doi.org/10.35321/term29-08

Late 19th–early 20th century two-word complex names with the head component disease and dependent components expressed by a noun in the genitive

PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

ORCID id: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8679-3253

A B S T R A C T

The article examines two-word complex names with the head component disease and dependent components expressed by a noun in the genitive, used in popular medical and health texts (books, booklets, and newspaper and calendar articles) of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It explores which features of clinical concepts are named by the dependent components according to their association with particular entities; identifies the structural patterns of these names and their types of expression; determines the differences in meaning between names using different forms of expression of the head component disease; and raises the question of whether the head component disease is necessary. The features of clinical concepts named by dependent components most often relate to an organ, a disease, or a symptom of a disease. The predominant structural pattern is N_Gen ← N, with the expression types D_Kilm ← D_Liga and D_Kilm ← D_Ligos. Names with the singular-form component disease designate individual clinical concepts; such names are also used when no particular disease is meant, to attract the reader’s attention, to avoid repetition of the same name, when the context allows a simple name to be replaced by a complex one, and so on. Names with the plural-form component diseases designate collective concepts (usually groups of diseases). Many human diseases at the time had no precise names, so authors often resorted to complex names of a specifying nature containing the component disease. The use of such names may have been influenced by colloquial language. Often, in names whose head component disease is expressed in the singular genitive, the semantic load falls on the dependent component, which by itself precisely names the clinical concept and is used in texts as a simple term, while the head component disease is redundant. Pairs of complex and simple names that designate the same concept can be treated as mixed, cognate, or contextual synonyms, or as short and full variants of names.

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Palmira Zemlevičiūtė

XIX a. pab. – XX pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pavadinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir daiktavardžio kilmininku reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis

KEYWORDS: medicine, two-word complex name, term, head component, dependent component, noun in the genitive, synonym.

A B S T R A C T

The article deals with two-word compound names consisting of liga (‘disease, illness, malady’) as the main component and subordinate components expressed by nouns in the genitive from texts on promoting medicine and health (books, booklets, newspaper and calendar articles) of the late nineteenth and the early twentieth century. Efforts are made to determine the underlying subject with which subordinate components naming the qualities of clinical concepts are associated, identify the structural models and types of expression of those names, determine the semantic differences of names containing the different forms of expression of names with liga as the main component, and raise the issue of the (ir)relevance of liga as the main component. The subordinate components, which designate the attributes of clinical concepts, are usually based on an association with an organ, a disease, and an attribute of a disease. The most common structural model of names is N_Gen ← N, and the most prevalent types of its expression are D_Kilm ← D_Liga, D_Kilm ← D_Ligos. The names that have the word liga in its singular form as a component also designate individual clinical concepts; besides, the names are used in reference to non-specific diseases, in a bid to draw the reader’s attention, to avoid repetitions of one and the same name where the context allows using simple and compound names interchangeably, and so on. The names that contain the word liga in its plural form designate collective concepts (as a rule, groups of diseases). Many human diseases did not have specific names at the time, and that is why the authors of the texts often made do with compound descriptive names containing the component liga. The spread of such names could have been facilitated by the living language. Quite often, the semantic charge of the names containing liga in its singular genitive form as the main component is borne by the subordinate component, which quite accurately describes the clinical concept in its own right and is used in texts as a simple term, making the main component liga superfluous. Such pairs of a compounds and simple names designating the same concept can be construed as mixed, same-root, contextual synonyms, or as short and long versions of the same name.

KEYWORDS: medicine, two-word composite name, term, head element, dependent element, a noun in the genitive case, synonym.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

The article examines two-word¹ compound names with liga ‘disease’ as the head element and dependent elements expressed by a noun in the genitive

1 Dar vadinti dvikomponenčiais (Gaivenis 2014 [1975]: 65; Прохорова 1996: 58), dvinariais (Drukteinis 2011: 239).

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elements². The names were collected from popular publications of substantial (books, booklets) and shorter (newspaper and calendar articles) length from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which addressed various medical and health-related issues. The main subject of these publications was probably human diseases, their symptoms, and their treatment, so it is understandable that they contain numerous names for various diseases. However, many diseases at the time did not yet have precise names, and consequently the authors of these publications (most of them physicians, although people in other professions also wrote on these subjects) made extensive use of word combinations whose head element was the simplex term liga ‘disease’, thus seemingly granting such names the status of terms. Nevertheless, it has been observed that in such cases the entire semantic load often rests not on the head element but specifically on the dependent element, which denotes the concept, e.g.: hysteria disease, smallpox disease, scarlet fever disease, cf. the current terms hysteria (Lat. hysteria ME I 366), smallpox (Lat. variola vera ME II 213), scarlet fever (Lat. scarlatina ME II 271); thus, as we shall see in the following subsection, the dependent element can itself function as a term—the name of a disease.

The research material consists of 206 names, excluding variants³, e.g.: brain disease /⁴ brain disease, chest diseases / Chest Diseases / chest diseases / Chest Diseases, cholera disease / cholera disease, womb disease / womb disease, skin disease / skin disease, tendon disease / tendon disease, scarlet fever disease / scarlet fever disease, heart disease / disease of the heart, nervous diseases / diseases of the nerves.

The article aims to describe semantically and structurally two-word compound names with the term liga ‘disease’ functioning as the head element and dependent elements expressed by a noun in the genitive. To this end, it pursues the following objectives: 1) to determine, in relation to what entities, the features of clinical concepts are named by the dependent elements; 2) to identify the structural patterns of these names and their types of expression; 3) to establish the differences in meaning between names with different forms of expression of the head element liga; 4) to examine whether the head element liga is necessary. The study primarily employs the analytical-descriptive method, as well as semantic and structural analysis, interpretation, and quantitative methods.

² On two-word compound names from the late 19th and early 20th centuries with liga as the head element and dependent elements expressed by adjectives and participles, see: Zemlevičiūtė 2020: 233–257; 2021: 239–255.

³ These are taken to include spelling variants of the same name, as well as inverted names, i.e. names with the elements in reverse order.

⁴ In the article, variants are separated by a slash.

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XIX a. pab. – XX pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pavadinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir daiktavardžio kilmininku reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis

SEMANTIC GROUPS OF TWO-WORD COMPOUND NAMES WITH THE HEAD COMPONENT LIGA, WHOSE DEPENDENT COMPONENTS ARE EXPRESSED BY THE GENITIVE CASE OF A NOUN

From the perspective of syntactic semantics, a two-word compound name is viewed as an attributive phrase. When the “dependent component of such a phrase is a noun, the semantic relation that arises between the components of the phrase changes the nature of the noun (the dependent component). In this case, the actual meaning of the thing is suppressed by its attributive meaning.” The head component of such phrases is characterized by invoking an extraneous thing and its properties; in other words, the thing is characterized indirectly (Bunevičiūtė 1998: 33).

The names under investigation can be assigned to one of the subtypes of attributive phrases⁵—descriptive (characterizing) phrases. The thing denoted by the head component of these names is characterized indirectly by the dependent component (which is very often a noun in the genitive case), through various relations (see: Bunevičiūtė 1998: 34; Labutis 2002: 90–91).

The head component of the names in question is the abstract noun liga ‘disease’, while the dependent components are expressed by the genitive singular or plural of nouns. The latter characterize the head component in various respects⁶. Accordingly, depending on the entity to which the dependent components relate when naming the features of clinical concepts, the following semantic groups of names are distinguished⁷:

• names based on the dependent component’s relation to an organ⁸:

digestive system organs: burnos ligos DMK_NV, NG, Šlt, U / burnõs ligos LK_T / ligos burnõs K, dantų ligos LK, NG, Šlt, VŽ, gomurio liga Svk / gomurio ligos Svk, ŽL, žaknų liga VL / žaknų ligos NG, U / ligos žaknų V, kepenų liga Svk, ŽL / kepenų liga IM / kepenų Liga NotGyd / kepenų ligos K, LK_T / kepenų ligos KU, SK, Svk, TS, V, Vlt, VŽ / Kepenų ligos LKA_T / ligos kepenų SK, ZGL, liežuvio liga MTV / liežuvio ligos V, liga vėderelio⁹ SK,

5 Dalija Tekorienė calls the head component of such word combinations an argument and the dependent component a predicate (Tekorienė 1982: 137–138).

6 According to Kazimieras Gaivenis, compound terms that have the same head component can even form several thematic groups (Gaivenis 2014 [1975]: 70).

7 They are presented in descending order of frequency.

8 The genitive case of the noun indicates which organ is affected by the disease (see Gaivenis 2014 [1964]: 26).

9 Vėderėlis “stomach.”

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diseases of the esophagus LKA_T, diseases of the lips KUkK_w / diseases of the lips TSp, stomach¹⁰ diseases UK, stomach disease SK, Svk / stomach diseases A, NG, U / stomach diseases A, DMK_NY, SK, Svk, TS, Vad / diseases of the belly ZGL / diseases of the stomach Vad, diseases of the little belly GRM, diseases of the pharynx Svk / diseases of the pharynx LytL, LL, VŽ, stomach disease Gdt, NK, SK, Svk / Stomach Disease NotGyd / stomach diseases NK, Svk, SŽK, U, UK_T, VŽ / diseases of the stomach U, gastric diseases NG, Šlt, Bile Disease NotGyd / bile diseases Vlt, bowel disease Ch, U, ŪK_T, VŽ / bowel diseases MG, RP, Svk, SŽK, Šlt, U, V, Vad, Vlt, VŽ, intestinal disease NG / disease of the intestines Gdt, LytL, NG / intestinal diseases NG, NK, RP, Svk, U, VŽ,

reproductive organ system: uterine disease V / uterine diseases PM, V / diseases of the uterus V, diseases of the womb¹¹ diseases Svk, uterine disease Svk / uterus¹² diseases Svk, ŽL / diseases of the uterus VL, diseases of the scrotum¹³ SK, diseases of the ovary VL, diseases of the womb¹⁴ diseases SŽL / diseases of the womb SŽL,

sensory organ system: eye disease Art, Gdt, NG, LytL, LK_v, MTV, NG, NK, Ps, Svk, SŽK, Šlt, U, UA, VŽ, Ž / eye diseases Art, ATL, Dž, Gdt, KukK_w, LytL, LK_v, LT, NG, NK, Svk, Šlt, TS, U, UA, VL, VŽ, ŽL, pupil¹⁵ diseases ATL, LT, ear disease Svk / ear diseases Dž, KUkK_w, LytL, LK_v, NG, Svk, SŽK, VŽ / diseases of the ears TS, VŽ, nasal disease Svk / nasal diseases Gdt, KUkK_w, LK_v, NG, SK, Svk, Šlt, TS, UA, VŽ, ŽL / diseases of the nose KUkK_w, LytL, LL, VŽ,

integument: fur¹⁶ disease SK, nail diseases Svk, SŽK, U, skin disease DžA, SK, Svk, ŽL / disease of the skin SK / skin diseases Hyg, LK_v, NG, Ps, SK, Svk, ŠLL, Šlt, UkK_v, Vlt, VŽ, Ž / skin diseases SK / skin disease SŽK / Skin Disease NotGyd / skin diseases SŽK, VL / Skin Diseases NotGyd / skin diseases LB, Hair Disease NotGyd / Hair Disease SK / hair diseases Svk, VŽ, Ž,

nervous system: groin¹⁷ disease Art, SK / groin diseases A, nerve disease DMK_NY, NG, Svk, SŽK, Vlt / nerve diseases Gdt, LytL, NG, Svk, SŽK, TS, VL, Vlt, VŽ, ŽL / nerve diseases VL, brain disease Svk, ŽL / brain disease

10 Pilvelis “stomach”.

11 Gimtinė “uterus”.

12 Gumbas “uterus”.

13 Male sexual organ (Latin scrotum).

14 Motė 6. anat. “uterus” LKŽe.

15 Lėlikė 2. anat. “pupil of the eye (pupilla)” LKŽe.

16 Kailis “skin”; see: “[Baldness] can be congenital, but then occurs only partially, or also develops from some skin disease” SK 1905 42.

17 Dirksnis “nerve”.

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Svk / brain diseases Art, ATL, Gdt, LytL, LT, Svk, TSp, VŽ, ŽL / diseases of the brain TS / brain diseases SŽK,

respiratory system: throat disease Svk / throat diseases Dž, LKᵥ, NG, SŽK, Šlt, Vad, VŽ / throat diseases ZGL / diseases of the throat K / diseases of the throat LytL, LL, VŽ, lung disease Art, DMKₙᵧ, Dž, JMŠKₙᵧ, Svk, SŽK, Šlt, U, VŽ / disease of the lungs DMKₙᵧ, KUkKᵥ / lung diseases Art, DMKₙᵧ, Dž, DžPK, Gdt, KU, NG, SK, Svk, SŽK, Šlt, VŽ, ŽL / lung diseases LKAₜ / lung diseases ZGL / diseases of the lungs U, V, tonsillar¹⁸ diseases Svk,

cardiovascular system: arterial diseases TS, vascular diseases Svk, ŽL, pericardial diseases Brangw, heart disease AVKᵥ, SK, Svk, Šlt, ŽL / disease of the heart SK / heart diseases Art, DMKₙᵧ, Gdt, MG, NG, SK, Svk, SŽK, Šlt, UKₜ, Vlt, VŽ, ŽL / diseases of the heart ZGL,

skeletal system: bone diseases Dž, SŽK, VŽ, sacral diseases NG, spinal diseases LKAₜ, tailbone disease VL,

urinary system: kidney disease PNA / Kidney Disease NotGyd / kidney diseases RP, kidney disease TKK / kidney disease Hyg, SK, Svk / disease of the kidneys SK / kidney diseases DMKₙᵧ, SK, TS, Vlt, VŽ / diseases of the kidneys SK / kidney diseases K, LKAₜ, bladder diseases G / bladder diseases DMKₙᵧ, G / diseases of the bladder SK,

joints: joint diseases SŽK, U / joint diseases Dž / joint disease Svk,

circulatory and immune systems: spleen disease LPr / spleen diseases KU / spleen diseases VŽ / Spleen Diseases LPr, blood diseases SK, SŽK,

lymphatic system: submandibular¹⁹ disease ŽD;

• names according to the dependent component's association with a disease: diphtheria disease KLL, U, consumption disease DžLA, LUK, Svk, ŠLL, U, Vlt, ŽD, eczema disease Svk, syphilis disease ŽLA, influenza disease TS, hypochondria disease Svk, hysteria disease Svk, yaws disease SŽL, scurvy disease ZGL / disease scurvy ZGL, scurvy diseases ZGL / diseases of scurvy ZGL, carbuncle disease ŠLL, Cholera Disease KK, croup disease ŪKₙᵧ, smallpox diseases ZGL, scrofula diseases ZGL, m a l a r i a disease Svk, ŠLL, neurasthenia disease Svk, neurasthenia diseases Svk, scabies disease Svk, epilepsy disease G, epilepsy disease Svk, epileptic seizure disease Svk, rheumatism diseases VŽ, smallpox disease KLL, NG, Tsp, variola disease Svk, Ž / Variola Disease KK, erysipelas disease Art, BK, smallpox²⁰ Disease KK, Svk, rheumatism²¹ diseases Šlt, rheumatic diseases VŽ, syphilis disease Art, Svk, scarlet-

18 1. tonsil 2. “palatine tonsil” LKŽe.

19 Pažandė 4. anat. “a gland located below the lower jaw (glandula submaxilaris)” LKŽe.

20 Kropės “smallpox.”

21 Sausgila “aching in the bones and joints, rheumatism.”

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tinos disease Svk, scrofula disease ŽD, scarlet fever disease TS, scurvy disease Šlt, typhus disease AVKᵥ, trachoma disease Svk, cancer disease PM, Svk, Vlt, ŽL;

• names according to the dependent constituent’s relation to a symptom of a disease: stone disease TS / disease of stone IM, stone diseases TKK, drunkenness disease TSp, Balejimo Disease LPr, flashing disease²² LPr, sugar disease Svk, drapanų²³ diseases²⁴ ŽmK, rumination diseases Vlt, rash diseases NG, Iƀblyƀkimo Disease LKAₜ, fever disease IM, fever diseases Svk, cough disease SK, disease bluda²⁵ ZGL, fever disease NK, cough disease ZGL, swelling disease²⁶ ZGL, pain disease ZGL, scabies disease ZGL, inflammation disease ZGL, diarrhea disease²⁷ ZGL, sleep disease Svk, pregnancy diseases U, obesity disease Svk, rabies disease LytL, Svk, Šlt, U, pastyrimo disease Svk, baldness disease Svk, pustule disease DMKₙᵧ, purpura disease²⁸ Svk, swelling diseases Ps, skurda²⁹ disease MTV, straining disease Svk, water disease K, LKₜ / Water Disease Brangw;

• names according to the dependent constituent’s relation to living being(s): Band=Worm Disease LPr, ague disease Svk, ague diseases SK, young people’s disease Svk, worm disease U / worm disease MTV, Worm Diseases LKAₜ, infant disease Art, infant diseases TS / Infant Diseases LPr / infant diseases RAK, folk disease³⁰ DžPK, ancestors’ disease³¹ V, lisnių disease U, pupils’ diseases Svk, women’s disease LKᵥ, MG, PM, Svk, ŽLL, women’s diseases V / women’s diseases LKAₜ / women’s diseases PM, SK / diseases of women V / diseases of women ZGL, neszczujų diseases U, postpartum diseases³² VŽ, parents’ diseases Svk, Trikynų Disease LPr, children’s disease SK, Svk, U, VŽ / disease

²² Also known as balt(a)lige (Latin chlorosis).

²³ “Menstrual garments (menstruation) are very closely associated with women” ŽmK 1918 45.

²⁴ “Garment diseases most often arise from abdominal constriction, from corsets, and from too little exercise in the fresh air” ŽmK 1918 45.

²⁵ ×blūdas (Belarusian блуд) 2. “delirium, wandering” LKŽe.

²⁶ Putmenys “swelling in the subcutaneous tissues in heart, kidney and other diseases; more generally, any swelling or bloating” LKŽe.

²⁷ Živატavimas “diarrhea.”

²⁸ “Inflammations of the gums also occur in other diseases, such as: <...>, in purpura disease (Purpura haemorrhagica), <...>” Svk 1921 3 1; the current equivalent of the Latin term purpura haemorrhagica is hemorrhagic purpura MedŽ 1980 466.

²⁹ “When a person is continually ill, whether with smallpox, ague, or fever, and, after recovering, not fully healed from the disease, being weak, quickly takes up hard work, then he is afflicted with skurda disease: lice attack the armpits and body lice bite, and though he wants to change his shirt, nothing helps until he is cured of that disease” MTV 1898 25; see skurda “ill health, wasting, weight loss” LKŽe.

³⁰ This is what the Germans called consumption DžPK 1909 34.

³¹ xprabočiai “ancestors” LKŽe.

³² “It must nevertheless be remembered that considerable hair loss occurs after having had a rash and other common diseases, such as scarlet fever, measles, diphtheria, typhus, syphilis, postpartum diseases, and so forth.” VŽ 1908 8 4.

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Palmira Zemlevičiūtė │ Late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century two-word compound names with the head constituent liga and dependent constituents expressed by a noun in the genitive

children SK, U, children’s diseases Dž, Gdt, KU, LK_V, MG, SK, UK, V, Žmd / diseases of children SK, V, human diseases Szv, TSp, ŽvK / human diseases IM / diseases of people LK, Svk, SŽL., VŽ;

• names according to the dependent constituent’s relation to the body part affected by the disease: head diseases NG, U, Ž / diseases of the head KUkK_W, neck disease NotGyd, neck diseases K, LK_T / Neck Diseases LPr / neck Diseases NotGyd, Chest Disease LPr / disease of the chest U, chest diseases DMK_NY, Dž, NG / Chest Diseases LPr / chest diseases LPr / Chest Illnesses LPr / chest Diseases NotGyd / diseases of the chest ZGL, body disease Svk / body disease Svk, body diseases Svk / diseases of the body VL, Back Disease NotGyd, Head Disease NotGyd, neck disease Svk / „neck disease“³³ Svk / „neck⟧ disease Svk, facial diseases Svk;

• names according to the dependent constituent’s relation to the place where the disease manifests: disease of the spirit VL, diseases of the spirit V, ŽK / diseases of the spirit VL / diseases of the spirit VL, Juriū=Disease LPr / Jurū=Disease LPr, home disease³⁴ DžA, disease of the mind Art, TUK, diseases of the mind Art, AVK_V, Svk, SŽK, TS, U, Ū, ŪK_NY, Vad, VŽ, diseases of the soul TS, Umo³⁵ Diseases NotGyd, internal diseases LK_V, Svk, place disease LiaudK;

• names according to the dependent constituent’s relation to the name of the person who first described the disease: Barlow’s³⁶ disease³⁷ KU, VŽ, Bright’s³⁸ disease SK / Bright’s disease SK, Pott’s³⁹ disease⁴⁰ VL / Pott’s disease VL, venereal⁴¹ disease⁴² ŽLL, venereal diseases⁴³ Svk, ŽLL;

33 The term was used in Kazio Griniaus kabinetės.

34 This was the name given to consumption.

35 3 × umas (Belarusian ym, Polish um) 1. “mind” LKŽe.

36 Seras Thomas’as Barlow’as (1845–1945) buvo britų karališkasis gydytojas, žinomas dėl kūdikių skorbuto tyrimų (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Barlow,_1st_Baronet). Jis įrodė, kad kūdikių skorbutas yra ta pati liga, kaip ir suaugusiųjų skorbutas. Liga buvo pavadinta jo vardu (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barlow%27s_disease).

37 Also called by the term children’s scurvy KU 1906 22–23.

38 Richard’as Bright’as (1789–1858), britų gydytojas, pirmasis apibūdinęs klinikinius inkstų sutrikimo, žinomo kaip Braito liga, arba nefritas, apraiškas (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Bright).

39 Liga pavadinta britų chirurgo Percival’io Pott’o (1714–1788), kuris pirmą kartą ją aprašė XVIII a. pab., vardu (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pott_disease). Šios ligos lokalizacija – stuburo slanksteliai. Dabar vadinama stuburo tuberkulioze. Nuoširdžiai dėkoju doc. dr. Eglei Marijai Jakimavičienei, konsultavusiai Pott’o ligos klausimu.

40 “And from diseases which often arise from poverty, various bone inflammations also frequently develop, such as Pott’s disease, white swellings, etc.” VL 1890 27 4.

41 Named after Venus, the Roman goddess of love and beauty.

42 “They may suffer from venereal disease without knowing it at all, without noticing any symptoms of the disease” ŽLL 1921 4.

43 “The greatest source of venereal diseases is the so-called p r o s t i t u t e s, i.e. girls who sell themselves to men for money and thus make their living” ŽLL 1921 4.

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• names according to the dependent component’s association with members of the people among whom the disease first appeared or spread: English disease⁴⁴ KU, Svk, VŽ, ŽL, Spanish disease⁴⁵ Svk, Polish disease⁴⁶ MG, French disease⁴⁷ LytL;

• names according to the dependent component’s association with the time at which the disease manifests or persists: chronic⁴⁸ disease Vlt 1913 62 2, diseases of infancy VL, summer disease⁴⁹ KU, VŽ;

• names according to the dependent component’s association with the cause of the disease: arielka disease ZGL, ergot⁵⁰ disease Svk;

• names according to the dependent component’s association with the circumstances in which the disease manifests: diseases of war Svk.

STRUCTURAL MODELS AND TYPES OF EXPRESSION OF TWO-WORD COMPOUND NAMES WITH THE HEAD COMPONENT DISEASE, WHOSE DEPENDENT COMPONENTS ARE EXPRESSED BY A NOUN IN THE GENITIVE CASE

Most of the names examined are characterized by the order of the head component (the modified word) and the dependent component (the modifying word) customary in present-day terminology; in other words, names with a postpositive head component predominate. Structurally, they may be represented as follows: N_Gen ← N (see Table 1), e.g.: chronic disease ŠLL, lung diseases Svk.

There are more than three times fewer names with a prepositive head component; their structural model is N → N_Gen (see Table 1), e.g.: scurvy disease SK, cough diseases SK.

⁴⁴ This is how physicians K. Grinius and Antanas Vileišis referred to rickets. Unfortunately, the context of their articles does not make clear why they called the disease that.

⁴⁵ K. Grinius called influenza this, explaining that the disease “came from Spain in 1919” (Grinius 1920: 3).

⁴⁶ This is how the Germans called trachoma (German die Polenkkrankheit). According to Professor J. Hoppe, “among the Moors there is reportedly so much trachoma that they live more poorly and filthily than Lithuanians and Germans, <...>” (Avižonis 1913: 7–8).

⁴⁷ According to physician Pranas Matulaitis, this is how the inhabitants of Naples called syphilis. The French, for their part, “attributed that disease <...> to the licentiousness of the Italians and called it Neapolitanus. The Spanish said that Columbus had brought the disease from America. Others again blamed the Jews, who, supposedly driven out of Spain by the Inquisition, had spread the disease throughout Europe” (Matulaitis 1915: 11).

⁴⁸ “Consumption usually lasts a long time (chronic disease)” Vlt 1913 62 2; cf. chronic, -a 1. ‘lasting a longer time, chronic (of a disease)’: Chronic disease rš LKŽe.

⁴⁹ “<...> this is what cholera infantum is called” KU 1906 20.

⁵⁰ Ergot bot. ‘a genus of parasitic fungi of cereal plants (Claviceps)’ LKŽe.

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Some names have a head element used in two positions—in other words, it is both preposed and postposed; their structural pattern is N_Gen ← N vs N → N_Gen (see Table 1), e.g.: Krutinės Liga LPr / Krutines Ligos LPr and liga krutinės U / ligos krutines ZGL.

Table 1. Structural patterns and their numerical representation according to the position of the head element liga in the name

STRUCTURAL PATTERN

EXPRESSION TYPES

NUMERICAL REPRESENTATION

N_Gen ← N

D_Kilm ← D_Liga

D_Kilm ← D_Ligos

189

N → N_Gen

D_Liga → D_Kilm

D_Ligos → D_Kilm

54

It may be assumed that the dependent element is used postpositively in order to emphasize it, since all the essential information is “concentrated” precisely in it. On the other hand, the postposition of the noun may also have been influenced by other languages (cf. Vasiliauskienė 1995: 135–137), as many books and booklets were written by physician-authors who either translated from Polish, German, and other languages, or compiled their works on the basis of works by authors writing in other languages.

SEMANTIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TWO-WORD COMPOUND NAMES WITH DIFFERENT FORMS OF EXPRESSION OF THE HEAD COMPONENT LIGA

The sources examined contain numerous compound names with the recurring component liga, which occurs not only in the singular but also in the plural, for example: kaltuna liga ZGL / liga kaltuna ZGL, kaltuna ligas ZGL / ligos kaltunu ZGL, kūno liga Svk / kuno liga Svk, kuno ligos Svk / ligos kuno VL, lyties liga VŽ, lyties ligos LK_v, Svk, VŽ, ŽLL. Reading the texts revealed that these names differ in certain respects. One such difference is that names with the component liga in the singular denote individual concepts, whereas those with the plural component ligos denote collective concepts (usually naming particular groups of diseases), for example: akių ligos, gerklės ligos, kepenų ligos. Sometimes the individuality of a clinical concept is clearly indicated by a Latin equivalent given alongside the name, for example: akių liga – conjunctivitis MTV, kirmėlių liga – helminthiasis MTV, liežuvio liga – glossitis MTV, odos liga – lupus Dž; or by a synonym added alongside it (most often in parentheses), for example: kaulaligė, ispanų liga, gripas Svk, pastyrimo liga or tétanas (Latin Tetamu) TS, pažandžių

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(scrofula) disease ŽD, pažandžių liga (skrufulai) Vlt, heart disease – vitium cordis V, tampymo liga (tetanas) Svk. However, such cases are fairly rare. For this reason, it is often difficult to say which disease is being discussed, unless the context itself is informative in terms of subject matter; sometimes the title of the publication (if it is an article) or of the section (if it is a book), or the like, can also help.

In some cases, a name with the singular component liga appears to be occasional or used for stylistic reasons, for example, to avoid repeating the same term, or when the context allows a simple term to be replaced by a compound one (see Gaivenis 2002: 43), for example:

“If one were to take bacteria grown on glue and infect an animal with them, it would contract difteritu⁵¹. Having thus learned what causes difterito liga, doctors until now have tried to apply various medicines to patients’ palates, in order to destroy those bacteria and prevent them from growing” U 1896 13 99;

“Even with niežais, it is best to go to a proper doctor, because niežų liga is not always easy to distinguish from several other skin diseases, and the same ointment does not suit everyone” Svk 1920 2 1;

“<...> vaccination against rauplių is beneficial, because it protects against raup­lių ligos” Svk 1914 4 13;

“<...> especially often, typhus and skorbutas (scurvy) accompany famine, and we shall now discuss it. Skorbuto liga is not new” Svk 1912 10 37.

Sometimes a name may be suspected of being occasional because it occurs only once in the text, whereas the disease being described is usually called by a simple name. For example, in Petras Vileišis’s book Svarbiausios žmonių ligos, one of the sections is entitled Jadra, and uses the term jadra: “Of all diseases that appear in outbreaks, jadra is the most contagious, <...>” ŠŽL 1886 13; “Children under one year old and those over 65 rarely contract jadra” ŠŽL 1886 14; “<...> jadra is most contagious before the rash; <...>” ŠŽL 1886 15, whereas jadros liga occurs only once: “Although the mortality of jadros liga is not high, nevertheless more than one child who was previously entirely healthy contracts consumption and later dies” ŠŽL 1886 15.

In other cases, I think, authors deliberately use a compound name with the component liga to draw the reader’s attention to the described disorder of bodily function and to emphasize its seriousness, since the word liga

⁵¹ In this and the other illustrative sentences (in the text and footnotes), the names are set in boldface by the author of this article.

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attracts the reader’s attention more strongly, while readers may not know or understand the simple name of the disease, and so on; in other words, the compound name appears more informative than the simple one (cf. Даниленко 1977: 165–166), for example:

“Syphilis disease is caused by certain tiny creatures, called in Latin spirochaetae palli-dae” Svk 1914 5 19;

“Erysipelas is inflammation of the skin” BK 1911 44 (article title “Disease erysipelas”; in the text both erysipelas and erysipelas disease are used);

“Another important cause of hair loss is dandruff⁵² disease” Svk 1920 4 2.

Occasionally, a name containing the element disease is specified by giving alongside it the name of the disease being discussed, for example:

“It is necessary to treat stomach disease (a cold⁵³)” Svk 1914 1 3;

“To tell the truth, such stories are made up by people who are not entirely healthy, even by someone suffering from a nervous disease called hysteria” Svk 1914 6 23.

In individual cases (and such cases are not uncommon), doctors use a compound name containing the element disease when they are not writing about a specific disease; such a generalizing name may denote any disease of the affected organ, for example:

“We still have to mention that newborn babies, on coming into this world, very often contract a very dangerous eye disease if the mother had a discharge with pus-like characteristics” Šlt 1909 46 723;

“I must note here that a woman suffering from leucorrhea, or some other uterine disease, will recover more quickly if she has a small device with which medicines can be introduced into the vagina” PM 1899 6;

“The complexion deteriorates if one contracts a gland⁵⁴ disease or if one becomes pregnant” Svk 1914 1 4;

“If every patient needs gentle, compassionate care, then this is particularly important for someone suffering from a mental illness” Art 1910 46 727.

The sentences cited show that the compound names indicate that a person is ill in the uterus, eyes, gland, or mind, but what specific

⁵² Italicized in the article by its author.

⁵³ Sloga 1. “inflammation of an organ’s mucous membrane” LKŽe.

⁵⁴ The word gumbas is used here in the sense of “uterus”.

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uterine, eye, mental illness; it is unclear—in other words, the names uterine disease, eye disease, lump disease, mental illness may refer to any disease of the uterus, eyes, lump, or mind. Living speech may most likely have influenced this usage, e.g.: He ten years water disease⁵⁵suffered (Vilnius region); Since it is not yet a death disease (not a fatal disease), he will recover (Alksnėnai); Hunger disease is very severe (Ėriškiai); And how many years (after how many years) kidney disease set in (Marijampolė); Dropsy is an awful disease (Grūžiai) LKŽe.

Incidentally, such names are also found in old writings, for example: leg disease, disease cholera (Konstantinas Sirvydas’s dictionary Dictionarium trium linguarum); kaltūnas disease (old writings); one was seriously ill with šuodas: another with smallpox, a third with bone disease, or with stabu (Jono Bretkūnas’s Postilė); and in writings from the second half of the nineteenth century to the first half of the twentieth, for example: stone disease (Frydrichas Kuršaitis’s Lithuanian–German dictionary, 1874); He suffered for more than a year from a disease causing wasting of the brain (Jono Basanavičius’s Lietuviškos pasakos įvairios); That child died of the smallpox disease, which had arisen among you yourselves (Jono Biliūnas’s writings); This disease is cholera disease (Nusidavimai apie Ewangēlijos Prasiplatinimą tarp Żydų ir Pagonų⁵⁶); The wasting disease died out (Simonas Daukantas’s writings); cancer disease (Lietuvių rašomosios kalbos žodynas, 1932–1963); A rabies disease of smallpox came (Antanas Tatarė’s writings) LKŽe.

In other cases, compound names with the element disease are used to distinguish a disease from its cause, which is named by a simple term, for example:

“Parents, then, who love their children, seeing them all covered in dirt, will not let them come to the table but will first tell them to wash their hands and faces, and in this way protect them from contracting lisnikų disease” U 1898 11 168, cf. “By Lisnikais we mean here all the worms that occur in the human intestines” U 1898 11 167;

“<...> There is no kaltūnas disease, only people’s ignorance and neglect” Svk 1921 3 3, cf. “<...> kaltūnas develops from uncleanliness—when one does not comb one’s hair, wash, or cut it. <...> all kaltūnai can be cut off without fear” Svk 1912 7 25.

A separate mention is warranted for the names found in the “Health” section’s “Questions and Answers” column. These are names used by readers of this newspaper, for example:

“Print explanations about hysteria disease” Svk 1913 12 46;

⁵⁵ In this and other illustrative sentences, the italics are those of the author of this article.

⁵⁶ A periodical publication of Lithuania Minor. It was a continuation of the first Lithuanian periodical, Nusidavimai Dievo karalystėje. Published in 1832–1834, 1837–1914 08, and 1921. (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/nusidavimai-apie-evangelijos-prasiplatinima-tarp-zydu-ir-pagonu/).

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“How to cure epilepsy⁵⁷?” (question) and “The causes of epilepsy are manifold <...>” (answer) Svk 1920 3 4.

In the sources examined, names with the plural-form constituent diseases are also widely used. These are usually names of groups of diseases, for example:

“Most often, an infant becomes deaf from throat diseases, such as scarlet fever, thirst and other diseases, <...>” ŠŽK 1902 62;

“A modern hospital for those suffering from lung diseases is a hospital built in a healthy place, free from dust, to which patients with pulmonary and throat consumption are admitted” Dž 1903 48;

“All liver diseases must be entrusted to a doctor’s care, for they are dangerous; <...>” NG 1908 85;

“<...> fever in typhoid and eruptive diseases” NG 1908 101;

“In fact, there are many mental illnesses, and they differ greatly in how they begin, manifest themselves, and end” Art 1910 46 727;

“It is generally believed that this foul smell comes from various diseases (for example, stomach and lung diseases) ” Šlt 1911 23 267;

“Further, when chills set in, as often happens in febrile diseases, alcohol dispels those chills, <...>” Svk 1912 4 13;

“<...>; cholera, black pox, erysipelas and other putrefactive diseases are spread by flies; <...>” Ps 1912 5 150;

“Therefore, it is not surprising that a chill throughout the body, as a consequence of getting one’s feet wet, so often causes various colds and so-called rheumatic diseases⁵⁸” Šlt 1912 1 11;

“<...> once, afflicted with this neck disease, I went with another patient to see a doctor <...>” Svk 1914 2 6;

“Even in the villages, these so-called venereal diseases are spreading rapidly ⁵⁹ <...>” Svk 1921 3 3.

Names whose attributive constituent is a specific term (usually the name of a body part or organ), for example: eye, throat, liver, lungs, stomach, neck, denote diseases of those body parts or organs (see the semantic groups “Names according to the dependent constituent’s association with an organ,”

57 epilepsy. It should be noted that during the period under study, doctors also used the term epilepsy, for example: epilepsy or nuomara NG 1908 103, nuomaris (epilepsy) MG 1913 1 16, nuomarius or epilepsy Svk 1921 1 2, ŽL 1921 24, epilepsy DžA 1911 22.

58 Sausgila “aching of bones and joints” LKŽė.

59 Venereal diseases ‘sexually transmitted diseases’.

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“Names according to the dependent modifier’s association with a body part”). Names whose modifying element is a designation with an abstract meaning (most often derivatives with the suffix -imas), such as rash, fever, putrefaction, denote diseases whose primary symptom is named by the modifying element (see the semantic group “Names according to the dependent modifier’s association with a disease symptom”).

Sometimes a name with the head element diseases is specified further—the exact name of the disease in that group is given alongside it in parentheses, e.g.:

“A bath can help with some diseases, such as: <...>, with some nervous diseases (sciatica)” Svk 1920 2 2.

Generally speaking, during the period under study, as already mentioned, many human diseases still lacked precise names (and, moreover, the boundaries of some clinical concepts were not fully clear); therefore, the prevalence of names containing the element disease in popular medical and health texts written for ordinary people is understandable. The authors of these texts, not knowing how to name the disease they were writing about precisely and, above all, in a way readers could understand, resorted to descriptive names:

“Sometimes paralysis can occur as a result of a nervous disease, which is also caused by exposure to a cold wind” NG 1908 32;

“It is absolutely inadvisable to use a hot bath in these cases: 1) for all those who have a well-established heart disease, <...>” Šlt 1910 44 699.

ON THE QUESTION OF WHETHER THE HEAD ELEMENT DISEASE IS NECESSARY

As stated in the academic Grammar of the Lithuanian Language, in word combinations expressing attributive relations, the head element (the modified word) denotes a generalized, broader designation of an object, while the dependent element (the modifier) denotes a secondary, narrower, more precise, often individual name for that object. The meaning of such combinations often corresponds to that of the noun serving as the dependent element; in other words, many word combinations denoting names can be replaced by their dependent element (LKG III 195; DLKG 1994: 559–560).

This is also characteristic of compound terms. Their logical and grammatical center is the head element, which is always a concrete or abstract noun (Gaivenis 2014 [1968]: 34). However, the head element of such terms does not always coincide with their semantic dominant; in other words,

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most often the component carrying the semantic load in a word combination. This mismatch is particularly pronounced when the dependent components of complex terms are genitive nouns. In such terms, the first (modifying) component is semantically weightier and more informative than the second (modified) component, which is called the head (Gaivenis 2014 [1975]: 64–65).

A reading of the sources under investigation also shows that the main semantic load often falls on the modifying component, which by itself names the disease precisely. In such cases, therefore, the component liga in two-word names appears unnecessary, as does the entire name; moreover, both a simplex and a compound name denoting the same clinical concept are often used in the same text (see Table 2).

Table 2. Simplex and compound names denoting the same clinical concepts

COMPOUND NAMES | SIMPLEX NAMES difterito liga KLL, U | difteritas Art, Dif, DžPK, Gdt, KLL, LytL, LŪ, NG, PNA, Svk, Šlt, TS, U, ŪK_NY, V, Vad, VŽ, Ž, ŽL džiovos liga DžLA, LUK, Svk, ŠLL, U, Vlt, ŽD | džiova Art, ATL, Dez, Dž, DžLA, DžPK, Gdt, KLL, KU, LytL, LT, MG, NG, PNA, RČ, Svk, SŽL, ŠLL, Šlt, TS, U, UK, UL, V, Vad, Vlt, VŽ, ŽD, ŽL, ŽLA, Žmd ekzemos liga Svk | ekzema Svk, ŽL girtūklystės liga ŽLA | girtuoklystė Art, Dž, NG, Šlt, V, VŽ influencos liga TS | influenca⁶⁰ Art, DžPK, Gdt, LytL, Svk, TS, Vlt, VŽ, Ž, ŽD ipokondrijos liga Svk | „ipochondrija“61 VŽ isterijos liga Svk | isterija Svk įdros liga SŽL | jadra SŽL karbunkulo liga ŠLL | karbunkulas Gdt, LytL, ŠLL, Šlt, U, V kosulio liga SK | kosulys SK krupio liga ŪK_NY | krupis ŪK_NY maro liga Svk, ŠLL | maras Art, Dez, G, KLL, KMŠK, LytL, MTV, Šlt, UL, Vlt, VŽ niežų liga Svk | niežai Gdt, KD, NG, Svk, Szv, Šlt, TS, V, Ž, ŽL

⁶⁰ “Since it came from Spain, they also call it Spanish, or ‘poniška’ [‘of the ponies’] (for some do not suspect it, while jokers claim that the first to fall ill with this disease was the King of Spain)” TS 1918 36 14.

⁶¹ Other variants were also used: hypokandrija VŽ 1905 192 4 / „hypochondrija“ VŽ 1906 143 4, KU 1906 64 / „hipohondrija“ Art 1910 33 126. As can be seen, as many as three terms are written in quotation marks, most likely because there is uncertainty about the spelling of this term of foreign origin.

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dropsy disease G dropsy NG dropsical disease Svk dropsical Svk dropsy disease Svk dropsical SŽK, V smallpox disease KLL, NG, Tsp smallpox AKol, Art, ATL, Dez, Dif, DŽPK, Gdt, KD, KLL, KMŠK, LytL, LT, NG, RČ, ŠLL, Šlt, TS, U, UA, UK, UL, V, Vad, Vlt, VŽ smallpox disease Svk, Ž smallpox Art, Gdt, NG, Svk, Šlt, VŽ, Ž rose disease Art, BK rose_₂ A₂, Art, BK, Dez, Gdt, KLL, LytL, LŪ, NG, PNA, RČ, Svk, ŠLL, Šlt, TS, V, Vlt, VŽ, Ž, ŽL syphilis disease Art, Svk syphilis⁶² ATL, DŽPK, Gdt, LT, RČ, Svk, Šlt, TS, Ū, V, Vad, VŽ, ŽL, ŽLL scarlet fever disease Svk scarlet fever Gdt, KLL, KŽP, LytL, Svk, U, V, ŽL scarlet fever disease TS scarlet fever TS scurvy disease Šlt scurvy Šlt, V typhus disease AVK_v typhus AVK_v trachoma disease Svk trachoma Art, ATL, Gdt, KLL, KT, LT, MG, Ps, Svk, SŽK, Šlt, TS, VŽ, ŽL cancer disease PM, Svk, Vlt, ŽL cancer NG, Svk, Vlt, ŽL

As can be seen from the compound names listed in the left-hand column of Table 2, their head component liga may be considered redundant or informationally empty (see Tekorienė 1982: 139), since the modifying component by itself precisely names the clinical concept and is used more often as a simplex term (as shown by the source abbreviations given alongside the names).

Nevertheless, authors of medical and health texts from the period under study did not limit themselves to simplex names but also used their longer variants, which, as the collected material shows, were quite numerous. How should such pairs of names be treated? First of all, it is appropriate here to raise the question of synonymy⁶³. Substitution makes this possible—it is “a very important criterion for identifying synonyms” (Valiulytė 1998: 14). Let us take one pair of names as an example: nuomaras – nuomaro liga. Both nuomaras and nuomaro liga name the same disease—epilepsy—“a chronic disease characterized by various

⁶²Max Vasmer relates the word sifilis to the name of a character in Ovid’s Metamorphoses who suffered from this disease. It was introduced by Girolamo Fracastoro of Verona (1530) (https://www.slovorod.ru/etym-vasmer/_pdf/vasmer-etymologic-dict3.pdf).

⁶³Angelė Kaulakienė considers variation in the naming of concepts to be the reason for terminological synonymy (and variation as well). This phenomenon is characteristic not only of Lithuanian medical terminology from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, but also of terminology in other fields, such as physics. In popular physics texts (articles and textbooks) from this period, a concept is often named in two ways, not only across different texts but also within the same text (for more, see Kaulakienė 2009: 23–26, 40–42, 82–85).

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seizures, certain personality changes, sometimes progressing to dementia” (ME I 235). The members of pairs of names such as nuomaras and nuomaro liga can replace one another in a text, since both the single-word and compound names have exactly the same meaning. According to terminologist Asta Mitkevičienė, synonyms can be classified into several types according to certain criteria (linguistic level, root, structure) (Mitkevičienė 2015: 48–49). Thus, in terms of linguistic level, the names under discussion can be called mixed synonyms; in terms of their root, cognate synonyms (cf. -mar-); and in terms of structure, short and long variants⁶⁴ (in the broad sense) (cf. Keinys 1980: 101). The latter case seems somewhat more problematic, since it would be difficult to say whether the compound name nuomaro liga is shortened or, conversely, whether the single-word name nuomaras has been lengthened. K. Gaivenis has written that a term’s “length is inversely proportional to its frequency of use: the more frequently a term is used, the shorter it is <...>. When using terms in scholarly language, their optional elements can sometimes be omitted, and long compound names can be rearranged in a certain way” (Gaivenis 2014 [1982]: 121). However, a term may also be lengthened by adding an explanatory word or by transforming and expanding it when it becomes insufficiently clear. This happens when a term enters a text belonging to another style. In such cases, terms may be used with certain explanatory words (see Gaivenis 2014 [1982]: 122). Because of the head element liga, the form of the term nuomaro liga seems clearer, but that element is also redundant (cf. Mitkevičienė 2015: 50). It is difficult to disagree with A. Mitkevičienė, who states that “[N]evertheless, there are no criteria by which it would be possible to determine when a word combination is a term and when it is a combination of a term and an explanatory word” (Mitkevičienė 2015: 50). Let us return to the pair mentioned above, nuomaras and nuomaro liga. It is more likely that the single-word name is the original name and has been lengthened, but certainly not because it lacked clarity or precision. Most likely, the longer variant of the name is used for purely subjective reasons, to make it more compelling

⁶⁴ Boris Golovin and Rafail Kobrin called such synonymous terms the long form of a term and the short form of a term (Головин, Кобрин 1987: 54–56). Shortening is done in two ways—by omitting a word from a phrase or by replacing the phrase with a word (Головин, Кобрин 1987: 57, cf. Даниленко 1977: 76, 183–187). In Valeria Danilenko’s view, the term short form of a term is unsuitable, and she proposes using the term short variant of a term (Russian краткий вариант термина), defining it as a linguistic construction that denotes the same concept and is equivalent in meaning, but shortened in certain ways (Даниленко 1977: 181–182). It should be noted that in contemporary Lithuanian terminology, the terms long (short) variant of a term and long (short) form of a term refer to different types of synonyms (for more detail, see Mitkevičienė 2015: 47–51, 55–57).

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(cf. Vaskelaitė 2021: 218), and this is very important in medical and health-related texts. The claim mentioned above is also supported by the fact that, if we review the examples in Table 2, we will notice that in many cases both a single-word and a compound name are used in the same source, and therefore by the same author. What does this show? Simply that both names are attested in the same context. Thus, cases such as nuomaras (a one-word term) and nuomaro liga (an attributive genitive construction [a compound term]) can also be considered contextual synonyms, that is, terms that are synonymous only in context (see Mitkevičienė 2015: 50). Ramunė Vaskelaitė likewise links such cases to usage in texts (see Vaskelaitė 2021: 218).

Compared with their single-word synonymous counterparts, the head element liga in the compound names discussed above appears, formally speaking, redundant. However, in some cases such names containing the element liga (even though single-word equivalents exist) seem justified, since they eliminate ambiguity (cf. Vaskelaitė 2021: 208, 218). Let us discuss a few such names. For example, nutukimo liga⁶⁵ Svk and nutukimas⁶⁶ Svk, TS. The single-word name nutukimas is not precise or transparent, since it may denote not a disease but simply a process (nutukimas ← nutukti ‘to become fat’); it may also denote a symptom of some other disease; in this case the compound name nutukimo liga is more precise. The same applies to pairs of names such as pasiutimo liga LytL, Svk, Šlt, U and pasiutimas Art, LytL, Svk, Šlt, U, ŽL, tampymo liga Svk, TS and tampymas NG, PNA, Svk, VŽ, ŽL. In these cases, the single-word names pasiutimas and tampymas (pasiusti, tampyti have more than one meaning) are semantically broader than the compound names pasiutimo liga, tampymo liga. Generally speaking, without context it would not be clear that the single-word names nutukimas, pasiutimas, tampymas denote diseases. As the examples show, this is characteristic only of abstract nouns.

Worth noting separately are compound names whose head element is the word liga, expressed in both singular and plural forms, e.g.: drugio liga Svk, Šlt and drugio ligos SK, neurastenijos liga Svk and neurastenijos ligos Svk. For example, the name drugio liga was used in the title of K. Grinius and A. Vileišis’s article “On the disease of chills,” but in the article itself

⁶⁵ “Hence, also nutukimo liga” Svk 1914 6 22.

⁶⁶ “Thus, one of the causes of nutukimo is reduced food intake, and food remains in the body longer” Svk 1914 5 21.

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In the text, physicians nevertheless use the simplex term ague. In the Severos calendar, the name ague diseases is found: “The general manifestations of this ague disease are: weakness, yawning, headache, vomiting from the stomach, <...>” SK 1901 34. As can be seen from the context, the word combination with the plural-form head diseases denotes not an individual but a collective concept; cf. also: “Ague occurs in all kinds of forms, <...>. Ague, whatever form it may take, recurs <...>” SK 1901 34. Another analogous example is the names neurasthenia disease Svk and neurasthenia diseases Svk 1911 2 7: “<...> on such journeys, many a person acquires or worsens neurasthenia diseases or nervous exhaustion.” In this case, the name neurasthenia disease denotes an individual clinical concept, and in the text it is replaced by the simplex term neurasthenia. By contrast, neurasthenia diseases names a group of diseases whose primary feature is neurasthenia.

In popular medical and health texts of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, there are instances in which clinical concepts are named using both compound names and simplex compounds containing the recurrent element liga. K. Gaivenis identified the transformation of attributive phrases into compound words as one direction of change in Lithuanian compound terms⁶⁷ (cf. Gaivenis 2014 [1966]: 506; Головин, Кобрин 1987: 57). Sergejus Griniovas called this simplex method of term formation morphological-syntactic term creation (Гринев 1993: 153). The question arises whether it can be claimed that some compound names in the material under study follow this direction of change—in other words, become compounds. This is hardly likely, since compounds are often chronologically earlier than the compound names. For example, sprandoligė is recorded in a text from 1898, while sprando liga occurs in Sveikata, which began publication only in 1909. Akmenligė is used in the aforementioned 1898 text, whereas akmens liga occurs in an 1918 article in Tėvynės sargas. A few more examples: krupigė NG 1908 and krupio liga_ŪK 1911, niežligė SŽL 1906 and niežų liga Svk 1920, siutaligė V 1890 / pasiutiligė ŠLL 1901, Art 1910 and pasiutimo liga Svk 1910, Šlt 1914, protligė Ū 1897, SŽK 1902, NG 1908, VŽ 1908, Svk 1910 and proto liga TUK 1903, Wežligė[l] PrūfKal 1879 and vėžio liga PM 1899, Svk 1913, Vlt 1914, ŽL 1921. There was, indeed, an instance in which both a compound and a compound name were used in the same text, e.g. kirmelligė MTV 1898 and kirmelių liga.

⁶⁷ B. Golovinas and R. Kobrinas regard compounding as the most widespread method of creating short term variants (Головин, Кобрин 1987: 57).

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MTV 1898. Taipgi aptikta atvejų, kai dūrinys chronologiškai vėlesnis už sudėtinį pavadinimą, pvz.: raupų liga Tsp 1898, KLL 1920, NG ir raupleligė Syk 1913, vandens liga K 1898, LK_T 1912 ir vandenligė Syk 1909, DMK_NY 1912, Gdt 1915, LytL 1915. Vis dėlto šie paskiri atvejai neduoda pagrindo sakyti, kad sudėtiniai pavadinimai su dėmeniu liga kinta minėta kryptimi, t. y. virsta sudurtiniais pavadinimais.

CONCLUSIONS

In popular medical and health texts of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (books, booklets, and newspaper and calendar articles), 206 two-word compound names were found with the head element liga and dependent elements expressed by a noun in the genitive case.

The study found that dependent elements name clinical-concept features in relation to eleven different aspects. Names based on the dependent element’s association with an organ predominate. There are also quite a few names based on the dependent element’s association with a disease, and names based on its association with a symptom of disease. Names whose dependent elements characterize the head element liga in various other semantic respects are rare or occur only in isolated instances.

Two-word compound names with the head element liga and dependent elements expressed by a noun in the genitive case exhibit two structural models—N_Gen ← N, N → N_Gen. Names with a postpositive head element predominate (their expression types are D_Kilm ← D_Liga, D_Kilm ← D_Ligos). Names with a prepositive head element are three times fewer (their expression types are D_Liga → D_Kilm, D_Ligos → D_Kilm).

Based on the material under study, it was established that names containing the recurrent element liga, used in singular and plural forms, differ in meaning. Names with the head element liga are used when a single concept is to be named, when no specific disease is meant, to draw the reader’s attention, to avoid repeating the same name, when the context allows a simplex name to be replaced by a compound one, and so on. Names with the plural-form element ligos denote collective concepts (usually groups of diseases).

During the period under study, many human diseases had not yet been identified and did not have precise names. Therefore, authors of popular texts (mostly physicians), not knowing how to name precisely and, above all, intelligibly for readers the disease they were writing about, resorted to compound

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with specifying names containing the component liga. It is possible that colloquial language also contributed to the spread of such names.

An analysis of names with the head component liga expressed by a singular genitive form established that the semantic load often falls on the dependent component, which by itself precisely names the clinical concept and is used in texts as a simplex term, while the head component liga is redundant. Pairs of compound and simplex names that denote the same concept can be treated in various ways—as mixed, cognate, or contextual synonyms, or as short and long variants of names.

ŠALTINIAI

KNYGOS IR KNYGELĖS

Ach – Apie cholerą ir kaip nuo jos apsisaugoti, atspausta iš „V. Ž.“, No 77, Vilnius, 1905.

AKol – [Vaistininkas (Daktaras)]. Apie kolerą. – Kaip atsiginti nū Koleros ir kiti Naudingi skaitymai, Tilžė, 1893, 14–27.

ATL – [D-ro P. Avižonies]. Aklumas ir trachoma Lietuvoje, referatas skaitytas 1912 m. Lietuvių mokslo dr-jos visuotin. susirinkime, atspausdinta iš „Lietuvių tautos“, Vilnius, 1913.

Brangw – Brangwyn’s tikrā namū slogā, arbā Ar gėr yra, brangwyno gérti, ar nė?: trumpas ir gražūs susikalbėjimas, nekuriām kiemė laikytas / kuri ant pamókslo ir pagraudėnimo jauniems ir seniems, bagótiems ir wargdieniams, kožnām ant naudôs wókiskay surāszė kūnigas Böttcher, o į lietūwiszką kalbą išwer­tė Fridrikis Kurszātis, lietūwininkū kūnig‘s Karaliāuczuje, Karaliāuczuje: [Susilaikymo nuo gėrimo draugija], 1844 ([Karaliaučius]: [D.G.H. Degeno spaustuvė]).

Ch – Cholera ir kova su ja, vertė D-ras A. V., Vilnius, 1907.

Dez – Dezinfekcija, parašė karo gydytojas E. Draugelis, Vilnius, 1914.

Dif – Difteritas, D-ras A. V., Vilnius, 1907.

Dž – Dr. S. A. Knopf. Džiova ir kova su ja: populiariškas konkursinis darbas, apdovanotas ant kongreso Berlyne (24–27 geg. 1899 m.), susirinkusio apsvarstyti kovos įrankius su džiova, sutaisė D-ras A. V., Tilžėje, 1903.

DžA – Džiova; AlkoholIs: referatai, surengti „Aušros“ draugijai / dr. F. Matulaitis, [JAV: s.n.] (Chicago, Ill.: spauda „Lietuvos“), 1911.

DžLA – Džiova ir Kaip tos ligos apsisaugoti, pagal S. Sterlingą, sutaisyta L., Tilžėje, 1899.

DžPK – Dr. K. Jokanto. Džiova, jos priežastys ir kova su ja, Vilnius, 1909.

G – Girtuoklybė – mūsų rykštė⁶⁸, Vilnius, 1907.

GRM – Negirdėtas daiktas, ir Geros rodos mūsų moterelėms, Tilžėje, 1893.

Hyg – Hygiena arba Mokslas apie užlaikymą sveikatos, pagal Berner’s, d-rą Noll ir kitus sutaisė Sžernas, Chicago, Ill.: kasztu ir spaustuwe „Lietuvos“, 1897.

KD – Ką daryti, kad sveiki būtume ir ilgai gyventume, vertė iš lenk. kalbos D-ras F. Antaniukas⁶⁹, Tilžėje, 1895.

KD – Kas daryti, kad sveiki būtume ir ilgai gyventume, vertė iš lenkų kalbos D-ras A. Vileišis, Vilnius, 1905.

KLL – [D-ras med. P. Avižonis]. Kova su limpamomis ligomis, Raseiniai, 1920.

KMŠK – Kolera, maras, šiltinės ir kruvinoji, parašė karo gydytojas E. Draugelis, Vilnius, 1915.

KT – [D-ras med. P. Avižonis]. Kova su trachoma, Raseiniai, 1920.

KU – Kaip užsilaikyti pavasarį, vasarą, rudenį ir žiemą, pagal D-rą Med. L. Volbergą sutaisė d-ras A. Vileišis, Vilnius, 1906.

KŽP – Kūdikių žindymas ir penėjimas, vertė Atgalainis⁷⁰, Tilžėje, 1904.

68 Knygelės autorius Petras Avižonis.

69 A. Vileišio slapyvardis.

70 P. Avižonio slapyvardis.

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LL – Limpamiosios Ligos ir Kaip nuo jų išsisaugoti?, parašė d-ras A. Vileišis, Kaunas, 1915.

LytL – Lytiškos Ligos ir Kaip nuo jų apsisaugoti, parašė D-ras F. Matulaitis, antra, peržiūrėta ir pagerinta laida, So Bostoną, Mass, 1915.

LPr – Ligonìū Prietelius⁷¹. Kelodys wis iems tiems, kurie prie atsirandanczių Ligų patys saw pirmąję Pagalbą prisiteikti nor ir tai Progai geras Namų Pryprow as įsiteikti wėlyjas / Friedrich Adoph Richter. Leipcike; Rikterio Iszleidimo Itaisymas. (Drukawotos prie F. Ad. Richter & Draugai, Rudolstadt), 1883.

LPr – Ligonìū prietelius: kelrodys wisiems tiems, kurie prie atsirandanczių ligų patys saw pirmąję pagalbą prisiteikti nor ir ant to geras namų pryprow as įsiteikti wėlyjas, sudarė Friedrich Adolph Richter, Leipcike’: Richterio knyginyczia ([Rudolstadt: Richtero drukorija]), 1891.

MTV – Medega musu tautiszkai vaistinykystai, parupino Dr. J. Basanavicz ius, atspauda isz „Dirvos“, Shenandoah, Pa, 1898.

NG – Naminis gydytojas: Trumpas aprašymas prasčiausių ligų ir prasčiausių vaistų kovoj e su jomis: D. 1. Apie žmonių ligas ir jų gydymą, sutaisė D-rs A. Vileišis, Seinai, 1908.

NG – Naminis gydytojas. Trumpas prasčiausių ligų aprašymas ir jų gydymas, antrasis pataisytas leidimas, Kaunas, 1924.

NotGyd – Isz dyka suglaudimas isz Dr. Airv‘o „Noturōs-gydymo-mokininmo“, arba Isztikimas priw edimas, pagal kurį tankiausey prie žmonių atsirantanczias ligas per prastas bey permegintas priprowas twirtay bey greitay pats gali gydyti: su daugeropais į raszto zodzius įdrukawotais zmogaus, senarų dalykeliu abrozais / perd irbtas Dr. Adolpo Richterio, kuriai yra Ricerys portogyzis ko Kristaus=garbės=zenklo bey tunezisesizsko niszan istikar zenklo apturetojis riceriū=kryžiaus bey auksinės wertybės=medalijos nu gan maryno draugsanaris auksz taymokitū draugysczių Paryzuse bey Neapolyje irtoliaus, Leipzig: [s.n.], 1879 ([Rudolstadt: drukawotas pas F. Ad. Richter & Draugai, Rudolstadt]), 1879.

OK – Oras ir klimatas ir jų svarbumas žmogaus sveikatai, pagal Zolotariną, Dras A. Vileišis, Seinai, 1913.

PM – Patarme s moterims, kurios nori būti sveikos, pagal Zielčaka parašė Dr. A. V., Tilžėje, 1899.

PNA – Dr. Fr. Esmarch. Pirmoji pagalba nelaiminguose atsitikimuose, išvertė daktaras A. V., Tilžėje, 1903.

RAK – Rodos motinoms apie auginimą žindomų kudikių⁷² pagal Michailovą, Tilžėje, 1895.

RČ – D-ras Bor. Oks. Raupų čiep yjimas. (Šneka su jauna motina), Vilnius, 1908.

RP – I. Tarchanov. Rūgštasai pienas prof. Mečnikov’o. Įrankis liaudies sveikatos užlaikymui, Vilnius, 1907.

SŽK – Kaip sutaisytas žmogaus kūnas, parašė S. M., Plymouth, Pa, 1902.

SŽL – Svarbiausios žmonių ligos, Petro Nėrio⁷³, Tilžėje, 1886.

SŽL – Svarbiausios žmonių ligos, dr. Mikols⁷⁴, Tilžėje, 1906.

ŠLL – Trumpi šneka apie limpančias ligas ir kaip nuo jų apsiginti, parašė D-ras V. A., Tilžėje, 1901.

UA – [Dr. A. V.]. Kaip reikia užlaikyti sveikos ir sergančios akjs, Seinai, 1910.

UL – Užkrečiamosios ligos, parašė gydytojas E. D., Vilnius, 1914.

ZGL – Zinia apie gydimą ligu kuno ir duszes, Wilniuje: kasztu ir spaustuweje Juozapa Zawadzkia, 1857⁷⁵.

ŽD – Kas reikia žinoti apie džovą, iš vokiečių kalbos vertė D-ras Bagdonavičius, Vilnius, 1913.

ŽL – Žmonių ligos, D-ras K. Grinius, Kaunas: „Varpo“ bendrovės leidinys, 1921.

ŽLL – Kas reikia žinoti apie lyties ligas, vertė iš vokiečių kalbos D-ras J. Bagdonas, Kaunas: Vidaus reikalų ministerijos Sveikatos departamento leidinys, 1920.

LAIKRAŠČIAI

A¹ – Auszra 1883 5 141; 1885 10/11 324.

A² – Aušra⁷⁶ 1915 32 418–419.

71 Medicinos metraštis, ėjęs 1878–1897 m. Karaliaučiuje ir Tilžėje. Leido dr. Adolfo Richterio firma (MLE II 642).

72 Vertė Jonas Andrius Račiūnas (1869–1906).

73 P. Vileišio slapyvardis.

74 P. Vileišio slapyvardis.

75 Kontrafakcinis leidinys. Tikrieji knygos išleidimo duomenys: Krokuva–Tilžė, 1885–1886.

76 Laikraštis, ėjęs 1911–1915 ir 1919 m. Vilniuje. Lenkų okupacinės valdžios uždarytas (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/ausra-8/).

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Art – Artojas⁷⁷ 1910 12 42; 1910 13 47; 1910 15 54; 1910 16 58–59; 1910 18 65; 1910 19 69; 1910 22 81; 1910 25 93; 1910 26 97; 1910 27 103; 1910 28 105; 1910 29 109; 1910 30 113; 1910 33 126; 1910 38 145–146; 1910 39 149–150; 1910 40 153; 1910 41 157; 1910 44 169; 1910 45 171; 1910 46 727.

Gdt – Gydytojas⁷⁸ 1914 1 1, 3–4; 1914 2 5, 7–8; 1914 3 10, 11–12; 1914 4 14, 16; 1914 5 20; 1914 6 22; 1914 7 25; 1914 8 29; 1914 9 30; 1914 10 37–38; 1914 11 61–63; 1915 1 1, 3–4; 1915 2 5, 8; 1915 3 9–11; 1915 4 13, 15; 1915 5 17, 18, 20; 1915 6 22–24; 1915 7 25, 27–28.

K – Kaimynas⁷⁹ 1897 35 264; 1897 XXV 182; 1898 49 392; 1899 VII 55; 1899 XVI 128.

KK – Keleiwis isz Karaliaučiaus broliams lietuvininkams zines parnešząs 1866 34 146; 1872 18 69.

LB – Lietuwiszkasis Balsas⁸⁰ 1885 1 3.

LT – Lietuvių tauta⁸¹ 1913 II 2 181, 185–186, 190.

MG – Medicina ir gamta⁸² 1913 1 3, 8, 12, 19, 22; 1913 2 2, 7, 20.

NLC – Nauja lietuwiszka ceitunga⁸³ 1910 9 33; 1910 40 157; 1910 41 161–162.

Ps – Pasiuntinys⁸⁴ 1912 5 150; 1912 6 184.

Svk – Sveikata⁸⁵ 1909 1 2, 7–8; 1909 4 1, 7; 1909 5 5, 7; 1909 6 4; 1910 1 5, 8; 1910 4 8; 1910 5 3, 6; 1910 6 5; 1910 7 4; 1910 9 1–2; 1910 10 2, 7; 1910 11 1, 4; 1910 12 3–4; 1911 1 1; 1911 2 1, 6–7; 1911 3 5, 8; 1911 5 1; 1911 6 8; 1911 8 5, 7; 1911 12 6; 1912 3 11–12; 1912 4 13, 15; 1912 5 17, 19; 1912 6 22; 1912 7 25; 1912 8 29, 31; 1912 10 37; 1912 11–12 42; 1913 1 1–4; 1913 2 5, 7, 8; 1913 3 9; 1913 4 13, 16; 1913 5 20; 1913 7 28; 1913 8 32; 1913 10 37–38, 40; 1913 11 43; 1913 12 46–47; 1914 1 3–4; 1914 2 6–8; 1914 3 10–11; 1914 4 13; 1914 5 2, 17, 19–21; 1914 6 21–24; 1915 1 1–3; 1920 1 1, 3; 1920 2 1–4; 1920 3 2, 4; 1920 4 1–2; 1920 5–6 1–4; 1921 1 1–2, 4; 1921 2 1–4; 1921 3 1–4; 1921 4 1, 3–4; 1921 5 1–4; 1921 6 1.

Szv – Szviesa⁸⁶ 1888 3 78, 82.

Šlt – Šaltinis⁸⁷ 1909 1 4–5; 1909 10 148; 1909 14 212, 215; 1909 20 308; 1909 21 324; 1909 25 388–390; 1909 39 612; 1909 41 644–645; 1909 44 691; 1909 46 723–724; 1909 49 772; 1909 51 809; 1910 18 280–282; 1910 43 683; 1910 44 694, 699; 1910 48 756; 1911 23 267; 1911 30 351–352; 1911 31 364–365; 1911 32 377; 1911 5 51–52; 1911 6 63; 1911 51 605; 1912 1 11; 1912 3 36; 1912 38 600; 1912.

77 Laikraščio Šaltinis priedas, ėjęs 1909–1914 m. (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/saltinis-1/). Daugiausia straipsnių paskelbė gydytojas A. Vileišis.

78 Katalikiškos pakraipos savaitraščio Aušra, ėjusio 1911–1915 ir 1919 m. Vilniuje, dvisavaitinis profilaktinio, šviečiamojo pobūdžio priedas. Jame daugiausia straipsnių paskelbė A. Vileišis.

79 Mažosios Lietuvos laikraščio Nauja lietuviška ceitunga priedas, leistas Tilžėje gotiškais rašmenimis nuo 1896 m. (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/nauja-lietuviska-ceitunga/).

80 Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų lietuvių laikraštis, ėjęs 1885–1888 m. Niujorke, 1888–1889 m. – Šenandoa. Redagavo Jonas Šliūpas (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/lietuviskasis-balsas/).

81 Lietuvių Mokslo Draugijos Vilniuje žurnalas, leistas 1907–1936 m. (LE 1958: 81).

82 Lietuviškas medicinos, veterinarijos, farmacijos ir gamtos dvimėnesinis žurnalas, pradėtas leisti 1913 m. Pasirodė tik du numeriai.

83 Mažosios Lietuvos laikraštis, ėjęs 1890–1923 m. Tilžėje, spausdintas gotiškais rašmenimis Otto’o von Mauderode’ės spaustuvėje. Iki 1907 m. laikraštis buvo gana lietuviškas (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/nauja-lietuviska-ceitunga/).

84 Vilniuje nuo 1911 m. pradžios spausdintas mėnesinis laikraštis, skiriamas dvasiniams lietuvių kalvinų reikalams (LE 1960: 97).

85 Pirmasis lietuviškas periodinis medicinos populiarinimo leidinys. Laikraščio Lietuvos ūkininkas priedas, ėjęs 1909–1915, 1920–1928 m. Inicijuotas ir redaguotas daktaro K. Griniaus. Jis laikraštį ne tik redagavo, bet ir prirašydavo (Terčionas 1927: 16, 17).

86 Mėnesinis lietuvių laikraštis, 1887–1880 ir 1890 m. ėjęs Tilžėje (LE 1964: 241).

87 Katalikų iliustruotas savaitraštis, 1906–1915 m. ėjęs Seinuose, 1915 m. – Vilniuje. Vienas populiariausių laikotarpio lietuviškų savaitraščių (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/saltinis-1/). Daugiausia straipsnių medicinos ir sveikatos klausimais paskelbė A. Vileišis.

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40 631; 1912 46 727; 1912 49 776; 1913 28 439; 1913 32 504; 1913 43 681; 1913 44 695; 1914 15 229; 1914 29 435; 1914 3 39–40; 1914 7 102; 1914 15 229.

TS – Tėvynės sargas⁸⁸ 1896 4 35; 1896 5 38; 1897 8 2; 1898 2 3; 1898 4 7; 1900 9 10, 13, 14; 1901 4 ir 5B 71; 1902 1B 25–26; 1917 1 14; 1918 10 14; 1918 11 11; 1918 14 13; 1918 2 15–16; 1918 26 11–12; 1918 30 12–13; 1918 34 4–7; 1918 36 14; 1918 4 14–15; 1918 5 15; 1918 7 14–15.

TSp – Tėvynės sargo⁸⁹ 1898 2 5; 1898 4 7; 1898 8 11.

U – Ūkininkas 1890 5 75; 1890 8 121; 1891 2 77, 79; 1892 1 18–19; 1892 4/5 133, 136, 140; 1892 6/7 233; 1892 8 293; 1895 13 98–99; 1895 20 157–158; 1895 21 165–166; 1896 3 17; 1896 4 28; 1896 13 99; 1896 20 153–154, 156; 1896 24 188; 1897 12 182, 184–185; 1897 3 41; 1897 8 121; 1897 9 131; 1897 9 131; 1897 9 131; 1898 11 167–168; 1898 3 40; 1899 1 4.

Ū – Ūkininkas 1897 12 189.

V – Varpas 1889 3 41; 1889 9 139; 1889 12 184; 1890 10 153–154; 1890 2 21; 1890 5 68; 1890 7 105–106; 1890 8 123; 1890 9 137–138; 1891 1 9; 1891 3 40; 1891 4 54–55, 57; 1895 9/10 155–157; 1895 11 174; 1896 2 24–25; 1897 1 9; 1897 3 41–42.

Vad – Vadovas⁹⁰ 1913 16 62 169–170, 172; 1913 16 63 274–275, 278; 1913 16 64 400.

VL – Vienybė lietuvninkų⁹¹ 1890 24 5; 1890 27 4; 1890 28 6; 1890 30 4; 1890 36 7–8; 1890 37 8–9; 1890 38 8–9; 1890 38 9.

Vlt – Viltis⁹² 1907 4 1; 1913 62 2–3; 1913 70 3; 1913 130 1; 1914 40 2; 1914 77 1; 1914 83 1; 1914 90 1; 1914 101 2; 1914 123 1; 1914 144 1; 1914 159 2; 1915 70 2–3; 1915 85 2–3; 1915 88 2.

VŽ – Vilniaus žinios⁹³ 1905 5 2–3; 1905 19 2; 1905 29 3; 1905 53 3; 1905 56 2; 1905 77 2; 1905 104 3; 1905 118 4; 1905 122 4; 1905 163 3–4; 1905 173 4; 1905 192 4; 1905 220 1; 1905 225 4; 1906 100 4; 1906 143 4; 1906 146 4; 1906 163 4; 1906 167 4; 1906 219 3; 1906 240 3; 1906 281 1; 1907 93 2; 1907 94 2; 1907 104 2; 1907 108 2; 1907 125 2–3; 1907 126 2; 1907 127 2; 1907 133 2; 1907 134 2; 1907 135 2; 1907 136 2; 1907 186 2; 1907 187 3; 1907 189 2; 1907 190 2; 1907 218 3; 1908 2 1–2; 1908 6 4; 1908 8 4; 1908 9 4; 1909 16 3; 1909 28 2–3; 1909 38 2; 1909 40 2; 1909 41 3; 1908 96 4; 1908 97 3; 1908 136 2; 1908 154 2–3; 1908 155 2; 1908 159 2; 1908 160 2; 1908 176 3; 1908 284 3.

Ž – Žemė⁹⁴ 1909 2 15; 1909 4 30; 1909 12 92; 1907 94 2.

ŽLA – Žemaičių ir Lietuvos apžvalga⁹⁵ 1891 8 61; 1894 11 82.

Žmd – Žemdirbys⁹⁶ 1909 2 12; 1909 3 12; 1909 12 10; 1909 18 9.

88 Mėnesinis lietuvių žurnalas, 1896–1904 m. ėjęs Tilžėje (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/tevynes-sargas/).

89 1896–1904 m. Tilžėje ėjęs mėnesinis lietuvių žurnalas, turėjęs neperiodinių priedų (nuo 1898 m. prie kiekvieno numerio) – grožinės literatūros kūrinių, ūkinių patarimų, mokslo populiarinimo knygelių (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/tevynes-sargas/).

90 Katalikų kunigų leistas mėnesinis žurnalas, 1908–1914 m. ėjęs Seinuose (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/vadovas-1/).

91 Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų lietuvių savaitraštis, 1886–1907 m. ėjęs Plimute, 1907–1920 m. – Niujorke (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/vienybe-lietuvninku/).

92 Politikos, visuomenės ir literatūros laikraštis, 1907–1915 m. ėjęs Vilniuje. Įsteigė Antanas Smetona ir Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/viltis-3/). Vil śtyje daugiausia skelbė gydytojai Eliziejus Draugelis ir Juozas Bagdonas.

93 Politikos, visuomenės ir literatūros laikraštis, 1904–1909 m. ėjęs Vilniuje. Pirmasis dienraštis lietuvių kalba. Įsteigė P. Vileišis (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/vilniaus-zinios/).

94 Savaitraščio Lietuvos ūkininkas, ėjusio 1905–1915 m. Vilniuje, 1919–1940 m. Kaune, priedas, leistas 1907–1915, 1918–1928 m. (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/lietuvos-ukininkas/).

95 Lietuvių tautinio judėjimo apžvalgininkų grupės krikščionių krypties žurnalas, ėjęs 1889–1896 m. Tilžėje. Lietuvoje (daugiausia Žemaitijoje) platintas knygnešių (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/zem aiciu-ir-lietuvos-apzvalga/).

96 Vilniuje nuo 1909 m. pradžios ligi Pirmojo pasaulinio karo du kartus per mėnesį ėjęs ūkio, prekybos ir pramonės reikalams pašvęstas laikraštis (LE 1966: 220).

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KALENDORIAI

AVK_V 1918 – Aušros Vartų kalendorius 1919, Vilniuje, 50–52.

BK 1911 – Biržų kalendorius 1911, Tilžėje, 44.

DMK 1908 – Didysis Marijos kalendorius katalikams lietuviems bey žemaičiams metui 1908, New York, 73.

DMK 1911 – Didysis Marijos kalendorius Lietuvos ir Žemaičių katalikams 1911 metams, New – York, 79.

DMK 1912 – Didysis Marijos kalendorius Lietuvos ir Žemaičių katalikams 1912 metams, New – York, 77, 79.

DMK 1914 – Didysis Marijos kalendorius Lietuvos ir Žemaičių katalikams 1914 metams, New – York, 78, 80.

IM 1861 – Kalendorius arba metskajtłus ukiszkasis nuog užgimima Wiesźpaties 1862, Wilniuje.

IM 1862 – Kalendorius arba metskajtłus ukiszkasis nuog užgimima Wiesźpaties 1863, Wilniuje.

JMŠK 1912 – Viešpaties Jezaus ir Panos Marijos širdžių kalendorius 1912 metams, New – York, 77.

K_Boczk 1902 – Kalendorius ant 1902. Par asze..., D. T. Boczkauskas, Mahanoy City, Pa, 65.

KUK_W 1906 – Keleiwis... Ūkininku Kalendorius..., Warszawoje, 64–68.

LAK 1885 – Lietuwiszkas Auszros kalendorius ant metu 1885, Bitėnai, 56.

LiaudKK 1919 – Liaudies kalendorius Kaimynas 1919, Vilniuje, 51–52.

LietK 1918 – Lietuvos kalendorius 1918 metams, Vilniuje, 75.

LietK 1919 – Lietuvos kalendorius 1919 metų, Vilniuje, 75.

LK 1890 – Lietuwiszkas Kalendorius ant metų... 1891, Vilniuje, 26.

LKA 1902 – Lietuwiškos kalendros su abrozais metu 1902, Tilžėje, 34, 35, 37.

LKA 1903 – Lietuwiškos kalendros su abrozais metu 1903, Tilžėje, 108–110, 116.

LKA 1907 – Lietuwiškos Kalendros Su Abrozais metui 1907, Tilžėje, 79, 136.

LKp 1896 – Lietuwiškos kalendros priedelio metui 1896..., Tilžėje, 107.

LK_T 1897 – Lietuwiškos kalendros metui 1897..., Tilžėje, 114.

LK_T 1900 – Lietuwiškos kalendros metui 1900..., Tilžėje, 120.

LK_T 1911 – Lietuwiškos kalendros metui 1911..., Tilžėje, 156.

LK_T 1912 – Lietuwiškos kalendros metui 1912..., Tilžėje, 155.

LUK 1900 – Lietuvos ukininkų kalendorius ant metų 1901, Vilniuje, 38.

NK 1902 – Naujas kalendorius 1903 metams, Tilžėje, 132, 141, 150, 151.

NK 1903 – Naujas kalendorius 1904 metams, Tilžėje, 93.

NK 1904 – Naujas kalendorius 1905 metams, Tilžėje, 18–19.

PrūfKal 1879 – Prūfiškos Kaléndros ant Méto 1879, <...>, Tilžėje.

SK 1901 – Severos kalendorius lietuviams metui 1901, W. F. Severa, cedar Rapids Iowa.

SK 1905 – Severos kalendorius dėlėi Lietuviu, W. F. Severa Co. Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

TKK 1903 – Tilzes keleiwjo kalendros metui 1903..., Tilžėje, 35–36, 38–39.

TUK 1904 – Tikrasis ukininkų kalendorius metams 1904..., Vilniuje, 63.

UkK 1918 – Ūkininkų kalendorius 1918 metams, Vilnius, 29.

ŪK_NY 1911 – Ūkiškasis kalendorius 1911 metams, Brooklyn, N. Y., 58, 66.

UK_P 1903 – Ūkiškasis kalendorius ant metų 1903, Peterburge, 58, 61.

UK_T 1907 – Ūkiškasis kalendorius metams 1907, Tilžėje, 50–51.

ŪK_T 1910 – Ūkiškasis kalendorius 1910 metams, Tilžėje, 45–46.

ŪK_V 1899 – Ūkiškasis kalendorius ant metų 1900, Vilniuje, 34, 38, 40.

ŽmK 1918 – Žemaičių kalendorius Tilžės keleivio 1919 metams, Tilžėje, 45, 48.

ŽvK 1905 – Katalikiszko laikraszczio Žvaigždės kalendorius 1905 metas, Shenandoah, Pa, 22.

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Palmira Zemlevičiūtė

XIX a. pab. – XX pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pavadinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir daiktavardžio kilmininku reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis

TWO-WORD COMPOUND NAMES CONSISTING OF LIGA (‘DISEASE’) AS THE MAIN COMPONENT AND SUBORDINATE COMPONENTS EXPRESSED BY NOUNS IN THE GENITIVE OF THE LATE NINETEENTH AND THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY

Summary

The article deals with two-word compound names consisting of liga (‘disease, illness, malady’) as the main component and subordinate components expressed by nouns in the genitive from texts on promoting medicine and health (books, booklets, newspaper and calendar articles) of the late nineteenth and the early twentieth century. Efforts are made to determine the underlying subject with which subordinate components naming the qualities of clinical concepts are associated, identify the structural models and types of expression of those names, determine the semantic differences of names containing the different forms of expression of names with liga as the main component, raise the issue of the (ir)relevance of liga as the main component.

Subordinate components have been found to usually denote the qualities of clinical concepts on the basis of their association with an organ, a disease, or a symptom.

Two-word compound names containing liga as the main component and a noun in the genitive are defined by two structural models: N_Gen ← N₀ and N → N_Gen. The prevalent structural model of the names is N_Gen ← N, and the types of its expression D_Kilm ← D_Liga, D_Kilm ← D_Ligos.

Names that have the word liga in its singular form as a component have been found to designate individual clinical concepts; also, the names are used in reference to non-specific diseases, in a bid to draw the reader’s attention, to avoid repetitions of one and the same name where the context allows using simple and compound names interchangeably, and so on. Names that have the word liga in its plural form designate collective concepts (as a rule, groups of diseases).

Over the period covered by the study, many human diseases had not yet been identified and did not have specific names, and that is why the authors of the texts (mostly physicians) often made do with compound descriptive names containing the component liga. The spread of such names could have been facilitated by the living language.

Analysis of names containing liga in the genitive singular as the main component has shown that, quite often, the semantic charge is borne by the subordinate component, which quite accurately describes the clinical concept in its own right and is used in texts as a simple term, making the main component liga superfluous. Such pairs of a compounds and simple names designating the same concept can be construed as mixed, same-root, contextual synonyms or as short and long versions of the same name.

Gauta 2022-09-02

Palmira Zemlevičiūtė

Lietuvių kalbos institutas

P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius

E. paštas [email protected]

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