AURELIJA TAMULIONIENĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

CRITERIA FOR SELECTING THE NAMES OF MONETARY UNITS FOR THE DICTIONARY OF THE STANDARD LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE¹

KEYWORDS: monetary unit, dictionary, word selection, standardization, stress, grammatical forms.

INTRODUCTORY NOTES

There are currently about a hundred very diverse currencies in the world. Some of them help ensure the functioning of the global economy and determine financial and economic stability, while others are the currencies of individual states, used by smaller groups of people.

At the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, the monetary units of many countries changed following political transformations. After Lithuania restored its independence and later joined the European Union (hereafter, the EU), new prospects and opportunities opened up. All these changes must be taken into account when including the names of monetary units in the Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language (hereafter, the DSL). In addition, the names of old currencies should be reviewed carefully, as they are still widespread in books and on the internet.

This article aims to discuss the criteria for selecting the names of monetary units for the DSL and to review the variation in the forms of several monetary-unit names across various sources.

LISTS OF CURRENCY UNIT NAMES

One of the first attempts in Lithuania to describe the names of currency units used in various countries can be found in the Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary of Economic Terms (1966).

¹The author sincerely thanks Dr Daiva Murmulaitytė for her valuable comments and assistance. Together with her colleague, she collected material and analyzed currency unit names and their selection for the BŽ. In this issue of Kalbos kultūra, Dr D. Murmulaitytė’s article “The Semantic Structure of Currency Unit Names” is published on the same topic.

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It lists the names of many currency units used in the second half of the 20th century. First, the name of the currency unit is given in Russian, followed by its Lithuanian translation and a description in Lithuanian of where the currency is used. Currency unit names in the dictionary are not marked for stress, for example: “риал rialas (1. 1/5 of an Iraqi currency unit; 2. Iranian currency unit = 100 dinars; 3. Saudi Arabian currency unit = 20 qirsh; 4. Yemeni currency unit)” (RLETŽ 1966).

Kazimieras Eigiminas and Kazimieras Gaivenis discussed currency unit names in their article “Currency Unit Names” (1968: 65–69). The authors write about problems involved in transcribing currency unit names and translating them into Lithuanian. They emphasize that these currency names vary. The article presents tables listing the names of currency units and their smaller denominations (usually 1/100) in various countries. All the names are marked for stress, but the stress patterns are not indicated. The article aimed to show how certain forms of currency unit names vary and to provide a list of currency unit names used at the time, for example:

Ireland

pound

shilling (20)² penny (240) farthing (960)

China

yuan

jiao (mao) (10), fen

Antanas Buračas’s World Currency and Coin Handbook (Numismatic Terms, Currency Codes, Fineness) (1999) lists the then-current and former major and minor currency unit names of individual countries around the world. The handbook contains more than 1,300 terms in total. They are arranged alphabetically, and the terms are marked for stress, but stress patterns are not indicated. The English equivalent of each term is provided, along with its meaning or meanings, for example:

stotinka

1. Stotinka, pl. -i 2. Stotin(ov)

1. Bulgarian minor coin, equal to 1/100 of a lev; 2. Slovenian coin, equal to 1/100 of a tolar

At the end of 2001, at the request of the Customs Department, the Terminology Subcommission of the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language (hereafter VLKK) reviewed the currency names used in the Register of Currencies of Countries and Territories of the World. The register, amended in accordance with the subcommission’s comments, was approved in the same

² “When the smaller denomination of the principal monetary unit is not 1/100, the parentheses indicate how many of those smaller units make up the principal unit.” (Eigminas, Gaivenis 1968: 66).

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year, supplemented in 2008. The list of currencies used when declaring goods to the Lithuanian customs authorities gives the official name of the country or territory (in alphabetical order), the currency name, and its code, e.g.:

Ireland

Euro

EUR

People’s Republic of China

Renminbi yuan

CNY

As can be seen, currency names in this list are not marked for stress, and smaller denominations are not given. The VLKK Consultation Bank states that some of the subcommittee’s proposals were not taken into account in this list, e.g.: to call the Latvian currency latu (in the list: Latvian lat), and to call the Lithuanian currency litu (in the list: Lithuanian litas). The subcommittee argues for its proposals on the grounds that there are no other countries with latus or litus (see VLKK KB).

Efforts to standardize frequently differently compiled lists of monetary-unit names and their practical use were made in appendix A5 (A5) of the online publication Europa. Guide to the Preparation of Institutional Publications. This list provides the short and long names of each country, its capital (administrative centre), the name for a resident of that country, an adjective derived from the country’s name (indicating a characteristic), the country’s currency, its ISO code, and its smaller monetary unit. This is a comprehensive, regularly updated list of currencies³. It aims to standardize frequently differently compiled lists of names and their practical use. The words in the list are not marked for stress, e.g.:

Ireland

Ireland

IE

Dublin

Irish man, -woman

Irish

euro

EUR

cent

China

People's Republic of China

CN

Beijing

Chinese (male), Chinese (female)

Chinese (masculine), Chinese (feminine)

renminbi yuan

CNY

jiao (10) fen (100)

In all the lists of monetary unit names discussed, only the name of the monetary unit is given (except in Buračas [1999]); there are no illustrative sentences. In some cases, the name of the currency is marked for stress, but no list indicates the stress pattern. It is noted that the forms of monetary unit names vary and attempts are made to standardize them; however, this problem persists to this day. In the meantime, the currencies of many countries have changed, so not all the monetary unit names in these lists reflect current usage.

³ The examples presented in the article were updated in this list on 2013 07 25.

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PROPOSED CRITERIA FOR SELECTING MONETARY UNIT NAMES FOR THE DICTIONARY OF THE STANDARD LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE⁴

In compiling the DSL, “much attention is devoted to the selection of words and the presentation of meanings” (Lazauskaitė, Liutkevičienė 1998: 205). Only correct words in current use are included in the dictionary; therefore, it is important for this article to establish possible clear selection criteria for the lexicosemantic group of monetary unit names⁵.

Most of the criteria for selecting monetary units are related to the choice of a country (an EU member state, a former Soviet Union state, etc.). There are many cases in which the same country meets not just one, but several criteria, e.g., Russia: an EU-neighboring state, a former Soviet republic, etc. In such cases, the same information is given in the article under different criteria. This makes it easier to select monetary unit names for the DSL. Countries recurring under various criteria indicate that their monetary unit names may also be more widespread in current usage.

1. Names of monetary units of European Union countries

After Lithuania joined the EU in 2004, it became one of the twenty-eight member countries of the European Union. Eighteen EU countries (Ireland, Austria, Belgium, Estonia, Greece, Italy, Spain, Cyprus, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, France, Slovakia, Slovenia, Finland, Germany) have adopted the common EU currency—the euro. Six countries plan to adopt the euro (Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Croatia, Poland, Lithuania, Romania, Hungary), while Denmark, the United Kingdom, and Sweden do not plan to adopt it. In the DSL

⁴ In the opinion of Dr. D. Murmulaitytė, who proposed taking up this topic, the first step should be to define the group of countries whose monetary unit names ought to be included in the DSL. Countries could be selected according to the following main criteria: 1) EU countries; 2) EU neighbors that are not EU members; countries close to or connected with EU countries; 3) CIS countries (former Soviet republics); 4) economically powerful states (China, Japan, America, Canada, Israel...); 5) countries with many Lithuanian emigrants (Spain, England, Brazil...); 6) tourist destinations (Turkey...). Historically important names of money for Lithuania should not be forgotten (grašis, skatikas, etc.). One or another name for money should be included in the DSL because it is or may be confused with a similar-sounding word (cf. erė (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) and eirė (Iceland)), even if the country where that money is used does not meet the aforementioned criteria. Undoubtedly, whether a particular monetary unit name is included in the DSL should be determined by sufficiently frequent usage. Rarely used words, even if they meet the selected criteria, should not be included in the DSL. This article is based on the classification proposed by Dr. D. Murmulaitytė.

⁵ The DSL is written and edited by lexicosemantic groups (for more detail, see Liutkevičienė 2006: 9, Liutkevičienė 2010: 141).

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it is also proposed to include the names of the main monetary units that existed before the euro and their fractional units (usually 1/100), e.g.: the French franc and centime, the German mark and pfennig, etc.⁶ The names of monetary units of EU countries are presented in the first table⁷.

TABLE 1. Names of monetary units of European Union countries

No.

Short country name

Main monetary unit

Fractional monetary unit

Main monetary unit (pre-euro)

Fractional monetary unit (pre-euro)

1.

Ireland

euro (2)

cent (2)

pound (2)

penny (2)

2.

Austria

euro (2)

cent (2)

shilling (1)

groschen (2)

3.

Belgium

euro (2)

cent (2)

franc (1)

centime (2)

4.

Bulgaria

lev (2)

stotinka (1)

5.

Czechia

crown (2)

haler⁸ (1)

6.

Denmark

crown (2)

øre (2)

7.

Estonia

euro (2)

cent (2)

crown (2)

cent (2)

8.

Greece

euro (2)

cent (2)

drachma (2)

leptà (2)

9.

Ispanija

eũras (2)

cẽntas (2)

pesetà (2)

sentìmas (2)

10.

Italija

eũras (2)

cẽntas (2)

lirà (2)

čentèzimas (1)

11.

United Kingdom

svãras (2) stèrlìngų (1)

pẽnsas (2)

12.

Kipras

eũras (2)

cẽntas (2)

svãras (2)

cẽntas (2)

13.

Croatia

kunà (4)

lipà⁹

⁶ When writing a dictionary entry for the BŽ, the headword could be a single word rather than a compound name, for example: markė (not Vokietijos markė), krona (not Danijos krona), and so on. The definition of a monetary unit’s name would indicate where that monetary unit is/was used, and so on. In BŽ dictionary entries, the use of compound names could be reflected in illustrative sentences.

⁷ The article accents all monetary unit names and indicates their accentuation pattern (if the accentuation norm has been established). Countries and their monetary unit names listed in the tables may be repeated if a country’s monetary unit meets not just one but several criteria.

⁸ The accentuation norm has not yet been codified.

⁹ The accentuation norm has not yet been codified.

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No.

Short country name

Main monetary unit

Minor monetary unit

Main monetary unit (before the euro)

Minor monetary unit (before the euro)

14.

Latvia

euro (2)

cent (2)

lats (2)

santim (2)

15.

Poland

zloty (2)

grosz (2)

16.

Liechtenstein

franc (1)

in German – rapen¹⁰ in French – centime (2) in Italian – centesimo (1)

17.

Lithuania

litas (2)

cent (2)

18.

Luxembourg

euro (2)

cent (2)

franc (1)

centime (2)

19.

Malta

euro (2)

cent (2)

lira (2)

cent (2)

20.

The Netherlands

euro (2)

cent (2)

gulden (1)

cent (2)

21.

Portugal

euro (2)

cent (2)

escudo (2)

centavo (2)

22.

France

euro (2)

cent (2)

franc (1)

centime (2)

23.

Romania

leu (1)

ban (2)

24.

Slovakia

euro (2)

cent (2)

crown (2)

heller (1)

25.

Slovenia

euro (2)

cent (2)

tolar (2)

stotinka (1)

26.

Finland

euro (2)

cent (2)

mark (1)

penny (2)

27.

Sweden

króna (2)

ère (2) (until 2011)

28.

Hungary

fòrint (1)

fìller (1)

29.

Germany

euro (2)

cẽnt (2)

márk (1)

pfènnig (1)

¹⁰ The accentuation norm has not yet been codified.

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2. Names of Monetary Units of Neighboring Non-EU States

EU states cooperate closely with neighboring states. Not only are trade relations developed among these states, but they also actively cooperate in energy, transport, and other fields. In addition, some neighboring EU states are candidates for EU membership, so the names of their monetary units may change in the future. The names of monetary units of neighboring non-EU states are presented in Table 2.

TABLE 2. Names of Monetary Units of Neighboring Non-EU States¹¹

No.

Short country name

Main monetary unit

Subunit

1.

Albania

lek (2)

qindar (2)

2.

Algeria

dinar (2)

centime (2)

3.

Armenia

dram (2)

luma¹² (2)

4.

Azerbaijan

manat (2)

qəpik¹³ (1)

5.

Belarus

ruble (2)

none

6.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

mark (1)

pfennig / pfenig / fenig¹⁴ (1)

7.

Egypt

pound (2)

piastre (2)

8.

Iceland

króna (2)

eyrir (2)

9.

Israel

shekel (1)

agora (2)

10.

Georgia

lari (2)

tetri (2)

11.

Jordan

dinar (2)

piastre (2)

12.

Montenegro

euro (2)

cent (2)

¹¹ The list of neighboring EU states was compiled based on the European Neighbourhood Policy http://ec.europa.eu (accessed 2013 11 23). The list of EU members and candidate countries was compiled based on information http://europa.eu (accessed 2013 11 23).

¹² The stress norm has not yet been codified.

¹³ The stress norm has not yet been codified.

¹⁴ Word forms vary.

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Serial no.

Short country name

Major monetary unit

Minor monetary unit

13.

Kosovo

euro (2)

cent (2)

14.

Lebanon

pound (2)

piastre (2)

15.

Libya

dinar (1)

dirham (2)

16.

Macedonia

denar (2)

den / dene¹⁵

17.

Morocco

dirham (2)

santim (2)

18.

Moldova

leu (1)

ban (2)

19.

Norway

krone (2)

øre (2)

20.

Palestine

shekel (1)

agora (2)

21.

Serbia

dinar (2)

para (2)

22.

Syria

pound (2)

piastre (2)

23.

Switzerland

franc (1)

in German – rappen in French – centime (2) in Italian – centesimo (1)

24.

Tunisia

dinar (1)

millieme (2) / millime¹⁶

25.

Turkey

lira (2)

kurus (2)

26.

Ukraine

hryvnia (1)

kopeck (2)

3. Names of the monetary units of the former Soviet republics

Lithuania was one of the fifteen Soviet republics from 1940 to 1990. This was a fairly long period, during which lasting trade, political, and other relations developed among the republics of the union. Admittedly, close cooperation is not currently maintained with all of these countries, but since the article seeks to discuss the selected criteria as comprehensively as possible, Table 3 presents the names of the monetary units of all the former Soviet republics.

¹⁵ The accentuation norm has not yet been codified; word forms vary.

¹⁶ Word forms vary.

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TABLE 3. Names of the monetary units of the former Soviet republics

No.

Short country name

Main monetary unit

Subunit

1.

Armenia

drãmas (2)

lumà

2.

Azerbaijan

manãtas (2)

gèpikas

3.

Belarus

rùblis (2)

none

4.

Estija

eũras (2)

ceñtas (2)

5.

Gruzija

lãris (2)

tètris (2)

6.

Kazachstanas

teñgė (2)

tijìnas / tij nà¹⁷

7.

Kirgizija

sòmas (2)

tijìnas / tij nà

8.

Latvija

eũras (2)

centas (2)

9.

Lithuania

litas (2)

centas (2)

10.

Moldova

leu (1)

ban (2)

11.

Russia

ruble (2)

kopeck (2)

12.

Tajikistan

somoni ()

diram¹⁸

13.

Turkmenistan

manat (2)

tenge (2)

14.

Ukraine

grìvnia (1)

kopeck (2)

15.

Uzbekistan

sùm¹⁹

tijìna / tij nà

4. Names of monetary units of economically strong, large countries

In the rapidly developing world, economically strong countries predominate (e.g., the USA, Japan), and new economically strong countries are also emerging (e.g., China, India). Most goods and services are produced in these countries and exported worldwide; therefore, it is proposed that the names of their monetary units be included in the BLK (see Table 4).

¹⁷ The stress norm has not yet been codified, and the word forms vary (tijinų – VLE IX; tijinas – A5; tijna – Buračas 1999).

¹⁸ The stress norm has not yet been codified.

¹⁹ The stress norm has not yet been codified.

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TABLE 4. Names of the monetary units of economically strong, large countries²⁰

No.

Short name of the country

Main monetary unit

Subunit

1.

Argentina

peso (2)

centavo (2)

2.

Australia

dollar (1)

cent (2)

3.

Brazil

real (1)

centavo (2)

4.

India

rupee (1)

paisa (1)

5.

Indonesia

rupee (1)

sen (2)

6.

Italy

euro (2)

cent (2)

7.

Japan

yen (2)

none

8.

United Kingdom

pound sterling (2) sterling (1)

penny (2)

9.

United States of America

dollar (1)

cent (2)

10.

Canada

dollar (1)

cent (2)

11.

China

yuan (1)

fen / fen²¹ (1/100), jiao (1/10)

12.

Mexico

peso (2)

centavo (2)

13.

South Africa

rand²²

cent (2)

14.

South Korea

won / won²³ (2)

jeon / jeon / jeon²⁴ (2)

15.

France

euro (2)

cent (2)

16.

Russia

ruble (2)

kopeck (2)

17.

Saudi Arabia

riyal (2)

halal (2) / halala²⁵

18.

Turkey

lira (2)

kurush (2)

19.

Germany

euro (2)

cent (2)

²⁰ The list of economically strong, large countries was compiled on the basis of information from the Geopolitical Studies Center, a public institution, published at www.geopolitika.lt (accessed 2013 11 22).

²¹ Word forms vary.

²² The stress norm has not yet been codified.

²³ Word forms vary.

²⁴ Word forms vary.

²⁵ Word forms vary.

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5. Names of monetary units of the countries to which the largest numbers of Lithuanians emigrated

After Lithuania joined the EU in 2004, emigration by Lithuanians to other countries increased sharply. During the years of independence, about 300,000 residents emigrated from Lithuania (based on data from the European Migration Network). Most emigrants maintain close ties with their relatives and friends who remained in Lithuania and often return to Lithuania. Inevitably, the names of the monetary units of those countries also began to be used more frequently in Lithuania than before. Table 5 presents an alphabetical list of the monetary units of the countries to which the largest numbers of Lithuanians emigrated.

TABLE 5. Names of the monetary units of the countries to which the largest numbers of Lithuanians emigrated²⁶

No.

Short country name

Main monetary unit

Minor monetary unit

1.

Ireland

euro (2)

cent (2)

2.

Denmark

krone (2)

ere (2)

3.

Spain

euro (2)

cent (2)

4.

United Kingdom

svārs (2) sterling (1)

pesa (2)

5.

United States of America

dollar (1)

cent (2)

6.

Canada

dollar (1)

cent (2)

7.

Norway

krone (2)

ere (2)

8.

Sweden

krona (2)

ore (2)

9.

Germany

euro (2)

cent (2)

10.

Belarus

ruble (2)

none

6. Names of monetary units of countries most frequently visited by Lithuanian tourists

Tourism has grown considerably in recent decades. Lithuanians are travelling increasingly to other countries, not only to relax but also choosing sightseeing trips to exotic destinations. Everyone travelling to another country also encounters that country’s currency. As travel increases, this criterion should be taken into account when preparing the BŽ.

²⁶This list is based on data from the European Migration Network. Where do the largest numbers of Lithuanian emigrants live? http://123.emn.lt/lt (accessed 2013 11 26).

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Next, Table 6 presents an alphabetical list of foreign countries most frequently visited by Lithuanian tourists, based on data from the Lithuanian Department of Statistics and travel agencies²⁷.

TABLE 6. Names of the monetary units of countries most frequently visited by Lithuanian tourists

No.

Short country name

Main monetary unit

Minor monetary unit

1.

Bulgaria

lev (2)

stotinka (1)

2.

Egypt

lev (2)

piastre (2)

3.

Greece

euro (2)

cent (2)

4.

Spain

euro (2)

cent (2)

5.

Italy

euro (2)

cent (2)

6.

India

rupee (1)

paisa (1)

7.

Maldives

rufiyaa (1)

lari (2)

8.

Mexico

peso (2)

centavo (2)

9.

Portugal

euro (2)

cent (2)

19.

Sri Lanka

rupee (1)

cent (2)

11.

Thailand

baht (2)

satang (1)

12.

Tunisia

dinar (2)

millime²⁸

13.

Turkey

lira (2)

kurush (2)

7. Historical names of monetary units

The BŽ reflects actual, current usage, but it is important to carefully review and select those historical names of money that are attested in fiction, the writings of classical authors, and elsewhere. Readers, translators, and editors need the names of these currencies. Moreover, these words are an integral part of history, for example:

áuksinas (1), ekiù, grãšis (2), grivina (1), gùldenas (1), šilingas (1), etc.

²⁷ Information was compiled on the basis of data from the Lithuanian Department of Statistics http://web.stat.gov.lt/lt (accessed 2013 11 26) and travel agencies www. wrislit.lt (accessed 2013 11 26); www.nova-turas.lt (accessed 2013 11 26); www.neoturas.lt (accessed 2013 11 26).

²⁸ The stress-accentuation norm has not yet been codified.

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Some of these names are still used in certain countries, for example:

grašis (2) is one hundredth of the Polish zloty and the Austrian schilling; grivina (1) is the monetary unit of Ukraine, etc.

8. Names of monetary units that users confuse

The written forms of the names of monetary units in some countries are very similar, and users may therefore confuse them. Names of monetary units that could be assigned to this group include, for example:

èrè (2) is one hundredth of the krone, the monetary unit of Denmark and Norway. èirè (2) is one hundredth of the krona, the monetary unit of Iceland.

denãras (2) is the monetary unit of Macedonia. dinãras (2) is the monetary unit of some Arab and other states.

rèalas (2) is the monetary unit of Brazil. riãlas (2) is the monetary unit of Iran, Yemen, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia.

santìmas (2) is one hundredth of the Latvian monetary unit (until 2014). sentìmas (2) is one hundredth of the Spanish monetary unit, the Venezuelan monetary unit, and the monetary units of many other states.

A group of words denoting the monetary sign itself should be mentioned separately from all the criteria. These names are particularly common in general usage, especially in spoken language, for example:

dešimtinė (2), dvidešimtinė (2), penkiasdešimtinė (2), šimtinė (2).

After discussing possible criteria for selecting names of monetary units, it is possible to compare how many and which names of monetary units are included in the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian (hereafter DŽ₇)²⁹. According to the criteria for selecting names of monetary units proposed in the article, the following names are found in DŽ₇ (listed in alphabetical order), for example:

áuksinas, ceñtas, dešimtinė, dinãras, dóleris, eũras, fráŋkas, grašis, grivina, gùldenas, kapeikà, kronà, látas, lirà, litas, márkė, peñsas, pesetà, pfènigas, rùblis, rùpija, stèrlingas, šilingas, šimtinė, zlòtas.

²⁹“The compilers of the BŽ used all the Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynai as sources” (Liutkevičienė 2010: 144).

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DŽ₇ does not contain the names of these monetary units proposed for the BŽ (listed alphabetically), for example:

agorà, bānis, bātas, bolīvaras, halālas, čentēzimas, čūnas / čònà / čònas, denāras, denas, dirāmas, drāmas, drachmà, dvidešimtinė, džiāo, èrė, ēirė, ekiù, eskùdas, fènė, fènigas, fòrintas, fìleris, gèpikas, jenà, juānis, hāleris, kindāras, kruzeīras, kunà, kurùšas, lāris, léja, lèkas, leptà, lèvas, lipà, lumà, manātas, mongas, páisa, parà, pėnis, penkiasdešimtinė, pèsas, piāstras, rāpenas, reālas, riālas, rùpija, rùfija, santīmas, satangas, sènas, sentìmas, sentāvas, sentèsimas, sòmas, somònis, stotìnka, sùmas, svāras, šèkelis, takà, teñgė, tètris, tijìnas, tolāras, tùgrikas, vonas / vonà.

As can be seen, DŽ₇ lacks the names of many monetary units currently used in the standard language; the dictionary contains many obsolete, no longer used names, for example:

júodikis 2. istor. small coin, a farthing, 1 ketvirtōkas istor. a four-groschen coin, raudonāšis istor. an old gold coin, 1 šeštōkas istor. a six-groschen coin, 1 trečiōkas 2. istor. a three-groschen coin, trīgrašis istor. a three-groschen coin.

This section of the article discussed the criteria for selecting monetary units for the BŽ. Obviously, not all names of monetary units, even those that meet these criteria, will be included in the BŽ. This is only the initial selection stage. The frequency of use of these monetary-unit names in the standard language should also be assessed—words used rarely are not included in the BŽ.

ON THE NORMS FOR SOME MONETARY-UNIT NAMES

When examining monetary-unit names, issues arose concerning the accentuation or grammatical norms of some names. At present, only the names of major monetary units have been standardized by the VLKK (VLKK KB), but the document does not indicate their accents. The names of minor monetary units have not been considered. The accentuation and grammatical forms of monetary-unit names can be determined from other sources (A5; Buračas 1999; DŽ₇; Eigminas, Gaivenis 1968; Interleksis; LKŽe; TŽŽ; VLE). However, some names have not yet been definitively standardized.

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1. Problematic stress. There are names of monetary units whose stress norms have not yet been codified, for example:

denar / denar, dirham, heller, lipa, luma, rand, rapen, som.

2. Variation in grammatical forms. Some monetary units are referred to differently in different sources, and their forms vary, for example:

denas / denė the hundredth part of the Macedonian monetary unit, the denar.

denių genitive plural (VLE 4);

denar / denar (Buračas 1999);

denas (A5);

denų genitive plural (W).

čunas / čona / čonas the hundredth part of the South Korean monetary unit, the won.

chon (Interleksis; TŽŽ);

chona / chon (Buračas 1999);

čonas (Eigminas, Gaivenis 1968);

čunas (A5).

fenė the hundredth part of the Chinese monetary unit, the yuan.

fenių genitive plural (VLE 10; in the article Kinija);

fenė, finis, fine, fena (Buračas 1999);

feras (A5; Interleksis; W).

fenig one hundredth of the monetary unit, the mark, of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

fenigų genitive plural (VLE 14; in the entry markė: 2. monetary unit of Bosnia and Herzegovina (convertible Δ));

pfenინგų genitive plural (VLE 3; in the entry Bosnia and Herzegovina);

fenigas (Buračas 1999, former Polish coin; Bosnia and Herzegovina is not mentioned);

pfenინგas (A5).

pfenig (1) one hundredth of the former German mark (before the introduction of the euro in 2002).

pfenig (DŽ₇);

pfenigis (Eigminas, Gaivenis 1968);

pfènigas (Interleksis);

pfenigas, pfenigis (Buračas 1999);

pfenინგų (VLE 3; in the entry Bosnia and Herzegovina);

pfenigų (VLE 14; in the entry markė monetary unit of the GDR and FRG, equal to 100 pfenigs);

fėningų (W)

halālas / halalà one hundredth of the Saudi Arabian monetary unit, the riyal.

halalas (TŽŽ; W);

halala (Buračas 1999; A5);

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milimas / milijemas One thousandth of the Tunisian monetary unit, the dinar.

milijemas (Interleksis; TŽŽ; Buračas 1999; Eigminas, Gaivenis 1968);

milimas (A5; W).

tijinas / tijina One hundredth of the Uzbek monetary unit, the sum.

tijinas (VLE 23);

tijina (Buračas 1999);

tijinas (A5; W).

won / wona The monetary unit of South Korea.

wona (Eigminas, Gaivenis 1968; Interleksis; TŽŽ);

won, wona (Buračas 1999);

won (A5; W).

BŽ „turi būti realių normų žodynas“ (Naktinienė 2000: 16). BŽ yra norminis žodynas, todėl šio žodyno rengėjai „turi paisyti normų visuomeniškumo, o rinkdamiesi iš kelių bendrinei kalbai priimtinų variantų – laikytis vartosenos viršenybės principo.“ (Naktinienė 2000: 17). Apsisprendus abejotinų normų (kirčiavimo ir gramatikos) piniginių vienetų pavadinimus dėti į BŽ, šias formas tektų suvienodinti, sukirčiuoti ir tik norminę formą pateikti žodyne.

FINAL REMARKS

In contemporary standard language, the names of monetary units of various countries are used much more frequently, so the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian should include more of them than the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language⁷. The main possible criteria for selecting monetary-unit names for the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian were first established on the basis of selecting the countries whose monetary-unit names should be included in this dictionary. Historical monetary-unit names and those that users confuse were identified as separate groups. Not all monetary-unit names selected according to the established criteria will be included in the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian. The frequency with which these monetary-unit names are used in standard language should also be assessed.

The names of monetary units have changed frequently in recent times, and these changes are not recorded in all sources published to date; consequently, some names remain unstandardized and variation occurs. The article presents only a list of them. If unstandardized monetary-unit names were to be included in the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian, their codification would have to be considered.

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ŠALTINIAI

A5 – Europa. Institucijų leidinių rengimo vadovas. A5 priedas: Šalių, teritorijų ir valiutų sąrašas. Prieiga per internetą: <http://publications.europa.eu/code/lt/lt-5000500.htm> (žiūrėta 2013 11 23).

DŽ₇ – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. 7-as leidimas. Vyr. red. S. Keinys, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2012.

Interleksis – Kompiuterinis tarptautinių žodžių žodynas Interleksis, Vilnius: Alma littera, Fotonija, 2008.

LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (elektroninio varianto pirmas leidimas). Vyr. red. G. Naktinienė. Prieiga per internetą: <http://www.lkz.lt>, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2005.

LTE – Lietuviškoji tarybinė enciklopedija 1–13, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1976–1985.

RLETŽ – Rusiškai lietuviškas ekonomikos terminų žodynas, Vilnius: Mintis, 1966.

TŽŽ 2007 – Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, Vilnius: Alma littera.

VLE – Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 1–23, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2001–2013.

LITERATŪRA

Buračas A. 1999: Pasaulio valiutų ir monetų žinynas, Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas, Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas.

Eigminas K., Gaivenis V. 1968: Pinigin[ių] vienetų pavadinimai. – Kalbos kultūra 14, 65–69.

Europos kaimynystės politika. Prieiga per internetą: <http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/international/neighbourhood_policy/index_lt.htm> (žiūrėta 2013 11 23).

Europos šalių sąrašas. Prieiga per internetą: <http://europa.eu/about-eu/countries/index_lt.htm> (žiūrėta 2013 11 23).

Geopolitinių studijų centro informacija. Prieiga per internetą: <www.geopolitika.lt> (žiūrėta 2013 11 22).

Lietuvos statistikos departamento informacija. Prieiga per internetą: <http://web.stat.gov.lt/lt> (žiūrėta 2013 11 26).

Liutkevičienė D. 2006: Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Siekiamybė ir realybė. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 1: Aiškinamųjų bendrinės kalbos žodynų aktualijos, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 9–18.

Liutkevičienė D. 2010: „Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno“ struktūra, tikslai ir perspektyvos. – Kalbos kultūra 83, 141–150.

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Naktinienė G. 2000: Bendrinės kalbos žodynas ir leksikos norminimo problemos. – Kalbos kultūra 73, 12–24.

VLKK KB – Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos Kalbos konsultacijų bankas. Prieiga per internetą: <http://www.vlkk.lt/lit/konsultacijos> (žiūrėta 2013 11 26).

W – Laisvoji enciklopedija „Vikipedija“. Prieiga per internetą: <http://lt.wikipedia.org>, <http://en.wikipedia.org>.

2008 m. sausio 16 d. Muitinės departamento generalinio direktoriaus įsakymas nr. 1B–40 „Dėl valiutų, naudojamų deklaruojant prekes Lietuvos muitinei, sąrašo patvirtinimo“, Vilnius.

2008 m. gruodžio 1 d. Muitinės departamento prie Lietuvos Respublikos Finansų ministerijos generalinio direktoriaus įsakymas nr. 1B–749 „Dėl Muitinės departamento generalinio direktoriaus 2008 m. sausio 16 d. įsakymo „Dėl valiutų, naudojamų deklaruojant prekes Lietuvos muitinei, sąrašo patvirtinimo“ pakeitimo“, Vilnius.

2008 m. gruodžio 15 d. Muitinės departamento prie Lietuvos Respublikos finansų ministerijos generalinio direktoriaus įsakymas nr. 1B–794 „Dėl Muitinės departamento generalinio direktoriaus 2008 m. sausio 16 d. įsakymo nr. 1B–40 „Dėl valiutų, naudojamų deklaruojant prekes Lietuvos muitinei, sąrašo patvirtinimo“ pakeitimo“; Vilnius.

Gauta 2013 11 28

Priimta 2013 12 20

NAMES OF CURRENCY UNITS IN THE DICTIONARY OF STANDARD LITHUANIAN: SELECTION CRITERIA

Summary

The article addresses the selection criteria for the inclusion of the names of currency units in the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian; several problematic cases of standardisation are discussed as well. Seven criteria for the selection of the names of currency units are proposed and discussed: 1. names of currency units of the EU Member States; 2. names of currency units of the EU neighbouring countries; 3. names of currency units of the former Soviet Union republics; 4. names of currency units of economically developed countries; 5. names of currency units of the countries experiencing the largest migration flows from Lithuania; 6. names of currency units of countries mostly visited by Lithuanian tourists; 7. historical names of currency units; 8. names of currency units mixed up by consumers. Each criterion is accompanied by an abbreviated country name, name of a main currency unit and a fractional currency unit in the tables provided.

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The article also discusses several problematic cases of standardisation of the names of currency units. Certain names of currency units do not have a clear accentual paradigm (e.g. hāleris, kunà, lèkas, lumà, etc.). There are also names of currency units showing varying forms in different sources (e.g. fène, one hundredth of the yuan, the Chinese currency unit, a coin of that value; plural genitive form fenjų (VLE 10; entry Kinija): fenė, finis, finė, fena (Buračas 1999); fènas (A5; Interleksis; W).

KEYWORDS: currency unit, dictionary, selection of words, standardisation, accentuation, grammatical forms.

AURELIJA TAMULIONIENĖ

Lietuvių kalbos institutas

Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius

[email protected]

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