New Names for Genera of Ornamental Plants

ALBINA AUKSORIŪTĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

KEYWORDS: ornamental plant genus name, neologism, suffix derivatives, ending derivatives, compounds, borrowings

INTRODUCTION

Lithuanian botanical terms and nomenclatural names began to be created, terminographically organized, and classified earlier than those in any other field of science. The author of the first Lithuanian handwritten dictionaries of botanical terms and plant names was the Samogitian Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža (1771–1849), who is also considered the pioneer of systematic terminology work in this field. In 1821, J. A. Pabrėža wrote a bilingual Latin–Samogitian botanical dictionary Dictionarium Botanicum Latino Samogiticum, which listed 860 plant names; in 1834, he produced a 505-page bilingual alphabetical list of plant morphology terms in Lithuanian and Latin Sryje Balsenyyny. J. A. Pabrėža completed writing his most important scholarly work, Tayslós augumynis¹, which describes the entire flora of Samogitia in detail, in 1843. The manuscript consists of two parts: the first lists the literature, discusses plant structure, and presents and explains terms of plant morphology. The second part, 980 pages long, gives a systematics of plants and describes 643 genera of flowering plants and 150 genera of spore-bearing plants and fungi. In this work, J. A. Pabrėža provides plant names not only in Lithuanian and Latin, but also in Latvian, German, and Polish. In 1900, part of this manuscript by J. A. Pabrėža was printed in America under the title Botanika arba Taislius auguminis.

Another Samogitian, Laurynas Ivinskis (1810–1881), is also noteworthy for his manuscript—a two-part scholarly work entitled Prigimtūmenė, turentė sawieje dalijkus žemies, žoliun ir giwunun su parodimu anun wartojimo (hereafter, Prigimtūmenė),

¹ Dėl rankraščio pavadinimo užrašymo klaidos žr. Subačius 1996: 106. Šio J. A. Pabrėžos rankraščio perrašą pradėta skelbti 2009-aisiais (Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža. Taislius auguminis, I–223. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2009), 2014 m. Rita Šepetytė paskelbė didžiąją rankraščio dalį – 224–776 p. (Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža. Taislius auguminis, 224–776, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2014).

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written around 1870. The first part, Žemėmina, describes various topics in mineralogy, while the second part, Žolėmina, is a systematic register of fungi and plant names compiled by him, containing Lithuanian names for 218 families and more than 2,520 genera. Alongside Lithuanian names, L. Ivinskis gives equivalents in Latin, very often in Polish, and occasionally in German².

The first terminology dictionary printed in Lithuania was Povilas Matulionis’s register of plant names, Žolynas. Dalys II. Lietuvos augalų žodynas ir augalų taislas, printed in Vilnius in 1906. Žolyne contains about 3,000 Lithuanian names of plants growing in Lithuania; most were collected from printed and handwritten sources, a list of which P. Matulionis included in the preface. The names of both Lithuanian plant genera and species are usually accompanied by an abbreviation of the source author. The first part of Žolyno contains two indexes: Rodikle sulyg lotiniško abecyno and Rodikle sulyg lietuviško abecyno; the first part lists Latin plant names and their equivalents in Lithuanian, Russian, and Polish, while the second lists Lithuanian plant names and their Latin equivalents. The second part of Žolyno is entitled Augalų taislas sulyg istoriškai-gamtiškosios tvarkos and presents the system of the plants described in the dictionary.

The best terminology dictionary published before 1940 is considered to be Lietuviškas botanikos žodynas (1938, 598 pp.), compiled by the Botanical Dictionary Commission, chaired by Associate Professor Liudas Vailionis and edited by Dr. Jonas Dagys. The dictionary contains about 3,300 terms in Latin, Lithuanian, German, Russian, Polish, and Latvian, with Lithuanian spoken-language and written-language synonyms and variants; it also includes a Lithuanian–Latin nomenclature and a glossary of Latin adjectival species names.

The first volume of the botanists’ major work Lietuvos TSR flora (hereafter, Lietuvos flora) appeared in 1959, while the final, sixth volume of this work was published in 1980. Across the six volumes, 129 families, 724 genera, and 2,153 species are described. Each species described in Lietuvos floroj has a Latin, Lithuanian, and Russian name; synonyms are also given alongside the primary species name. The preparation of this six-volume work involved a major terminological effort, standardizing the plant names included in the publication.

The work of standardizing and organizing plant names continued after the publication of Lietuvos florą. In 1998, Botanikos vardų žodynas was published, containing plant names reviewed by the Botanical Dictionary Commission.

² Apie šį L. Ivinskio rankraštį plačiau žr. Auksoriūtė 1998: 102–110; Auksoriūtė 2004: 127–149; Auksoriūtė A. 2008: 132–141.

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Since 2002, the Terminology Subcommittee of the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language (hereinafter VLKK), together with botanists³, has considered changes to Lithuanian plant names resulting from changes in Latin taxonomy and has assigned Lithuanian names to plants that did not yet have Lithuanian names; these are most often plants only now being introduced into Lithuania. VLKK has prepared and published nine booklets listing plants considered by the Terminology Subcommittee (for more, see http://www.vlkk.lt/aktualiausios-temos/terminija/kalbos-komisijos-terminijos-leidiniai),); it also issues recommendations publishing the latest lists of plant names considered (see http://www.vlkk.lt/aktualiausios-temos/terminija/apie-skyriu-terminija),), most of which have also been entered into the Terminology Bank of the Republic of Lithuania.

The first VLKK recommendation, “On Lithuanian Names for Ornamental Plants,” was published on December 20, 2012; its seventh part was published on October 9, 2014.

About one-third of the vascular plant species growing on Earth are ornamental: they beautify our surroundings, homes, and everyday lives. Many such plant species grow naturally or are cultivated in Lithuania. Their numbers increased particularly after borders opened and cooperation with foreign countries, especially those of Western Europe, intensified. Plant species previously little known flowed into our country (Kiselienė, Grigienė, Grigas 2007:6).

The subject of this study is 417 new plant genus names presented in the VLKK recommendation “On Lithuanian Names for Ornamental Plants.” The aim of the article is to examine the new ornamental plant genus names synchronically from the perspectives of terminology and word formation, to identify the methods used to create them and form neologisms, and to compare the word-formation methods of current plant genus names with those of plant genus names in the Flora of Lithuania.

In 1985, the terminologist Kazimieras Gaivenis published an article entitled “Names of Plant Genera and Species in Lithuania” in Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai⁴,

³ The plant names examined in the article were considered by the Terminology Subcommittee of the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language: Dr. Zigmantas Gudžinskas (compiler of the lists and author of many neologisms), Dr. Valerijus Rašomavičius (Botany Institute, Nature Research Centre), Prof. Habil. Dr. Jonas Remigijus Naujalis (Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vilnius University), Dr. Živilė Lazdauskaitė (Botany Institute, Nature Research Centre), Dr. Albina Auksočiūtė, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Stasys Keinys, Solvita Babanauškienė, Dr. Palmira Zemlevičiūtė (Institute of the Lithuanian Language), Audra Ivanauskienė, Gita Kazlauskaitė, Aušra Marcinkevičienė, and Dr. Alvydas Umbrasas (Secretariat of the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language). I thank A. Marcinkevičienė for her help in collecting the material and Dr. Z. Gudžinskas for his expert comments, which were useful in preparing this article.

⁴ Gaivenis K. Names of Plant Genera and Species in Lithuania. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 24. Issues in the Culture of Scientific Language and Terminology, 1985, 165–178.

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in which he examined in considerable detail the Lithuanian names of plant genera and species presented in the Flora of Lithuania. The comparison of the word-formation methods used for ornamental plant genus names and those for plant genus names in the Flora of Lithuania drew on the aforementioned article by K. Gaivenis, reprinted in his collected works (see Gaivenis 2014: 363–376).

Several sources can be distinguished for the creation of the plant genus names under study: neologisms formed using word-formation devices; plant names borrowed from Latin; individual plant names coined by L. Ivinskis, J. A. Pabrėža, and other authors, some of which have entered usage; and dialect words that have been terminologized.

NEOLOGISMS

The largest group of new names for ornamental plant genera—more than half (58%) of all the new names—consists of neologisms (242 names): derivatives formed with suffixes, endings, and prefixes, and compounds.

Suffix derivatives. Most neologisms were formed in this way—71% of all neologisms (172 names). The most productive suffix for neologisms is -en-; its derivatives make up one third of all suffix derivatives. This method of forming plant names is also common and the most prolific in the flora of Lithuania, as stated in K. Gaivenis’s article: “Among derivatives, suffixal terms are the most numerous. Terms formed in this way far outnumber derivatives formed with endings and prefixes. For example, there are more derivatives formed with the suffix -en- alone than derivatives formed with endings and prefixes combined” (Gaivenis 2014: 367). More neologisms for the ornamental plant genera under study have likewise been formed with the suffix -en- (58 derivatives) than with endings and prefixes combined (40 derivatives).

New plant genus names occur with two variants of the suffix under discussion: -enis and -enė. Most derivatives formed with the suffix -en- are based on nouns, e.g.⁵: 1) -enis: Araujia – kapšėnis (: kapšas), Bolusanthus – ietėnis (: ietis), Canistrum – rykėnis (: rykas), Cercocarpus – nagėnis (: nagas), Chilopsis – terkšlėnis (: terkšlė), Corynocarpus – bukstėnis (: bukstis “a blunt stake or any blunt object” LKŽe), Davidia – skepetėnis (: skepeta), Helminthostachys – kirmėnis (: kirmis), Meliosma – nektarėnis (: nektaras), Moraea – povėnis (: povas), Strongylodon – iltėnis (: iltis); 2) -enė:

⁵ In the examples, the Latin plant genus name is given first, followed by a dash and the Lithuanian genus name; the formation of the Lithuanian name is explained in parentheses, with the base word indicated after a colon.

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Alonsoa – kaukėnė (: kaukė), Centratherum – daubėnė (: dauba), Chiliotrichum – šarmėnė (: šarma), Corytoplectus – žlėjenė (: žlėja “dimness” LKŽe), Desfontainia – rukėnė (: rukis “something wrinkled, shriveled” LKŽe), Dichorisandra – riaukėnė (: riaukė “a crack, ditch” LKŽe), Forestiera – prosmėnė (: prosmė “clearing” LKŽe), Gibasis – šydenė (: šydas), Hemigraphis – vėlėnė (: vėlė), Ozothamnus – krislėnė (: krislas), Pholistoma – žiotėnė (: žiotys), Proboscidea – straublėnė (: straublys), Reevesia – purkėnė (: purka), Scaevola – skeptrėnė (: skeptras), Serruria – martėnė (: marti), Zenobia – ūkėnė (: ūkas). The names of the plants mentioned here...

grown out” LKŽe), Stylophorum – ugniūnas (: ugnis); 2) –ūnė: Centrosema – vištūnė (: višta), Licuala – klostūnė (: klostė), Pachyphragma – čiūžūnė (: čiūžė “something that slides” LKŽe), Pachystachys – žvakūnė (: žvakė); 3) –ūnis: Anemia – vėjūnis (: vėjas), Argyranthemum – sidabrūnis (: sidabras), Oxydendrum – rūgštūnis (: rūgštis), Stokesia – dangūnis (: dangus). In a few cases, the base words for derivatives formed with the suffix under discussion are plant names: 1) –ūnas: Anisodontea – dedėšvūnas (: dedėšva), Chasmanthium – dirsūnas (: dirsė), Lithocarpus – ąžuolūnas (: ąžuolas), Symphyotrichum – astrūnas (: astra); 2) –ūnė: Phyllodoce – viržūnė (: viržis), Rhaphiolepis – obelūnė (: obelis). There are only a few derivatives based on adjectives and verbs: Brunsvigia – meilūnas (: meilūs), Tripsacum – kentrūnas (: kentrus “patient” LKŽe), Xerochrysum – šlamūnas (: šlamėti, šlamėjo), Muehlenbeckia – draikūnė (: draikus).

Other suffixes used to form neologisms are less productive than those discussed above, and their derivatives can be reviewed in small groups. A few derivatives were found with the suffixes –utis, –utė and –aitis, –aitė, while only one or two examples occur with each of the suffixes –uotis, –uotė, –otis, –otė, –tis, –tė, –ytis, –ėtis, –tas:

–utis, –utė: derived from nouns: Frithia – kuokūtis (: kuoka), Lyonothamnus – plienūtis (: plienas), Microlepia – žvynūtis (: žvynas); from plant names: Pieris – bereinūtis (: bereinis), Lesser­tia – pūslūtis (: pūsl ius), Rhodohypoxis – troškūtė (: troškė); from an adjective – Dicranostigma – dviragūtė (: dviragis), and from a verb – Leycesteria – svirūtis (: svirti, sviro);

–aitis, –aitė: from plant names: Malvaviscus – dedėšvaitis (: dedėšva), Nothoscordum – česnakaitis (: česnakas), Scadoxus – raudminaitis (: raudminas), Sphagneticola – legestaitis (: legėstas), Myrteola – mirtaitė (: mirta); only one is based on a noun with a different meaning – Dracunculus – slibinaitis (: slibinas);

–otis, –otė: derived from nouns: Andropogon – barzdotis (: barzda), Cryptogramma – raštotis (: raštas), Glandularia – liaukotis (: liauka), Spodiopogon – šarmotė (: šarma);

–uotis, –uotė: derived from nouns: Acalypha – variuotis (: varis), Hoheria – nėriniuotė (: nėrinys), Holmskioldia – kakluotė (: kaklas);

–ytis: from plant names: Niphidium – little fern (: little fern), Thryptomene – little blossom (: blossom);

–tas, –tis, –tė: derived from verbs: Calicotome – lėpštas (: lėpšti, lėpšo “to wilt, become mushy” LKŽe), Spathodea – žveltis (: žvelti, žvelė “to burn” LKŽe), James-brittenia – žvelgtė (: žvelgti, žvelgė);

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–ėtis: formed from a plant name: Hemiptelea – vinkšnėtis (: vinkšna).

A small group also includes a few derivatives with the suffixes –ėlis, –ėlė, –uolė, –ilis, –ilė, –lis, –lė, –ulis. The base words for derivatives with the suffixes –ėlis, –ėlė are plant names, whereas the bases of the other derivatives are mostly nouns; only a few are adjectives or verbs.

–ėlė, –ėlis: Hacquetia – girūnėlė (: girūnė), Heteranthemis – raimenėlė (: raimenė), Nuttallanthus – žioveinėlis (: žioveinis), Sidalcea – rožūnėlė (: rožūnė), Thompsonella – storlapėlė (: storlapis);

–uolė: Beaumontia – dūduolė (: dūda), Hudsonia – viržuolė (: viržis), Isotoma – lyguolė (: lygus), Koelreuteria – svambuolė (: svambus “heavy, weighty” LKŽe), Pitcairnia – stypuolė (: stypas);

–ilis, –ilė: Odontonema – dantilis (: dantis), Orthrosanthus – dalgilis (: dalgis), Diascia – ragilė (: ragas), Toxicoscordion – žvaigždilė (: žvaigždė);

–lis, –lė: Conophytum – kūglis (: kūgis), Menziesia – uōglis (: uoga), Vittadinia – pūklis (: pūkas), Coprosma – dvoklė (: dvokti, dvokė);

–ulis: Myoporum – muscle shrub (: muscle, small muscle), Therorhodion – low shrub (: low).

Derivatives with the suffixes –vis, –vė, –uvis, –uvė are likewise mostly derived from nouns:

–vis, –vė: Clianthus – papūgvis (: papūga), Filicium – par̃tvis (: partis “warbler” LKŽe), Scoliopus – raitvis (: raitytis, raitėsi), Stachytarpheta – žaltvis (: žaltys), Anticlea – priešvė (: prieš), Dierama – rykštvė (: rykštė), Nipponanthemum – skaisvė (: skaistus), Xanthisma – snaudvė (: snaudė);

–uvis, –uvė: Chimonanthus – winter shrub (: winter), Veltheimia – beautiful shrub (: beautiful), Asphodeline – ash plant (: ash).

One group can include derivatives with the suffixes –uonis, –uonė, –onė, –nis, –nė, –ainė, –inys:

–uonis, –uonė: Chamelaucium – glowing shrub (: glow, glowed), Lampranthus – shining shrub (: shine, shone), Tricyrtis – crooked shrub (: crooked), Sanchezia – veined shrub (: vein);

–onė: Bruckenthalia – heather shrub (: heather), Dictyosperma – storm shrub (: storm), Malephora – ice shrub (: ice);

–nis, –nė: Mazus – žiopnis (: žiopas “gap” LKŽe), Disporum – dūlsnė (: dulsoti, dulsojo “to stand, sit hunched over” LKŽe);

–aine: Ismene – spider plant (: spider);

–inys: Stenocarpus – wheel (: wheel).

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The base words of derivatives formed with the suffixes -ras, -uras, -ėtras, -ūtras are nouns and verbs:

-ras: Alyogyne – silkflower (: silk), Firmiana – parasol tree (: parasol), Frerea – rotflower (: rot, decay);

-uras: Capnoides – nodflower (: to sway, swayed);

-ėtras: Chrysocephalum – rustler (: to rustle, rustled);

-ūtras: Adenium – swellflower (: to swell, swelled), Stigmaphyllon – windflower (: wind).

A further few suffixes were used to form three, two, or even just one derivative each:

-mis: Oxyria – rūgštmis (: rūgštis), Couroupita – sviėdmis (: sviesti, sviedė), Cupaniopsis – trėkmis (: trėkti “to soil, stain, dirty” LKŽe);

-ojas: Afgekia – ražojas (: stubble), Bellium – saulojas (: sun);

-ikė: Glottiphyllum – liežikė (: to lick, licked);

-oklė: Pistia – plūdoklė (: a float);

-mė: Pellionia – gulsmė (: lies, lay down);

-minas: Boenninghausenia – rue-minas (: rue);

-va: Pachystegia – ray-va (: ray);

-ižis: Cyananthus – blue-žis (: blue flower).

As the genus names presented show, numerous suffixes have been used to form suffixal derivatives, but the suffixes -enis, -enė and -ūnas, -ūnė can be considered the most productive. K. Gaivenis established that, in naming the genera of the flora of Lithuania, more productive suffixes were used in addition to the suffix -en-: “The suffixes with -ūn-, -ut- and -uol- are almost equally productive: several dozen plant genus names have been formed with each of them <...>” (Gaivenis 2014: 368).

Suffixal derivatives. Few derivatives formed with endings are provided for naming new plant genera; innovations formed by this method account for only 15.7% of all neologisms. Most derivatives were formed with the endings -is and -ė. The most common base words of derivatives with the ending -is are nouns:

-is: Aeonium – ramdis (: ramda “caparis” LKŽe), Bituminaria – derūvis (: derva), Delairea – klevėdris (: klevedra “a decayed, broken thing, a useless object” LKŽe), Dombeya – tumūlis (: tumulas), Embothrium – žaiždris (: žaizdras), Fremontodendron – gaušvis (: gausva), Homalocladium – diržis (: diržas), Leucospermum – gaišmis (: gaisme “joy” LKŽe), Loropetalum – sekėtis (: seketa “little sun” LKŽe), Margyricarpus – gūmbris (: gumbras), Melianthus – medalūtis (: medalutė), Nautilocalyx – kriaūk lis (: kriauklė), Schotia – kraūmis (: kraumas “succulent stem” LKŽe), Tylecodon – grūoblis (: gruoblė “unevenness, roughness” LKŽe). Only the derivational bases of a few of the genera discussed are verbs:—

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the derivational bases of names of genera discussed are verbs: Beaucarnea – nūkaris (: to droop, drooped), Brownea – žiōris (: to stare, stared), Comarostaphylis – tèlžis (: to press, pressed), Gibbaeum – pãmsis (: to stand around, stood around “to stand, to loiter” LKŽe), Kohleria – plazdis (: to flutter, fluttered).

Most often, the derivational bases of derivatives formed with the ending -ė are nouns:

-ė: Bismarckia – dangė (: sky), Choisya – skirbė (: skirbas “gap, crack” LKŽe), Cyanastrum – gīlnė (: gilna “thrush” LKŽe), Fortunearia – laimīke (: laimikas), Galphimia – purkšlė (: purkšlis “small bush, shrub” LKŽe), Chamaebatia – póōingė (: pavingis); adjectives: Delosperma – mūdrė (: mudrus “lively, alert” LKŽe), Didymochlaena – mer̃nė (: mernas “damp and soft” LKŽe), Habranthus – grąkštė (: graceful), Neoregelia – drōvė (: shy), Stictocardia – viñgrė (: supple); and verbs: Codonanthe – ur̃kė (: to growl, growled), Harrimanella – tisė (: to loiter, loitered), Talbotia – triaūkšė (: to clatter, clattered).

Only a few names were derived with the endings –a, –ys, and –as:

–a: Faucaria – nausā (: to move slowly, sinuously, moved slowly and sinuously “to writhe slowly, sluggishly” LKŽe), Smithatris – krygždà (: krygždė);

–ys: Aglaomorpha – rangýs (: rangė “women’s head ornament made by twisting ribbons” LKŽe), Lophospermum – skiauterýs (: skiauterė);

–as: Alloxylon – grūožas (: to caress, caressed “to fondle” LKŽe).

Prefixal derivatives. Prefixation is the least productive method of forming the neologisms examined—only two derivatives were formed:

po-: Eriochloa – póašarė (: tear);

pro-: Libocedrus – prókedris (: cedar).

Šio darybos būdo vedinių mažiausiai rasta ir Lietuvos floroje (žr. Gaivenis 2014: 371).

Compounds. Slightly fewer compound names of ornamental plant genera were formed than suffixal derivatives; they account for 12.4% of all neologisms. In the flora of Lithuania, compound genus names are second in number (about 33% of all formations) only to suffixal derivatives. These include old folk names, while neologisms are few (Gaivenis 2014: 365). Thus, the same tendency is evident in the creation of the neologisms under discussion: fewer compounds are formed.

Compounds can be classified according to their second element. A few compounds are formed with palm as the second element: palm: Acoelorrhaphe – pjūklāpalmė (: saw + palm), Allagoptera – kūokpalmė (: club + palm), Hedyscepe – skētpalmė (: umbrella + palm), Hyophorbe – ropépalmė (: turnip + palm), Pritchardia –

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ketėrpalme (: crest + palm), Rhapidophyllum – ežįpalmė (: hedgehog + palm), Rhopalostylis – gumbāpalmė (: knob + palm), Thrinax – stōgpalmė (: roof + palm), Veitchia – rumbāpalmė (: rim + palm). All the compounds presented consist of two nouns; only one compound was found whose first element is a verb and one whose first element is an adjective: Nannorrhops – svīrpalmė (: to incline + palm), Ptychosperma – laibāpalmė (: slender + palm).

A somewhat smaller group of compounds is formed with the second element -papartis: Dennstaedtia – šākpapartis (: branch + fern), Doryopteris – žvaizdpap normalis (: star + fern), Rumohra – ōdpაპartis (: skin + fern), Stenochlaena – ūksmēpapartis (: shade + fern), Thelypteris – pelkiāpapartis (: marsh + fern). All these compound names consist of two nouns.

Two compounds are worth mentioning, whose second component is -žiedis, -žiedė: Hymenocallis – vōržiedis (spider + flower), Pedilanthus – pédžiedė (foot + flower). The components of the other compounds do not recur: Archontophoenix – dygfinikis (spiny + palm), Austromyrtus – pietmirtė (south + myrtle), Erinacea – ežiāžirnis (hedgehog + pea), Leucoglossum – vilkramunis (wolf + daisy), Paxistima – šilžiurkštis (pine forest + “small shrub, subshrub” LKŽe), Pseudofumaria – paukštrūtė (bird + rue), Pseudogynoxys – liepšnāžėlė (flame + cudweed), Uniola – jūravizė (sea + oat), Zapoteca – lipniāpupė (sticky + bean). The second components of the compounds presented are plant names, while the first components are mostly nouns as well. As K. Gaivenis established, Lietuvos floroje, a comparatively large number of compound plant-genus names of the “noun + noun” type are used, whose second component is the name of a plant (see Gaivenis 2014: 366).

Three more compounds were formed with different elements: Halimodendron – druskākrūmis (: salt + shrub), Osteospermum – kaulāseklis (: bone + seed), Styphnolobium – svīrmedis. It should be noted that in Lithuania’s flora, many compound genus names are given whose second element is medis (“tree”) (see Gaivenis 2014: 365).

PLANT NAMES IN L. IVINSKIS’S WRITINGS AND OTHER SOURCES

When the new ornamental plant genus names were considered by the VLKK Terminology Subcommittee, not only newly coined names were approved, but also plant names created earlier by various authors and taken from manuscripts and the Lithuanian Botanical Dictionary. The largest number of plant genus names, 77, was taken from L. Ivinskis’s writings; these constitute 18.5% of all the ornamental plant genus names under consideration—

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names. The vast majority of these names come from L. Ivinskis’s Prigimtūmenė. Plant names from this L. Ivinskis manuscript have not appeared in any printed source and were included neither in the Lithuanian Botanical Dictionary nor in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, because the manuscript was not published and remained unknown to Lithuanian scholars until the early 1960s (for more details, see Jankevičius, Jankevičienė 1962; Auksoriūtė 1998). Examination of L. Ivinskis’s manuscript revealed that some plants now being brought to Lithuania had already been named in Prigimtūmenė; the Terminology Subcommittee therefore decided not to coin a new plant name, but to name the new plant genus using a name created by L. Ivinskis (revived names by L. Ivinskis have been discussed previously; for more details, see Auksoriūtė 2008).

Work

Work

Several plant names that were assigned to designate other genera should be mentioned separately, because the genera that L. Ivinskis had named in Prigimtūmenė already have Lithuanian names: Abeliophyllum – baltvas (: baltas ‘white’ + –vas, cf. Epipactis Pr 14¹⁶), Calyptrocalyx – sulpėtras (: sulpėti, sulpėjo ‘to suck gradually, suck’ LKŽe + –ėtras, cf. Areca Pr 128), Cephalanthus – galvožis (: galva ‘head’ + –ožis, cf. Cephaliaria Pr 252), Chiastophyllum – saitmà (: saitis ‘a tie used for binding or tying something’ LKŽe + –ma, cf. Cassia Pr 211), Chlorogalum – žalūinis (: žalvas ‘greenish’ LKŽe + –inis, cf. Chlora Pr 236), Etlingera – daūbras (: dauba ‘ravine’ + –ras, cf. Epimedium Pr 164), Harpephyllum – lelūnis (: lelėti, lelėjo ‘to drowse’ + –ūnis, cf. Hacquetia Pr 191), Macfadyena – apsukmýs (: apsukti, apsuko ‘to turn around’ + –mys, cf. Helicteris Pr 169), Phymatosorus – kojūminis (: koja ‘leg’ + –ūminis, cf. Polypodium Pr 114).

Several of L. Ivinskis’s names were taken from synonyms given in Lietuviškame botanikos žodyne: Coleostephus – raimenė (: raimas ‘speckled’ LKŽe + –enė, cf. Ánthemis LBŽ 24), Dietes – kalavėjinis (: kalavijis ‘sword’ + –einis, cf. Iris LBŽ 179), Graptopetalum – riebūnis (: riebus ‘fat’ + –ūnis, cf. Sédum LBŽ 318), Heteromeles – dobūnis (: doba ‘nature, manner, custom’ LKŽe + –ūnis, cf. Anthýllis Vulnerária LBŽ 25), Ionopsidium – mažūmenė (: mažas ‘small’ + –ūmenė, cf. Drába LBŽ 124), Ipomopsis – šermėnė (: šermuo ‘rowan’ + –enė, cf. Polemonium caerúleum LBŽ 268).

Plant names of unclear formation. The formation of some of L. Ivinskis’s plant names taken from Prigimtūmenė is unclear; in some cases a derivational formant might perhaps be discerned, but it is difficult to determine the base word: Aphyllanthes – nuōlaisis, Cabomba – labūstras, Cladrastis – pōsnis, Comptonia – ūgras, Cornutia – sal̄ksnas, Corynabutilon – surklainis, Cotyledon – duršvas, Crateva – virštas, Dirca – saīluvas, Elaeodendron – sūmbras, Escallonia – smeilė, Exacum – sūblas, Gaura – priesruvis, Glaucium – vaīklas, Kirengeshoma – pōsainis, Onosma – liesmuō, Pernettya – spūglas, Petrea – kolūnis, Plumeria – jōstras, Pontederia – skiaustmėnė, Sesuvium – spiṅgras, Swainsona – vintlumas, Tibouchina – eīkras, Umbilicus – ēlkras, Vriesea – medvėnė. Several of L. Ivinskis’s plant names of unclear formation were taken from Lietuviško botanikos žodyno: Correa – švįetras, Houstonia – parūnė, Kleinhovia – grinūvas, Lagarosiphon – vandrunėlis, Machaeranthera – gēltvoidis, Pachysandra – mīetveinė, Stewartia – sēglinis.

⁶ The Latin name of the plant named by L. Ivinskis is given, together with the page number in Prigimtūmenė.

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Plant names coined by other authors. Besides those coined by L. Ivinskis, five plant names by J. A. Pabrėža were taken from Lietuviško botanikos žodyno to designate new genera of ornamental plants: Berberidopsis – rūgštērškis (cf. Bérberis LBŽ 47–48), Cavendishia – strauzdė (cf. Achilléa Millefólium LBŽ 5–6), Coronilla – tetirvė (cf. Coronilla vária LBŽ 104), Tasmannia – vỹngėža (cf. Oenánthe aquática LBŽ 237), Tristellateia – tvilkė (cf. Chrysánthemum Parthénium LBŽ 87–88); two by P. Matulionis: Distylium – purkólis (cf. Állium Schoenóprasum LBŽ 15), Onoclea – kemenà (cf. Hýpnum cupressifórme LBŽ 175); two by Juozas Fedaravičius: Layia – marūnà (cf. Matricária LBŽ 214), Moltkia – gyvātgalvois (cf. Échium vulgáre LBŽ 127); and one by Ambraziejus Pranciškus Kašarauskis: Podranea – smūklis (cf. Spargánium LBŽ 327).

Dialect words terminologized. Another source for creating terms was used in coining the new plant genus names: several dialect words taken from Lietuvių kalbos žodyno: Antigonon – kiburkštis (‘spark’ LKŽe), Bejaria – žiūrkštas (‘small branch’ LKŽe), Bolbitis – būolis (buolis ‘hornless, blunt-horned’ LKŽe), Carmichaelia – pliaustrà (‘a fragment of ice with hair-like formations’ LKŽe), Francoa – nuotakuõlė (‘young wife, bride’ LKŽe), Pentapetes – drežėnė (dreženė, dreženos ‘shavings’ LKŽe), Stylomecon – guõnė (guonė ‘salamander’ LKŽe).

Three more plant genus names taken from Lietuvių kalbos žodyno: Poitea – žūrlė (‘knotweed’ LKŽe), Pseudocydonia – gaŕlis (‘aloe-leaved hawkweed’ LKŽe), Perovskia – mėlesas (‘dyer’s madder’ LKŽe).

B O R R O W I N G S

There are not very many borrowed names of ornamental plant genera—76; they make up 18.2% of all the new names. All the new borrowings come from Latin, that is, they are plant names adopted from Latin nomenclature and adapted to Lithuanian through morphophonological changes, for example: Agarista – agaristà, Agonis – agònis, Albuca – albukà, Alpingera – alpingera, Amydrium – amìdris, Angelonia – angelònija, Aristotelia – aristòtelija, Asystasia – azistãzija, Baileya – bailėja, Briggsia – brìgsija, Butia – būcija, Calpurnia – kalpùrnija, Camoensia – kamẽnsija, Canarina – kanarinà, Catopsis – katòpsis, Celmisia – celmìzija, Davallia – davãlija, Dryandra – driándra, Drymonia – drimònija, Drynaria – drinãrija, Fenestraria – fenestrãrija, Forsteronia – forsterònija, Gordonia – gordònija, Griselinia – grizelìnija, Hazardia – hazárdija, Hibbertia – hibèrci- ja, Kennedia – kenèdija, Kitaibela – kitaibèlė, Lamarckia – lamárkija, Lonas – lònas, Lophanthera – lofantera, Luma – lumà, Melinis – melìnis, Molineria –

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Molinaria, Mutisia – mutisia, Olearia – olearia, Orbea – orbea, Pandorea – pandorea, Phillyrea – phillyrea, Phymosia – phymosia, Picconia – picconia, Quesnelia – quesnelia, Randia – randia, Rhodoleia – rhodoleia, Rivina – rivina, Romulea – romulea, Sapium – sapium, Saritaea – saritaea, Strobilanthes – strobilanthes, Tectaria – tectaria, Telopea – telopea, Tipuana – tipuana, Ursinia – ursinia, Villadia – villadia, Wigandia – wigandia.

The Terminology Subcommittee usually approved Latin borrowings already used in the literature or easily pronounced in Lithuanian. A similar number of borrowings is presented in Lietuvos florojė; as K. Gaivenis wrote, “relatively few international terms are used to name plant genera—about 16.7%” (Gaivenis 2014: 364).

CONCLUSIONS

1. The sources for creating the new Lithuanian names of ornamental plant genera presented in the VLKK recommendation “On Lithuanian Names of Ornamental Plants” are the formation of neologisms, plant names given by L. Ivinskis and other authors, dialect vocabulary that has been terminologized, and the borrowing of plant names from Latin.

2. The formation of neologisms is the most productive method for creating names of ornamental plant genera: neologisms account for 58% of all the new names. All Lithuanian word-formation methods are used to form neologisms: suffixation, ending-based derivation, prefixation, and compounding. The vast majority of neologisms are derived from nouns, while plant names have been chosen as base words for some suffixal derivatives; such derivatives account for almost 23% of all suffixal derivatives.

3. Suffixation is the most frequent word-formation method: suffixal derivatives account for 71% of all neologisms. The most productive neologism-forming suffix is -enis, -enė, with which 33.7% of all suffixal derivatives are formed. The second most productive suffix is -ūnas, -ūnė, -ūnis; there are fewer than half as many derivatives with it as with the suffix -enis, -enė. The other suffixes (31 suffixes) are less productive in forming names of plant genera.

4. Derivatives formed with endings account for 15.7% of all neologisms, with most formed using the endings -is and -ė. Only two derivatives are formed with prefixes (po- and pro-), making prefixation the least productive method of forming neologisms. Compound names of plant genera are less numerous than derivatives formed with endings, accounting for 12.4% of all neologisms. The most popular second components of compounds are -palmė and -papartis; in most other compounds, the second component is also the name of a plant.

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5. Plant names found in the writings of L. Ivinskis and other authors (J. A. Pabrėža, P. Matulionis, J. Fedaravičius) are a productive source for creating new names of ornamental plant genera. Names coined by these authors and adopted from L. Ivinskis’s Prigimtūmenės and Lietuviško botanikos žodyno account for about 21% of all the new names. Most were adopted from L. Ivinskis’s plant names (18.5%); the derivation of slightly fewer than half of these plant names is unclear.

6. Terminologization of dialect vocabulary is the least productive method for creating names of the plant genera under discussion; only seven dialect words that have been terminologized were found. Borrowed plant names account for only slightly more than 18% of all the new names; these are Latin names of plant genera adapted morphophonologically to Lithuanian.

7. Comparing neologisms for ornamental plant genera with the names of plant genera in Lietuvos floros, one can observe that neologisms are formed using the same methods as in Lietuvos floroje: the most productive method of forming neologisms is suffixation, the largest number of derivatives is formed with the suffix –enis, –enė, and the fewest are prefixal derivatives. The second most productive method for forming neologisms for the ornamental plant genera under discussion is, however, ending-based derivation, whereas in Lietuvos floroje it is compounding. It should be noted, however, that most of the compounds presented in Lietuvos floroje are old folk names, while few neologisms are presented as well.

8. A comparison of the other groups of new names shows that the number of borrowed Latin names of ornamental plant genera is similar to that in Lietuvos floroje, while very little dialect vocabulary has been terminologized. In standardizing plant names in Lietuvos floroje, the vast majority of folk plant names were terminologized, so this method of creating plant names has practically been exhausted. A distinguishing trend in the new names of ornamental plant genera is the large number of plant names adopted from L. Ivinskis’s writings.

ŠALTINIAI

Rekomendacija „Dėl dekoratyvinių augalų lietuviškų pavadinimų (A–B)“: – http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter2/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=441095&p_query=&p_tr2=2.

Rekomendacija „Dėl dekoratyvinių augalų lietuviškų pavadinimų (C–F)“: – http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter2/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=445724&p_query=&p_tr2=2.

Rekomendacija „Dėl dekoratyvinių augalų lietuviškų pavadinimų (G–K)“: – http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=448273&p_query=&p_tr2=2.

Rekomendacija „Dėl dekoratyvinių augalų lietuviškų pavadinimų (L–N)“: – http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=458463&p_tr2=2.

Rekomendacija „Dėl dekoratyvinių augalų lietuviškų pavadinimų (O–P)“: – http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter2/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=462796&p_tr2=2.

Rekomendacija „Dėl dekoratyvinių augalų lietuviškų pavadinimų (R–S)“: – http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=473945&p_tr2=2.

Rekomendacija „Dėl dekoratyvinių augalų lietuviškų pavadinimų (Š–Ž)“: – http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter2/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=484837&p_tr2=2.

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LITERATŪRA IR PAPILDOMI ŠALTINIAI

Auksoriūtė A. 1998: Lauryno Ivinskio rankraščiai Krokuvoje. – Terminologija 5, 102–110.

Auksoriūtė A. 2004: Neaiškios darybos L. Ivinskio Prigimtūmenės naujažodžiai. – Terminologijos istorijos ir dabarties problemos, 127–149.

Auksoriūtė A. 2008: Keletas atgaivintų Lauryno Ivinskio augalų vardų. – Terminologija 15, 132–141.

Gaivenis K. (1985) 2014: Lietuvos augalų genčių ir rūšių pavadinimai. – Rinktiniai raštai, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 363–376.

Jankevičius K., Jankevičienė R. 1962: Kai kurie nauji duomenys apie L. Ivinskio darbus lietuviškos botanikos terminijos srityje. – Botanikos klausimai 2, 151–163.

Kiselienė D., Grigienė I., Grigas A. 2007: Dekoratyvinių augalų vardynas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.

LBŽ – Lietuviškas botanikos žodynas, Kaunas, 1938.

LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (I–XX, 1941–2002), elektroninis variantas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2005. – www.lkz.lt.

Pr – Prigimtūmenė (Prigimtūmenė, turentė savieje dalijkus žemies, žoliun ir giwunūn su parodimu anun wartojimo), rankraštis saugomas Lenkijos mokslų akademijos bibliotekoje Krokuvoje, 1 d. katalogo nr. 1801, 2 d. katalogo nr. 2824.

Subačius G. 1996: Jurgio Ambraziejaus Pabrėžos žemaičių kalba. – Lietuvių Atgimimo istorijos studijos 8. Asmuo: tarp tautos ir valstybės, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 11–113.

NEW NAMES OF GENERA OF DECORATIVE PLANTS

Since 2002 the Terminology sub-commission of the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language (further – SCLL) together with botanists have been discussing changes in Lithuanian names of plants which appear due to changes in Latin taxonomy and giving Lithuanian names to plants which were brought to Lithuania in recent years and which previously did not have Lithuanian names. At the end of 2014 SCLL announced the recommendation Dėl dekoratyvinių augalų lietuviškų pavadinimų (In regard to Lithuanian names of decorative plants) comprising standardized Lithuanian names of genera and species of decorative plants.

This paper deals with 417 new names of plant genera, presented in the above mentioned recommendation of SCLL. New names are synchronically researched from the point of view of terminology and word-formation: ways of creation and derivation of Lithuanian neologisms are established; and ways of derivation of the current names of plant genera and names of genera taken from Lietuvos flora (Lithuanian flora) are compared.

The sources for the new names of genera of decorative plants included in the SCLL recommendation Dėl dekoratyvinių augalų lietuviškų pavadinimų are creation of Lithuanian neologisms, names created by Laurynas Ivinskis and other authors, terminologized names from dialects and borrowing of names from Latin.

Formation of Lithuanian neologisms is the most productive way of naming the genera of decorative plants – such neologisms comprise 58% of all new names. Neologisms are made using all ways of word-formation in the Lithuanian language: prefixation, suffixation, derivation using inflexional endings and compounding. Suffixation is the most common – suffixal derivatives comprise 71% of all Lithuanian neologisms. The most productive suffix is -enis, -enė – it is present in 33.7% of all suffixal derivatives.

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Derivatives created using inflexional endings comprise 15.7% of all Lithuanian neologisms. Among them the endings -is and -ė are the most common. There are only two cases of prefixation (with prefixes po- and pro-). Compounds were slightly less frequent than inflexional ending derivatives; they comprise 12.4% of all neologisms. The most common second components of compounds are –palmė (palm) and –papartis (fern), the majority of other compounds also have a name of a plant as the second component.

Plant names from writings of L. Ivinskis and other authors (J. A. Pabrėža, P. Matulionis, J. Fedaravičius) is another productive source for the creation of new names of plant genera. Ivinskis’ names taken mainly from Prigimtūmenė (Nature) and names of other authors taken from Lietuviškas botanikos žodynas (Lithuanian dictionary of botany) comprise about 21% of all Lithuanian neologisms. The majority of adopted names are names from Ivinskis’ writings (18.5%); less than a half of these names are new names created by Ivinskis, the way of their formation is not clear.

Terminologization of dialect words is the least productive way of the creation of researched names, only 7 terminologized words from dialects were found. Borrowed names of plants comprise only 18% of all new names; they are morphonologically Lithuanized Latin names of plant genera.

The comparison of Lithuanian neologisms with the names of plant genera from Lietuvos flora shows that names in both groups were created using the same ways of word-formation: the most productive way is suffixation, the largest number of derivatives have suffixes -enis, -enė; the least productive way is prefixation; the second most productive way of word-formation for the new names of plant genera from the SCLL recommendation is the derivation using inflexional endings and in Lietuvos flora it is compounding. The majority of compounds from Lietuvos flora are old folk names and the number of Lithuanian neologisms is small.

The research of other groups of new names shows that the number of borrowed Latin names for decorative plants is similar to the number of borrowings in Lietuvos flora, but the number of terminologized words from dialects is a lot smaller. The characteristic feature of the new names of genera of decorative plants is a large number of names adopted from Ivinskis’writings.

Gauta 2015-07-31

Albina Auksoriūtė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected]

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