Piniginių vienetų pavadinimų atrankos „Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynui“ kriterijai

76 Languages and Culture | 86 AurelijA TAmulionienė lietuvių kalbos institutas PiniginiŲ vienetŲ PavaDiniMŲ atranKos Bendrinės lietuvių kalBos žodynui Kriterijai1 Key words: monetary unit, vocabulary, word selection, standardization, pronunciation, grammatical forms. INTRODUCTION Notes There are about a hundred different currencies in the world today. Some of them help to ensure the functioning of the global economy, determining financial and economic stability, others are currencies of individual countries, used by a smaller group of people. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, many countries changed their currency units following political changes. After Lithuania regained its independence and subsequently joined the European Union (hereinafter – EU), new prospects and opportunities opened up. All these changes must be taken into account when submitting the names of monetary units to the Common Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (hereinafter – bŽ). in addition, the names of old currencies should be carefully reviewed, as they are still abundant in books, on the internet. The aim of this article is to discuss the selection criteria for the names of monetary units bZ, to review the variation of the forms of the names of several monetary units in various sources. One of the first attempts in Lithuania to describe the names of monetary units of various countries can be found in the Russian-Lithuanian dictionary of economic terms (1966). 1 for valuable comments and help the author sincerely thanks Dr. Daiva Murmulaitytė. Together with colleague collected material, analyzed the names of monetary units, their selection bZ. In this issue of Language Culture, Dr. D. Murmulaitytė’s article “Semantic structure of monetary unit names” is published on the same topic. a. taMulionienė. Criteria for the selection of names of monetary units for the Common Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 77 it contains the names of many monetary units used in the second half of the 20th century. First, the name of the currency unit is given in Russian, the Lithuanian translation and the Lithuanian description of where this currency is used. The names of currency units are not pronounced in the dictionary, e.g.: "риал rial (1. 1/5 of the Iraqi currency unit; 2. Iranian currency unit = 100 dinars; 3. Saudi Arabian currency unit = 20 kirsch; 4. Yemeni currency unit)" (year 1966). The names of the monetary units were examined by Kazimieras eigiminas and Kazimieras gaivenis in the article "Money units names" (1968: 65-69). The authors write about the problems of transcription and translation of the names of monetary units into Lithuanian language. It is emphasized ja. Šiame straipsnyje pateikiamos lentelės, kuriose surašyti įvairių šalių that the names of those currencies varythe names of monetary units and their smaller parts (usually 1/100). all names are spelled, but accents are not indicated. The article was intended to show how some forms of currency names vary, and to provide a list of currency names of the time, e.g.: Ireland svãras peñsas (240) shllingas (20)2 fártingas (960) China yuan czião (mao) (10), fn, major and minor names of monetary units. antano buračo Pasaulio valiutų ir monetų žinyne (numizmatikos terminai, pinigų kodai, grynis) (1999) pateikiami atskirų pasaulio šalių to meto ir buvę in total, more than 1300 terms are included. they are arranged in alphabetical order, the terms are spelled, but the accents are not indicated. Provides the English equivalent of the term and its meaning or meanings, e.g. stotennka 1. stotinka, pl. -i 2. stotin(ov) 2. Slovenian 1. Bulgarian sm. coin equal to 1/100 of a leva; At the end of 2001, the terminology coin, equal to 1/100 tolar subcommittee of the State Lithuanian Language Commission (hereinafter referred to as the vlKK) considered the names of currencies used in the World Currency Register of Countries and Territories at the request of the Customs Department. The revised register was approved in accordance with the comments of the subcommittee in the same 2 “When the smaller fraction of the basic monetary unit is not 1/100, the number of those smaller units comprising the basic unit shall be indicated in parentheses.” (eigminas, gaivenis 1968: 66). 78 Languages Culture | 86 years, supplemented in 2008, the list of currencies used in the declaration of goods to Lithuanian customs, indicates the official name of the country or territory (in alphabetical order), the name of the currency and the code, e.g.: Ireland euro eur As you can see, the names of the currencies in this list are not pronounced, and there is no indication that the currency should be called lats (in the list – mi smulkieji piniginiai vienetai. vlKK Konsultacijų banke rašoma, kad šiame sąraše neatsižvelgta į kai kuriuos pakomisės siūlymus, pvz.: latvijos Latvian lats), or that the currency of Lithuania should be called litas (in the list – Lithuanian litas). The subcommittee argues that there are no more countries with lats or litas (see vlKK Kb). to harmonise the often different lists of currency names and their practical use was the aim of the online publication europa. the institutional drafting guide in Annex a5 (a5). This list contains the short and long names of the country, the capital (administrative center), the name of the person living in that country, the adjective derived from the country name (indicating the attribute), the currency of that country, its ISO code and the small monetary unit. is a comprehensive and constantly updated list of currencies3. it seeks to harmonize the often differently formed names linas ėė kas, ėa euro eur centas airis, airišsąrašus ir praktinį jų vartojimą. Žodžiai sąraše nekirčiuojami, pvz.: airija airija ie Dub China Cinema, China People's respublika CN Beijing ěě co, ěa yuan CNY dziao (10) fenas (100) kinišženminbi in all the lists of any of the lists. It is noted that the forms of the names of the currency currency names discussed, only the name of the currency unit is given units vary, attempts are made to standardize them, but this problem (except burač [1999]), there are no illustrative sentences. Sometimes the name of the currency is pronounced, but the pronunciation is not listed in remains to this day. Since many countries have changed their currencies over the years, not all names of currency units in these lists correspond to current usage. The examples in Article 3 were updated in this list on 25 July 2013. a. taMulionienė. Criteria for the selection of names of monetary units for the Common Lithuanian Dictionary 79 When preparing the Common Lithuanian siūloMi PiniginiŲ vienetŲ PavaDiniMŲ atranKos Kriterijai Bendrinės lietuvių kalBos žodynui4 Dictionary, “a lot of attention is paid to the selection of words and the presentation of meanings” (lazauskaitė, liutkevičienė 1998: 205). Only the words used in the current usage and those that are in line with the rules are added to the dictionary, so it is important to establish clear criteria for the possible selection of the lexical semantic group of monetary unit names5. Most of the criteria for selecting currency units are related to the choice of country (former state, former Soviet Union state, etc.). There are many cases when the same country meets not one, but several criteria, for example, Russia: it is a neighboring state, a former Soviet republic, etc. In this case, the article provides the same information for different criteria. so it is easier to select the names of monetary units bZ. Countries that repeat themselves in various criteria indicate that their currency names may be more common in current usage. 1. the names of the currency units of the European Union countries in 2004 Lithuania joined the EU, Lithuania became one of the twenty-eight European countries member of the union. Eighteen EU countries (Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia) have adopted the single currency – the euro. Six countries are planning to adopt the euro (Bulgaria, Czech gija, estija, graikija, italija, ispanija, Kipras, latvija, liuksemburgas, MalRepublic, Croatia, Poland, Lithuania, Romania, Hungary), while Denmark, Sweden and the United Kingdom are not planning to do so. In the opinion of Dr. D. Murmulaitytė, who proposed to take up this topic, the first step is to define the group of countries whose currency units should be presented in the bZ. The countries could be selected on the basis of the following basic criteria: 1. 2) neighbours of es, not belonging to es; countries close to or associated with the es countries; 3) nvs (former Soviet republics); 4) economically strong countries (China, Japan, America, Canada, Israel...); 5) Countries with a large number of Lithuanian emigrants (Spain, England, Brazil...); 6) tourism countries (Turkey...). unforgettable Lithuanian important historical money names (grašis, skatikas, etc.). one other currency name bZ should be given because it is or could be confused with a similarly sounding name (see erä (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) and eirä (Iceland)), even though the country in which it is used does not meet the above criteria. The inclusion or non-inclusion of a specific name of a monetary unit in the bZ should, of course, be determined by its sufficiently frequent use. rarely used words, even if they meet the selected selection criteria, should not be added to the bZ. This article is based on the classification proposed by Dr. D. Murmulaitytė. 5 bZ is written and edited by lexical semantic groups (for more see liutkevičienė 2006: 9, Liutkevičienė 2010: 141). 80 Languages Culture | 86 it is proposed to add the names of the main monetary units and their sub-units that existed before the euro (page 1/100), e.g. : French franc and santim, German mark and pfennig, etc.6 The names of the currency units of the countries are given in the first table7. Table 1. names of currency units of the European Union countries eil. nr. trumpasis šalies pavadinimas Pagrindinis piniginis vienetas smulkusis piniginis vienetas Main piniginis vienetas (up to euro) small currency unit (in euros) 1. irland euro (2) cent (2) shilling (1) penny (2) 2. austria euro (2) cent (2) shilling (1) gram (2) 3. belgium euro (2) cent (2) franc (1) centime (2) 4. Bulgarian lev (2) stotunka (1) 5. Czech koruna (2) hãleris8 (1) 6. Denmark kronen (2) ère (2) 7. estonia euros (2) cents (2) krone (2) cents (2) 8. greece euros (2) cents (2) drachm (2) lept (2) 9. spain euros (2) cents (2) pesetas (2) centums (2) 10. italy euros (2) cents (2) lire (2) centesimi (1) 11. united Kingdom of svãr (2) Stirling (1) peñsas (2) 12. Cyprus eerras (2) ceñtas (2) svãras (2) ceñtas (2) 13. Croatia kun (4) lipa9 6 When writing the dictionary article bZ, the heading word could not be a compound name, but a single word, e.g.: mark (not German mark), crown (not Danish crown), etc. The definition of the name of a monetary unit would indicate where this monetary unit is / was used, etc. When writing dictionary articles bZ, the use of compound names could be reflected in illustrative sentences. In Article 7, all monetary names are spelled and the spelling is indicated (if a spelling rate is established). The countries and their currency names in the tables may be repeated if the currency of that country meets more than one criterion. The 8-point rule is not yet codified. The 9th standard is not yet codified. a. taMulionienė. Criteria for Selection of Names of Monetary Units for the Common Dictionary of Lithuanian Language 81 eil. nr. trumpasis šalies pavadinimas Pagrindinis piniginis vienetas smulkusis piniginis vienetas Main piniginis vienetas (up to euro) small currency unit (in euros) 14. latvia eerras (2) ceñtas (2) lãtas (2) santtmas (2) 15. poland gold (2) silver (2) 16. lichtenen German – stein frankas (1) in rapenas10 in French – san tę mas (2) in Italian – čentèziė mas (1) 17. Lithuania liattas (2) ceñtas (2) 18. liuksemeejras (2) ceñtas (2) burgas (2) frankas (1) santtiamas 19. Malta eeur (2) centimes (2) lire (2) centimes (2) 20. Nyderer eeur (2) centimes (2) gulden (1) centimes (2) landai 21. Portugal eerras (2) ceñtas (2) eskædas (2) sentaivas (2) 22. France euro (2) centimes (2) francs (1) centime (2) 23. Romania lja (1) bànis (2) 24. slovakia euro (2) cent (2) kronen (2) hãleris (1) 25. slovenia euro (2) cent (2) tolar (2) stotėnka (1) 26. finland euro (2) cent (2) mark (1) peñsas (2) 27. Sweden kronan (2) ère (2) (up to 2011) 28. hungarian forint (1) forint (1) 29. germany euro (2) cent (2) mark (1) pfennig (1) 10 Pronunciation standard not yet codified. 82 Languages and Culture | 86 2. non-dependent neighbouring states shall cooperate closely with piniginių vienetų pavadinimai neighbouring states. These countries not only develop trade relations, but also cooperate actively in the fields of energy, transport and other areas. Moreover, some of the states adjacent to the eurozone are also candidates for the eurozone, so the names of their currencies may change in the future. The names of the currencies of non-member neighbouring States are given in Table 2. Table 2. Names of the currencies of non-member neighbouring states11 eil. nr. trumpasis šalies pavadinimas Pagrindinis piniginis vienetas smulkusis piniginis vienetas 1. Albanian lek (2) kindãras (2) 2. Algerian dinar (2) centime (2) 3. armenian dram (2) lumul12 (2) 4. azerbaijan manats (2) gèpikas13 (1) 5. belarus rrabli (2) no 6. bosnia and Herzegovina herzegovina (1) pfèning / pfenig / fenigas14 (1) 7. egyptian swans (2) piãstras (2) 8. Iceland kronan (2) eure (2) 9. Israeli shekel (1) agorur (2) 10 georgian lari (2) tetris (2) 11. jordan dinars (2) piastres (2) 12. montenegro euro (2) cent (2) The list of 11 neighbouring states is based on the European Neighbourhood Policy http://ec.eu/en/neighbourhood-policy.html (accessed 23 November 2013). The list of candidate members is based on information from http://europa.eu (accessed 2013 11 23). 12 The pronunciation rule is not yet codified. 13 The pronunciation rule has not yet been codified. 14 The forms of the word vary. a. taMulionienė. Criteria for Selection of Names of Monetary Units for the Common Dictionary of Lithuanian Language 83 eil. nr. trumpasis šalies pavadinimas Pagrindinis piniginis vienetas smulkusis piniginis vienetas 13. Kosovas eerras (2) ceñtas (2) 14. Lebanese svärras (2) pianos (2) 15. Libyan dinars (1) dirhams (2) 16. Macedonia Denar (2) denas / denė15 17. Moroccan dirham (2) santum (2) 18. Moldova (1) less (2) 19. norway kronen (2) ère (2) 20. Palestine shekel (1) agour (2) 21. serbia dinar (2) parum (2) 22. Syrian svärrar (2) pianos (2) 23. Swiss franc (1) German – rãpen prancūziškai – santmas (2) itališkai – čentèzimas (1) 24. tunisian dinars (1) milèmas (2) / milimas16 25. turkish lira (2) kuruş (2) 26. Ukrainian hryvnia (1) kapeikak (2) Lithuania was one of the fifteen republics of the Soviet Union from 1940 to piniginių vienetų pavadinimai 1990, which is a long period of time during which long-term trade, political and other relations were formed between the republics of this union. Of course, not all countries are closely cooperating at the moment, but the article aims to discuss the selected criteria as thoroughly as possible, so Table 3 shows the names of the currency units of all the former Soviet republics. 15 Pronunciation norm is not yet codified, word forms vary. 16 The forms of the word vary. 84 Languages and Culture | 86 Table 3. names of currency units of the former Soviet Union republics eil. nr. trumpasis šalies pavadinimas Pagrindinis piniginis vienetas smulkusis piniginis vienetas 1. armenian dram (2) lumah 2. azerbaijan manats (2) gèpikas 3. belarus rrabli (2) no 4. stija eerras (2) belts (2) 5. georgian lari (2) tetri (2) 6. Kazakhstan tenge (2) tijennas / tijn17 7. Kyrgyzstan ssh (2) tijannas / tijnä 8. latvia eerras (2) ceñtas (2) 9. Lithuania lältas (2) ceñtas (2) 10. Moldova (1) (2) 11. russia ruble (2) kapeikak (2) 12. Tajikistan somoni () dirham18 13. Turkmenistan manat (2) tenge (2) 14. Ukrainian hryvnia (1) kapeikak (2) 15. uzbekistan ssmas19 tijjannas / tijna 4. in the rapidly developing world of economically strong, large states, economically strong states (e.g.: Jav, piniginių vienetų pavadinimai Japan) dominate, and new economically strong countries (e.g.: china, india) emerge. These countries produce most of the goods and services exported worldwide and it is therefore proposed to include their currency names (see Table 4). 17 Pronunciation norm is not yet codified, word forms vary (tijinų – vle iX; tijinas – a5; tijna – buračas 1999). 18 The pronunciation rule has not yet been codified. 19 The pronunciation rule has not yet been codified. a. taMulionienė. 91 milimas / miljemas is the thousandth part of the Tunisian currency unit dinar. miljemas (interlex; tŽŽ; buračas 1999; eigminas, gaivenis 1968); millimeters (a5; W). tijin / tijna one hundredth of the amount of the Uzbek currency unit. tijine (vle 23); tijna (1999 beetroot); tijine (a5; W). won / won South Korean currency unit. vona (eigminas, gaivenis 1968; interlex; tŽŽ); vonas, vona (buračas 1999); line (a5; W). bZ “must be a dictionary of real norms” (naktinienė 2000: 16). bŽ is a normative dictionary, therefore the editors of this dictionary “must respect the publicity of the norms, and when choosing from several variants acceptable to the common language – observe the principle of the primacy of usage.” abejotinų normų (kirčiavimo ir gramatikos) piniginių vienetų pavadinimus dėti į bŽ, šias formas tektų suvienodinti, sukirčiuoti ir tik norminę formą pateikti žodyne. baigiaMosios Pastabos Dabartinėje bendrinėje kalboje daug dažniau vartojami įvairių šalių piniginių (naktinienė 2000: 17). the names of the units have been determined, therefore bZ should be more than DG7. The main possible criteria for the selection of currency names bZ are determined primarily on the basis of the selection of countries whose currency names should be included in this glossary. Historical and confusing names of currency units have been distinguished as separate groups. not all currency denominations selected according to the established criteria will be included in the bZ. The frequency of use of the names of these currency units in common language should also be assessed. The names of monetary units have recently changed frequently, not all the sources published so far record these changes, so there are unstandardized names, there are cases of their variation. Article 10 only lists them. if the names of non-standardised currency units were to be placed in bZ, a decision should be taken on their codification. 92 Language Culture | 86 vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 2012. interleksis – computerized dictionary of international words interleksis, vilnius: alma littera, ŠaltiNiai a5 – europa. institucijų leidinių rengimo vadovas. a5 priedas: Šalių, teritorijų ir valiutų sąrašas. Prieiga per internetą: <http://publications.europa.eu/ code/lt/lt5000500.htm> (žiūrėta 2013 11 23). DŽ7 – dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. 7as leidimas. vyr. red. s. Keinys, Fotonija, 2008. lKŽe – Lithuanian language dictionary (first edition of the electronic version). Ms. Nightingale, Mrs. Nightingale. Access via Internet: <http://www.lkz.lt>, vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 2005. lte − Lithuanian Soviet Encyclopedia 1–13, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1976−1985. rletŽ – Russian-Lithuanian dictionary of economic terms, Vilnius: Mintis, 1966. tŽŽ 2007 – Dictionary of international words, Vilnius: alma littera. vle – universal Lithuanian encyclopedia 1−23, vilnius: Institute of Science and Encyclopedia Publishing, 2001−2013. literature buračas a. 1999: World Currency and Coins Guide, Vilnius: Vilnius University, Vytauto Didžiojo University. eigminas K., gaivenis v. 1968: Monetary units names. – Language Culture 14, 65–69. European Neighbourhood Policy. Accessed via the Internet: <http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/international/neighbourhood_policy/index_en.htm> (accessed 23 November 2013). list of European countries. Accessed via Internet: <http://europa.eu/abouted.eu/countries/index_en.htm> (accessed 23 November 2013). information from the Centre for Geopolitical Studies. Retrieved 2013-11-22. <www.geopolitika.lt> (accessed 2013-11-22). Statistical Department of Lithuania. Accessed via the Internet: <http://web.stat.gov.lt/lt> (accessed 2013 11 26). Liutkevičienė D. 2006: General Lithuanian Dictionary. ambition and reality. – lexicography and lexicology 1: current issues of general language explanatory dictionaries, vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, 9–18. liutkevičienė D. 2010: Structure, objectives and prospects of the “general Lithuanian language dictionary”. – Language Culture 83, 141–150. a. taMulionienė. 93 naktinienė g. 2000: General language dictionary and lexical standardization problems. – Language Culture 73, 12–24. vlKK Kb – valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos kalbos konsultacijų bankas. Prieiga via internet: <http://www.vlkk.lt/lit/konsultacijos> (accessed 2013 11 26). W – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Access via Internet: <http://en.wikipedia.org>, <http://en.wikipedia.org>. Order No. 1b-40 of the Director General of the Customs Department of 16 January 2008 "on the approval of the list of currencies used in the declaration of goods to Lithuanian Customs", Vilnius. Order No. 1b-749 of the Director General of the Customs Department of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Lithuania of 1 December 2008 tinės departamento generalinio direktoriaus 2008 m. sausio 16 d. įsakymo „dėl valiutų, naudojamų deklaruojant prekes lietuvos muitinei, sąrašo patvir- "On the amendment of Customs", Vilnius. Order No. 1b-794 of the Director-General of the Customs Department of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Lithuania of 15 December 2008 “On the amendment of Order No. 1b-40 of the Director-General of the Customs Department of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Lithuania of 16 January 2008 “On the approval of the list of currencies used in the declaration of goods to Lithuanian Customs”, Vilnius. received 28 November 2013 Priimta 2013 12 20 naMes oF CurrenCY units in tHe diCtionary oF standard litHuanian: seleCtion Criteria summary the article addresses the selection criteria for the inclusion of the names of currency units in the Dictionary of standard lithuanian; several problematic cases of standardisation are discussed as well. seven criteria for the selection of the names of currency units are proposed and discussed: 1. names of currency units of the eu Member states; 2. names of currency units of the eu neighbouring countries; 3. names of currency units of the former soviet union republics; 4. names of currency units of economically developed countries; 5. names of currency units of the countries experiencing the largest migration flows from lithuania; 6. names of currency units of countries mostly visited by lithuanian tourists; 7. historical rency unit and a fractional currency unit in the tables provided. names of currency units; 8. names of currency units mixed up by consumers. each criterion is accompanied by an abbreviated country name, name of a main cur- 94 Kalbos Kultūra | 86 the article also discusses several problematic cases of standardisation of the names of currency units. Some names of currency units do not have a clear accentual paradigm (e.g. hãleris, kunà, lèkas, lumà, etc.). there are also names of currency units showing varying forms in different sources (e.g. fènė, one hundredth of the yuan, the Chinese currency unit, a coin of that value; plural genitive form fenių (vle 10; entry kinija); fenė, finis, finė, fena (bustard 1999); fenas(a5; interlex; W). KeYWords: currency unit, dictionary, selection of words, standardisation, accentuation, grammatical forms. aurelija taMulionienĖ lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro vileišio g. 5, lted10308 vilnius [email protected]