Pirmojo lietuviško medicinos mokslo žurnalo dvižodžiai ir trižodžiai sudėtiniai terminai

160 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | First Lithuanian Medical Science Journal | dvižodžiai ir trižodžiai sudėtiniai terminai Twoand three-word compound terms of the first Lithuanian medical science journal 100th Anniversary of Medicine and Nature PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas KEY WORDS: medicine, terminology, medical science journal, medical term, compound term Last year it was exactly 100 years since the first Lithuanian medical, veterinary, pharmaceutical and natural sciences journal Medicine and Nature1 was published on the initiative of physicians and pharmacists members of the Physicians and Pharmacists Section of the Lithuanian Science Society. Silvija Stakulienė, who has studied the origins and development of Lithuanian medical periodicals in Lithuania until the 1920s, has observed that “in the Lithuanian press there were constantly raised ideas about the preparation of a serious scientific publication that addresses the problems of medicine and natural sciences. The most active Lithuanian doctors and public figures were involved in the newspaper discussions and polemics. In November 1912, an appeal to Lithuanian physicians, veterinary workers, pharmacists and naturalists appeared in Lithuanian news: “Life is moving forward <...> finally it is time for us, Lithuanian physicians, veterinarians, pharmacists and naturalists, to wake up! We can fix the sanitation and the part of professional life by setting up a newspaper. It has been planned for several years to publish such a newspaper; the question has been discussed for several years, but so far it has not been decided2“ (cited from Stakulienė 2001: 226–227). 1 About the origins, structure, content, theme and problems of this journal, as well as Lithuanian single-word medical terms and their expression and relationship with the current terminology of medical science, was written in the 1990 issue of the journal "Medicina". In 2013, the journal of terminology published the article “The first Lithuanian medical science journal and Lithuanian medical terminology” (No. 20). This article continues the analysis of medical terms in the journal – this time we examine two-word and three-word compound medical terms. 2 To Lithuanian doctors, veterinarians, pharmacists and naturalists. – Lietuvos žinios, 1912, Nov. 24, p. 4. 161Terminologija | 2014 | 21 Matulaitis, Jonas Šlapelis, Antanas Vileišis and A. Laumianskis formed the editorial committee of the future journal. The first Lithuanian medical science journal Medicine and Nature “small 3.5x21 cm format, dos, 24 puslapių apimties“ numeris dienos šviesą išvydo 1913 m. (Stakumodest size” (Izvaizlienė 2001: 227). It is recalled that the first issue mainly deals with medical science. The core of the issue consists of author articles of doctors Petro Avižonis, A. Laumianskis and A. Domaševičius in the field of ophthalmology, gynaecology and obstetrics. The publisher and editor of the journal, a prominent Lithuanian public figure, Dr. S. Matulaitis, wrote a lot – his articles on pharmaceutical treatment, short annotations to popularized medical booklets have been published. However, the most important and significant article, deservedly called the “first published problematic” article in Lithuanian language, is “Lithuanian Terminology of Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology and Chemistry”, “which argues the necessity of standardized terminology in anatomy, physiology, chemistry and other branches of science” and emphasizes that “in scientific articles it is already necessary to use precise terms” (Stakulienė 2001: 228). Among the more active authors of the magazine, doctors J. Basanavičius and Juozas Bagdanavičius should be mentioned. In the section “Practical advice” J. Basanavičius collaborated – his advice translated from German, how to treat some diseases or ailments, etc., was printed. In the article “From medical terminology” of the second issue, J. Bagdanavičius presented a series of folk medical terms he heard while practicing in Dusetų district, with their meanings or somewhat broader explanations of the meanings – phrases in which the term is used, to some of which he attributed Latin equivalents. Here are some examples: „valinys – tape – with which small children are wrapped, bintas; the tumor grows on the mother of the children, the tumor is a neoplasm; big (on the forehead) – atheroma; was a wound, now there is a wound, a scarring – cicatrix? ; plattalunkis – plattalunkis enters, pulls legs (cydoporn)’ (MG 1913 2 13). In addition, both issues of the journal published original material on medical practice and theory, presented many cases of treatment of various diseases, etc. (Stakulienė 2001: 228). However, the magazine did not last long – after only two issues, its publication was discontinued. In a letter to the editor of the magazine, he wrote: "I have been informed that there is a great deal of work to be done, but I have not been able to find enough time to do it. He was not 162 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | First Lithuanian Medical Science Journal | dvižodžiai ir trižodžiai sudėtiniai terminai supported by the state. As representatives of the pharmaceutical industry later wrote in Lietuvos žinios and other newspapers, only a few doctors and pharmacists read the journal and were interested in it. It was not possible to unite physicians, naturalists and pharmacists. Everyone worked separately. This split stopped further publication of the magazine. S. Matulaitis later, at the LMD congress in 1914, stated that there was still enough money for publishing, there were 50 subscribers who paid, the revenue for the magazine was 217 rubles, the expenses amounted to 128 rubles and even 89 rubles remained, but there were no writers3. And this circumstance was perhaps the most important, determining the fate of this publication so necessary for the professional medical community“ (Stanley 2001: 228). The object of the article consists of 198 two-word and 52 three-word compound medical terms used by doctors in the journal Medicine and Nature4. The terms are discussed with regard to the syntactic relationships of the main and secondary elements and the origin and grammatical expression of the noted elements. The aim is to clarify the peculiarities of the structure of twoand three-word compound terms, to determine the predominant syntactic relationships of the elements of spoken terms, the origin of those elements and the grammatical expression tendencies. 1. CONCLUSION OF COMPOSITED TERMS As is known, the term not only identifies the concept, but also distinguishes it from others. Thus, in addition to the nominative function, terms also have a distinctive function, which is usually performed by adjectives in composite terms (Gaivenis 1967: 71). In the investigated medical science journal, the majority of terms are found to be twoand three-element terms5, which are divided in several respects (see Introductory Notes). The majority of the compositional terms of the first Lithuanian medical science journal consist of two-element terms naming various medical concepts (198 terms). As Kazimieras Gaivenis points out, two-word terms differ from other word combinations in that they can perform the communicative function completely independently (Gaivenis 1975: 60). 3 Congress of the Lithuanian Science Society in Vilnius. – The New York Times, 1914, Jun. 25, p. 1. 4 Terms of pure Lithuanian and mixed origin (Lithuanian, hybrid or borrowed) are discussed. 5 Terms with more than three constituent elements were relatively rare. They are problematic in many respects. Some of them have unclear terminological boundaries, such as middle ear and tympanic rhinitis, or they are more like descriptive word combinations, such as transverse position of the birth canal rupture in childbirth. For these reasons, we distance ourselves from the compound terms we are talking about. 163Terminologija | 2014 | 21 According to the syntactic relationships of the main and secondary elements, the two-word terms are divided into three groups: the (Gaivenis 1968: 110), valdomojo pažyminio ir šliejamojo pažyminio juncoordinative genius, or attributive genius (Gaivenis 1975: 61). 1.1. Conformity certificate compounds (68 terms). Compounds of this type are divided into compounds with elements of Lithuanian origin and compounds with elements of mixed origin according to the origin of the elements that make them up. 1.1.1. Compounds with elements of Lithuanian origin (40 terms). Their main and secondary elements are of Lithuanian origin. The combination mark is expressed by various adjectives: 1. Adverbs with -inis adjectives. In terms of action, the vedic verbs made from nouns prevail: a) primary (non-derived) diphthongs: hydrochloric (: salt) acid MG 1913 2 8, vaginal (: vaginal) part MG 1913 2 3, home (: home) treatment MG 1913 2 22, muscular (: muscle) flake MG 1913 2 4, pharmacy (: medicine) herbs MG 1913 2 24, b) derivatives: b1) conjugations: present (: present) doctors MG 1913 2 15, acidic (: acid) salt MG 1913 2 9, radial (: radius) (?) bone MG 1913 2 11, cf. radius – 1. spinal bone MedZ, joint (: joint) offspring MG 1913 2 11, cf. processus articularis inferior – (vertebral) lower joint regrowth, processus articularis superior – (vertebral) upper joint regrowth MedZ, b2) prepositions: external (: external) manifestations MG 1913 2 3. Separately we should mention a couple of compounds, the order of the main and secondary elements of which differs from the usual order of these elements in the present common Lithuanian language: žandikaulis apatinis (: apačia) MG 1913 2 11, cf. mandibula – lower jaw MedŽ, žandikaulis viršutinis6 (: viršus) MG 1913 2 11, cf. maxilla – upper jaw MedŽ. A couple of derivatives are based on adjectives: a) ordinary (non-derived): transverse (: transverse) offspring MG 1913 2 11, cf. processus transversus – (vertebral) transverse growth MedŽ, and (b) derivatives: poglithic7 (: poglitis) flake MG 1913 2 4. 6 In this derivative, the suffix -inis together with the formant -utsudaro the compound suffix -utinis (Kniūkšta 1976: 47). 7 With regard to the present common Lithuanian language, poglitinis is a word of irregular construction, because the -inis suffixes are not made from adjectives with the prefix po- (Kniūkšta 1976: 28). 164 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | First Lithuanian Medical Science Journal | dvižodžiai ir trižodžiai sudėtiniai terminai It is possible to treat the -inis derivative of glitinė in two ways. It can also be used as a noun, glitis, -ė, and as an adjective, glitus, -i. 2. by ordinary adjectives: general hospitals MG 1913 2 17, right arm MG 1913 2 4, right kidney MG 1913 2 8, right side MG 1913 1 18, large sores MG 1913 2 6, large tubers MG 1913 1 13, abundant monthly MG 1913 1 14, left vault MG 1913 1 13, left side MG 1913 1 18, hot water MG 1913 2 20, dry cough MG 1913 1 10, liquid extract MG 1913 2 21. 3. by nominative adjectives: right bracket8 MG 1913 2 6, merciful sisters MG 1913 1 6, left leg MG 1913 2 4, left wrist MG 1913 2 4, left shoulder MG 1913 2 4, blue pebble MG 1913 1 6, common salt MG 1913 1 17, first aid MG 1913 2 16. 4. In derived adjectives: sickly manifestations MG 1913 1 10, slight bleeding MG 1913 2 3. Four two-word terms were found, the conjugation mark of which is represented by participants: 1. Ordinary non-active species participants: incurable patients MG 1913 2 17, incurable diseases MG 1913 2 19. 2. Identified non-active species participants: drinking water MG 1913 2 15, lymphatic diseases MG 1913 2 24. 1.1.2. Compounds with elements of mixed origin (28 terms). Their elements are different in terms of origin, i.e. purely Lithuanian, hybrid or borrowed. The most common configurations9 are: Lithuanian mark + borrowed mark word, hybrid mark + Lithuanian mark word, hybrid mark + borrowed mark word, borrowed mark + Lithuanian mark word. a) primary (non-derived), usually bilingual: abdominal (: abdomen) extirpation MG 1913 2 3, systolic (: systole) hum MG 1913 1 13, glass (: glass) percolator MG 1913 2 21, local (: place) anesthesia MG 1913 2 19, b) derivative: b1) conjugated: anaesthetic (: anesthesia) fluid MG 8 Here the bracket is used in the meaning of "spread", see žodis. Šių junginių šalutiniai dėmenys reiškiami įvairiais būdvardžiais: 1. Priesagos -inis būdvardžiais, kurie dažniausiai padaryti iš daiktavardžių: also the term of the birth canal bracket MG 1913 2 4. LKŽe bracket 1 bracket 3. see bracket 1 bracket 2. "what is curved, dome-shaped". Incidentally, the magazine also uses the term vault, see the term left vault MG 1913 1 13. 9 The term configuration was used by K. Gaivenis in his articles on composite terms. 165Terminologija | 2014 | 21 1913 2 19, sanitarinė (: sanitarija) statistika MG 1913 2 15, sanitariniai (: sanitary) laws MG 1913 2 16. Thus, the rule of adjective formation from international nouns – the omission of the formant -ij – which emerged in the early 20th century, was later established and remained in the current common language (see DLKG 2006: 210). Keli priesagos -inis vediniai padaryti iš būdvardžių: a) paprastųjų: apskritinė (: apskritas) analgezija MG 1913 2 19, privatiniai (: privatus) ligonMG 1913 2 6, (b) compounds: bromoalkali10 (: bromine, potassium) preparations MG 1913 1 17. The two elements of the latter derivative – the principal and the secondary (dependent) – are nouns. 2. By ordinary adjectives: abel's stand MG 1913 1 13, abel's infection MG 1913 1 15, objective stand MG 1913 1 15, pure spirit MG 1913 2 2, mild stomatitis MG 1913 1 18, liquid extract MG 1913 2 21, subjective stand MG 1913 1 13, cold compresses MG 1913 1 23. By derivative adjectives: higher dose MG 1913 2 21, myomatous tumor MG 1913 2 3, myomatous disease MG 1913 2 3, pathological process MG 1913 1 9, pathological changes MG 1913 1 11. 4. by nominative adjectives: acute bromism MG 1913 1 16, practical medicine MG 1913 2 7, transverse position MG 1913 2 4. A couple of two-word terms were found, the combining sign of which is represented by participants: 1. Common target species participant: persistent constipation MG 1913 2 21. 2. Ordinary non-active species participant: distilled water MG 1913 2 21. 1.2. Driving licence compounds (128 terms). Although K. Gaivenis has noted that “composed terms of the management certificate are less common and less clear in all terminological systems than composed terms of the coordinated certificate” (Gaivenis 1975: 62), however, as the data of the investigated medical science journal shows, the combinations of this type of certificate are more common.10 The term is used in S. Matulaičio article “Nuomaro (epilepsijos) gydymas bromu”, which describes the treatment of nuomario with bromine and its preparations. Bromolkalinis could be the author’s own word formed from two nouns – the chemical elements brom and potassium. The second string of the punch is the spelled Arabic name of potassium, cf. kalis [arab. alqalij – potash] (TŽZ 2013: 383). The current name of this preparation is potassium bromide (KBr) (ChemŽ 2003: 206). 166 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | First Lithuanian Medical Science Journal | dvižodžiai ir trižodžiai sudėtiniai terminai the most abundant in comparison with the compounds of the harmonised certificate. They can be divided into two groups – control verb compounds and control preposition compounds. Within these groups, according to the origin of the elements, there are compounds with elements of Lithuanian origin and compounds with elements of mixed origin. 1.2.1. The 123-year-old (123 years old). 1.2.1.1. 77 terms with elements of Lithuanian origin. Both elements of these compounds are of Lithuanian origin, and the secondary element is expressed: 1. In the singular adjective: eye sensitivity MG 1913 1 22, angle of the eye MG 1913 2 13, wrist11 (?) bone – os metacarpi MG 1913 2 11, cf. metacarpus – palm, middle part of the hand MedZ, head cup – cranium MG 1913 2 11, cf. cranium – skull MedZ, head swelling MG 1913 1 13, birth canals MG 1913 2 6, birth gate MG 1913 2 13, hearing impairment MG 1913 1 10, palate bone – os palatinum MG 1913 2 11, cf. os palatinum – palate MG 1913 2 17, tumors of the navel MG 1913 2 3, wall of the navel MG 1913 2 4, navel hole MG 1913 2 3, forehead bone – os frontis MG 1913 2 11, cf. os frontale – navel MG 1913 2 3 / blood floating MG 1913 1 12, MG 1913 2 2 / blood flowing MG 1913 2 14, blood stasis (zastoj) MG 1913 1 9, cf. stasis – stasis, stasis, застой MedZ, chest bone – thorax MG 1913 2 11, cf. thorax – chest bone MedZ, body fittings MG 1913 1 10, body training MG 1913 2 18, body weight MG 1913 1 16, vaginal part MG 1913 1 13, concha desert MG 1913 1 13, concha tumor MG 1913 1 13, nasal mucus MG 1913 1 8, spinal bone – vertebra MG 1913 2 11, vertebra – vertebra MedZ, seizures MG 1913 1 16, signs of poisoning MG 1913 2 19, occipital bone – os occipitale MG 1913 2 11, cf. os occipitale – occipital bone MedZ, local doctor MG 1913 2 6, abdominal pain MG 1913 1 23, abdominal swelling MG 1913 2 5, abdominal pain MG 1913 2 6 film MG 1913 2 4, abdominal wall MG 1913 1 18, abdomen wrist’. 2. "a sweater sleeve worn on the wrists of the hand for heat". 11 Žodis antriešis LKŽe medicinine reikšme nefiksuotas, plg. antriešis 1. „papuošalas, nešiojamas ant rankos 167Terminologija | 2014 | 21 MG 1913 2 4, inside of the abdomen MG 1913 2 5, back of the arm MG 1913 2 6, wrist bone – os carpi MG 1913 2 11, cf. ossa carpi – wrist bones MedZ, temporal bone – os temporale MG 1913 2 11, cf. os temporale – temporal bone MedZ, heart manifestations MG 1913 1 15, heart dullness MG 1913 1 15, heart palpitations MG 1913 1 13, heart palpitations MG 1913 1 13, heart diseases MG 1913 1 19, heart limits MG 1913 1 13, heart medicines MG 1913 1 15, bladder of urine MG 1913 2 8, uric acid MG 1913 2 7, calcaneus – heel MedZ, child rotation MG 1913 2 5, child head MG 1913 2 7, child removal MG 1913 2 7, child's belly MG 1913 2 4, food crumbling MG 1913 1 17, MG 1913 2 9, food grinding MG 1913 1 21, MG 1913 2 9, food cooking MG 1913 2 9, food digestion MG 1913 1 21, MG 1913 2 9, the parietal bone – os parietale MG 1913 2 11, cf. os parietale – momenboulis MedŽ. 2. in the plural: eye diseases MG 1913 1 4, county hospitals MG 1913 1 6, ear inflammations MG 1913 1 10, women's diseases MG 1913 1 12, scabies (sarcoptes scabiei) MG 1913 2 22, cf. Sarcoptes scabiei – scabies tick MedŽ, lung dryness MG 1913 1 21, MG 1913 2 17, children's diseases MG 1913 2 7, children's fever MG 1913 2 6, diarrhea MG 1913 2 20, bowel disorders MG 1913 1 17, bowel loops MG 1913 2 4, local doctors MG 1913 2 15. 3. Multiple localization: tumor in the middle MG 1913 1 14. Among the compounds with Lithuanian origin, two compounds were found, in which the main compound goes before the secondary compound: swelling of the abdomen MG 1913 2 5 and traces of blood MG 1913 2 3. 1.2.1.2. Compounds with elements of mixed origin (46 terms). In terms of origin, the elements constituting these compounds are not as diverse as the combinations of the combined mark with elements of Lithuanian origin. Most often, the main and secondary elements of such compounds are Lithuanian or borrowed words: borrowed mark + Lithuanian mark word and Lithuanian mark + borrowed mark word. There was also one combination with the configurations – borrowed sign + hybrid sign word and hybrid sign + Lithuanian sign word. Subordinate elements of the compounds in question are indicated: 168 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | First Lithuanian Medical Science Journal | dvižodžiai ir trižodžiai sudėtiniai terminai 1. in the singular adjective: bromine treatment MG 1913 1 17, zinc ointment MG 1913 1 23, Eustachian tube MG 1913 1 9, doctor's laboratory MG 1913 2 15, hearing organ MG 1913 1 9, iodgallicin sand MG 1913 1 23, conjunctival surfaces MG 1913 1 23, conjunctival inflammation MG 1913 1 23, chalk method MG 1913 2 6, body organs MG 1913 2 16, cuprocitrol ointment MG 1913 1 23, Cusco mirror MG 1913 2 3, folk medicine MG 1913 2 14, medical history MG 1913 2 4, sex centers MG 1913 1 12, vaginal tamponade MG 1913 2 3, medical assistance MG 1913 2 16, myoma of the ovary MG 1913 1 14, MG 1913 2 2, nasal veins MG 1913 1 9, novocaine mixing MG 1913 2 19, length of operation MG 1913 2 19, difficulty of operation MG 1913 2 19, penis head MG 1913 2 8, penis hole MG 1913 2 8, placenta removal MG 1913 2 7, record syringe MG 1913 2 19, Senate leaflets MG 1913 2 20, spirit injecting MG 1913 1 13, MG 1913 2 3 / spirit injecting MG 1913 1 14, MG 1913 2 3, wet cannula MG 1913 2 8, syringe pressing MG 1913 2 3. 2. plural progenitor: adenoid growths MG 1913 1 9, Arab physician MG 1913 2 20, epidemic “nests” MG 1913 15, epileptic therapy MG 1913 1 16, injection technique MG 1913 2 2, disease statistics MG 1913 2 15, school hygiene MG 1913 2 18 / school hygiene MG 1913 2 16, brain sinuses MG 1913 1 9, hospital for trachomatoses MG 1913 1 6, children’s hygiene MG 1913 2 18. 3. Multiple user: outpatient clinic for adults MG 1913 2 17, sanatorium for adults MG 1913 2 17, sanatorium for children MG 1913 2 17. 4. Singular subjunctive: treatment with bromine MG 1913 1 17, treatment with alcohol MG 1913 2 3. 5. Singular placeholder: pulsation in the neck MG 1913 1 13. 1.2.2. "The 500 Greatest Songs" (500 Greatest Songs). The elements of these two-word compounds are of different origin, i.e. the main or secondary element is purely Lithuanian, hybrid or borrowed. Their secondary elements – the controlling signs – are represented by vowels with prepositions. 1.2.2.1. Compounds with elements of Lithuanian origin (4 terms). ta junginių su prielinksniais į, iš ir per: įėjimas į koserę (aditus ad laryngem) RasMG 1913 1 9, cf. aditus laryngis – larynx entrance MedZ, extracts from herbs MG 1913 1 17, severe from wound MG 1913 2 5, breathing through the nose MG 1913 1 18. 175Terminologija | 2014 | 21 specialist of gastroenterological diseases, adjective with the suffix -inis + noun in genitive (attribute) + noun (determined), for example viršutiniai dušavimo takai “upper part of respiratory system”. There are a few solitary examples of three-word combinations which have other grammatical expressions than the two previously mentioned configurations. There is almost the same number of cases where attributes of three-word terms make a separate word-combination and where they do not. In respect of origin, two-word terms with elements of Lithuanian origin prevail, for example gomurio kaulas “gomurikaulis” (palatine bone), skersinė atžala “(slankstelio) skersinė auga” (transverse process). There are half as many two-word terms with mixed origin elements, for example conjunctivitis, local anesthetics. There is almost the same number of three-word terms consisting of elements of Lithuanian origin and three-word terms consisting of mixed origin elements, for example Eustacho trūbelės slogos “[ausies] trimito [Eustachijaus vamzdžio] gleivinės uždegimai” (Eustachian tube inflamation), sėdamosios žarnos išlėkimas “išangės iškritimas” (rectal prolapse). The first Lithuanian medical journal is valuable not only for specialists of medicine and researchers of the history of medicine, but it is also important as a linguistic and terminological document of the beginning of the 20th century. It supplements Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language) with new meanings of words, extends the semantic boundaries of some Lithuanian words and shows the development of Lithuanian terminology of medicine. Retrieved 2014-05-27. Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lithuania Email: [email protected]