Naujieji dekoratyvinių augalų genčių vardai
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6 1Terminology | 2015 | 22 New names of ornamental plant genera ALBINA AUKSORIŪTĖ Institute of Lithuanian Language KEY WORDS: ornamental plant genus name, new form, suffix derivatives, limb derivatives, puncture derivatives, loan derivatives INTRODUCTION Lithuanian botanical terms and nomenclatural names were created, organized terminologically and classified earlier than in all other fields of science. Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža (1771–1849), the author of the first Lithuanian manuscript dictionaries of botanical terms and plant names, is considered the pioneer of systematic terminology in this field. In 1821 J. A. Pabrėža wrote a bilingual Latin-Samogitian dictionary of botany Dictionarium Botanicum Latino Samogiticum, which included 860 plant names, and in 1834 – a 505-page bilingual alphabetical list of Lithuanian-Latin plant morphology terms in Sryje Balsenyyny. His most important scientific work Tayslós augumyynis1, which describes in detail the entire flora of Žemaitija, J. A. Pabrėža finished in 1843. The manuscript consists of two parts, the first of which refers to literature, discusses the structure of plants, presents and explains the terms of plant morphology. The second part of the 980-page book contains a systematic description of 643 flowering plants and 150 genera of spore plants and fungi. In addition to Lithuanian and Latin names, J. A. Pabrėža also gives Latvian, German and Polish names of plants. In 1900, a part of this manuscript by J. A. Pabrėža was printed in America under the title Botanika or Taislius augminis. The mentioned manuscript of another Žemaites Laurynas Ivinskis (1810–1881) is a two-part scientific work Prigimtùmėné, turenté sawieje dalijkus źemies, żoliun and giwunun with the display of anun wartojimo (hereinafter – Prigimtūmenė), 1 For the spelling error of the manuscript’s name see. 1996: 106. A transcription of this manuscript by J. A. Pabrėža was published in 2009 (Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža. Taislius augyminis, I–223. Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 2009), and in 2014 Rita Šepetytė published the main part of the manuscript – 224–776 pp. (Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža. Taislius augyminis, 224–776, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 2014).
6 2 Albina Auksoriūtė | The new names of ornamental plant genera are not parašytas apie 1870 metus. Pirmoje dalyje Žemėmina aprašyti įvairūs misubjects of neralogy, and the second part Žolėmina is his systematic nomenclature of fungi and plants, which contains Lithuanian names of 218 families and over 2520 genera. In addition to Lithuanian names, L. Ivinski gives Latin, very often Polish and sometimes German equivalents2. The first dictionary of terms printed in Lithuania was Povilas Matulionis’s plant nomenclature Žolynas. Parts II. Lithuanian plant dictionary and plant dictionary, printed in Vilnius in 1906. The herbarium contains about 3000 Lithuanian names of plants growing in Lithuania, most of them collected from printed and manuscript sources, the list of which P. Matulionis put in the appendix. Both Lithuanian plant genera and species names are usually accompanied by the abbreviation of the authors of the sources. In the first part of the Herbarium there are two indexes: Index with the Latin alphabet and Index with the Lithuanian alphabet, in the first part – the Latin names of plants and their equivalents in Lithuanian, Russian and Polish, and in the second – the Lithuanian names of plants and their equivalents in Latin. The second part of the dictionary is entitled Plants in the Historical-Natural Order, which gives a system of the plants described in the dictionary. The best dictionary of terms published before 1940 is considered to be Lithuanian Botanical Dictionary (1938, 598 pp.), which was compiled by the Botanical Dictionary Commission, led by doc. It was edited by Dr. Jonas Dagys. The dictionary contains about 3300 terms in Latin, Lithuanian, German, Russian, Polish and Latvian with Lithuanian synonyms and variants of the living language and scripts, a Lithuanian-Latin nomenclature, a dictionary of Latin adjectives of species names. In 1959, the first volume of the largest botanical work Flora of the Lithuanian SSR (hereinafter – Flora of Lithuania) appeared, and the last volume of the six-volume work was published in 1980. Each species described in the Lithuanian flora has a Latin, Lithuanian and Russian name, and synonyms are provided with the main species name. During the preparation of the six-volume work, a great deal of terminological work was done to standardize the names of the plants included in this publication. The work of standardizing and organizing the names of plants was continued after the publication of the Flora of Lithuania. In 1998, a dictionary of botanical names was published with the names of plants considered by the Botanical Dictionary Commission. 2 For more details on this manuscript by L. Ivinski see Auksoriūtė 1998: 102–110; Auksoriūtė 2004: 127–149; Auksoriūtė A. 2008: 132–141.
6 3Terminology | 2015 | 22 Since 2002, the Subcommittee on Terminology of the State Lithuanian Language Commission (hereinafter – VLKK) together with botanists3 has been considering changes in Lithuanian plant names due to changes in Latin systematics and giving Lithuanian names to plants that did not have Lithuanian names yet, most often these are plants brought to Lithuania only now. VLKK has prepared and published nine booklets of lists of plants considered in the Subcommittee on Terminology (for more information see http://www.vlkk.lt/aktualiausios-temos/terminija/kalbos-komisijos-terminijos-leidiniai), in addition, it publishes recommendations, in which it publishes the latest lists of the names of plants considered (see http://www.vlkk.lt/aktualiausios-temos/terminija/apie-skyriu-terminija), most of them are also included in the term bank of the Republic of Lithuania. The first VLKK recommendation “On Lithuanian names of ornamental plants” was published on 20 December 2012, its seventh part – of 9 October 2014 About a third of the species of indoor plants growing on Earth are decorative: they decorate our environment, homes, households. Many of these plants grow naturally or are cultivated in Lithuania. especially they have increased with the opening of borders, more cooperation with foreign, especially Western European countries. A number of previously unknown plant species have been introduced to our country (Kiselienė, Grigienė, Grigas 2007:6). The object of the examination is 417 new names of plant genera presented in the VLKK recommendation “On Lithuanian names of ornamental plants”. The aim of the article is to analyze new names of ornamental plant genera synchronously with regard to terminology and word formation, to determine their creation and new creation methods, to compare the methods of creation of current plant genus names and plant genus names of Lithuanian flora. In 1985, the terminologist Kazimieras Gaivenis published an article in Lithuanian Linguistics Issues4 entitled “Lithuanian Plant Genus and Species Names”.3 The plant names discussed in the article were reviewed by the Subcommittee on Terminology of the State Lithuanian Language Commission: Dr. Zigmantas Gudžinskas (editor of the lists and author of many novelties), Dr. Valerijus Rašomavičius (Institute of Botany of the Nature Research Center), Prof. habil. dr. Jonas Remigijus Naujalis (Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vilnius University), Dr. Živilė Lazdauskaitė (Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre), Dr. Albina Auksoriūtė, Doc. Stasys Keinys, Solvita Labanauskienė, dr. Palmira Zemlevičiūtė (Institute of Lithuanian Language), Audra ivanauskienė, Gita Kazlauskaitė, Aušra Marcinkevičienė, dr. Alvydas Umbrasas (Secretariat of the State Lithuanian Language Commission). I would like to thank A. Marcinkevičiene for her help in collecting the material and Dr. Z. Gudžinskas for his practical comments, which were useful in preparing this article. 4 Gaivenis K. Lithuanian Plant Genus and Species Names. 24. Problems of the culture and terminology of the scientific language, 1985, 165–178.
6 4 Albina Auksoriūtė | Naujieji ornamentinių augalų genčių pavadinimai (New names of ornamental plant genera) in which she analyzed in detail Lithuanian names of plant genera and species in Lithuanian flora. When comparing the methods of making names of ornamental plant genera and plant genera of Lithuanian flora, the aforementioned article of K. Gaivenis, reprinted in his collection of writings (see Gaivenis 2014: 363–376), was used as a reference. It is possible to distinguish several sources of the creation of the names of the plant genera under consideration – these are novelties created by the use of constructive means, plant names borrowed from Latin, some plant names of individual creation of L. Ivinskis, J. A. Pabrėža and other authors included in the usage and terminologized dialect words. NEW CREATIONS The largest group of names of ornamental plant genera – more than half (58 %) of all new names – consists of new names (242 names): derivatives and puncture of suffixes, endings and prefixes. Preludes. This method of writing was found in the majority of new names – 71% of all new names (172 names). The most productive suffix for new words is -en, its derivatives account for one-third of all derivatives of suffixes. This method of making plant names is common and the most abundant in the Lithuanian flora, as K. Gaivenis writes in his article: "The most of the adverbial terms are in the Vedini group. This type of construction has a long history of use in the construction of bridges and tunnels. For example, suffixes with -envedinių alone are more than the derivatives of endings and prepositions taken together” (Gaivenis 2014: 367). There are also more derivatives with the suffix -enta (58 derivatives) than the derivatives of endings and prefixes combined (40 derivatives). The new names of plant genera are with two variants of the suffix: -enis and -enė, mostly derived from nouns, e.g. 5: 1) -enis: Araujia – kapšẽnis (: kapšas), Bolusanthus – jaetẽnis (: spear), Canistrum – rykẽnis (: rykas), Cercocarpus – nagẽnis (: nagas), Chilopsis – terkšlẽnis (: terkšlė), Corynocarpus – bukstẽnis (: bukstis “a blunt stick or any blunt thing” in LKŽe), Davidia – skepetẽnis (: skepeta), Helminthostachys – kirmẽnis (: worm), Meliosma – nektarẽnis (: nectar), Moraea – povẽnis (: povas), Strongylodon – iltẽnis (: iltis); 2) -enė: 5 When giving examples, the Latin name of the plant genus is given first, the Lithuanian name of the genus is written after the hyphen, and the construction of the Lithuanian name is explained in parentheses – the base word is indicated after the colon.
6 5Terminology | 2015 | 22 Alonsoa – mask (: mask), Centratherum – ditch (: ditch), Chiliotrichum – chalk (: chalk), Corytoplectus – chalk (: chalk), Desfontainia – chalk (: chalk), Dichorisandra – chalk (: chalk), Forestiera – chalk (: chalk), Gibasis – chalk (: chalk), Hemigraphis – chalk (: ghost), Ozothamnus – chalk (: chalk), Pholistoma – chalk (: mouth), Proboscidea – chalk (: chalk), Reevesia – chalk (: chalk), Scaevola – chalk (: scepter), Serruria – chalk (: chalk), Zenobia – chalk (: chalk). The reference words of the mentioned plant names were chosen because of various characteristic plant characteristics – because of the plant’s color, shape, leaves, flower similarity, growing place, plant use or other characteristics. The base words of some new names are chosen from the names of plants that are related to the named plants – belong to the same family or are separate from the plant of that family or genus, e.g.: 1) -enis: Brachyglottis – green (: green), Goniolimon – black (: black), Heteranthera – red (: red), Hunnemannia – yellow (: yellow), Montiopsis – yellow (: yellow), Nectaroscordum – garlic (: garlic), Pentaglottis – yellow (: yellow), Trachystemon – cucumber (: cucumber); 2) -ene: Aglaonema – chard (: chard), Daboecia – chard (: chard), Keteleeria – chard (: chard), Rotala – chard (: chard), Trachymene – carrot (: carrot). Much fewer of the -envediniai suffixes are composed of adjectives, for example: 1) -enis: Aeschynanthus – clearer (: clear), Aichryson – plump (: plump), Crinodendron – thick (: thick), Cyrtosperma – crooked (: crooked), Halesia – loud (: loud), Pachyphytum – thick (: thick), Sarcococca – splashy (: splashy); 2) -enė: Aptenia – crisp (: crisp), Peltandra – crisp (: crisp). Only a few derivatives are made from verbs:1) -enis: Chlidanthus – gruožẽnis (: gruožuoti “to caress” in LKŽe), Colysis – uržẽnis (: uržti, uržė “to scratch the surface” in LKŽe), Leucophyllum – balzgẽnis (: balzgyti, balzgino); 2) -enė: Cassinia – turlẽnė (: turlyti, turlijo "turbidity, pollution" in LKŽ), Dyckia – skruobẽnė (: skruobti "digging, ploughing" in LKŽ). The second most productive of the new names of ornamental plant genera is the suffix -ūn-, with its three variants (-ūnas, -ūnė, -ūnis) slightly less than half of the discussed derivatives of the -en suffix have been formed. Most of the derivatives of the suffix in question are derived from nouns, e.g.: 1) -ūnas: Acrostichum – odėnas (: skin), Campyloneurum – diržėnas (: belt), Leitneria – korštėnas (: cork), Microsorum – skalkėnas (: skalkis „dusty“ in LKŽe), Nidularium – nezdėnas (: nest), Sporobolus – drėbėnas (: drėbis „what big“ in LKŽe)
6 6 Albina Auksoriūtė | Naujiejidekoratyviniųaugalųgenčiųvardai išaugęs“ LKŽe), Stylophorum–ugninas (: ugnis); 2) -ūnė: Centrosema – žė „what vištnė (: višta), Licuala–klostnė(: klostė), Pachyphragma–čiužnė (: čiusqueezes“ in LKŽe), Pachystachys – candlestick (: candle); 3) -un: Anemia – windy (: wind), Argyranthemum – silvery (: silver), Oxydendrum – acidic (: acid), Stokesia – heavenly (: heaven). The following are the names of plants taken from the Vedic base words of several of the suffixes in question: 1) -ūnas: Anisodontea – dedešvūnas (: dedešva), Chasmanthium – dirsūnas (: dirsė), Lithocarpus – akmuolūnas (: akmuo), Symphyotrichum – astrūnas (: astra); Phyllodoce (: willow), Rhaphiolepis (: apple). Vedic adjectives and verbs are only one another: Brunsvigia – love (: loving), Tripsacum – patient (: patient), Xerochrysum – slam (: slamming, slamming), Muehlenbeckia – dragonfly (: dreaded). Other suffixes, with which the nouns are formed, are not as productive as the ones discussed earlier, and their derivatives can be reviewed in groups. There are several derivatives of the prepositions -utis, -utė and -aitis, -aitė, and of the prepositions -uotis, -uotė, -otis, -otė, -tis, -tė, -ytis, -ėtis, -tas only one after the other: -utis, -utė: from the nouns: Frithia – hair (: hair), Lyonothamnus – steel (: steel), Microlepia – scale (: scale); from the names of plants: Pieris – bear (: bear), Lessertia – blister (: blister), Rhodohypoxis – thirst (: thirst); from the adjective – Dicranostigma – bicycle (: bicycle) and the verb – Leycesteria – lever (: lever, lever); -aitis, -aitė: from the names of plants: Malvaviscus – deadest (: deadest), Nothoscordum – garlic (: garlic), Scadoxus – red mint (: red mint), Sphagneticola – legged (: legged), Myrteola – dead (: dead); only one of the nouns of the other meaning – Dracunculus – slibináitis (: dragon); -otis, -otė: from nouns: Andropogon – beard (: beard), Cryptogramma – writing (: writing), Glandularia – gland (: gland), Spodiopogon – šarmõtė (: šarm); -uotis, -uotė: from nouns: Acalypha – copper (: copper), Hoheria – lace (: lace), Holmskioldia – neck (: neck); -ytis: from the names of plants: Niphidium – witch hazel (: witch hazel), Thryptomene – žiorỹtis(: žioris); -tas, -tis, -tė: from the verbs: Calicotome – lpštas (: lėpšti, lėpšo „glebti, tižti“ LKŽe), Spathodea – žveėtitis (: žvelti, žvėlė „degti“ LKŽe), Jamesbrittenia – žveėgtė (: žvelti, žvelgė);
6 7Terminology | 2015 | 22 -ētis: from the name of the plant: Hemiptelea – vinkšntis (: vinkšna). The other group includes the few derivatives of the adverbs -ėlis, -ėlė, -uolė, -ilis, -ilė, -lis, -lė, -ulis. The -ėlis, -ėlė derivatives of the adverbs are derived from the names of plants, and the derivatives of the other derivatives are mostly nouns, only adjectives or verbs of each other occur. -ėlė, -ėlis: Hacquetia – spirea (: spirea), Heteranthemis – rhizome (: rhizome), Nuttallanthus – rhizome (: rhizome), Sidalcea – rose (: rose), Thompsonella – storleaf (: storleaf); -rock: Beaumontia – trumpet oil (: trumpet), Hudsonia – snare oil (: snare), Isotoma – smooth oil (: smooth), Koelreuteria – swambuõle (: swambus ‘heavy, heavy’ in LKŽe), Pitcairnia – pole oil (: pole); -ilis, -ile: Odontonema – dent (: tooth), Orthrosanthus – dagger (: dagger), Diascia – horn (: horn), Toxicoscordion – star (: star); -lis, -lė: Conophytum – cone, Menziesia – berry, Vittadinia – feather, Coprosma – smell; -ulis: Myoporum – muscular (: muscle, muscle), Therorhodion – low (: low). Vedic suffixes -vis, -vė, -uvis, -uvė are also mostly derived from nouns: -vis, -vė: Clianthus – parrot, Filicium – bell, Scoliopus – rail, Stachytarpheta – yellow, Anticlea – anti, Dierama – whip, Nipponanthemum – bright, Xanthisma – sleepy; -uvis, -uvė: Chimonanthus – winter (: winter), Veltheimia – beautiful (: beautiful fish), Asphodeline – plain (: plain). One group can include the derivatives of the suffixes -uonis, -uonė, -onė, -nis, -nė, -ainė, -inys: -uonis, -uonė: Chamelaucium – shining (: shining, shining), Lampranthus – shining (: shining, shining), Tricyrtis – crooked (: crooked), Sanchezia – twisted (: twisted); -one: Bruckenthalia – willow (: willow), Dictyosperma – whirlwind (: whirlwind), Malephora – ice (: ice); -nis, -nė: Mazus – niepnis (: žopas „plyšys“ in LKŽe), Disporum – dùlsnė (: dulsoti, dulsojo „stand, sit bent down“ in LKŽe); -ainė: Ismene – spider-moon (: spider); -inys: Stenocarpus – ratinỹs (: rattan).
6 8 Albina Auksoriūtė | New names of ornamental plant genera The base words of the -ras, -uras, -ėtras, -ūtras prepositions are nouns and verbs: -ras: Alyogyne – sandpiper (: sand), Firmiana – umbrella (: umbrella), Frerea – feather (: feather); -uras: Capnoides – language (: to speak, to speak); -Slam: Chrysocephalum – slamming (: slamming, slamming); -otter: Adenium – tinnitus (: tinnitus, tino), Stigmaphyllon – wind (: wind). There are three, two or even one derivative derived with several suffixes: -mis: Oxyria – rūgštmis (: rūgštis), Couroupita – sviẽdmis (: sviesti, sviedė), Cupaniopsis – trkmis (: trėkti „dirty, smear, soiled“ in LKŽe); -ojas: Afgekia – ražójas (: harvest), Bellium – sunlójas (: sun); -ike: Glottiphyllum – tongue (: tongue, tongue); Pistia – float (: float); -mė: Pellionia – lying (: lying, lying); -mine: Boenninghausenia – rrattmine (: rutta); -va: Pachystegia – grey (: grey); -lizard: Cyananthus – lizard (: blue). As can be seen from the names of the tribes, a number of suffixes were used to form the derivatives of the prefixes, but the most productive can be considered the suffixes -enis, -enė and -ūnas, -ūnė. K. Gaivenis found that in addition to the -en suffix, more productive suffixes were used to name the genus of Lithuanian flora: “Suffixes with -ūn-, -u and -uol are almost equally productive: with them several names of plant genera have been formed <...>” (Gaivenis 2014: 368). Derivatives of extremities. The number of derivatives for naming new plant genera is not high, and this method is used only in 15.7% of all new names. Most of the derivatives are formed with the endings -is and -ė. -is: Aeonium–radis(: ramda „kaparis“ LKŽe), Bituminaria–devis (: derva), Delairea–klevẽdris(: klevedra „suiręs, sulūžęs daiktas, kledaras“ LKŽe), Dombeya–tumùlis(: tumulas), Embothrium–žazdris(: žaizdras), Fremontodendron–gaũsvis(: gausva), Homalocladium–dižis(: diržas), Leucospermum–gasmis(: gaismė „džiaugsmas“ LKŽe), Loropetalum– sekẽtis(: seketa „saulutė“ LKŽe), Margyricarpus–gubris(: gumbras), Melianthus–medalùtis(: medalutė), Nautilocalyx–kriaũklis(: kriauklė), Schotia–kraũmis(: kraumas „sultingas stiebas“ LKŽe), Tylecodon–grúoblis (: gruoblė „nelygumas, surambėjimas“ LKŽe). Only a few derivatives of the discussed gaŠio production method have been found in the flora of Lithuania (see Gaivenis 2014: 371).
6 9Terminology | 2015 | 22 The basis of the construction of the lune derivatives are the verbs: Beaucarnea – nùkaris (: to knock down, to knock down), Brownea – žiõris (: to shine, to shine), Comarostaphylis – teėžis (: to teelžti, to teelžė), Gibbaeum – paahsis (: pamsoti, pamsojo „stoti, riogsoti“ in LKŽ), Kohleria – plãzdis (: to flutter, to flutter). Most often the basis of derivatives with the ending -ė are nouns: -ė: Bismarckia – dangė (: sky), Choisya – skibė (: skirbas „gap, crevice“ in LKŽe), Cyanastrum – gėlnė (: gilna „strazds“ in LKŽe), Fortunearia – laimiks (: laimiks), Galphimia – purkšl (: purkšlis „small shrub, bush“ in LKŽe), Chamaebatia – povingė (: povingis); adjectives: Delosperma – mudrė (: mudrus „vicious, lively“ in LKŽe), Didymochlaena – menė (: mernas „moist and soft“ in LKŽe), Habranthus – grãkštė (: gracious), Neoregelia – dróvė (: shy), Stictocardia – viñgrė (: wiggly); and verbs: Codonanthe – ukė (: urkti, urkė), Harrimanella – ćs (: ćsoti, ćsojo), Talbotia – triaũkšė (: triaukšėti, triaukšėjo). Only a few nouns are derived with -a, -ys and -as endings: -a: Faucaria – nausà (: nausytis, nausėsi „slowly, agreeing to raivytis“ in LKŽ), Smithatris – krygždà (: krygždė); -ys: Aglaomorpha – rangỹs (: rangė „a headdress made of ribbons“ in LKŽe), Lophospermum – skiauterỹs (: skiauterė); -as: Alloxylon – grúožas (: gruožuoti, gruožavo „glamonėti“ LKŽe). Prefix derivatives. Prefix marriage is the least productive way of producing nag rinable nouns – there are only two derivatives: po-: Eriochloa – póašarė (: tear); pro-: Libocedrus – prohedron (: cedar). Dūrnieki. Compound names of ornamental plant genera were composed slightly less than derivative names of extremities, they constitute 12.4% of all new names. In the Lithuanian flora, enriched genus names are only inferior in abundance (about 33% of all derivatives) to derivatives of suffixes. Among them there are old folk names, few new ones (Gaivenis 2014: 365). Thus, in creating the novelties in question, the same tendency is evident – to make fewer stitches. It can be divided into the following sections. Several stirrups are formed with the second sandu -palm: Acoelorraphe – saw palm (: saw + palm), Allagoptera – cuckoo palm (: cuckoo + palm), Hedyscepe – umbrella palm (: umbrella + palm), Hyophorbe – turnip palm (: turnip + palm), Pritchardia – turnip palm (: turnip + palm).
7 6 Albina Auksoriūtė | New names of ornamental plant genera LITTERACY AND ADDITIONAL SOURCES Auksoriūtė A. 1998: Manuscripts of Laurynas Ivinskis in Kraków. – Terminologija 5, 102–110. Auksoriūtė A. 2004: New words of Prigimtinė in L. Ivinskio Uncertain Works. – History of terminology and current problems, 127–149. Auksoriūtė A. 2008: Several revived names of Laurynas Ivinskio plants. – Terminologija 15, 132–141. Gaivenis K. (1985) 2014: Lithuanian Plant Genus and Species Names. – Selected Writings, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 363–376. Jankevičius K., Jankevičienė R. 1962: Some new data on L. Ivinskio works in the field of Lithuanian botany terminology. – Questions of Botany 2, 151–163. Kiselienė D., Grigienė i., Grigas A. 2007: Ornamental plants, Vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing. LBŽ – Lithuanian Dictionary of Botany, Kaunas, 1938. LKŽe – Lithuanian Language Dictionary (i–XX, 1941–2002), electronic version, Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 2005. – www.lkz.lt. Pr – Prigimtūmenė (Prigimtùmēné, turenté sawieje dalijkus źemies, żoliun and giwunun with the display of an value), manuscript kept in the Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Kraków, catalogue no. 1801 of 1, catalogue no. 2824 of 2. 1996: Ambroise Paré, The Language of the World. – Studies of the History of Lithuanian Revival 8. Person: Between Nation and State, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 11–113. NEW NAMES OF GENERA OF DECORATIVE PLANTS Since 2002 the Terminology sub-commission of the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language (further – SCLL) together with botanists have been discussing changes in Lithuanian names of plants which appear due to changes in Latin taxonomy and giving Lithuanian names to plants which were brought to Lithuania in recent years and which previously did not have Lithuanian names. At the end of 2014 SCLL announced the recommendation Dėl dekoratyvinių augalų lietuviškų pavadinimų (in respect to Lithuanian names of decorative plants) comprising standardized Lithuanian names of genera and species of decorative plants. This paper deals with 417 new names of plant genera, presented in the above mentioned recommendation of SCLL. New names are synchronically researched from the point of view of terminology and word-formation; ways of creation and derivation of Lithuanian neologisms are established; and ways of derivation of the current names of plant genera and names of genera taken from Lietuvosflora(Lithuanian flora) are compared. The sources for the new names of genera of decorative plants included in the SCLL recommendation Dėl dekoratyvinių augalų lietuviškų pavadinimų are creation of Lithuanian neologisms, names created by Laurynas Ivinskis and other authors, terminologized names from dialects and borrowing of names from Latin. Formation of Lithuanian neologisms is the most productive way of naming the genera of decorative plants – such neologisms comprise 58 % of all new names. Neologisms are made using all ways of word-formation in the Lithuanian language: prefixation, suffixation, derivation using inflexional endings and compounding. Suffixation is the most common – suffixal derivatives comprise 71 % of all Lithuanian neologisms. The most productive suffix is -enis, -enė – it is present in 33.7 % of all suffixal derivatives.
7 7Terminology | 2015 | 22 Derivatives created using inflexional endings comprise 15.7 % of all Lithuanian only two neologisms. Among them the endings -is and -ė are the most common. There are cases of prefixation (with prefixes poand pro-). Compounds were slightly less frequent than inflexional ending derivatives; they comprise 12.4% of all neologisms. The most common second components of compounds are -palmė (palm) and -papartis (fern), the majority of other compounds also have a name of a plant as the second component. Plant names from writings of L. ivinskis and other authors (J. A. Pabrėža, P. Matulionis, J. Fedaravičius) are another productive source for the creation of new names of plant genera. In addition, the names of Ivanskis’s neologisms taken mainly from Prigimtūmenė (Nature) and the names of other authors taken from Lietuviškas botanikos žodynas (Lithuanian dictionary of botany) comprise about 21% of all Lithuanian neologisms. The majority of adopted names are names from ivinskis’ writings (18.5 %); less than a half of these names are new names created by ivinskis, the way of their formation is not clear. Terminologization of dialect words is the least productive way of the creation of researched names, only 7 terminologized words from dialects were found. Borrowed names of plants comprise only 18 % of all new names; they are morphonologically Lithuanized Latin names of plant genera. The comparison of Lithuanian neologisms with the names of plant genera from Lietuvosflora shows that names in both groups were created using the same ways of word-formation: the most productive way is suffixation, the largest number of derivatives have suffixes -enis, -enė; the least productive way is prefixation; the second most productive way of word-formation for the new names of plant genera from the SCLL recommendation is the derivation using inflexional endings and in Lietuvosflora it is compounding. The majority of compounds from Lietuvosfloraare old folk names and the number of Lithuanian neologisms is small. The research of other groups of new names shows that the number of borrowed Latin names for decorative plants is similar to the number of borrowings in Lietuvos flora, but the number of terminologized words from dialects is a lot smaller. The characteristic feature of the new names of genera of decorative plants is a large number of names adopted from ivinskis’writings. Retrieved 2015-07-31. Albina Auksoriūtė Institute of Lithuanian Language P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius e-mail [email protected]