XIX a. pab. – XX pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pavadinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu „liga“ ir daiktavardžio kilmininku reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis

Palmira Zemlevičiūtė140 Late 19th – early 20th century biword compound names pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir daiktavardžio kilmininku reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis with doi.org/10.35321/term29-08 19th century – 20th century two-word compound names with the main accent disease and the noun pronoun priklausomaisiais dėmenimis PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ Institute of Lithuanian Language ORCID id: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8679-3253 ANNOTATION The article examines the two-word compound names with the main subject disease and the dependent subjects expressed by the noun’s adjective used in popular medical and health texts (books, brochures, newspaper and calendar articles) from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. It is explained, according to the relationship with which subject-dependent domains are named the features of clinical concepts, the structural models of those names and their types of expression are distinguished, the significant differences of names with different forms of expression of the disease of the main domain are determined, the question of the (non-)necessity of the disease of the main domain is raised. Dependent elements are named for clinical concepts, most often according to the relationship with the organ, disease and disease sign. The dominant name structure model is NGen ← N, its expression types are DKilm ← DLiga, DKilm ← DLigos. In addition, the name is used when: a specific disease is not intended, the aim is to draw the reader's attention, the aim is to avoid the repetition of the same name, the context allows the solid name to be replaced by a compound name, etc. The name of the disease with the plural form mark refers to collective terms (usually groups of diseases). Many human diseases did not have precise names at that time, so the authors of the texts often used compound names of a corrective nature with the accent disease. This may have been influenced by the language of the time. Often the meaning load of names with the singular genitive of the main focus disease falls on the dependent focus, which alone precisely identifies the clinical concept and is used in texts as a single term, and the main focus disease is redundant. Such pairs of composite and solid names referring to the same concept can be treated as mixed, consonant, contextual synonyms or short and long variants of names. 141Terminologija | 2022 | 29 ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: medicina, dvižodis sudėtinis pavadinimas, terminas, pagrindinis accent, dependent accent, noun originator, synonym. ABSTRACT The article deals with two-word compound names consisting of liga (‘disease, illness, malady’) as the main component and subordinate components expressed by nouns in the genitive from texts on promoting medicine and health (books, booklets, newspaper and calendar articles) of the late nineteenth and the early twentieth century. Efforts are made to determine the underlying subject with determine the which subordinate components naming the qualities of clinical concepts are associated, identify the structural models and types of expression of those names, semantic differences of names containing the different forms of expression of names with liga as the main component, and raise the issue of the (ir)relevance of liga as the main component. The subordinate components, which designate the attributes of clinical concepts, are usually based on an association with an organ, a disease, and an attribute of a disease. The most common structural model of names is NGen ← N, and the most prevalent types of its expression are DKilm ← DLiga, DKilm ← DLigos. The names that have the word liga in its singular form as a component also designate individual clinical concepts; besides, the names are used in reference to non-specific diseases, in a bid to draw the reader’s attention, to avoid repetitions of one and the same name where the context allows using simple and compound names interchangeably, and so on. The names that contain the word liga in its plural form designate collective concepts (as a rule, groups of diseases). Many human diseases did not have specific names at the time, and that is why the authors of the texts often made do with compound descriptive names containing the component liga. The spread of such names could have been facilitated by the living language. Quite often, the semantic charge of the names containing liga in its singular genitive form as the main component is borne by the subordinate component, which quite accurately describes the clinical concept in its own right and is used in texts as a simple term, making the main component liga superfluous. Such pairs of a compounds and simple names designating the same concept can be construed as mixed, same-root, contextual synonyms, or as short and long versions of the same name. KEYWORDS: medicine, two-word composite name, term, head element, dependent element, a noun in the genitive case, synonym. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS The article deals with biwords1 compound names with the main subject disease and the noun's prefix as the dependents 1 Also called bicomponents (Gaivenis 2014 [1975]: 65; Прохорова 1996: 58), binary (Drukteinis 2014 [1975]: 59; Prohorova 1996: 58), 2011: 239). Palmira Zemlevičiūtė142 Late 19th – early 20th century two-word compound pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir daiktavardžio kilmininku reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis names with accents2. The names are collected from the late 19th century – early 20th century popularized larger (books, booklets) and smaller straipsnių) apimties spaudinių, kuriuose rašyta įvairiais medicinos ir sveikatos klausimais. Bene pagrindinė tų publikacijų tema buvo žmonių ligos, (newspapers and calendars) their symptoms and treatment, so it is understandable that they are full of various diseases names. However, at that time many diseases did not yet have precise names, so the authors of spoken press (mostly doctors, although representatives of other professions also wrote on the aforementioned issues) used abundantly word combinations, the main focus of which was the unified term disease, as if giving such names the status of terms. Nevertheless, it has been observed that in such cases often the entire main semantic load falls not on the main, but on the dependent focus, which denotes the concept, e.g.: hysteria disease, smallpox disease, scarlet fever disease, cf. the current terms hysteria (Latin: hysteria ME I 366), smallpox (Latin: variola vera ME II 213), scarlet fever (Latin: scarlatina ME II 271), so, as we will see in the next section, it alone can be the term – the name of the disease. The research material consists of 206 names, except for variants3, such as: smagenų liga /4 smegenų liga, krutinės ligos / Krutines Ligos / krutinies ligos / Krutinês Ligas, cholera liga / cholera liga, motės liga / motės liga, odos liga / odos liga, sausgilos liga / sausgėlos liga, skarlatina liga / skarlatina liga, širdies liga / širdies liga, nervų liga / nervų liga. The aim of this paper is to describe semantically and structurally two-word compound names with the main subject term disease and dependent subjects represented by the noun. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are posed: 1) to clarify, according to the interface with which subject-dependent domains are named the signs of clinical concepts, 2) to distinguish the structural models of those names and their expression types, 3) to determine the significant differences of names with different forms of expression of the disease of the main domain, 4) to clarify the (non)necessity of the disease of the main domain. Analytical descriptive, as well as semantic, structural analysis, interpretation and computational methods are mainly applied. 2 For two-word compound names from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century with the main element disease and the dependent elements expressed by an adjective and a participle, see : Zemlevičiūtė 2020: 233–257; 2021: 239–255. 3 They include differences in the spelling of the same name, as well as inverse names, i.e. names with the reverse order of letters. 4 The slash in the article distinguishes the variants. 143Terminology | 2022 | 29 DVIŽODŽIŲ SUDĖTINIŲ PAVADINIMŲ SU PAGRINDINIU DĖMENIU LIGA, KURIŲ PRIKLAUSOMIEJI DĖMENYS REIŠKIAMI DAIKTAVARDŽIO KILMININKU, SEMANTINĖS GRUPĖS In terms of syntactic semantics, a two-word composite name is regarded as an attributive compound. When the dependent element of such a compound is a noun, the semantic relationship between the elements of the compound changes the nature of the noun (dependent element). In this case, the true value of the object is suppressed by the attributive value.” The main focus of such compounds is described by means of an external object, its properties, in other words, the object is described indirectly (Bunevičiūtė 1998: 33). The investigated names can be assigned to one of the subtypes of attributive compounds5 – descriptive compounds. The main focus of those titles is the subject described by the klausomuoju dėmeniu (juo ypač dažnai eina daiktavardžių kilmininkas) netiesiogiai pagal įvairius santykius (žr.: Bunevičiūtė 1998: 34; Labutis 2002: 90–91). The abstract noun "disease" is the main element of the verbal names, and the dependent elements are represented by the singular or plural origin of the nouns. This characterizes the main focus in various ways6. In view of the fact that according to the interface with which subject-dependent elements are named the features of clinical concepts, the following semantic groups of names are allocated7: • names according to the relationship of the dependent element with the organ8: digestive system: oral diseases DMKNY, NG, Šlt, U / oral diseases LKT / oral diseases burnôs K, dental diseases LK, NG, Šlt, VŽ, palatal disease Svk / palatal diseases Svk, ŽL, yaknų disease VL / jaknų diseases NG, U / diseases jaknų V, liver disease Svk, ŽL / liver disease IM / liver disease NotGyd / liver diseases K, LKT / liver diseases KU, SK, Svk, TS, V, Vlt, VŽ / liver diseases LKAT / liver diseases SK, ZGL, tongue disease MTV / palatal diseases V, diseases vēderėlio9 SK, 5 Dalija Tekorienė calls the main element of such word combinations the term argumentas, and the dependent one – thematic groups (Gaivenis 2014 [1975]: 70). predikatas (Tekorienė 1982: 137–138). 6 Pasak Kazimiero Gaivenio, net ir tą patį pagrindinį dėmenį turintys sudėtiniai terminai gali sudaryti kelias 7 They are presented according to abundance. 8 The noun’s adjective indicates which organ is affected by the disease (see Gaivenis 2014 [1964]: 26). 9 Belly "stomach". Palmira Zemlevičiūtė144 End of the 19th century – beginning of the 20th pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir daiktavardžio kilmininku reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis century two-word compound names with ligôs stemplês LKAT, łupu diseases pilvo liga SK, Svk / pilvo ligos A, NG, U / pilvo ligas A, DMKNY, SK, Svk, TS, Vad / ligos piłwa ZGL / pilvos ligos Vad, pilvuko ligos GRM, ryklės ligos KUkKW / lupų ligos TSp, abdomen10 diseases UK, Svk / diseases of the pharynx LytL, LL, VŽ, ventricular disease Gdt, NK, SK, Svk / Skilwjo Liga NotGyd / ventricular diseases NK, Svk, SŽK, U, UKT, VŽ / diseases of the ventricular U, stomach diseases NG, Šlt, Tulė Liga NotGyd / gall diseases Vlt, intestinal diseases Ch, U, ŪKT, VŽ / intestinal diseases MG, RP, Svk, SŽK, Šlt, U, V, Vad, Vlt, VŽ, bowel diseases NG / diseases of the bowels Gdt, LytL, NG / diseases of the uterus V, maternity11 diseases Svk, navel disease Svk / gumbo12 diseases Svk, ŽL / diseases of the navel VL, diseases of the sacrum13 SK, diseases of the ovary VL, motė14 diseases SŽL / motēs diseases SŽL, sensory systems: eye diseases Art, ATL, Dž, NG, LytL, LKV, MTV, NG, NK, Ps, Svk, SŽK, Šlt, U, UA, VŽ, Ž / eye diseases Art, ATL, Dž, Gdt, KukKW, LytL, LKV, LT, NG, NK, Svk, Šlt, TS, U, UA, VL, VŽ, ŽL, puppets15 diseases ATL, LT, ear disease Svk / ear diseases Dz, KUkKW, LytL, LKV, NG, Svk, SŽK, VŽ / ear diseases TS, VŽ, nose disease Svk / nose diseases Gdt, KUkKW, LKV, NG, SK, Svk, Šlt, TS, UA, VŽ, ŽL / diseases of the nose KUkKW, LytL, LL, VŽ, general cover: fur16 disease SK, nail disease Svk, SŽK, U, skin disease DzA, SK, Svk, ŽL / disease of the skin SK / skin diseases Hyg, LKV, NG, Ps, SK, Svk, ŠLL, Šlt, UkKV, Vlt, VŽ, Ž / diseases of the skin SK / skin disease SŽK / Ůdôs Disease NotGyd / skin diseases SŽK, VL / Ůdos Diseases NotGyd / skin diseases LB, Plaukû Disease NotGyd / hair disease SK / hair diseases Svk, VŽ, Ž, nervous systems: dirks17 disease Art, SK / diseases of the dirks A, nerve disease DMKNY, NG, Svk, SŽK, Vlt / nerve diseases Gdt, LytL, NG, Svk, SŽK, TS, VL, Vlt, VŽ, ŽL / diseases of the nerve VL, tendon disease Svk, ŽL / brain disease 10 Belly "stomach". 11 The native “womb”. 12 Knob "womb". 13 The male genital organ (scrotum). 14th ed. pp. 6. 15. anat. „akies pupils (pupilla)“ LKŽe. 16 Fur "skin", see: "[Baldness] can be from birth, but then it is only from the part, or it also comes from some disease of the fur" SK 1905 42. 17 Stimulus "nerve". 145Terminology | 2022 | 29 Svk / smagenų ligos Art, ATL, Gdt, LytL, LT, Svk, TSp, VŽ, ŽL / ligos smagenų TS / smegenų ligos SŽK, respiratory system: throat disease Svk / throat diseases Dz, LKV, NG, SŽK, Šlt, Vad, VŽ / gierkles diseases ZGL / diseases of the throat K / diseases of the throat LytL, LL, VŽ, lung disease Art, DMKNY, Dž, JMŠKNY, Svk, SŽK, Šlt, U, VŽ / diseases of the lungs DMKNY, KUkKW / DžPK, Gdt, KU, NG, SK, Svk, SŽK, Šlt, VŽ, ŽL / ligôs plauciû LKAT / diseases of the lungs Art, DMKNY, Dž, diseases płaucziu ZGL / diseases of the lungs U, V, side18 diseases Svk, cardiovascular systems: arterial diseases TS, vascular diseases Svk, ŽL, Pryßirdiês Diseases Brangw, heart disease AVKV, SK, Svk, Šlt, ŽL / diseases of the heart SK / heart diseases Art, DMKNY, Gdt, MG, NG, SK, Svk, SŽK, Šlt, UKT, Vlt, VŽ, ŽL / diseases of the szirdies ZGL, ligament systems: bone diseases Dz, SŽK, VŽ, cross diseases NG, spinal diseases LKAT, spinal diseases VL, urinary systems: ingstu disease PNA / Ingſtû disease TKK / kidney disease Hyg, SK, Svk / diseases of the kidneys SK / kidney diseases DMKNY, SK, TS, Vlt, VŽ / diseases of the limbs SK / ingſtû diseases K, LKAT, bladder diseases G / joint diseases Dz / joint diseases VŽ / Bluʒnes Diseases LPr, blood diseases SK, SŽK, lymphoid systems: limbs19 disease ŽD; • names according to the interface of the dependent spot with the disease: diphtheria disease CLL, U, drought disease JLA, LUK, Svk, SLL, U, Vlt, ŽD, eczema disease Svk, drunkenness disease ŽLA, influenza disease TS, hypochondria disease Svk, hysteria disease Svk, jadra disease SŽL, kałtuna disease ZGL / disease kałtuna ZGL, kaltuna diseases ZGL / diseases kałtunu ZGL, carbuncle disease ŠLL, Cholera disease KK, croup disease ŪKNY, smallpox disease ZGL, diseases szkrofułu ZGL, plague disease Svk, ŠLL, neurasthenia disease Svk, neurasthenia disease Svk, scabies disease Svk, numar disease G, numar disease Svk, deceased disease Svk, ramatos disease VŽ, smallpox disease CLL, NG, Tsp, leprosy disease Svk, Ž / Leprosy disease KK, rose disease Art, BK, Kropjû20 disease KK, Svk, sausgilos21 diseases Šlt, dryness diseases VŽ, syphilis disease Art, Svk, scarlet fever18 1 side 2. ‘gomurio migdolas’ in the LCJ. 19 Pažandė 4. anat. "glandula submaxilaris" in LKŽe. 20 "Crops" caterpillars. 21 Sausgila "bone, joint pain, rheumatism". Palmira Zemlevičiūtė146 Late 19th – early 20th century two-word compound pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir daiktavardžio kilmininku reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis names with tin disease Svk, scrofula disease ŽD, scarlet disease TS, scurvy disease Šlt, cold disease AVKV, trachoma disease Svk, cancer disease PM, Svk, Vlt, ŽL; • names according to the connection of the dependent spot with the disease sign: stone disease TS / disease of stone IM, stone disease TKK, intoxication disease TSp, bleaching disease LPr, flash disease22 LPr, sugar disease Svk, cloth disease23 disease24 ŽmK, gromuliavimo disease Vlt, rash disease NG, Ißblyßkimo disease LKAT, karsćzia disease IM, heat disease Svk, cough disease SK, disease ligos kosulu ZGL, ligos putmenu26 ZGL, ligos skaudulu ZGL, ligos szaszu ZGL, ligos użdegima ZGL, ligos iwatawimu27 ZGL, miego liga Svk, nesztumo ligos U, błuda25 ZGL, disease of fever NK, obesity disease Svk, rash disease LytL, Svk, Šlt, U, stunting disease Svk, dandruff disease Svk, pučkų disease DMKNY, purpura disease28 Svk, rotting disease Ps, poverty29 disease MTV, pulling disease Svk, wandens disease K, LKT / Wandens League Brangw; • names according to the dependency of the link with the living being(s): Band= Worm disease LPr, worm disease Svk, worm disease SK, young disease Svk, worm disease U / worm disease MTV, Worm disease LKAT, infant disease Art, infant diseases TS / Kudikiû Disease LPr / infant diseases RAK, folk disease30 DzPK, diseases of the prabočių31 V, lisinikų disease U, student diseases Svk, women's disease LKV, MG, PM, Svk, ŽLL, women's diseases V / women's diseases LKAT / women's diseases PM, SK / diseases of women V / diseases of women ZGL, diseases of nestlings U, infant diseases32 VŽ, parental diseases Svk, Trikynû League LPr, children's disease SK, Svk, U, VŽ / disease 22 Otherwise called white(a) disease (lat. chlorosis). 23 "With woman very closely ties monthly drapans (menstruation)" ŽmK 1918 45. 24 "Drap diseases most often occur through abdominal restrictions; "The 1918-1919 Cold War: The War in the Cold War, 1914-1918". 25 ×blūdas (brus. блyд) 2. „wandering, wandering” in LKŽ. 26 Foot "degeneration of subcutaneous tissues in heart, kidney and other diseases; anyway what swelling, suputimas“ LKŽe. 27 Sweating "diarrhea". 28 "Inflammation of the lymph nodes is also present in other diseases, such as: <...>, purpura haemorrhagica, <...>" Svk 1921 3 1; the current Latin equivalent of the term purpura haemorrhagica is hemorrhagic purpura 1980. pp. 466. 29 "When a man is always sick or leprosy, or flu, or fever, and risen, not well recovered from that disease, being weak, attacks quickly to hard work, then he is caught by the disease of poverty: użpuola glindos in the ear and utēlēs bite and wanting marszkinius exchanges, still nothing will save, until neiszsigydis izz that disease" MTV 1898 25, see poverty "inhealth, decay, dilution" LKŽe. 30 This is how the Germans called the JKP 1909 34. 31 "Ancient" ancestors in LKŽe. 32 "It must not be forgotten that a great loss of hair occurs when a rash and other public diseases are passed on, such as scarlet fever, fever, diphtheria, cold sores, syphilis, childhood diseases, etc." 1908. pp. 84. 147Terminologija | 2022 | 29 vaikų SK, U, vaikų ligos Dž, Gdt, KU, LKV, MG, SK, UK, V, Žmd / ligos children's SC, V, human diseases Szv, TSp, ŽvK / human diseases IM / human diseases LK, Svk, SŽL, VŽ; • pavadinimai pagal priklausomojo dėmens sąsają su kūno dalimi, kuri yra apimta ligos: galvos ligos NG, U, Ž / ligos galwos KUkKW, kaklo Liga NotGyd, neck diseases K, LKT / Neck Diseases LPr / Neck Diseases NotGyd, Crutinês Liga LPr / Crutines diseases U, Crutines diseases DMKNY, Dž, NG / Crutines Diseases LPr / Crutines diseases LPr / Crutinês Ligas LPr / Crutinês Diseases NotGyd / Crutines diseases ZGL, body disease Svk / skin disease Svk, skin diseases Svk / skin diseases VL, Back Disease NotGyd, Fingers Disease NotGyd, neck disease Svk / "neck disease"33 Svk / "neck" disease Svk, facial diseases Svk; • names according to the connection of the dependent element with the place where the disease manifests itself: spirit disease VL, spirit disease V, ZK / spirit disease VL / spirit disease VL, Juriû=Liga LPr / Jurû=Liga LPr, home disease34 DžA, mental disease Art, TUK, mental disease Art, AVKV, Svk, SŽK, TS, U, Ū, ŪKNY, Vad, VŽ, soul disease TS, Umo35 Disease NotGyd, internal disease LKV, Svk, local disease LiaudK; • names according to the relationship of the dependent dots with the name of the person who first described the disease: Barlovo36 disease37 KU, VŽ, Brighto38 disease SK / Bright’o SK disease, Pott’o39 disease40 VL / Pott’o VL disease, venereal41 disease42 ZLL, venereal disease43 Svk, ZLL; 33 Kazis Grinius' term in quotation marks. 34 So the drought was called. 35 3 × sharpness (brus. yм, l. um) 1. "mind" in LKŽe. 36 Sir Thomas Barlow (1845–1945) was a British Royal physician, known for his research on infant scurvy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Barlow,_1st_Baronet). He proved that scurvy in infants is the same disease as scurvy in adults. The disease was named after him (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Barlow%27s_disease). 37 Also called the term children's scarf KU 1906 22–23. 38 Richard Bright (1789–1858), British physician who first described the clinical manifestations of a kidney disorder known as Bright’s disease or nephritis (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Bright). 39 The disease is named after the British surgeon Percival Pott (1714–1788), who first described it in the late 18th century (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pott_disease). The localization of this disease is the vertebrae of the spine. It is now called spinal tuberculosis. I sincerely thank doc. dr. Eglei Marijai Jakimavičiene, who advised on the issue of Pott’s disease. 40 "And from the diseases, which are otherwise poor, often come and all kinds of bone inflammations, k. a. Pott’s disease, white swellings etc.” VL 1890 27 4. 41 After the Roman goddess of love and beauty, Venus. 42 "They may be sick of venereal disease without knowing it at all, without observing any symptoms of the disease" ŽLL 1921 4. 43 "The greatest source of venereal diseases are so-called prostitutes, i.e. girls who give themselves to men for pinigus ir tokiu būdu verčiasi“ ŽLL 1921 4. Palmira Zemlevičiūtė148 XIX a. pab. – XX pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pavadinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir daiktavardžio kilmininku reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis • names according to the relationship of the dependent element with the representatives of the nation in which the disease first appeared or spread: English disease44 KU, Svk, VZ, ŽL, Spanish disease45 Svk, Polish disease46 MG, French disease47 LytL; • names according to the relationship of the dependent point with the time during which the disease manifests itself, lasts: kronikos48 liga Vlt 1913 62 2, ligos kudikystes VL, vasaros liga49 KU, VŽ; • names according to the relationship of the dependent spot with the cause of the disease: disease arielkas ZGL, skalsagrudžių50 disease Svk; • names according to the relationship of the dependent point with the circumstances in which the disease manifests itself: war disease Svk. DVIŽODŽIŲ SUDĖTINIŲ PAVADINIMŲ SU PAGRINDINIU DĖMENIU LIGA, KURIŲ PRIKLAUSOMIEJI DĖMENYS REIŠKIAMI DAIKTAVARDŽIO KILMININKU, Many of the names under study are characterized by the order of the main element (the designator) and the dependent element (the designator), which is usual in the current terminology, in other words, names with a postpositional main element predominate; structured as follows: NGen ← N (see Table 1), e.g. chronic disease CLL, skin disease Svk. More than three times fewer nouns with a prepositional focus; their structural model is N → NGen (see Table 1), e.g. disease scorbuta SK, disease kałtunu SK. 44 This is how doctors K. Grinius and Antanas Vileišis called rickets. Unfortunately, it is not clear from the context of their articles why they called the disease that way. 45 This is how Mr Grinius referred to the flu, because, as he himself explained, the disease had “come from Spain in 1919” (Grinius 1920: 3). 46 Šitaip trachomą yra vadinę vokiečiai (vok. die Polenkrankheit). Profesoriaus J. Hoppe’ės pastebėjimu, „tarp mozūrų delto esą taip daug trachomos, kad jie bėdiniau ir purviniau gyveną, negu lietuviai ir vokiečiai, "Avižonis 1913: 7–8". 47 According to the doctor Pranas Matulaitis, this is how the inhabitants of Naples called syphilis. The French, in turn, "attributed the disease to Italian lasciviousness and called it Neapolitanus. The Spaniards say Columbus brought the disease from America. Others still accused Jews, but the Inquisition drove out from Spain the disease spreading in Europe" (Matulaitis 1915: 11). 48 „Džiovos liga dažniausiai tęsiasi ilgai (kronikos liga)“ Vlt 1913 62 2, plg. chroniškas, -a 1. „trunkantis ilgesnį laiką, lėtinis (apie ligą)“: Chroniška liga rš LKŽe. 49 "<...> tape called cholera (cholera infantum)" KU 1906 20. 50 Skalsagrūdis bot. „varpinių augalų parazitinių grybelių gentis (Claviceps)“ LKŽe. 155Terminologija | 2022 | 29 most often with the accent bearing the meaning load in the word combination. This is particularly true in cases where the subjects of the compound terms are the origins of the nouns. The first (significant) aspect of such terms is semantically more important, more substantive than the second (significant) aspect, called the main (Gaivenis 2014 [1975]: 64–65). Reading the researched sources also shows that often the main semantic load falls on the designating accent, which alone precisely names the disease, so in such cases the accent of two-word names disease seems unnecessary, as well as the whole name, and often in the same text both solid and composite names are used, denoting the same clinical concept (see table 2). Table 2. Single and compound names that refer to the same clinical terms COMPOUND NAME UNIVERSAL NAME diphtheria disease KLL, U diphtheria Art, Dif, JPK, Gdt, KLL, LytL, LŪ, NG, PNA, Svk, Šlt, TS, U, ŪKNY, V, Vad, VŽ, Ž, ŽL drought disease DžLA, LUK, Svk, džiova Art, ATL, Dez, Dž, DžLA, JPK, Gdt, ŠLL, U, Vlt, ŽD KLL, KU, LytL, LT, MG, NG, PNA, RČ, Svk, SŽL, ŠLL, Šlt, TS, U, UK, UL, V, Vad, Vlt, VŽ, ŽD, ŽL, ŽLA, Žmd eczema disease Svk eczema Svk, ŽL drunkenness disease ZLA drinking disease ZLA drinking disease60 Art, JPK, Gdt, Svk, LytL, Svk, TS, Vlt, VŽ, Ž, ZD LytL, ŠLL, Šlt, U, V cough disease SK cough SK croup disease ÚKNY croup ÚKNY plague disease Svk, ŠLL plague Art, hysteric disease Svk hysteric disease Svk hypochondria SŽL jadra SŽL carbuncle disease SLL carbuncle Gdt, Dez, G, KLL, KMŠK, LytL, MTV, Šlt, UL, Vlt, VŽ scabies disease Svk scabies Gdt, KD, NG, Svk, Szv, Šlt, TS, V, Ž, ŽL 60 "Because it came from Spain, it is also called Spanish, or "poniska" (because some do not pronounce it, and jokes claim to be the first king of Spain to get sick with this disease)" TS 1918 36 14. 61 The following variants are also used: hypochandrija VŽ 1905 192 4 / „hypochondrija“ VŽ 1906 143 4, KU 1906 64 / „hypohondrija“ Art 1910 33 126. As you can see, even three terms are written in quotation marks, probably doubting the spelling of this foreign term. Palmira Zemlevičiūtė156 End of the 19th century – beginning of the 20th century two-word compound names pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir daiktavardžio kilmininku reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis with the name G nuomaras NG nuomarius disease Svk nuomarius Svk nuomirulis SŽK, V smallpox disease KLL, NG, Tsp smallpox AKol, Art, ATL, Dez, Dif, DžPK, Gdt, KD, UA, UK, UL, V, Vad, Vlt, VZ smallpox disease Svk, Ž smallpox Art, Gdt, NG, Svk, Šlt, VZ, Ž rose disease Art, BK rose A2, Art, BK, Dez, Gdt, KLL, LytL, LŪ, NG, PNA, RČ, Svk, ŠLL, Šlt, TS, V, Vlt, VZ, Ž, ŽL syphilis disease Art, Svk syphilis62 ATL, DžPK, Gdt, LT, RČ, Svk, Šlt, TS, Ū, V, KLL, KMŠK, LytL, LT, NG, RČ, ŠLL, Šlt, TS, U, Vad, VZ, ŽL, ŽLL scarlet disease Svk scarlatina Gdt, KLL, KŽP, LytL, Svk, U, V, ŽL scarlet disease TS scarlatina TS scorbut disease Šlt scorbuty Šlt, V scarlet disease AVKVšiltinė AVKV trachoma disease Svk trachoma Art, ATL, Gdt, KLL, KT, LT, MG, Ps, Svk, SŽK, Šlt, TS, VZ, ŽL cancer NG, Svk, Vlt, ŽL As can be seen from the left column of table 2, their main focus can be considered a redundant or empty word from an informational point of view (see Tekorienė 1982: 139), because the marker spot alone precisely identifies the clinical term and is used more often (this is indicated by the abbreviations of the sources provided next to the names) as a single term. However, the authors of medical and health texts of the investigated period were not satisfied with uniform titles, but also used longer variants of them, which, as can be seen from the accumulated material, were quite numerous. How should such pairs of names be treated? In particular, the question of synonymy63 is relevant here. It is possible to raise it by substitution – “a very important criterion for determining synonyms” (Valiulytė 1998: 14). As an example, let’s take one pair of names – nomar – nomar disease. Both nomarchy and nomarchy disease refer to the same disease – epilepsy – as “a chronic disease characterized by various 62 Max Fasmer associates the word syphilis with the name of a character in Ovid’s Metamorphoses who suffered from it. It was introduced by Girolamo Fracastoro of Verona (1530) (https://www.slovorod.ru/etym-vasmer/_pdf/ vasmer-etymologic-dict3.pdf). 63 The reason for the synonymy of terms (as well as for the variantity) Angelė Kaulakienė considers the fact įvairavimą. Šis reiškinys būdingas ne tik XIX a. pab. – XX a. pr. lietuvių medicinos, bet ir kitų sričių, pavyzdžiui, fizikos, terminijai. Neretai šio laikotarpio populiarinamuosiuose fizikos tekstuose (straipsniuose, that the concept of “thesis” is named twice not only in different texts, but also in the same text (see further Kaulakienė 2009: 23–26, 40–42, 82–85). 157Terminology | 2022 | 29 seizures, certain personality changes, sometimes progressing to dementia” (ME I 235). The members of pairs of names such as nomar and nomar disease can be interchanged in the text, since both the solid and the composite name have exactly the same meaning. Thus, according to terminologist Asta Taigi, the spoken names can be called mixed synonyms Mitkevičienės, sinonimus galima klasifikuoti į kelis tipus pagal tam tikrus kriterijus (kalbos lygmenį, šaknį, struktūrą) (Mitkevičienė 2015: 48–49). according to the language genus, co-root synonyms according to the root (cf. -mar-), and short and long verbs64 (in the broad sense) according to the structure (cf. Keinys 1980: 101). The latter case seems to be a bit more complicated, because it would be difficult to say whether the composite name nuomaro liga is abbreviated or vice versa – the solid name nuomaras is elongated. K. Gaivenis has written that "the length of a term is inversely proportional to the frequency of its use: the more often a term is used, the shorter it is <...>. When using terms in scientific language, it is sometimes possible to omit their optional elements, to rearrange long compound names in a certain way” (Gaivenis 2014 [1982]: 121). However, the term can also be extended by adding an explanatory word or by transforming and expanding the term when it becomes insufficiently clear. And this happens when a term is used in another style of text. Then the terms can be used with certain explanatory words (see Gaivenis 2014 [1982]: 122). Because of the main spot, the term disease appears clearer in terms of its form, but this spot is also redundant (cf. Mitkevičienė 2015: 50). It is difficult to disagree with A. Mitkevičiene, who states that “[T]here are no criteria by which it is possible to determine when a certain combination of words is a term and when a combination of a term and an explanatory word” (Mitkevičienė 2015: 50). Let's return to the aforementioned pair of nomar and nomar disease. It is more likely that the solid name is the original name, and it is extended, but certainly not because it lacks clarity or precision. Most likely, the long version of the name is used for purely subjective reasons, in order to be convincing 64 Boris Golovnin and Raphael Kobrin called such synonymous terms the long form of the term and the short form of the term (Головин, Кобрин 1987: 54–56). It is abbreviated in two ways – by omitting the word of the compound or by replacing the compound with the word (Головин, Кобрин 1987: 57, cf. Valeria Danilenko believes that the term short form of the term has not been used, and suggests the use of the term short variant of the term (Russian: краткий вариант термина), defining it as an equivalent in meaning, but in some ways abbreviated linguistic construction designating the same concept (Даниленко 1977: 181–182). Atkreiptinas dėmesys į tai, kad dabartinėje lietuvių terminologijoje terminais ilgasis (trumpasis) termino variantas ir ilgoji (trumpoji) termino forma vadinami skirtingų tipų sinonimai (plačiau žr. Mitkevičienė 2015: 47–51, 55–57). Palmira Zemlevičiūtė158 Late 19th – early 20th century two-word compound names with pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir daiktavardžio kilmininku reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis (cf. Vaskelaitė 2021: 218), which is very important in texts on medicine and health. This statement would also be confirmed by the fact that, if we look at the examples in table 2, we would notice that in many cases in the same source, i.e. by the same author, both the solid and the composite name are used. What does this show? And that both names are recorded in the same context. Thus, such cases as nomar (monosyllabic term) and nomar disease (attributative compound of the noun pronoun (composite term)) can also be considered contextual synonyms, i.e. terms that are synonymous only in context (see Mitkevičienė 2015: 50). Ramunė Vaskelaitė also relates such cases to textual usage (see Vaskelaitė 2021: 218). The main focus of the discussed compound names, when compared with their uniform synonymous equivalents, appears to be superfluous from a formal point of view. However, in some cases such names with the accent disease (although there are also their uniform equivalents) seem to be measured, because this eliminates ambiguity (see Vaskelaitė 2021: 208, 218). Let's discuss several such names. For example, obesity disease65 Svk and obesity66 Svk, TS. The unified name obesity is not accurate, transparent, because it can be named and not a disease, but simply a process (obesity ← obese “get fat”); it may also be a sign of some other disease; in this case, the compound name obesity disease is more accurate. The same applies to such pairs of names as rabies LytL, Svk, Šlt, U and rabies Art, LytL, Svk, Šlt, U, ŽL, pulling disease Svk, TS and pulling NG, PNA, Svk, VŽ, ŽL. In these cases, the solid names pasiutimas and tempimas (pasiusti, tempiti have more than one meaning) are semantically broader than the composite names pasiutimo ligas, tempimo ligas. Generally speaking, it would not be clear without context that the uniform names obesity, overweight, overweight are diseases. As can be seen from the examples, this is typical only of abstracts. There are also compound names with the word disease as the main focus in both singular and plural forms, e.g. drugio liga Svk, Šlt and drugio ligos SK, neurasthenia liga Svk and neurasthenia liga Svk. For example, the name "drugy" is used in the title of the articles of K. Grinius and A. Vileišis "Apie drugio ligą", but in the text itself the doctors still use the uniform term drugys. Severa's calendar contains the name of the disease: "The abnormal manifestations of such diseases are: weakness, yawning, headache, surrender from the ventricles, <...>" SK 1901 34. As can be seen from the context, the word 65 „Iš to ir nutukimo liga“ Svk 1914 6 22. 66 „Tokiu būdu viena iš priežasčių nutukimo, tai apsilpnytas maisto suvartojimas, ilgesnis maisto pasilaikymas kūne“ Svk 1914 5 21. 159Terminologija | 2022 | 29 combination with the plural form of the main focus of disease is not a singular but a collective concept, see also „Friends are of all kinds, <...>. "The 1901-1902 season: No record for the 1901-1902 season". Another analogous example would be the names neurasthenia disease Svk and neurasthenia disease Svk 1911 2 7: „<...> in such journeys none acquires or increases neurasthenia diseases or nerve rest.“ In this case, the name neurasthenia liga įvardijama vienetinė klinikinė sąvoka ir jis tekste keičiamas vientisiniu terminu neurastenija. O neurastenijos ligos pavadina ligų, kurių pagrindinis požymis neurastenija, grupę. In the late 19th century and early 20th century popular medical and health texts, there are cases where clinical terms are named by compound names and solid names with repetitive sandu disease. K. Gaivenis has indicated one of the directions of change of Lithuanian compound terms expressed by attributive compounds as their transformation into enriched words67 (cf. Gaivenis 2014 [1966]: 506; Головин, Кобрин 1987: 57). Such a method of forming homogeneous terms Sergei Grinev called morphological-syntactic term creation (Гринев 1993: 153). The question arises, can it be said that some of the compound names of the investigated substance are characterized by this direction of change, in other words, transformation into stitches? It is difficult to say, because there are frequent cases when the punch is chronologically earlier than the composite name. For example, sprandoligē is recorded in the text of 1898, and sprando liga is used in Sveikata, which was published only in 1909. Akmenligē is used in the mentioned 1898 text, and Tėvynės sargo straipsnyje. Ir dar keletas pavyzdžių: krupligė NG 1908 ir krupio liga ŪKNY 1911, niežligė SŽL 1906 ir niežų liga Svk 1920, siutaligė V akmens liga – in 1918 1890 / pasiutligė ŠLL 1901, Art 1910 and rautimo liga Svk 1910, Šlt 1914, protligė U 1897, SŽK 1902, NG 1908, VŽ 1908, Svk 1910 and mental disease TUK 1903, Weellig[ė] PrúſKal 1879 and vėžio liga PM 1899, Svk 1913, Vlt 1914, ŽL 1921. It is true that there has been a case where both a puncture and a compound name are used in the same text, e.g., kirmelligē MTV 1898 and worm disease 67 B. Golovinas, R. Kobrinas dūrybą laiko labiausiai paplitusiu trumpųjų termino variantų kūrimo būdu (Головин, Кобрин 1987: 57). Palmira Zemlevičiūtė160 Late 19th – early 20th century two-word compound names with pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir daiktavardžio kilmininku reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis MTV 1898. There are also cases where the puncture is chronologically later than the composite name, e.g.: pox disease Tsp 1898, KLL 1920, NG and leprosy Svk 1913, water disease K 1898, LKT 1912 and water disease Svk 1909, DMKNY 1912, Gdt 1915, LytL 1915. However, these isolated cases do not give reason to say that the compound names with the accent disease evolve in the direction mentioned above, i.e. become enriched names. CONCLUSIONS In popular medical and health texts (books, brochures, newspaper and calendar articles) from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, 206 two-word composite names with the main subject disease and dependent subjects expressed by the noun’s adjective were found. After the study it was found that the dependent elements are named clinical concepts according to eleven things. The name refers to the connection of the dependent point with the organ. There are many names based on the relationship between the dependent marker and the disease and names based on the relationship between the dependent marker and the disease sign. Rare or only isolated names, whose dependent elements characterize the main element of the disease in various other semantic aspects. Two structural patterns are typical for two-word compound names with the main element disease and the dependent elements represented by the noun’s genitive – NGen ← N, N → NGen. Names with a postpositional principal take the top (their expression types are DKilm ← DLiga, DKilm ← DLigos). There are three times fewer nouns with a prepositional principal (their expression types are DLiga → DKilm, DLigos → DKilm). Based on the research material, it was found that the names with the multiple focus disease, which is expressed in the singular and plural forms, have significant differences. Names with the main emphasis disease are used when: you want to name a single concept, you do not mean a specific disease, you want to draw the reader's attention, you want to avoid repeating the same name, the context allows you to replace a single name with a compound name, etc. The name of the disease with the plural form mark refers to the collective concepts (usually groups of diseases). During the investigated period, many human diseases were not yet identified and did not have precise names, so the authors of popularization texts (mostly doctors), not knowing how to name the disease they are writing about precisely and, most importantly, understandably for the reader, used compound names. 161Terminology | 2022 | 29 After analyzing the names with the primary focus tikslinamojo pobūdžio pavadinimais su dėmeniu liga. Gali būti, kad tokiems pavadinimams paplisti turėjo įtakos ir gyvoji kalba. disease, represented by the singular pronoun, it was found that the semantic load often falls on the dependent focus, which alone precisely identifies the clinical concept and is used in texts as a single term, and the primary focus disease is the primary focus of the clinical concept. perteklinis. Tokias tą pačią sąvoką įvardijančias sudėtinio ir vientisinio paŠALTINIAI KNYGOS IR KNYGELĖS Ach – Apie cholerą ir kaip nuo jos apsisaugoti, atspausta iš „V. Ž.“, No 77, Vilnius, 1905. AKol – [Vaistininkas (Daktaras)]. Apie kolerą. – Kaip atsiginti nů Koleros ir kiti Naudingi skaitymai, Tilžė, 1893, 14–27. ATL – [D-ro P. Avižonies]. Aklumas ir trachoma Lietuvoje, referatas skaitytas 1912 m. Lietuvių mokslo dr-jos visuotin. susirinkime, atspauzdinta iš „Lietuvių tautos“, Vilnius, 1913. Brangw – Brangwyn‘s tikrà namû slogà, arbà Ar gér yrà, brangwyno gérti, ar nè? : trumpas ir graźús susikalbẽjimas, nekuriàm kiemè laikytas / kuri ant pamókslo ir pagraudénimo jauniems ir seniems, bagótiems ir wargdieniáms, koźnám ant naudôs wókiszkay surásze kùnigas Böttcher; o į lietùwiszką kàlbą iszwerte Fridrikis Kurszátis, lietùwininkû kùnig‘s Karaliáucziuje, Karaliáucziuje: [Susilaikymo nuo gėrimo draugija], 1844 ([Karaliaučius]: [D.G.H. Degeno spaustuvė]). Ch – Cholera ir kova su ja, vertė D-ras A. V., Vilnius, 1907. Dez – Dezinfekcija, parašė karo gydytojas E. Draugelis, Vilnius, 1914. Dif – Difteritas, D-ras A. V., Vilnius, 1907. Dž – Dr. S. A. Knopf. Džiova ir kova su ja: populiariškas konkursinis darbas, apdovanotas ant kongreso Berlyne (24–27 geg. 1899 m.), susirinkusio apsvarstyti kovos įrankius su džiova, sutaisė D-ras A. V., Tilžėje, 1903. DžA – Džiova; Alkoholis: referatai, surengti „Aušros“ draugijai / dr. F. Matulaitis, [JAV: s.n.] (Chicago, Ill.: spauda „Lietuvos“), 1911. DžLA – Džiova ir Kaip tos ligos apsisaugoti, pagal S. Sterlingą, sutaisyta L., Tilžėje, 1899. DžPK – Dr. K. Jokanto. Džiova, jos priežastįs ir kova su ja, Vilnius, 1909. G – Girtuoklybė – mųsų rykštė68, Vilnius, 1907. GRM – Negirdētas daiktas, ir Geros rodos musų moterelems, Tilžēje, 1893. Hyg – Hygiena arba Mokslas apie użlaikyma sweikatos, pagal Berners’ą, d-rą Noll ir kitus sutaise Szernas, Chicago, Ill.: kasztu ir spaustuwe „Lietuvos“, 1897. KD – Ką daryti, kad sveiki butume ir ilgai gyventume, vertė iš lenk. kalbos D-ras F. Antaniukas69, Tilžėje, 1895. KD – Kas daryti, kad sveiki butume ir ilgai gyventume, vertė iš lenkų kalbos D-ras A. Vileišis, Vilnius, 1905. KLL – [D-ras med. P. Avižonis]. Kova su limpamomis ligomis, Raseiniai, 1920. KMŠK – Kolera, maras, šiltinės ir kruvinoji, parašė karo gydytojas E. Draugelis, Vilnius, 1915. KT – [D-ras med. P. Avižonis]. Kova su trachoma, Raseiniai, 1920. KU – Kaip užsilaikyti pavasarį, vasarą, rudenį ir žiemą, pagal D-rą Med. L. Volbergą sutaisė d-ras A. Vileišis, Vilnius, 1906. KŽP – Kūdikių žindymas ir penėjimas, vertė Atgalainis70, Tilžėje, 1904. 68 Knygelės autorius Petras Avižonis. 69 A. Vileišio slapyvardis. 70 P. Avižonio slapyvardis. Palmira Zemlevičiūtė162 XIX a. pab. – XX pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pavadinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir daiktavardžio kilmininku reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis LL – Limpamosios Ligos ir Kaip nuo jų išsisaugoti?, parašė d-ras A. Vileišis, Kaunas, 1915. LytL – Lytiškos Ligos ir Kaip nuo jų apsisaugoti, parašē D-ras F. Matulaitis, antra, peržiurēta ir pagerinta laida, So Bostona, Mass, 1915. LPr – Ligoniû Prietelius71. Kelrodys wisiems tiems, kurie prie atsirandancziû Ligû patys saw pirmaję Pagalbą prisiteikti nor ir tai Progai geras Namû Pryprowas įsitiekti wélyjas / Friedrich Adoph Richter. Leipcikej‘ Rikterio Iszleidimo Itaisymas. (Drukawotos prie F. Ad. Richter & Draugai, Rudolstadt), 1883. LPr – Ligoniû prietelius: kelrodys wisiems tiems, kurie prie atsirandancziû ligû patys saw pirmaję pagalbą prisiteikti nor ir ant to geras namû pryprowas įsitiekti wélyjas, sudarė Friedrich Adolph Richter, Leipcikej’: Richterio knyginyczia ([Rudolstadt : Richtero drukorija]), 1891. MTV – Medega musu tautiszkai vaistinykystai, parupino Dr. J. Basanaviczius, atspauda isz „Dirvos“, Shenandoah, Pa, 1898. NG – Naminis gydytojas: Trumpas aprašymas prasčiausių ligų ir prasčiausių vaistų kovoje su jomis: D. 1. Apie žmonių ligas ir jų gydymą, sutaisė D-rs A. Vileišis, Seinai, 1908. NG – Naminis gydytojas. Trumpas prasčiausių ligų aprašymas ir jų gydymas, antrasis pataisytas leidimas, Kaunas, 1924. NotGyd – Isz dyka suglaudimas isz Dr. Airy‘o „Noturôs-gydymo-mokinimo“, arba Isztikimas priwedimas, pagal kurį tankiausey prie źmoniû atsirantanczias ligas per prastas bey permegintas priprowas twirtay bey greitay pats gali gydyti: su daugeropais į raszto zodzius įdrukawotais źmogaus, senarû dalykeliu abrozais / perdirbtas Dr. Adolpo Richterio, kuriai yra Ricerys portogyzisko Kristaus=garbês=zenklo bey tuneziseziszko niszan istikar zenklo apturetojis riceriû=kryziaus bey auksinês wertybês=medalijôs nu gan maryno draugsanaris auksztaymokitû draugyscziû Paryzuse bey Neapolyje irtoliaus, Leipzig: [s.n.], 1879 ([Rudolstadt: drukawotas pas F. Ad. Richter & Draugai, Rudolstadt]), 1879. OK – Oras ir klimatas ir jų svarbumas žmogaus sveikatai, pagal Zolotariną, Dras A. Vileišis, Seinai, 1913. PM – Patarmės moterims, kurios nori buti sveikos, pagal Zielčaka parašė Dr. A. V., Tilžėje, 1899. PNA – Dr. Fr. Esmarch. Pirmoji pagelba nelaiminguose atsitikimuose, išvertė daktaras A. V., Tilžėje, 1903. RAK – Rodos motinoms apie auginimą žindomų kudikių, sutaisyta72 pagal Michailovą, Tilžėje, 1895. RČ – D-ras Bor. Oks. Raupų čiepyjimas. (Šneka su jauna motina), Vilnius, 1908. RP – I. Tarchanov. Rūgštasai pienas prof. Mečnikov’o. Įrankis liaudies sveikatos užlaikymui, Vilnius, 1907. SŽK – Kaip sutaisytas żmogaus kunas, parašé S. M., Plymouth, Pa, 1902. SŽL – Svarbiausios żmoniu ligos, Petro Nērio73, Tilžeje, 1886. SŽL – Svarbiausios żmoniu ligos, dr. Mikols74, Tilżeje, 1906. ŠLL – Trumpi šneka apie limpančias ligas ir kaip nuo jų apsiginti, paraše D-ras V. A., Tilžėje, 1901. UA – [Dr. A. V.]. Kaip reikia užlaikyti sveikos ir sergančios akįs, Seinai, 1910. UL – Užkrečiamosios ligos, parašė gydytojas E. D., Vilnius, 1914. ZGL – Zinia apie gidima ligu kuno ir duszes, Wilniuje: kasztu ir spaustuwieje Juozapa Zawadzkia, 185775. ŽD – Kas reikia žinoti apie džiovą, iš vokiečių kalbos vertė D-ras Bagdonavičius, Vilnius, 1913. ŽL – Žmonių ligos, D-ras K. Grinius, Kaunas: „Varpo“ bendrovės leidinys, 1921. ŽLL – Kas reikia žinoti apie lyties ligas, vertė iš vokiečių kalbos D-ras J. Bagdonas, Kaunas: Vidaus reikalų ministerijos Sveikatos departamento leidinys, 1920. LAIKRAŠČIAI A1 – Auszra 1883 5 141; 1885 10/11 324. A2 – Aušra76 1915 32 418–419. 71 Medicinos metraštis, ėjęs 1878–1897 m. Karaliaučiuje ir Tilžėje. Leido dr. Adolfo Richterio firma (MLE II 642). 72 Vertė Jonas Andrius Račiūnas (1869–1906). 73 P. Vileišio slapyvardis. 74 P. Vileišio slapyvardis. 75 Kontrafakcinis leidinys. Tikrieji knygos išleidimo duomenys: Krokuva–Tilžė, 1885–1886. 76 Laikraštis, ėjęs 1911–1915 ir 1919 m. Vilniuje. Lenkų okupacinės valdžios uždarytas (https://www.vle.lt/ straipsnis/ausra-8/). 163Terminologija | 2022 | 29 Art – Artojas77 1910 12 42; 1910 13 47; 1910 15 54; 1910 16 58–59; 1910 18 65; 1910 19 69; 1910 22 81; 1910 25 93; 1910 26 97; 1910 27 103; 1910 28 105; 1910 29 109; 1910 30 113; 1910 33 126; 1910 38 145– 146; 1910 39 149–150; 1910 40 153; 1910 41 157; 1910 44 169; 1910 45 171; 1910 46 727. Gdt – Gydytojas78 1914 1 1, 3–4; 1914 2 5, 7–8; 1914 3 10, 11–12; 1914 4 14, 16; 1914 5 20; 1914 6 22; 1914 7 25; 1914 8 29; 1914 9 30; 1914 10 37–38; 1914 11 61–63; 1915 1 1, 3–4; 1915 2 5, 8; 1915 3 9–11; 1915 4 13, 15; 1915 5 17, 18, 20; 1915 6 22–24; 1915 7 25, 27–28. K – Kaimynas79 1897 35 264; 1897 XXV 182; 1898 49 392; 1899 VII 55; 1899 XVI 128. KK – Keleiwis isz Karaliaučiaus broliams lietuvininkams zines parnesząs 1866 34 146; 1872 18 69. LB – Lietuwiszkasis Bałsas80 1885 1 3. LT – Lietuvių tauta81 1913 II 2 181, 185–186, 190. MG – Medicina ir gamta82 1913 1 3, 8, 12, 19, 22; 1913 2 2, 7, 20. NLC – Nauja lietuwiszka ceitunga83 1910 9 33; 1910 40 157; 1910 41 161–162. Ps – Pasiuntinys84 1912 5 150; 1912 6 184. Svk – Sveikata85 1909 1 2, 7–8; 1909 4 1, 7; 1909 5 5, 7; 1909 6 4; 1910 1 5, 8; 1910 4 8; 1910 5 3, 6; 1910 6 5; 1910 7 4; 1910 9 1–2; 1910 10 2, 7; 1910 11 1, 4; 1910 12 3–4; 1911 1 1; 1911 2 1, 6–7; 1911 3 5, 8; 1911 5 1; 1911 6 8; 1911 8 5, 7; 1911 12 6; 1912 3 11–12; 1912 4 13, 15; 1912 5 17, 19; 1912 6 22; 1912 7 25; 1912 8 29, 31; 1912 10 37; 1912 11–12 42; 1913 1 1–4; 1913 2 5, 7, 8; 1913 3 9; 1913 4 13, 16; 1913 5 20; 1913 7 28; 1913 8 32; 1913 10 37–38, 40; 1913 11 43; 1913 12 46–47; 1914 1 3–4; 1914 2 6–8; 1914 3 10–11; 1914 4 13; 1914 5 2, 17, 19–21; 1914 6 21–24; 1915 1 1–3; 1920 1 1, 3; 1920 2 1–4; 1920 3 2, 4; 1920 4 1–2; 1920 5–6 1–4; 1921 1 1–2, 4; 1921 2 1–4; 1921 3 1–4; 1921 4 1, 3–4; 1921 5 1–4; 1921 6 1. Szv – Szviesa86 1888 3 78, 82. Šlt – Šaltinis87 1909 1 4–5; 1909 10 148; 1909 14 212, 215; 1909 20 308; 1909 21 324; 1909 25 388–390; 1909 39 612; 1909 41 644–645; 1909 44 691; 1909 46 723–724; 1909 49 772; 1909 51 809; 1910 18 280–282; 1910 43 683; 1910 44 694, 699; 1910 48 756; 1911 23 267; 1911 30 351–352; 1911 31 364– 365; 1911 32 377; 1911 5 51–52; 1911 6 63; 1911 51 605; 1912 1 11; 1912 3 36; 1912 38 600; 1912. 77 Laikraščio Šaltinis priedas, ėjęs 1909–1914 m. (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/saltinis-1/). Daugiausia straipsnių paskelbė gydytojas A. Vileišis. 78 Katalikiškos pakraipos savaitraščio Aušra, ėjusio 1911–1915 ir 1919 m. Vilniuje, dvisavaitinis profilaktinio, šviečiamojo pobūdžio priedas. Jame daugiausia straipsnių paskelbė A. Vileišis. 79 Mažosios Lietuvos laikraščio Nauja lietuviška ceitunga priedas, leistas Tilžėje gotiškais rašmenimis nuo 1896 m. (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/nauja-lietuviska-ceitunga/). 80 Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų lietuvių laikraštis, ėjęs 1885–1888 m. Niujorke, 1888–1889 m. – Šenandoa. Redagavo Jonas Šliūpas (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/lietuviskasis-balsas/). 81 Lietuvių Mokslo Draugijos Vilniuje žurnalas, leistas 1907–1936 m. (LE 1958: 81). 82 Lietuviškas medicinos, veterinarijos, farmacijos ir gamtos dvimėnesinis žurnalas, pradėtas leisti 1913 m. Pasirodė tik du numeriai. 83 Mažosios Lietuvos laikraštis, ėjęs 1890–1923 m. Tilžėje, spausdintas gotiškais rašmenimis Otto’o von Mauderode’ės spaustuvėje. Iki 1907 m. laikraštis buvo gana lietuviškas (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/nauja-lietuviska-ceitunga/). 84 Vilniuje nuo 1911 m. pradžios spausdintas mėnesinis laikraštis, skiriamas dvasiniams lietuvių kalvinų reikalams (LE 1960: 97). 85 Pirmasis lietuviškas periodinis medicinos populiarinimo leidinys. Laikraščio Lietuvos ūkininkas priedas, ėjęs 1909–1915, 1920–1928 m. Inicijuotas ir redaguotas daktaro K. Griniaus. Jis laikraštį ne tik redagavo, bet ir prirašydavo (Tercijonas 1927: 16, 17). 86 Mėnesinis lietuvių laikraštis, 1887–1880 ir 1890 m. ėjęs Tilžėje (LE 1964: 241). 87 Katalikų iliustruotas savaitraštis, 1906–1915 m. ėjęs Seinuose, 1915 m. – Vilniuje. Vienas populiariausių laikotarpio lietuviškų savaitraščių (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/saltinis-1/). Daugiausia straipsnių medicinos ir sveikatos klausimais paskelbė A. Vileišis. Palmira Zemlevičiūtė164 XIX a. pab. – XX pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pavadinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir daiktavardžio kilmininku reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis 40 631; 1912 46 727; 1912 49 776; 1913 28 439; 1913 32 504; 1913 43 681; 1913 44 695; 1914 15 229; 1914 29 435; 1914 3 39–40; 1914 7 102; 1914 15 229. TS – Tėvynės sargas88 1896 4 35; 1896 5 38; 1897 8 2; 1898 2 3; 1898 4 7; 1900 9 10, 13, 14; 1901 4 ir 5B 71; 1902 1B 25–26; 1917 1 14; 1918 10 14; 1918 11 11; 1918 14 13; 1918 2 15–16; 1918 26 11–12; 1918 30 12–13; 1918 34 4–7; 1918 36 14; 1918 4 14–15; 1918 5 15; 1918 7 14–15. TSp – Tėvynės sargo Priedas89 1898 2 5; 1898 4 7; 1898 8 11. U – Ukininkas 1890 5 75; 1890 8 121; 1891 2 77, 79; 1892 1 18–19; 1892 4/5 133, 136, 140; 1892 6/7 233; 1892 8 293; 1895 13 98–99; 1895 20 157–158; 1895 21 165–166; 1896 3 17; 1896 4 28; 1896 13 99; 1896 20 153–154, 156; 1896 24 188; 1897 12 182, 184–185; 1897 3 41; 1897 8 121; 1897 9 131; 1897 9 131; 1897 9 131; 1898 11 167–168; 1898 3 40; 1899 1 4. Ū – Ūkininkas 1897 12 189. V – Varpas 1889 3 41; 1889 9 139; 1889 12 184; 1890 10 153–154; 1890 2 21; 1890 5 68; 1890 7 105–106; 1890 8 123; 1890 9 137–138; 1891 1 9; 1891 3 40; 1891 4 54–55, 57; 1895 9/10 155–157; 1895 11 174; 1896 2 24–25; 1897 1 9; 1897 3 41–42. Vad – Vadovas90 1913 16 62 169–170, 172; 1913 16 63 274–275, 278; 1913 16 64 400. VL – Vienybė lietuvninkų91 1890 24 5; 1890 27 4; 1890 28 6; 1890 30 4; 1890 36 7–8; 1890 37 8–9; 1890 38 8–9; 1890 38 9. Vlt – Viltis92 1907 4 1; 1913 62 2–3; 1913 70 3; 1913 130 1; 1914 40 2; 1914 77 1; 1914 83 1; 1914 90 1; 1914 101 2; 1914 123 1; 1914 144 1; 1914 159 2; 1915 70 2–3; 1915 85 2–3; 1915 88 2. VŽ – Vilniaus žinios93 1905 5 2–3; 1905 19 2; 1905 29 3; 1905 53 3; 1905 56 2; 1905 77 2; 1905 104 3; 1905 118 4; 1905 122 4; 1905 163 3–4; 1905 173 4; 1905 192 4; 1905 220 1; 1905 225 4; 1906 100 4; 1906 143 4; 1906 146 4; 1906 163 4; 1906 167 4; 1906 219 3; 1906 240 3; 1906 281 1; 1907 93 2; 1907 94 2; 1907 104 2; 1907 108 2; 1907 125 2–3; 1907 126 2; 1907 127 2; 1907 133 2; 1907 134 2; 1907 135 2; 1907 136 2; 1907 186 2; 1907 187 3; 1907 189 2; 1907 190 2; 1907 218 3; 1908 2 1–2; 1908 6 4; 1908 8 4; 1908 9 4; 1909 16 3; 1909 28 2–3; 1909 38 2; 1909 40 2; 1909 41 3; 1908 96 4; 1908 97 3; 1908 136 2; 1908 154 2–3; 1908 155 2; 1908 159 2; 1908 160 2; 1908 176 3; 1908 284 3. Ž – Žemė94 1909 2 15; 1909 4 30; 1909 12 92; 1907 94 2. ŽLA – Žemaičių ir Lietuvos apžvalga95 1891 8 61; 1894 11 82. Žmd – Žemdirbys96 1909 2 12; 1909 3 12; 1909 12 10; 1909 18 9. 88 Mėnesinis lietuvių žurnalas, 1896–1904 m. ėjęs Tilžėje (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/tevynes-sargas/). 89 1896–1904 m. Tilžėje ėjęs mėnesinis lietuvių žurnalas, turėjęs neperiodinių priedų (nuo 1898 m. prie kiek vieno numerio) – grožinės literatūros kūrinių, ūkinių patarimų, mokslo populiarinimo knygelių (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/tevynes-sargas/). 90 Katalikų kunigų leistas mėnesinis žurnalas, 1908–1914 m. ėjęs Seinuose (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/ vadovas-1/). 91 Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų lietuvių savaitraštis, 1886–1907 m. ėjęs Plimute, 1907–1920 m. – Niujorke (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/vienybe-lietuvninku/). 92 Politikos, visuomenės ir literatūros laikraštis, 1907–1915 m. ėjęs Vilniuje. Įsteigė Antanas Smetona ir Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/viltis-3/). Viltyje daugiausia skelbė gydytojai Eliziejus Draugelis ir Juozas Bagdonas. 93 Politikos, visuomenės ir literatūros laikraštis, 1904–1909 m. ėjęs Vilniuje. Pirmasis dienraštis lietuvių kalba. Įsteigė P. Vileišis (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/vilniaus-zinios/). 94 Savaitraščio Lietuvos ūkininkas, ėjusio 1905–1915 m. Vilniuje, 1919–1940 m. Kaune, priedas, leistas 1907–1915, 1918–1928 m. (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/lietuvos-ukininkas/). 95 Lietuvių tautinio judėjimo apžvalgininkų grupės krikščionių krypties žurnalas, ėjęs 1889–1896 m. Tilžėje. Lietuvoje (daugiausia Žemaitijoje) platintas knygnešių (https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/zemaiciu-ir-lietuvos-apzvalga/). 96 A newspaper published twice a month in Vilnius from the beginning of 1909 until the First World War, devoted to economic, commercial and industrial affairs (LE 1966: 220).