is an adjective and the second a noun, e.g.: geltžemis ~ gėltžemis, Latin Argilla sil, Polish Glina malarska, German Die gelb = Erde Pr 27 (: geltas, žemė), cf. geltžemis I see geltonžemis LKŽ III, geltónžemis BŽ 227, Vr “yellow-colored soil” LKŽ III; kiettaukis ~ kiėttaukis, Latin Oreostear fossile, Polish Talk stwardniały, German Verhärtete, Talk Pr 28 (: kietas, taukai), cf. kiettaukis I “hardened waxy fats, ‘talc’” LKŽ V; meilsva molis ~ miėtswamolis, Latin Limus sub-lividus, Polish Glina marglowata rzeczna, German Bläulich Lehm Pr 12 (: meilsvas, žr. DünŽ, molis), cf. meilsvamolis I “bluish clay” LKŽ VII; raudongelžis ~ raudongelžis or red stone, in the Viriškūnai dialect, Latin Ferrum Haematites, Polish Żelazo czerwone, German Rotheisenstein Pr 38 (: raudonas, gelžis), cf. raudongelžis: raudongelžis arba raudonasis akminelis (Ferrum haematites) I LKŽ XI; žalsvoriev is ~ žaltswòrievis, Latin Chlorytes, Polish Chloryt, German Chloritschiefer Pr 4

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(: greenish, groove), cf. German der Schiefer – “slate,” chlorite schist “a metamorphic schistose chlorite rock of various shades of green” ChTŽ.

One more term could be assigned to this type of formation, although the base word of its first constituent is not entirely clear: žuvėtakis ~ žuwietakis, Latin Nitrolithus albinus, Polish Natrolit rybie oko, German Der Albin, Fischaugenstein oder Schthyophtalm Pr 25 (: žuvėtas?, akis).

L. Ivinskis’s compounds whose first constituent is an adjective and second a noun are, in terms of the relationship between the meanings of their constituents, determinative compounds, like those of the first type discussed above. Their first constituent defines and qualifies the second. Most of these compound terms are names of mineral species. L. Ivinskis most likely coined formations of this type independently, without following equivalents in other languages.

Only two of L. Ivinskis’s compounds of the type under discussion contain a linking vowel; all the others lack one. The two compound terms formed with linking vowels have different linking vowels: -a- and -o-; the latter vowel is very rare in compounds of this type in the standard language.

The type of compounds with a verbal and a nominal constituent is not common in present-day terminology. As St. Keinys writes, “there are relatively few compound terms whose first constituent is based on a verb and whose second is a noun. They are 17 times fewer than formations with two nominal constituents”⁹. L. Ivinskis also supplied few compounds of this type—only four—but it is not easy to determine what form of the verbal constituent L. Ivinskis used in creating them, for example: mėgenkuolas ~ miegėnkuotas, Latin Silex Lydius, Polish Kamień probierski albo Lydijski, German Probirstein Pr 21 (:? mėgenti, mėgena, mėgeno “to try, to do something” DünŽ, kūlys), cf. German der Probierstein technical term “assay stone”; skambkuolas ~ skąmbkuotas, Latin Basanites schistosus, Polish Kamień brzmiący, German Klingstein oder Phonolith Pr 7 (: skamba, kūlys), cf. Polish brzmiący – “sounding,” German klingen – “to sound, ring”; these compounds are irregular, because, as

⁹ Keinys St. Formation of Lithuanian Compound Terms. – Questions in Lithuanian Linguistics: Specialized Vocabulary of the Lithuanian Language 22, Vilnius, 1983, 100.

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as was mentioned, they have the atypical ending -as; plūdkalkis laukakuolinis ~ plūdkalkis laukakuolinis, Latin Argyrod amas tesselatus, Polish Fluspat blaszkowy, German Der FlussSpath Pr 32 (: plūdo, kalkis); velṭmolis ~ veltmolis, Latin Smectis fullonum, Argilla Smectis, Polish Ziemia suknowalska, German Die Walker de Pr 28 (: veltas, molis), cf. veltmolis I “such clay” LKŽ XVIII, Latin fullōnius, a, um – “(of) fulling (cloth).”

L. Ivinskis probably formed terms of this type by following equivalents in other languages. The terms mentioned are determinative compounds; their verbal constituent defines the nominal one, and they conform to the tendency in standard-language compounds of this type to join both constituents without a linking vowel.

In the standard language, compounds whose first constituent is based on a noun and whose second is an adjective occur only with the constituent -palaikis, for example, šun-palaikis, knygpalaikė. L. Ivinskis supplied only one atypical compound of this type: auksogeltis ~ auksōg e ltis, Latin Arsenicum auripigmentum, arsenicum sulphureum flavum, German Realgar, Das Rauschgelb Pr 41 (: auksas, geltas).

On the basis of studies of compound words and compound terms in the present-day language¹⁰, it can be said that the most characteristic types of Lithuanian compounding are: 1) noun and noun, 2) adjective and noun, 3) noun and verb, 4) adjective and verb. L. Ivinskis most often created his neologisms using the first two word-formation types; therefore, the compound terms he formed correspond to the most productive types of compounding in present-day Lithuanian, although the base words of many compound constituents (kalkis, kūlys, skiltis) are unusual and uncharacteristic of standard Lithuanian.

L. Ivinskis formed many compounds with two nominal constituents, as well as compounds with a verbal and a nominal constituent, by following equivalents in other languages, whereas he most likely coined compounds whose first constituent is adjectival and whose second is nominal independently.

In summary, it can be emphasized that L. Ivinskis formed derivatives for naming minerals not only with productive Lithuanian word-formation formatives, for example, the suffixes -enis, -enė, -ainis, -ūnas, and the prefix pa-,

¹⁰ Urbutis V. Žodžių darybos teorija, Vilnius, 1978, 65–121; Keinys St. Min. str., 70–121; Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika, Vilnius, 1994, 150–167.

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but also with suffixes that have low productivity, e.g., -ėtras, -einis, -eitis, -ėtis, and prefixes pro-, san-. When forming compound mineral names, he most often used second components not characteristic of the standard language, usually taken from his own dialect, e.g., -kuotas, -gelžis, -skiltis, -kalkis. L. Ivinskis created some neologisms independently, but many were formed by following equivalents in other languages; moreover, the motivation for choosing the base words is not clear in every case.

The mineral names coined by L. Ivinskis did not, in practice, take hold and are not used in present-day terminology, apparently chiefly because “Prigimtūmenė” was not published and neither of the two manuscripts of its first part was widely known. Had “Prigimtūmenė” been published, some of the terms proposed by L. Ivinskis might have taken hold, e.g.: dervenis, sviestenis, baltmenis, pilkmenis, ledeinis, molėtis, ragūnas, baltuonis, plytmolis, just as ragainis did. It is doubtful, however, whether some of his unusual or even inaccurately motivated neologisms would have entered usage, e.g.: jakšenis, taukenis, tirptenis, vyšnenė, gelžmina, prorievís, gaurakuolas, piengelžis, rašmuoskiltis, veltmolis and others.

In present-day terminology, minerals for which L. Ivinskis proposed neologisms are most often referred to by borrowed terms, e.g.: baltmenis Pr 22 – albitas ChTŽ; baltuonis Pr 23 – leucitas ChTŽ; ledeinis Pr 35 – kriolitas ChTŽ; pitkmenis Pr 23 – coizitas ChTŽ; riewėnis Pr 31 – dolomitas ChTŽ; skilietras Pr 30 – tūfas ChTŽ; kiéttaukis Pr 28 – tálkas ChTŽ; stiklagelžis Pr 38 – hematitas ChTŽ, and others. So is it not worth recalling L. Ivinskis’s Lithuanian names?

ABBREVIATIONS

ChTŽ – Daukšas K., Barkauskas J., Daukšas V. et al. Explanatory Dictionary of Chemistry Terms, Vilnius, 1997.

DunŽ – Vitkauskas V. Šiaurės rytų dūnininkų šnektų žodynas, Vilnius, 1976.

DŽ – Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian, Vilnius, 1993.

LKŽ – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius, 1956–1999.

Pr – Prigimtūmenė (manuscript), 1870.

TŽŽ – Dictionary of International Words, Vilnius, 1985.

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LAURYNAS IVINSKIS’ NEOLOGISMS OF MINERALOGY

Summary

Laurynas Ivinskis (1810–1881) in the first part of his manuscript „Prigimtūmenė“ presented over 400 terms of geography and mineralogy. His neologisms of mineralogy make about 1/5 of all terms presented in this part. A bit more than a half of neologisms of Ivinskis are derivates, others are compounds. The largest part of the group of derivates are derivates made with suffixes which name minerals. Ivinskis used to create derivates not only with popular Lithuanian language formants, for example, the suffixes -enis, -ene, -ainis, -ūnas and the prefix pa-, but also with less popular formants such as the suffixes -ėtras, -einis, -eitis, -etis and the prefixes pro-, san-. Ivinskis compounds correspond with the most productive types of the compounding in the modern Lithuanian, though many underlying words of components of compounds are unusual and not characteristic to standard Lithuanian, for example, kūlis, kalkis, gelžis and skiltis.

Names of minerals created by Ivinskis practically have not taken root and they are not used in modern terminology probably not only because „Prigimtūmenė“ has not been printed, but also because some of his neologisms were unusual and their motivation is not accurate.

Albina AUKSORIŪTĖ

Received 20 July 2001

Lietuvių kalbos institutas Antakalnio g. 6, 2055 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected]

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