Two-word and three-word compound terms in the first Lithuanian medical science journal

Medicine and nature’s 100th anniversary

PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

KEYWORDS: medicine, terminology, medical science journal, medical term, compound term

INTRODUCTORY NOTES

Exactly 100 years ago, the first Lithuanian journal of medicine, veterinary medicine, pharmacy, and natural sciences was launched on the initiative of physician and pharmacist members of the Physicians’ and Pharmacists’ Section established at the Lithuanian Scientific Society Medicine and Nature¹.

Silvija Stakulienė, who studied the origins and development of Lithuanian medical periodicals in Lithuania up to the third decade of the 20th century, has observed that “the pages of the Lithuanian press continually raised ideas about preparing a serious scientific publication exploring problems in medicine and the natural sciences. The most active Lithuanian physicians and public figures joined the discussions and polemics in the newspapers. In November 1912, an appeal to Lithuanian medical practitioners, veterinary workers, pharmacists, and naturalists appeared in Lietuvos žiniose: ‘Life moves forward <...> finally the time has come for us, Lithuanian medical practitioners, veterinarians, pharmacists, and naturalists, to wake up! We can put sanitation and aspects of professional life in order by establishing a newspaper. For several years now, such a newspaper has been planned; for several years this question has been discussed, but until now no decision has been made²” (cited in Stakulienė 2001: 226–227). Physicians Jonas Basanavičius, Andrius Domaševičius, Stasys

¹ The origins, structure, content, subject matter, and problems of this journal’s appearance, as well as Lithuanian one-word medical terms, their expression, and their relationship to current medical-science terminology, were discussed in an article published in 2013 in issue 20 of the journal Terminology, “The First Lithuanian Medical Science Journal and Lithuanian Medical Terminology.” This article continues the analysis of the journal’s medical terms—this time examining two-word and three-word compound medical terms.

² Į lietuvių medikus, veterinarus, farmaceutus ir gamtininkus. – Lietuvos žinios, 1912, lapkr. 24, p. 4.

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Matulaitis, Jonas Šlapelis, Antanas Vileišis, and A. Laumianskis formed the editorial committee for the planned journal. The first issue of the Lithuanian medical science journal Medicina ir gamta, “a modest 3.5 × 21 cm in format, unpretentious in appearance, and 24 pages in length,” appeared in 1913 (Stakulienė 2001: 227).

It should be recalled that the first issue dealt primarily with questions of medical science. The core of the issue consisted of articles by physicians Petras Avižonis, A. Laumianskis, and A. Domaševičius on ophthalmology, gynecology, and obstetrics. The journal’s publisher and editor, the prominent Lithuanian public figure and physician S. Matulaitis, also contributed considerably, publishing articles on medicinal treatment and brief annotations of popular medical booklets. However, the most important and significant article, rightly described as “the first problem-oriented article printed in Lithuanian,” was “Lithuanian Terminology of Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology, and Chemistry,” “which argues for the necessity of standardized terminology in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, and other branches of science” and emphasizes that “the use of precise terms in scholarly articles has become essential” (Stakulienė 2001: 228). Among the journal’s more active authors, physicians J. Basanavičius and Juozas Bagdanavičius should be mentioned. J. Basanavičius contributed to the “Practical Advice” section; his advice, translated from German, on treating certain diseases or ailments, among other things, was published there. In a short article in the second issue, “From Medical Terminology,” J. Bagdanavičius presented a handful of folk medical terms that he had heard while practicing in the Dusetos district, together with their meanings or somewhat fuller explanations of their meanings—in phrases in which the terms are used—and added Latin equivalents for some of them. Here are a few examples: “valinys – a strip – with which small children are wrapped, a bandage; auglė grows on a child’s mother, auglė – neoplasma; dėčius (on the forehead) – atheroma; sugargažėjo – there was a boil (wound), now it has become sugargažėjimas, gargazis – cicatrix?; plaštalunkis – plaštalunkis comes on, it makes the legs twitch (cydoporn)” (MG 1913 2 13). In addition, both issues published original material on medical practice and theory and presented many examples of the treatment of various diseases, among other things (Stakulienė 2001: 228).

However, the journal was short-lived—after only two issues had appeared, its publication ceased. S. Stakulienė wrote about the reasons for the journal’s demise: “Although the publication raised high hopes and had brought together a capable team of authors, it later failed to gain broader support from physicians. Nor was it supported by the stat-

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e. As representatives of the pharmaceutical profession later wrote in Lietuvos žinios and other newspapers, only a few physicians and pharmacists read the journal or took an interest in it. They failed to unite physicians, naturalists, and pharmacists. Everyone worked separately. This fragmentation hindered the journal’s continued publication. Later, at the LMD congress held in 1914, S. Matulaitis remarked that there had still been enough money for publication; there were 50 paid subscribers, the journal had brought in 217 rubles, expenses amounted to 128 rubles, and 89 rubles were even left over, but there were no contributors³. This circumstance, too, was perhaps the most important factor determining the fate of this publication, so necessary to the professional medical community” (Stakulienė 2001: 228).

The subject of this article comprises 198 two-word and 52 three-word compound medical terms used by physicians in the journal Medicinos ir gamtos⁴. The terms are discussed with regard to the syntactic relations between their principal and secondary components, and the origin and grammatical expression of their attributive components. The aim is to identify the structural features of two-word and three-word compound terms and to determine the prevailing syntactic relations between the components of these terms, as well as the origin and grammatical-expression tendencies of those components.

1. STRUCTURE OF TWO-WORD COMPOUND TERMS

As is well known, a term not only names a concept but also distinguishes it from others. Thus, in addition to the nominative (naming) function, terms also have a distinctive function, which in compound terms is usually performed by adjectives (Gaivenis 1967: 71). In the medical science journal under study, terms consisting of two and three components were found most frequently⁵; they are classified in several respects (see “Introductory Remarks”).

Most of the compound terms in the first Lithuanian medical science journal were made up of two components and denoted various specific medical concepts (198 terms). As Kazimieras Gaivenis points out, two-word terms differ from other word combinations in that they can perform a communicative function entirely on their own (Gaivenis 1975: 60).

³ Lietuvių mokslo draugijos suvažiavimas Vilniuje. – Lietuvos žinios, 1914, birž. 25, p. 1.

⁴ The terms discussed here have components of purely Lithuanian or mixed origin (Lithuanian, hybrid, or borrowed).

⁵ Relatively few terms with more than three components were found. They pose problems in more than one respect. The boundaries of some of them are not very clear, for example, inflammation of the middle ear and eardrum, or they more closely resemble descriptive word combinations, for example, transverse position of the birth canal ruptures during childbirth. For these reasons, therefore, such compound terms are excluded from consideration.

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According to the syntactic relations between the head and dependent constituents, two-word terms are divided into three groups: attributive, or adjectival-modifier, combinations (Gaivenis 1968: 110), and combinations with a governed modifier and with an adjoined modifier (Gaivenis 1975: 61).

1.1. Attributive-modifier combinations

(68 terms). Combinations of this type are first divided according to the origin of their constituent elements into combinations with Lithuanian-origin constituents and combinations with constituents of mixed origin.

1.1.1. Combinations with Lithuanian-origin constituents

(40 terms). Their head and dependent constituents are of Lithuanian origin. The attributive modifier is expressed by various adjectives:

1. Adjectives with the suffix -inis. In terms of word formation, derivatives formed from nouns predominate: a) primary (non-derived) disyllabic nouns: druskinė (: druska) rūgštis MG 1913 2 8, makštinė (: makštis) dalis MG 1913 2 3, naminis (: namas) gydymas MG 1913 2 22, raumeninė (: raumuo) plevelė MG 1913 2 4, vaistinė (: vaistas) žolės MG 1913 2 24; b) derivatives: b₁) suffixal: dabartiniai (: dabartis) gydytojai MG 1913 2 15, rūgštelinė (: rūgštelė) druska MG 1913 2 9, spindulinis (: spindulys) (?) kaulas MG 1913 2 11, cf. radius – 1. stipinkaulis MedŽ, jungtinė (: jungtis) atžala MG 1913 2 11, cf. processus articularis inferior – (vertebral) apatinė sąnarinė atauga, processus articularis superior – (vertebral) viršutinė sąnarinė atauga MedŽ; b₂) prefixed: pašaliniai (: pašalys) apsireiškimai MG 1913 2 3.

A pair of combinations should be mentioned separately; the order of their head and dependent constituents differs from the order usual in contemporary standard Lithuanian: žiotkaulis apatinis (: apačia) MG 1913 2 11, cf. mandibula – apatinis žandikaulis MedŽ, žiotkaulis viršutinis⁶ (: viršus) MG 1913 2 11, cf. maxilla – viršutinis žandikaulis MedŽ.

A pair of derivatives are based on adjectives: a) simple (non-derived) ones: skersinė (: skersas) atžala MG 1913 2 11, cf. processus transversus – (vertebral) skersinė atauga MedŽ, and b) derived ones: poglitinė⁷ (: poglitis) plevelė MG 1913 2 4.

⁶ In this derivative, the suffix -inis combines with the formant -ut- to form the compound suffix -utinis (Kniūkšta 1976: 47).

⁷ From the perspective of contemporary standard Lithuanian, poglитinis is a morphologically ill-formed word, since derivatives with the suffix -inis are not formed from adjectives prefixed with po- (Kniūkšta 1976: 28).

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The suffix derivative –inis glitinė can be interpreted in two ways. Its base word may be considered to be either the noun glitis, -ė or the adjective glitus, -i.

2. Simple adjectives: general hospitals MG 1913 2 17, right hand MG 1913 2 4, right kidney MG 1913 2 8, right side MG 1913 1 18, large sores MG 1913 2 6, large lumps MG 1913 1 13, abundant menstruation MG 1913 1 14, left bracket MG 1913 1 13, left side MG 1913 1 18, hot water MG 1913 2 20, dry cough MG 1913 1 10, liquid extract MG 1913 2 21.

3. Pronominal adjectives: right bracket⁸ MG 1913 2 6, Sisters of Mercy MG 1913 1 6, right leg MG 1913 2 4, right hand MG 1913 2 4, left shoulder MG 1913 2 4, blue stone MG 1913 1 6, common salt MG 1913 1 17, first aid MG 1913 2 16.

4. Derived adjectives: morbid manifestations MG 1913 1 10, slight bleeding MG 1913 2 3.

Four two-word terms were found in which the agreeing attribute is expressed by participles:

1. Simple passive participles: incurable patients MG 1913 2 17, incurable diseases MG 1913 2 19.

2. Pronominal passive participles: drinking water MG 1913 2 15, contagious diseases MG 1913 2 24.

1.1.2. Compounds with elements of mixed origin (28 terms). Their elements are of different origins, i.e., purely Lithuanian, hybrid, or borrowed. The most common configurations can be distinguished⁹: Lithuanian attribute + borrowed headword, hybrid attribute + Lithuanian headword, hybrid attribute + borrowed headword, borrowed attribute + Lithuanian headword. The dependent elements of these compounds are expressed by various adjectives:

1. Suffixal adjectives in -inis, which are most often derived from nouns: a) primary (underived), usually disyllabic: abdominal (: abdomen) excisions MG 1913 2 3, systolic (: systole) murmur MG 1913 1 13, glass (: glass) percolator MG 1913 2 21, local (: place) anesthesia MG 1913 2 19, b) derived: b₁ suffixal: anesthetic (: anesthesia) liquid MG

⁸ Here skliaustas is used in the sense of “vault”; see also the term gimdÿmo takų skliaustas MG 1913 2 4. LKŽe 1 skliaustas 3. see 1 skliautas 2. “something of a curved, vaulted shape.” By the way, the journal also uses skliautas; see the term left bracket MG 1913 1 13.

⁹ K. Gaivenis used the term configuration in his articles on compound terms.

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1913 2 19, sanitary (: sanitation) statistics MG 1913 2 15, sanitary (: sanitation) laws MG 1913 2 16. Thus, the pattern in the formation of adjectives from international nouns that had already emerged at the beginning of the 20th century—the omission of the formant -ij-—later became established and persisted in contemporary standard language (see DLKG 2006: 210).

Several derivatives with the suffix -inis are formed from adjectives: a) simple adjectives: circular (: circular) analgesia MG 1913 2 19, private (: private) hospitals MG 1913 2 6; b) compound adjectives: bromopotassic¹⁰ (: bromine, potassium) preparations MG 1913 1 17. Both components of the latter derivative—the principal and the secondary (dependent) component—are nouns.

2. With simple adjectives: general condition MG 1913 1 13, general infection MG 1913 1 15, objective condition MG 1913 1 15, pure alcohol MG 1913 2 2, mild stomatitis MG 1913 1 18, liquid extract MG 1913 2 21, subjective condition MG 1913 1 13, cold compresses MG 1913 1 23.

3. With derived adjectives: larger doses MG 1913 2 21, myomatous tumor MG 1913 2 3, myomatous patients MG 1913 2 3, pathological process MG 1913 1 9, pathological changes MG 1913 1 11.

4. With pronominal adjectives: acute bromism MG 1913 1 16, practical medicine MG 1913 2 7, transverse position MG 1913 2 4.

A pair of two-word terms was found in which the agreeing modifier is expressed by participles:

1. With a simple active participle: chronic constipation MG 1913 2 21.

2. With a simple passive participle: distilled water MG 1913 2 21.

1.2. Compounds with a governed modifier (128 terms). Although K. Gaivenis has noted that “compound terms with a governed modifier are less frequent and less clear in all terminological systems than compound terms with an agreeing modifier” (Gaivenis 1975: 62), the data from the medical science journal under study show that this type of modifier’s compounds—

¹⁰ The term is used in S. Matulaitis’s article “Treatment of Epilepsy with Bromine,” which discusses the treatment of epilepsy with bromine and its preparations. Bromolkalinis could be a word coined by the author from two nouns—the chemical elements bromine and potassium. The second component of the compound is a Lithuanianized Arabic name for potassium; compare potassium [Arabic alqalī—potash] (TŽŽ 2013: 383). The current name of this preparation is potassium bromide (KBr) (ChemŽ 2003: 206).

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Compared with attributive agreement constructions, these are the most numerous. Two groups can be distinguished: governed case constructions and governed prepositional constructions. Within these groups, constructions with Lithuanian-derived components and constructions with components of mixed origin are further distinguished according to the origin of their components.

1.2.1. Governed case constructions (123 terms).

1.2.1.1. Constructions with Lithuanian-derived components (77 terms).

Both components of these constructions are of Lithuanian origin, and the dependent component is expressed by:

1. The singular genitive: akies jautrumas MG 1913 1 22, akies kampas MG 1913 2 13, antriešio¹¹ (?) kaulelis – os metacarpi MG 1913 2 11, cf. metacarpus – delnas, plaštakos vidurinė dalis MedŽ, galvos kaušas – cranium MG 1913 2 11, cf. cranium – kaukolė MedŽ, galvos sopėjimas MG 1913 1 13, gimdymo takai MG 1913 2 6, gimdymo vartai MG 1913 2 13, girdėjimo nusilpnėjimas MG 1913 1 10, gomurio kaulas – os palatinum MG 1913 2 11, cf. os palatinum – gomurikaulis MedŽ, gromuliavimo sugedimai MG 1913 1 17, gumbo dykuma MG 1913 2 3, gumbo navikai MG 1913 2 3, gumbo sienelė MG 1913 2 4, gumbo skylė MG 1913 2 3, kaktos kaulas – os frontis MG 1913 2 11, cf. os frontale – kaktikaulis MedŽ, keteros atžala – processus spinalis MG 1913 2 11, cf. processus spinosus – (slankstelio) keterinė atauga MedŽ, kraujo plūdimai MG 1913 2 3 / kraujo plūdimas MG 1913 1 12, MG 1913 2 2 / kraujo plūdymas MG 1913 2 14, kraujo postovis (zastoj) MG 1913 1 9, cf. stasis – stazė, sąstovis, zastoj MedŽ, krūtinės gur­bas – thorax MG 1913 2 11, cf. thorax – krūtinės lasta MedŽ, kūno įtaisos MG 1913 1 10, kūno lavinimas MG 1913 2 18, kūno svarumas MG 1913 1 16, makšties dalis MG 1913 1 13, motynelės dykuma MG 1913 1 13, motynelės navikas MG 1913 1 13, nosies gleivės MG 1913 1 8, nosies kriauklės (conchae) MG 1913 1 8, cf. concha, ae – kriauklė MedŽ, nugarkaulio kaulelis – vertebra MG 1913 2 11, cf. vertebra – slankstelis MedŽ, nuomario priepuoliai MG 1913 1 16, nusinuodijimo ženklai MG 1913 2 19, pakaušio kaulas – os occipitale MG 1913 2 11, cf. os occipitale – pakauškaulis MedŽ, pavieto gydytojas MG 1913 2 6, pilvelio skaudėjimas MG 1913 1 23, pilvo išputimas MG 1913 2 5, pilvo plėvė MG 1913 2 4, pilvo sienelės MG 1913 1 18, pilvo viduriai

¹¹The word antriešis is not recorded in the medical sense in LKŽe; cf. antriešis 1. “an ornament worn on the wrist.” 2. “a knitted wrist warmer worn for warmth.”

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MG 1913 2 4, pilvo vidus MG 1913 2 5, rankos nugara MG 1913 2 6, riešo kaulelis – os carpi MG 1913 2 11, cf. ossa carpi – riešakauliai MedŽ, smilkinio kaulas – os temporale MG 1913 2 11, cf. os temporale – smilinkaulis MedŽ, širdies apsireiškimai MG 1913 1 15, širdies bukumas MG 1913 1 15, širdies dunksejimas MG 1913 1 13, širdies dunksterėjimas MG 1913 1 13, širdies ligos MG 1913 1 19, širdies plakimai MG 1913 1 12 / širdies plakimas MG 1913 1 12, MG 1913 2 2, širdies ribos MG 1913 1 13, širdies silpnumas MG 1913 1 16, širdies vaistai MG 1913 1 15, šla-pumo pūslė MG 1913 2 8, šlapumo rūgštis MG 1913 2 7, užkulnio kaulas – os calcanei MG 1913 2 12, cf. calcaneus – kulnakaulis MedŽ, vaiko apsukimas MG 1913 2 5, vaiko galvelė MG 1913 2 7, vaiko išėmimas MG 1913 2 7, vaiko pilvelis MG 1913 2 4, valgio gromuliavimas MG 1913 1 17, MG 1913 2 9, valgio malimas MG 1913 1 21, MG 1913 2 9, valgio virinimas MG 1913 2 9, valgio virškinimas MG 1913 1 21, MG 1913 2 9, viršugalvio kaulas – os parietale MG 1913 2 11, cf. os parietale – momenkaulis MedŽ.

2. The plural genitive: akių ligoniai MG 1913 1 4, apskričių ligonbučiai MG 1913 1 6, ausų perpūtinėjimai MG 1913 1 10, moterų ligos MG 1913 1 12, niežų gyvūnėliai (sarcoptes scabiei) MG 1913 2 22, cf. Sarcoptes scabiei – niežų erkė MedŽ, plaučių džiova MG 1913 1 21, MG 1913 2 17, vaikų ligos MG 1913 2 7, vaikų močia MG 1913 2 6, vidurių paleidimas MG 1913 2 20, vidurių sugedimas MG 1913 1 17, žarnų kilpos MG 1913 2 4, žemietijų gydytojai MG 1913 2 15.

3. The plural locative: navikas viduriuose MG 1913 1 14.

Among constructions with Lithuanian-derived components, two occurred in which the head component precedes the dependent component: išputimas pilvo MG 1913 2 5 and pėdsakai kraujo MG 1913 2 3.

1.2.1.2. Constructions with components of mixed origin (46 terms). In terms of origin, the components forming these constructions are not as diverse as those in attributive agreement constructions with Lithuanian-derived components. Most often, the head and dependent components of such constructions are Lithuanian or borrowed words: borrowed modifier + Lithuanian head noun, and Lithuanian modifier + borrowed head noun. One construction each was also found with the configurations borrowed modifier + hybrid head noun and hybrid modifier + Lithuanian head noun. The dependent components of the constructions under discussion are expressed by:

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1. Genitive singular: bromine treatment MG 1913 1 17, zinc ointment MG 1913 1 23, Eustachian tubes MG 1913 1 9, doctor’s laboratory MG 1913 2 15, organ of hearing MG 1913 1 9, iodgallacin granules MG 1913 1 23, conjunctival surfaces MG 1913 1 23, inflammation of the conjunctiva MG 1913 1 23, Credé’s method MG 1913 2 6, organs of the body MG 1913 2 16, cuprocitrol ointment MG 1913 1 23, Cusco’s mirror MG 1913 2 3, folk medicine MG 1913 2 14, medical history MG 1913 2 4, sexual centers MG 1913 1 12, vaginal tamponade MG 1913 2 3, medical assistance MG 1913 2 16, uterine fibroids MG 1913 1 14, MG 1913 2 2, nasal veins MG 1913 1 9, novocaine mixture MG 1913 2 19, duration of the operation MG 1913 2 19, difficulty of the operation MG 1913 2 19, glans of the penis MG 1913 2 8, opening of the penis MG 1913 2 8, removal of the placenta MG 1913 2 7, Record syringe MG 1913 2 19, Senate leaflets MG 1913 2 20, alcohol injections MG 1913 1 13, MG 1913 2 3 / alcohol injection MG 1913 1 14, MG 1913 2 3, urethral canal MG 1913 2 8, syringe pressure MG 1913 2 3.

2. Genitive plural: adenoid growths MG 1913 1 9, Arab pharmacists MG 1913 2 20, epidemic “hotbeds” MG 1913 15, clinic for epileptics MG 1913 1 16, injection technique MG 1913 2 2, disease statistics MG 1913 2 15, school hygiene MG 1913 2 18 / school hygiene MG 1913 2 16, cerebral sinuses MG 1913 1 9, hospital for trachoma patients MG 1913 1 6, child hygiene MG 1913 2 18.

3. Dative plural: outpatient clinic for adults MG 1913 2 17, sanatorium for adults MG 1913 2 17, sanatoriums for children MG 1913 2 17.

4. Instrumental singular: treatment with bromine MG 1913 1 17, treatment with alcohol MG 1913 2 3.

5. Locative singular: pulsation in the neck MG 1913 1 13.

1.2.2. Prepositional constructions with governed modifiers (5 terms).

The components of these two-word constructions are of different origins; that is, the head or dependent component is purely Lithuanian, hybrid, or borrowed. Their dependent components—governed modifiers—are expressed by cases with prepositions.

1.2.2.1. Constructions with components of Lithuanian origin (4 terms). Constructions with the prepositions į, iš and per were found: entrance into the larynx (aditus ad laryngem) MG 1913 1 9, cf. aditus laryngis – entrance to the larynx MedŽ, extracts from herbs MG 1913 1 17, fluid from a wound MG 1913 2 5, breathing through the nose MG 1913 1 18.

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1.2.2.2. Compounds with elements of mixed origin. Only one compound with the preposition po was found: pulsacija po rakteliais MG 1913 1 13.

1.3. Compounds with an adjunct modifier (2 terms). According to K. Gaivenis, compound terms consisting of two elements with an adjunct modifier are used much less frequently in the terminology of many fields of science than compound terms with an agreeing or governed modifier (Gaivenis 1975: 64). The research material also confirms this assertion. One two-element compound term with an adjunct modifier was found, in which a secondary element expressed by a participle is attached to the noun denoting the head element (the modified word) (Gaivenis 1968: 113): sopėjimas rijant MG 1913 1 15.

A term whose two elements—the head element (the modified word) and the secondary element (the modifier)—are both expressed by nouns has also been assigned to this group of two-word compounds: pessarium-ratelis MG 1913 2 14. As K. Gaivenis notes, such complete compound terms consisting of two elements, whose elements are fused together, can be assigned in part to both compounds with an adjunct modifier and compounds with an agreeing modifier (Gaivenis 1968: 113).

2. STRUCTURE OF THREE-WORD COMPOUND TERMS

Compound terms consisting of three elements (52 terms) could likewise be divided into groups according to the syntactic relations between head and secondary elements, and the origin and grammatical expression of the secondary elements¹². In terms of the origin of their constituent elements, compounds with elements of Lithuanian origin are distinguished from compounds with elements of mixed origin.

2.1. Compounds with elements of Lithuanian origin (28 terms). These compounds, formed entirely from Lithuanian elements, can be divided into the following subgroups according to the expression of their secondary elements (the first and second modifiers, or combinations of modifying words (Gaivenis 1968: 118)):

1. Genitive compound of two nouns (modifier) + noun (modified word): gimdymo takų skliaustas MG 1913 2 4, gumbo

¹² The principle for classifying compound terms consisting of three elements differs somewhat from that for terms consisting of two elements. It should be recalled that two-word terms are first divided into three groups according to the syntactic relations between the head and secondary elements, and compounds with elements of Lithuanian and mixed origin are then distinguished within these groups according to the origin of their constituent elements. Three-word terms are treated somewhat differently. Here, conversely, the origin of the constituent elements is considered first: two groups are distinguished, within which the terms are discussed in terms of the syntactic relations between the head and secondary elements. This is done because the syntactic relations among the elements of three-word terms are highly varied, with no clearly predominant groups; that is, often each term constitutes a group of its own. For this reason, therefore, these terms are discussed in different ways.

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bleedings MG 1913 2 3, severity of bleeding MG 1913 2 3, nasal breathing passages MG 1913 1 8, salts of sulphurous acids MG 1913 2 9, uterine muscle MG 1913 2 6.

2. Adjective with the suffix –inis and a genitive noun (modifier) + noun (headword): monthly bleeding MG 1913 2 3, persistent bleeding MG 1913 1 14, superficial skin layers¹³ MG 1913 2 19, upper boundary of the tumor MG 1913 1 13, upper respiratory passages MG 1913 1 9.

3. Simple qualitative adjective and a genitive noun (modifier) + noun (headword): large tubercle cavity MG 1913 2 3, large uterus MG 1913 1 13, profuse bleeding MG 1913 1 12, heavy bleeding MG 1913 1 14.

4. Pronominal qualitative adjective and a genitive noun (modifier) + noun (headword): mucous membrane of the nose MG 1913 1 8, mucous membrane of the pharynx MG 1913 1 8, left side of the chest MG 1913 1 13.

5. Genitive construction of a pronominal adjective and a noun (modifier) + noun (headword): ointment of metallic mercury MG 1913 1 17, calyces of the left kidney MG 1913 2 8.

6. Noun (headword) + a genitive noun and a locative noun construction (modifier): pain in the region of the heart MG 1913 1 12, aches in the region of the heart MG 1913 1 12.

7. Derived qualitative adjective and a genitive noun (modifier) + noun (headword): deeper skin layers MG 1913 2 19.

8. Simple qualitative adjective and a locative noun (modifier) + noun (headword): sharp pain in the eye MG 1913 1 23.

9. Genitive construction of a pronominal numeral (modifier) + noun (headword): first-degree consumption MG 1913 1 21.

10. Genitive construction of a pronominal passive participle and a noun (modifier) + noun (headword): prolapse of the sigmoid colon (prolapsus ani) MG 1913 2 7–8, cf. prolapsus ani – prolapse of the anus MedŽ.

¹³ LKŽe 1 layer K.Būg, NdŽ; LsB370, LL273, Rtr see 1. layer, a flat mass of material located on the surface of something or between similar masses”: 1. VĮ upper layer of skin E.

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11. Noun genitive (modifier) + noun (modified word) + preposition + noun genitive (modifier): bleeding from the womb MG 1913 1 12.

12. Derived qualitative adjective (modifier) + noun (modified word) + preposition + noun genitive (modifier): bad breath MG 1913 1 18.

2.2. Compounds with components of mixed origin (24 terms). The configurations of compounds of this type in the research material are highly varied: Lithuanian modifier + Lithuanian modifier + borrowed modified word, hybrid modifier + Lithuanian modifier + Lithuanian modified word, Lithuanian modifier + borrowed modifier + Lithuanian modified word, Lithuanian modifier + borrowed modifier + borrowed modified word, borrowed modifier + hybrid modifier + Lithuanian modified word, borrowed modified word + Lithuanian modifier + hybrid modifier, Lithuanian modifier + hybrid modifier + Lithuanian modified word, borrowed modifier + borrowed modifier + Lithuanian modified word. Like compounds with components of Lithuanian origin, they can be divided into the following subgroups according to the grammatical expression of the main and dependent components:

1. A genitive compound of two nouns (modifier) + noun (modified word): Eustachian tube catarrh MG 1913 1 9, home-made pessarium MG 1913 2 23, symptoms of abdominal pain MG 1913 2 3, symptoms of heart pain MG 1913 2 3, urinary canal opening MG 1913 2 8, uric acid infarction MG 1913 2 7, facial bone deformity MG 1913 1 9, facial muscle deformity MG 1913 1 9, intestinal disease specialist MG 1913 2 20.

2. Adjective with the suffix –inis and a noun in the genitive (modifier) + noun (head word): periodic hemorrhages MG 1913 2 3, sanitary description of districts MG 1913 2 15, sanitary education of people MG 1913 2 16.

3. Simple qualitative adjective and a noun in the genitive (modifier) + noun (head word): acute rheumatism of the joints MG 1913 2 22, large doses of bromine MG 1913 1 16.

4. A genitive construction of two nouns (modifier) + noun (head word): guaiacol-vaseline ointment MG 1913 1 22. Such

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sudurtiniais pilnutiniais žodžiais. K. Gaivenis (1968: 118) vadino sudurtiniais pilnutiniais žodžiais.

5. A derived qualitative adjective and a noun in the genitive case (modifier) + noun (headword): spongy hemorrhages MG 1913 1 15.

6. A definite adjective and a noun in the genitive case (modifier) + noun (headword): deformation of the hard palate MG 1913 1 9.

7. A simple active participle and a noun in the genitive case (modifier) + noun (headword): enlarged bromine wounds MG 1913 1 17.

8. A simple active participle and a noun in the genitive case construction (modifier) + noun (headword): disinfection of the fallen little hand MG 1913 2 4.

9. Adverbial and simple qualitative adjective (modifier) + noun (head word): semi-rigid catheter MG 1913 2 3.

10. Genitive noun (modifier) + noun (head word) + preposition + genitive noun (modifier): flow of blood from a myoma MG 1913 1 16.

In contemporary Lithuanian, the usual order of modifiers is as follows: agreeing modifier + non-agreeing modifier + head word (Gaivenis 1963: 64). The article under discussion contains three-word compound terms whose constituents are arranged in the reverse order, that is, an order uncharacteristic of contemporary standard Lithuanian. There was a case in which the head word was inserted between the agreeing and non-agreeing modifiers (bromine irritation of the skin MG 1913 1 17), in which the non-agreeing modifier precedes the agreeing one (skin rheumatic manifestations MG 1913 2 22), and in which the head word precedes the modifier phrase (hyperplasia of the nasopharyngeal tonsil MG 1913 1 8).

CONCLUSIONS

In the first medical science journal, which began publication in Lithuania in 1913, original and translated articles and shorter pieces on medicine, as well as other theoretical and practical material related to this field, were published. They are valuable not only to today’s medical specialists and researchers into the history of this science, but are also undoubtedly important as a linguistic and terminological document of the early 20th century, supplementing Lietuvių kalbos žodyną with new

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Pirmojo lietuviško medicinos mokslo žurnalo

dvižodžiai ir trižodžiai sudėtiniai terminai

word meanings, extending the semantic boundaries of some Lithuanian words and showing the development of Lithuanian medical terminology.

The doctors—the authors of articles in the Medicinos ir gamtos journal—undoubtedly felt the shortage of Lithuanian medical terms when writing articles or translating them from other languages. Therefore, when naming specific medical concepts, they initially made use of ordinary words from the living language, assigning them medical meanings.

Two-word and three-word complex medical terms with components of Lithuanian and mixed origin constitute 38% of all the journal’s medical terms. Most complex terms are phrases composed of two components. Phrases with a governed modifier expressed by the genitive singular or plural predominate. A governed modifier in other cases, or in cases with prepositions, is expressed much less frequently. There are almost half as many phrases with an agreeing modifier. The agreeing modifier is most often expressed by adjectives in the suffix -inis, derived from primary and derived (suffixal and prefixal) nouns, and to some extent by simple qualitative, pronominal, and derived adjectives. Modifiers expressed by simple and pronominal active and passive participles are almost absent. Phrases with an adjunct modifier occur much less frequently than phrases with governed and agreeing modifiers.

The grammatical expression of the first and second modifiers (attributive phrases) in three-component phrases is highly varied. The most frequent grammatical configurations are: a genitive phrase of two nouns (modifier) + noun (head word); an adjective with the suffix -inis and a noun in the genitive (modifier) + noun (head word). Three-component phrases with other grammatical forms are isolated instances. In some three-component complex terms, the specific modifiers form separate phrases linked by agreement and government, whereas in others they do not. The two types of modifiers are found in equal numbers.

As regards origin, two-word phrases with components of Lithuanian origin predominate. Phrases with components of mixed origin are almost half as numerous among complex terms of this type. Three-word terms differ somewhat: here, phrases with components of Lithuanian and mixed origin are almost equally numerous.

PRIMARY SOURCES

MG 1 – Medicina ir Gamta, 1913 (May–June). Vilnius.

MG 2 – Medicina ir Gamta, 1913 (July–September). Vilnius.

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AUXILIARY SOURCES

LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (I–XX, 1941–2002), elektroninis variantas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2005. – www.lkz.lt.

MedŽ 1980: Astrauskas V., Biziulevičius S., Pavilonis S., Vaitilavičius A., Vileišis A. Medicinos terminų žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslas.

LITERATŪRA

ChemŽ 2003: Chemijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.

DLKG 2006: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.

Gaivenis K. 1963: Sudėtinių terminų dėmenų išdėstymo klausimu. – Kalbos kultūra 5, 64–65.

Gaivenis K. 1964: Būdingesnieji kilmininko vartojimo atvejai sudėtiniuose terminuose. – Kalbos kultūra 6, 43–47.

Gaivenis K. 1967: Sudėtiniai terminai su prieveiksminiais ir dalyviniais dėmenimis. – Kalbos kultūra 13, 71–72.

Gaivenis K. 1968: Iš 2 ir 3 dėmenų sudarytų sudėtinių terminų tipai dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje. – Lietuvos TSR Mokslų akademijos darbai 3(28), A serija, 109–120.

Gaivenis K. 1975: Dvižodžiai sudėtiniai terminai dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 16. Lietuvių terminologija, 57–89.

Kniūkšta Pr. 1976: Priesagos -inis būdvardžiai, Vilnius: Mokslas.

Stakulienė S. 2001: Lietuviškoji medicinos periodika: ištakos ir raida Lietuvoje iki XX a. trečiojo dešimtmečio. – Knygotyra 37, 220–233.

TŽŽ 2013: Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, Vilnius: Alma littera.

TWO-WORD AND THREE-WORD COMPLEX TERMS OF THE FIRST LITHUANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE

The article deals with two-word and three-word complex terms naming specific concepts of medicine used in articles written or translated by doctors for the first Lithuanian journal of medical science Medicina ir gamta (Medicine and nature), published for the first time in 1913. The terms are analysed in respect of the syntactic relations between the main and complementary elements of terms as well as the origin and the grammatical expression of the element in the position of an attribute.

Two-word and three-word complex terms consisting of elements of Lithuanian or mixed origin make up 38% of terms of medicine used in the journal. The majority of terms are two-word terms. Word-combinations with an attribute not in concord (expressed in genitive in singular or in plural) prevail, for instance galvos kaušas “kaukolė” (skull), plaučių džiova “plaučių tuberkuliozė” (tuberculosis of lungs). Attributes not in concord expressed in other cases or cases with prepositions are significantly less common. There are half as many word-combinations with an attribute in concord. Such attributes are most often expressed in adjectives with the suffix -inis derived from primary or derivative (prefixal and suffixal) nouns and to some extent in adjectives, for instance žiotkaulis viršutinis “viršutinis žandikaulis” (upper jaw), sausas kosulys (dry cough), pirmoji pagalba (first aid). Active and passive voice simple and pronominal participles as attributes are not very common and word-combinations with an attribute connected by adjoinment are even rarer.

The grammatical expression of the first and second attribute of three-word combinations varies. The following grammatical configurations are most common: combination of two nouns in genitive (attribute) + noun (determined), for instance

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vidurių ligų specialistas (specialist of gastroenterological diseases), adjective with the suffix -inis + noun in genitive (attribute) + noun (determined), for instance viršutiniai dūsavimo takai “viršutiniai kvėpavimo takai” (upper part of respiratory system). There are a few solitary examples of three-word combinations which have other grammatical expressions than the two previously mentioned configurations.

There is almost the same number of cases where attributes of three-word terms make a separate word-combination and where they do not.

In respect of origin, two-word terms with elements of Lithuanian origin prevail, for instance gornurio kaulas “gomurikaulis” (palatine bone), skersinė atžala “(slankstelio) skersinė atauga” (transverse process). There are half as many two-word terms with mixed origin elements, for instance konjunktyvos uždegimas (conjunctivitis), vietinė anestezija (local anesthetics). There is almost the same number of three-word terms consisting of elements of Lithuanian origin and three-word terms consisting of mixed origin elements, for instance Eustacho trūbelės slogos “[ausies] trimito [Eustachijaus vamzdžio] gleivinės uždegimai” (Eustachian tube inflammation), sėdimosios žarnos išlėkimas “išangės iškritimas” (rectal prolapse).

The first Lithuanian medical journal is valuable not only for specialists of medicine and researchers of the history of medicine, but it is also important as a linguistic and terminological document of the beginning of the 20th century. It supplements Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language) with new meanings of words, extends the semantic boundaries of some Lithuanian words and shows the development of Lithuanian terminology of medicine.

Gauta 2014-05-27

Palmira Zemlevičiūtė

Lietuvių kalbos institutas

P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius

E. paštas [email protected]

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