DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

THE SYSTEMATICITY OF DEFINITIONS OF NEOLOGISMS WITH THE SUFFIX -iklis

KEYWORDS: neologism, derivative, names of tools, lexeme, semantic structure, derivational meaning, lexical meaning.

The article examines the semantics of recent verbal derivatives with the suffix -iklis—names of tools (instruments). The aim of the article is to clarify their semantic structure and the relationship between derivational and lexical meanings, and to create definitions that are as systematic as possible. First, it surveys how derivatives of this type are presented in the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian: how they are divided into senses, defined, and how their derivational and lexical meanings relate, among other things. It then examines a group of neologisms with this suffix presented in the Database of Lithuanian Neologisms, as well as their semantic structure. The article discusses criteria that could enable a more systematic definition of derivatives in this lexical-semantic group when presenting them in explanatory dictionaries, lexical databases, and similar works.

Verbal derivatives with the suffix -iklis are names for various means intended to perform the action denoted by the base verb, most often tools, devices, mechanisms, or their parts (pen, pick, switch, engine), as well as (chemical) substances (solvent, bleach). In terms of derivational meaning, this derivational type also includes lexicalized derivatives that have acquired more specialized meanings, such as divisor, multiplier, (insect) feeler, indicator, and the like. At the end of the 20th century, approximately 100 of the better-known derivatives with this suffix were counted (DLKG 1996: 129). Later sources (AŽ, DLKT, DŽ₇, DKK, etc.) contain approximately 200 distinct ones in total. In the Database of Lithuanian Neologisms (hereafter ND), which presents the most recent vocabulary not yet included in dictionaries, there were approximately thirty derivatives with the suffix -iklis as of 2014-08-26. Types of word formation for names of tools are generally not very productive (DLKG 1996:129)¹. The type under discussion, together with derivatives formed with the suffix -tuvas, which are twice as numerous, are the principal types for forming names of tools (DLKG 1996: 129; Keinys 1975: 21; see also Girčienė 2000: 38–39). Many neologisms are formed with the suffix -iklis, and a separate lexical-semantic group of names for food additives is emerging within this derivational type (colorant, flavour enhancer, raising agent, foaming agent, acidifier, sweetener, flavoring, thickener, and others).

¹ Elsewhere it is argued that a derivational type, at least from a diachronic perspective, is productive “when dozens or hundreds of derivatives have been formed in the language on its model” (Urbutis 1978: 266; for more on the productivity of derivational types from historical and synchronic perspectives, see Urbutis 1978: 262–267).

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It has been observed that in some cases the neologisms of the derivational type under discussion have meanings that can be defined specifically, while in other cases their lexical meaning coincides with their derivational meaning, and the lexeme can be defined quite broadly—as a means of performing the action denoted by the base verb.

1. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DERIVATIONAL AND LEXICAL MEANINGS IN DEFINITIONS OF TOOL (DEVICE) NAMES

The derivational meaning of a derived word arises from the meanings of its derivational constituents (the base word and the derivational formant) and the relationship between them (Keinys 1999: 106–107). This makes it possible to seek commonalities among the meanings of derivatives formed by the same process, and “general rules that would reveal typical semantic associations between motivated and motivating words. [...] it is more convenient and systematic to study not each formation separately, but to combine them into certain groups in which similar associations arise between motivated and motivating words” (Girčienė 2003: 23). In other words, it is appropriate to study derivatives with the suffix -iklis systematically, like words belonging to other lexical-semantic groups, in this case as a set of words formed with the same derivational formant and having a common derivational meaning, which in some cases comes through more clearly in the lexical meaning, in others less clearly, and sometimes coincides with it entirely. This matters both for studying the formation of neologisms and for trying to present them appropriately in lexicography. “Lexical meaning and meaning arising from word formation are usually intertwined and depend on one another” (Keinys 1999: 14). “Derivational meaning is more schematic and less defined, whereas lexical meaning is more specific, detailed, and rich” (Urbutis 1978: 147). The connection between the derivational and lexical meanings of a formation is also evident from the claim that a formation’s meaning is determined on the basis not of a description of the real-world entity it names, but of the meaning of the base word, while also acknowledging that word formation must explain the meanings of a word that can be anticipated [that is, lexical meanings, which alone can be of this kind – author’s note] (cf. Кубрякова 1981: 7, 166). “Derivational meaning is only an approximate semantic schema indicated by a word’s structure. A formation with the same derivational meaning can be used with various lexical meanings” (Girčienė 2003: 23). Derivational meaning is usually more abstract and broader than lexical meaning, and much more rarely narrower (Urbutis 1978: 148). It should also be recalled that there are several kinds of derivational meaning—individual, group, and general (categorical)—which differ in their degree of abstraction. The individual derivational meaning of a derived word, arising from the lexical meanings of the base word and the formant and the relationship between them (cf. Keinys 1999: 104), is the least generalized; it “arises directly from the derivation of each individual formation” (Keinys 1999: 20–22). In defining it, it is customary to use the base word, e.g., šveitiklis ‘an implement or tool for scrubbing’, atskyriklis technical ‘a separating device’, skiediklis ‘a diluting substance’, tirpiklis ‘a substance that dissolves’ (DŽ₇ definitions). Thus, semantically, individual derivational meaning is closest to a formation’s lexical meaning. In some formations, an unspecific, less clearly defined lexical meaning practically does not differ from the derivational meaning. This applies first and foremost to abstract names of actions and properties, e.g.: delsimas, gydymas, godumas. Such coincidence of derivational and lexical meaning also occurs in other derivational categories (names of agents and bearers of verbal properties, results of actions, etc.), e.g.: delsėjas ‘one who delays’, gaminys ‘something that has been manufactured’, and so on (Urbutis 1978: 147–148). Some names of working tools (implements) are no exception, and this is true in part of verbal derivatives with the suffix -iklis as well.

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Of course, tool names are not comparable to abstract nouns in this respect. Viewed across the category as a whole, tool names are not characterized by complete identity between lexical and derivational meaning (Urbutis 1978: 111). This derivational category is mutational (nominative) in nature (Urbutis 1978: 163); its formations have mutational derivational meaning, that is, they name other things that relate to the entities expressed by the base words only in that the latter constitute one (nominative) characteristic of those things. In such cases, “derivational meaning is usually very general and indeterminate, providing a formation with considerable semantic potential whose actualization in usage is difficult to predict” (Urbutis 1978: 171). However, perhaps precisely for this reason—the indeterminacy and semantic potential of derivational meaning—a considerable number of derivatives with the suffix -iklis are defined in dictionaries using meanings that are more or less specific but essentially derivational, since such definitions also suit names of new real-world entities until they have become sufficiently lexicalized to be entered as separate lexemes.

Some types of derivational meaning for tools may be more suited to forming names of the simplest tools, while others may suit names of complex devices. “[...] it goes without saying that a finer division of formations of the same type according to the complexity of the tools denoted is essentially based on the lexical rather than the derivational meanings of the formations” (Urbutis 1978: 253).

At a more general level, the lexicon is a systematic whole of words, not a list or register of separate lexemes. The systematic nature of the vocabulary calls for systematic semantic study. Categorical derivational meanings are more universal and can be established more objectively than lexical meanings. Studying these meanings themselves, as well as the relationship between derivational and lexical meanings, makes it possible to examine the semantics of formations more systematically and to present the formations themselves more systematically in lexicography, since word formation, by investigating the paradigms of formations, also studies changes in the semantics of specific words and the lexicon as a system (cf. Кубрякова 1981: 19, 106; Кубрякова 1972: 376).

All this must be taken into account when seeking to define neologisms with the suffix -iklis as systematically as possible. With this aim, the lexicographic definitions of derivatives formed in this way and recorded in dictionaries earlier were first examined.

2. IN THE DICTIONARY OF CONTEMPORARY LITHUANIAN RECORDED SUFFIX -IKLIS DERIVATIVES FROM A SEMANTIC PERSPECTIVE

The Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian (hereafter DŽ₇) contains 137 derivatives with the suffix -iklis, of which 131 belong to the derivational category of tool names. Some of these have several meanings, so altogether there are about 150 lexemes denoting tools (implements). In some cases, a word is formally presented as a single lexeme, although in fact it may be possible to discern several. For instance, kėliklis (technical) has two meanings: 1. ‘a movable lifting mechanism’ and 2. ‘a part of a mechanism for lifting something’; similar meanings can be discerned in the cases of brėžiklio and daužiklio, but they are presented as single lexemes: brėžiklis ‘a drawing tool or part of one’; daužiklis technical ‘a striking tool or a part of a device’: Rifle firing pin. Sieve beater. The second lexeme sugėriklio is presented as two nuances of a single meaning: 2. chemistry, technical ‘a substance that absorbs; a device containing it’: Moisture, gas, and odor absorber. In other cases, however, names of tools and of implements (substances) are presented as separate lexemes; cf. valiklis 1. technical ‘a cleaning tool’: The cannon cleaner has a brush head. Sieve cleaners. 2. ‘a chemical cleaning agent’: Stain and rust remover. It is true that in this case there is also a difference in

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areas of use, but in principle the distinctive semantic features of tool and material names alone should suffice for these names to be regarded as separate lexemes. There are several cases in which a -iklis derivative refers to another word with more than one meaning, e.g.: kabiklis see p a k a b a, cf. pakaba 1. “a small loop or eyelet for hanging a garment”: The fur coat’s hanger loop broke. Sew in a hanger loop, an eyelet. 2. tech. “parts connecting the wheels to the frame or body”: Leaf-spring suspension. Link suspension. According to LKŽe data, kabiklis is synonymous with pakaba (more precisely, with pakabas), but only in the first sense, so the entry for this derivative in DŽ₇ should be clarified: kabiklis see p a k a b a 1. Kirtiklis 3. zool. “a slippery, yellowish little fish with three pairs of barbels and a row of dark spots on its sides (Cobitis taenia)” belongs to a different derivational category—not tool names, but names for bearers of verbal properties (LKG 1965: 334). Thus it should be considered a homonym of the tool name kirtiklis 1. “a tool for chopping dug-up earth, ice, etc.; a pickaxe” and 2. “a leather-cutting device,” that is, a different word. The same can apparently be said (because it is a derivative from another derivational category and is a homonym) of badiklis 2. “thorn”: Roses with thorns. These lexemes, like names for bearers of verbal properties (sklandiklis, švaistiklis), bearers of nominal properties (tarpiklis, vardiklis), or action results (rodiklis 3. “an expression or datum for the results, quality, and quantity of an activity”—cf. Keinys 1975: 32; the latter is also lexicalized), are not the subject of this study.

Most (about 81%) of the derivatives of the derivational type under discussion, formed with the suffix -iklis, are names of tools (devices, apparatus), e.g.: raižiklis “engraving tool,” roviklis tech. “a pulling-out device,” gesiklis “a small extinguishing device,” išleidiklis tech. “a release device”: Air release device; skerdiklis “slaughtering knife.” There are considerably fewer names of means—about 11%; in almost all cases (16 out of 17, except perhaps žymiklis “something used to mark or indicate”), these are names of substances, e.g.: ėsdiklis chem. “etching agent,” lėtiklis tech. “a substance that slows a process,” skiediklis “diluting substance,” tirpiklis “a substance that dissolves”: Fat solvent. A few other lexemes are more lexicalized and have a specialized meaning (about 7%), e.g., the mathematical terms daliklis, daugiklis, as well as daviklis tech. “a device that converts the quantity being measured into a signal suitable for measuring, recording, transmitting, etc.”: Speed, pressure transmitter. Optical, digital transmitter., the cross-disciplinary term jaudiklis psych., phys. “a source of excitation,” and so on. One lexeme has arisen through semantic transfer: variklis 2. figurative “impetus”: The most important v. of human actions is the desire for happiness.

The derivatives in the lexical-semantic group under consideration are defined in DŽ₇ in several ways.

1. Frequently (in 55 cases, about 36% of all definitions), the individual derivational meaning of the derivative is given (it coincides with the lexical meaning): drožiklis “a tool for shaving or whittling something,” kaliklis “a tool for hammering something,” skirstiklis “a distributing device,” skaidr iklis “a clarifying substance,” skalbiklis “a washing agent, substance.”

2. The derivational meaning is often made more specific:

by giving a field-of-use label, tech., less often chem. (29 lexemes, or about 53% of all cases in which the lexical meaning coincides with the derivational meaning), e.g.: ižemiklis tech. “a grounding device,” ėsdiklis chem. “etching agent”;

by providing synonyms, e.g.: kamšiklis “a tool, stick for plugging something,” rakiklis “something used for locking or picking at something”;

by naming or describing the tool, device, or substance more specifically, e.g.: skerdiklis “slaughtering knife,” sodiklis “a planting tool used in forestry”;

by providing illustrative usage examples (collocations or sentences), etc., e.g.: skiediklis “a diluting substance”: Paint thinner; rinkiklis tech. “a device for collecting numbers and the like”: Telephone number collector.

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3. Terms from various fields and names for realities of traditional everyday life are more lexicalized, and their lexical meanings are more specific and do not coincide with their derivational meanings. Definitions of such derivatives are more detailed, giving more characteristic and distinguishing features of the object denoted by the derivative. For example: adiklis 1. “a large needle with a bent end for darning socks and other items.” 2. dial. “a small peg for darning bast shoes”; brūžiklis 1. “a rough object for scrubbing (pots, a table).” 2. “a coarse, large implement for rubbing and smoothing wood, hooves, and the like”; naikiklis mus. “a sign that cancels a sharp or flat”; rodiklis 4. math. “a number indicating how many times another number is taken”: Degree, root indicator; tepiklis eastern Lith. “a small piece of bacon used to grease a frying pan.” 4. In some cases, derivatives with the suffix -iklis are not defined but referred to other words: griežiklis see s t r y k a s; rūikiklis 2. bookish, see r ū k l y s; uždegiklis see d e g i k l i s; traukiklis see k a m š č i a t r a u k i s; čiupiklis see č i u p t u v a s.

3. SEMANTICS AND LEXICOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS OF NEOLOGISMS WITH THE SUFFIX -IKLIS

Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenyne 2014 08 25 buvo pateiktas 31 priesagos -iklis naujadaras arba nauja šios priesagos vedinio leksema (reikšmė): atsakiklis, bandiklis, blizgiklis, dažiklis, gaiviklis, gardiklis, kietiklis, kildiklis, kirkiklis, kvapiklis, kvėpiklis, naikiklis, naridiklis, ploviklis, prausiklis, pritraukiklis, puriklis, rietiklis, rūgštiklis, saldiklis, skaniklis, skon iklis, slopiklis, spalviklis, standiklis, stingdiklis, stipriklis, švelniklis, talpiklis, trukdiklis (pavienis vedinys), žvalgiklis². 23 ND pateikti vediniai (74,19 proc.) turėjo 1 reikšmę, 6 (19,35 proc.) – 2 reikšmes, 2 (6,45 proc.) – 3 reikšmes. Dažniausios šių naujadarų vartojimo sritys – bendroji vartosena, chemija, maistas, buitis. Po vieną kitą žodį ar leksemą yra iš žvejybos, technikos, statybos, administravimo, gyvenimo būdo (stiliaus), teisės ir teisėtvarkos, verslo, žemės ūkio, politikos, technologijų, elektrotechnikos sričių. Pažymėtina, kad tas pats naujadaras gali priklausyti kelioms vartojimo sritims, pvz., maisto priedų pavadinimai dažiklis, puriklis, standiklis, saldiklis ir kt., ppr. pavadinantys natūralią ar sintetinę medžiagą, suteikiančią maistui kokią nors savybę, vartojamą maisto produktams vienaip ir kitaip pakeisti, pagerinti ir pan., priklauso maisto ir chemijos vartosenos sritims, buitinės chemijos priemonių pavadinimai (ploviklis, blizgiklis, kvapiklis, kvėpiklis ir kt.) – chemijos, buities, bendrosios vartosenos sritims ir pan. Dvi naujai pasidarytos leksemos (kirkiklis ir trukdiklis) yra pavieniai dariniai. Pirmoji, reiškianti reklamos žanrą – trumpą vaizdinę užuominą apie pasirodysiantį filmą, kompiuterinį žaidimą, automobilį ar pan. (plg. nevartotinus tyzeris, treileris), 2012 11 23 internete motyvuota taip: „[...] anglakalbiame pasaulyje yra toks terminas tyzeris („teaser“). Čia ne visiškai tas pats, kas anonsas. Matyt, lietuviai tai galėtų vadinti kirkikliu? Įkroviklis – įkrauna, o kirkiklis – sukirkina.“ (http://blogas.ateitis.lt/tiesiogines-laidos-1-kirkiklis-ir-1-anonsas/, žiūrėta 2014 08 25). Trukdiklis, reiškiantis teisines priemones, trukdančias atlikti kokius nors....................

² ND collects new vocabulary, new word combinations, abbreviations, and word meanings that have emerged and are emerging in public Lithuanian usage from the end of the 20th century into the 21st century. It is continuously expanded, revised, and improved (Miliūnaitė 2012: 10; http://naujazodziai.lk.lt/Index.asp?zodis=&kodas=0, accessed 2014 09 07).

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actions, used as an antonym of saugiklis (“safeguard”) in its figurative sense, for example: “The ‘safeguards’ for land acquisition hastily adopted have turned into ‘trukdikliais’ (‘obstacles’), taking Lithuania back to feudal times.” (http://www.balsas.lt/naujiena/786827/liberalai-praso-prezidentes-vetuoti-zemes-isigijimo-trukdikliu-paketa; accessed 2014 08 25). Around 80 instances of this usage were found online, but all are in one way or another related to statements made by Member of Parliament Eugenijus Gentvilas in April 2014 about the obstacles envisaged in the bill under consideration on the sale of land to foreigners.

Trukdiklis has another meaning as well, also unrecorded in LKŽe and DŽ₇, but included in experimental military terminology dictionaries (2003–2008): trukdiklis jammer; automatinis paieškos ~ automatic search jammer (Laugalienė, Mironaitė 2004; Laugalienė, Mironaitė 2008); brouilleurₘ jammer; ~antiradar radar-jamming station; ~ à poursuite automatique automatic search jammer; ~ chercheur search jammer (Pukienė, Rukštelienė 2003). One or two examples of this lexeme (“a device for jamming radio communications”), belonging to the fields of military affairs and electrical engineering, were also found in online usage (accessed 2014 08 25)³:

The cellular phone jammer was invented by the Israeli company “Netline”; Japanese electronics companies then picked up the idea. “Nikkodo” sells its devices to cafés and hospitals, while another company, SIC, offers smaller jammers intended for personal use and operating at a range of 3 mjammers. http://rtn.elektronika.lt/mi/9901/japonai.html;

Visi DSO turėjo išmokti naudotis sudėtinga B-58technika kuri susidėjo iš elektroninių trukdiklių, elektroninių sensorių kurie perspėdavo apieš priešo radarus, metalinių plėvelių išmetimo įrangos ir automatinės šešiavamzdės 25mm patrankėlės. http://www.ginklai.net/index.php?module=publications&view=publication&publication_id=101;

Na o jei išduotų leidimus - vairuotojams galima legaliai prigaminti pigių radijo spinduliuotės skleidimų truk-diklių iki leistino galingumo [...] http://www.infolex.lt/Portal/start.asp?act=disk&fwd=komentarai.asp%3FdskID%3D54669%26view%3D88&groupID=1.

Thus, this lexeme should also be included in ND.

An examination of the semantic structures of several other neologisms with the suffix -iklis is expected to reveal what meanings emerge when their usage on the internet is studied, how these meanings relate to one another, and what criteria could be used to present the semantic structures of these derivatives appropriately and systematically in lexicographical works.

Dažiklis is defined in LKŽe as “a tool for painting, a brush,” in the supplements to DŽ₇ as “a substance used for coloring,” and in ND as “a natural or synthetic coloring substance” (fields of use: general usage, food, chemistry). Judging by the word’s usage on the internet, colorants are used mainly in the food industry, as well as in the chemical, textile, cosmetics, and printing industries. However, there is apparently no basis at present for distinguishing separate meanings of this word in dictionaries according to fields of use, since in every case the same meaning of the base verb dažyti, “to color by dipping in dye or applying paint,” is involved. Dažiklis is not yet sufficiently lexicalized; its lexical meaning practically coincides with its derivational meaning, i.e., a dažiklis can readily denote any coloring agent (substance) used to color anything. Cf.:

If your favorite ice cream is a low-calorie frozen slush with sweetener, coloring and flavoring, then get out of here; I don't want to hear your whining about calories. 7ravioli.com.

³ Here and below, the language of illustrative usage examples has not been corrected. Omitted parts of the text are marked [...].

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And the doctor who took part in the program aptly observed that, when reading labels about solvents, sweeteners, colorants and softeners, we should always mentally add “liver, brain (solvent, softener, etc.).” commonsense.lt.

According to their intended use, colorants or mixtures thereof may be divided into food, textile, printing, and cosmetic colorants. lt.wikipedia.org.

STUDY OF PIGMENTS AND COLORANTS IN ARTWORKS [...] A separate part of the book discusses natural organic dyeing materials, known as organic colorants. Natural plant- or animal-derived colorants have long been used in domestic life as food or cosmetic dyes, pigments, and substances with medicinal properties, and later also to dye yarn and fabrics. Synthetic organic colorants began to be used only in the second half of the nineteenth century. culture.lt.

At most, the name of a food additive could be presented as a separate lexeme or a shade of meaning. Since a large proportion of food-additive names also belong to this derivational type of derivatives formed with the suffix -iklis, in the case of polysemous words food-additive names could be distinguished as separate lexemes (if this is supported by the semantic structure of the base verb) or at least as shades of meaning. Such a presentation would be more systematic.

Similarly, one could proceed in the case of polisher. This word denotes products that give an object a glossy appearance. It is defined this way in ND, where it is presented as a single lexeme, although polishers are the name for a wide variety of chemical products intended to give very different things a glossy appearance. For example:

I bought an aerosol leaf polish, but the saleswoman said it forms an impermeable film and the plant cannot breathe. supermama.lt.

Painting the body panel [...] And the whole painting process is done with strokes, as anywhere else; once the paint has dried, the surface should look somewhat dusty. In that case, wipe away the dust with the softest cloth, and don’t rush to spray and polish the painted areas with cheap aerosol polishes; you’d be better off buying a cleaner for painted surfaces from a better brand—but that’s just advice. old.voyager.lt.

Contents of the handbag: wallet, phones, a small mirror, lip gloss, a comb... respublika.lt.

Car polish. Easily polishes and protects all exterior surfaces of the car. alloriginal.lt.

This product is used as the finishing touch in coat care, giving the hair exceptional shine and a pleasant scent. The product contains silk amino acids and vitamins E and F, which enhance the coat’s natural color and moisturize it, adding shine. Unlike most other coat polishes, this one leaves the hair light and vibrant and, most importantly, does not weigh it down, make it clump, or leave it greasy. [...] For long-haired breeds, it is advisable to spray it on before entering the show ring to eliminate static and flyaways, giving the coat a natural shine. pet24.lt.

Polisher, also known as a glazing agent (English glazing agent), is a food additive that gives a food product’s surface a glossy appearance or protective coating. Many polishers are wax-based. lt.wikipedia.org.

Textile paint polish, gold color, 110 ml [heading]. artinn.lt.

Shoe polish “Erdal”, 75 ml [...]. With natural almond oil, it guarantees quick and high-quality care for all smooth leather. The cream revitalizes the leather and instantly gives footwear a shine without additional polishing. svarosprekes.lt.

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In all cases, when naming some kind of polish, the same meaning of the base verb is invoked: “to make something shine.” At present, it can be said that the lexical meaning of polish is identical to its derivational meaning, and polish can easily serve as a name for any new product used to make something shine. Perhaps polish is used somewhat more often to name shoe-polishing products, but this is not sufficient grounds for distinguishing a separate lexeme meaning “shoe-polishing product.” Unless the term were used not for the polishing substance itself, but for a container shaped like a small bottle or the like, filled with that substance and fitted with a small sponge applicator for applying it to footwear. Another point is that polish is also a food additive. If all derivatives in this lexical-semantic group were listed as separate lexemes in the dictionary, then such a meaning would also have to be distinguished systematically in the semantic structure of polish.

The ND distinguishes two lexemes of freshener, both used in general usage and in chemistry:

1. “a product that refreshes and provides freshness or a fresh scent,” e.g.:

Various mouth fresheners or mint candies eliminate bad breath caused by nicotine, onions, or other foods and drinks—just keep them in your handbag or jacket pocket. Laima.

Since MB is an officer, every fourth day his feet sweat in combat boots, even in summer [...]. Believe me, the “aroma” when he took his boots off after coming back from duty was something else. We’ve tried everything... For some time now we’ve been pleased with these two products: a spray for boots (footwear freshener), KIWI DEO FRESH, and FUSS FRISCH deodorant-antiperspirant for feet. Truly very effective products! su-permama.lt.

Air fresheners are also one of the factors that pollute our living environment. There is an enormous variety on the market: aerosol sprays, scented tiles or powders, fragrance sachets, candles, incense, and fragrance-diffusing devices that plug into the mains. There are so many fragrances that choosing one can make your head spin. Izinios.lt.

Room and laundry fresheners will let you enjoy the subtle aromas of the Kalahari Desert. These versatile sprays are suitable for the bathroom, hallway, your hair and clothes, towels, and freshening the air in a room. They can be used on laundry and bedding, or as a body freshener—after all, the most important thing is that this natural fragrance will help you feel good! douglas.lt.

2. “a product that revives and gives vitality”:

[...] the “Lumene Lifting Magic Drops” gel-emulsion (39 Lt) will instantly revive and brighten the skin. In this case, a fast-acting beauty freshener, “Decleor Instant Beauty Booster” (106 Lt), would also come in handy: it not only removes fatigue but also relaxes the facial muscles and tones the skin. Cosmopolitan.

“Viva Color” – the first long-lasting hair dye with a color freshener. vddb.library.lt.

when natural leather seats get a bit worn, they apply some kind of special oil to them, wait a few hours, apply it again—it supposedly revives the leather—then after about a day, they buff them with some kind of color freshener; it comes in various colors, and the seat color is restored, with minor scuffs disappearing. forumas.bmwfan.lt.

Suede Renovator (color restorer) – its purpose is exactly the same as that of Suede Fresh, a color freshener. A special “3 in 1” formula for suede, velour, and nubuck shoes that restores the leather’s color. It revives the leather fibers. It protects against rain and various stains; the only difference is that it is liquid rather than a spray. danija.lt.

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Clearly, these two lexemes are based on different meanings of the base verb gaivinti—“to make fresh”⁴ and “to make alive.” This is sufficient grounds for presenting them as separate lexemes, although their derivational meaning—“a means for freshening something”—is the same.

Puriklis is a derivative with the suffix -iklis from the verbs purinti, purenti, meaning a means or substance for loosening something, making it loose or looser (this is its derivational meaning). Here, too, two lexemes must be distinguished, based on different meanings of the base verb⁵. The latter, in turn, is also polysemous because of its derivational opposition to different meanings of the base adjective purus, -i. Cf.: purenti 1. “to make loose”: P. soil, the spaces between beds. 2. “to fluff up, tease, tousle”: P. hair, bedding; purus, ~i 1. “porous, honeycombed”: P. snow. ~i soil, bread. P. cake. 2. “fluffy, puffed up”: ~i head. ~i pillow. Fluffy clouds (DŽ₇). In the first case, puriklis is the name of a food additive; in the second, it is the name of a cosmetic product. Usage examples:

1. “a natural or synthetic food additive added to dough to make the baked product lighter and fluffier”:

If it hasn’t risen, there’s nothing you can do. Possible causes: the oven wasn’t preheated, no purikliai were added, or they are old and ineffective, or the dough was overmixed. forellesreceptai.lt.

Biochemical purikliai are yeast. Chemical purikliai are baking soda and ammonium carbonate. Nutrition.

What rubbish we eat and get sick from, because food without E, puriklių, thickeners, and “improvers” of taste and smell is impossible to find or outrageously expensive. sirvinta.net.

2. “a cosmetic product intended to make hair fuller”:

And returning to shampoos-conditioners and puriklių, Avon shampoos are all pretty good, but, as I’ve already written, the volumizing spray makes my head flaky [...]. zebra.15min.lt.

A hair puriklis is designed to lift hair at the roots. The product is especially suitable for fine, damaged hair. It is a liquid mousse that coats the hair with a thin, transparent film, protecting it from moisture, setting the hairstyle, and adding volume. divalis.net.

If you want your hair to be even fuller, spray your shampooed hair witha volumizing spray “Condition Naturel,” which does not need to be rinsed out. Healthy Person.

Another argument for distinguishing two lexemes of puriklio is their different semantic collocations. In the first case, the puriklis (food additive) is added to food; in the second (cosmetic product), it is usually sprayed on, and it may or may not need to be rinsed out. Perhaps the first makes one gain weight, is suitable, or is fattening; use of the second lexeme with these verbs is scarcely conceivable. Broadly viewed, the first belongs to the same lexical-semantic group as various names for baking powders, whereas the second can be semantically associated with names of hair-care products, such as shampoo, balm, conditioner, and so on.

For the same reasons, two lexemes of rūgštiklio are also distinguished; they are based on different meanings of the base verb rūgštinti (the latter, in turn, is also polysemous because of its derivational opposition to different meanings of the base adjective rūgštus, -i). Cf.: rūgštinti 1. “to make something taste sour or more sour.” 2. agr. “to make acidic”: Ammonium nitrate

⁴ These meanings of gaivinti are not given in DŽ₇ or LKŽė.

⁵ Cf. DŽ₇ maišiklis 1. “a tool for mixing a substance or several substances” (: maišyti 2. “to put together, combine various things into one” (LKŽė)); 2. “a device for jamming signals, frequencies, etc.” (: maišyti 14. “to hinder, interfere with” (LKŽė)).

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slightly acidifies the soil; acidic 1. “containing acid”: A sour grape [...]; 2. chem., agr. “related to acids”: An acidic reaction is explained by the interaction of salt and water. Acidic soils form when, during the process of rejuvenation, calcium compounds are leached into deeper layers and hydrogen takes the place of calcium (cf. LKŽe). In the first case, an acidifier is the name of a food or feed additive; in the second, it denotes a means of increasing the acidity of soil or the like. Fields of use: food and agriculture (the latter applies only to the second lexeme). Examples of usage:

1. “a natural or synthetic food or feed additive used to produce a sour taste”:

A well-balanced acidifier in feed can statistically accelerate broiler growth. Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics.

Fumaric acid as a fresh substance is used for medical and pharmaceutical purposes; the acid is also used as a food additive (acidifier, antioxidant, antihepatocarcinogen, antipsoriatic, antitumor agent). bernardinai.lt.

2. “a substance that increases soil acidity or reduces alkalinity”:

To acidify peat soil more strongly, a considerably larger amount of a more aggressive acidifier should be incorporated. ebi-blioteka.lt.

If you lower the soil pH to 5.2–5.5, the flower color will change to blue. For this purpose, you can use various acidifiers. Before applying any soil acidifier, the plant should be watered thoroughly. soltra.lt.

Destroyer is a derivative formed with the suffix -iklis from the verb to destroy; its derivational meaning is “a means for destroying something.” Sometimes this coincides with the lexical meaning, as when destroyer refers to household chemical products used to eliminate unpleasant odors, moss in lawns, and similar things. In colloquial speech, however, destroyers most often refer to certain devices that are generally used in offices to destroy confidential or obsolete documents by shredding them into unreadably small pieces (document destroyer). Devices with the same function can also destroy credit and similar cards, CD or DVD discs, paper clips, hard drives, and so on. In this case, the lexical meaning of a destroyer is more specific and narrower than its derivational meaning. This example shows that another argument for distinguishing separate lexemes of a neologism is the distinction between names for tools (devices, appliances, mechanisms or their parts, etc.) and names for means (substances). In ND, this word was included as two semantic neologisms (i.e., new meanings of an already recorded derivative), since LKŽe lists only the musical term destroyer, “a sign that cancels a sharp or flat; natural,” whose general derivational meaning is the same as that of the new lexemes.

Examples of usage of the new lexemes:

1. “a device that destroys documents, plastic cards, CDs, computer hard drives, etc. by shredding them”:

A durable strip-cutting document destroyer for a large office. The wide feed opening ensures convenient operation. Shreds 39–41 sheets at a time into 6 mm-wide strips. Bin capacity: 200 liters. The electronic safety system and sheet-count indicator ensure safe operation. fellowes.lt.

It is better to use a document destruction service than to buy a document destroyer yourself [...]. vsa.lt.

SALE on document destroyers and cutters. hansab.lt.

Multifunctional destroyer. Also destroys plastic cards and CDs. rutana.lt.

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Document shredder FELLOWES PS-79Ci, with waste bin [...] Shreds staples, paper clips, CDs, and plastic cards. Separate slot for destroying credit cards and CD/DVD discs. eurobiuras.lt.

2. “a means for destroying something”:

With this cat-litter odor eliminator all odor problems will be solved, and your home will smell fresh and clean. It is environmentally friendly, since it uses no chemicals, and it is good to know that no filters will need to be replaced, while the scent will be strong enough to mask pet odors. delfi.lt.

“Lawn fertilizer - moss killer” is a fertilizer blend designed to quickly kill moss in lawns. achema.lt.

Odor eliminator (used as soap). skelbimai.lt.

Thickeners are natural or synthetic food-thickening additives (1) and substances that give thickness to paints, lubricants, and similar products used in household chemicals, cosmetics, and car-care products (2). For example:

1.

It got me wondering whether that jam thickener is actually called pectin [...]. Anyway, you can buy it in all the supermarkets. If I remember correctly, the thickener's ingredients include starch, a little citric acid, sugar, and something else. supermama.lt.

Still, there are quite a few good plant-based thickeners and thickening agents, whose nutritional value and naturalness are beyond doubt. ekodiena.lt.

Rožė Mikolaitytė, deputy director of “Dorena,” which imports dairy products, told “Lietuvos rytas” that “Ehrmann” would soon replace gelatin with another thickener or would make its products without any thickener. [...] gelatin is a good thickener, and collagen made from cattle hides is added to almost every cream. Lietuvos rytas.

2.

AVANTGARDE paint thickener, water-based. Prevents paint from running. Apply the thickener with a sponge or a wide brush. Leave to dry. After that, you can work with Avantgarde paints. decotex.lt.

The film tells the story of artist Hugues de Montalembert, whose eyes were exposed to a large dose of paint thickener during an encounter with attackers, and the artist was blinded forever. bernardinai.lt.

ND thickener is not included, since it is listed in LKŽe and DŽ₇—the latter with the label tech. and defined as “a substance that gives thickness.” Cf. the two meanings distinguished in LKŽe: thickener 1. “an adhesive substance that gives paint thickness”: Some paint is taken, dissolved in water, and some thickener is added. 2. “a thickening substance”: It may be hot or cold [sauce], thickened with toasted flour, starch, or without a thickener. The difference in fields of use alone is not sufficient grounds in this case for identifying two distinct lexemes in the semantics of thickener; in both cases, the derivative is based on the same meaning of the base verb to thicken, “to make thick or thicker” (DŽ₇, LKŽe); cf. thick, ~a 1. “not flowing freely, viscous”: ~a sour cream, soup, porridge. (DŽ₇); thick, ~a 1. “containing little water, viscous”; antonym: liquid 2 (LKŽe). Considered in isolation, one could probably speak here of two shades of a single meaning. Distinct lexemes emerge when the word is viewed systematically, as a member of the lexical-semantic group of food-additive names formed with the suffix -iklis (cf. dažiklis, blizgiklis). In any case, the entry in DŽ₇ is inaccurate—even when thickener is presented as a word with a single meaning, it should not carry the label tech., since its field of use is clearly broader.

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Thus, examination of the usage of derivatives formed with the suffix -iklis, their relations to base words and to the base words of earlier derivational stages, and their semantic relations to other words in the same lexical-semantic groups makes it clear that, when defining the meanings of neologisms formed with the suffix -iklis and determining their semantic structure, one must take into account the semantics and meaning structure of the base verbs and of the base words of earlier derivational stages; the neologism’s own semantic development, the formation of its meanings and their structure; the fact that individual lexemes may be based on different meanings of the base verb; whether the semantic combinability of individual lexemes is the same or different; whether the domains in which they are used differ or coincide; the development of the neologism’s meanings from one another (usually the narrowing of meaning); the relations among words in the same derivational and lexical-semantic group; and other such matters.

4. A NEW DERIVATIVE OR A SEMANTIC NEOLOGISM?

When determining the type of a neologism, the ND often encounters a dilemma: is it a neologism, or a new meaning of an already recorded word, of a derivative that already existed—that is, a semantic neologism (for the latter, see Jakaitienė 2009: 211–213)?

In seeking an answer to this question, it is worth recalling that “[…] the many derivatives used in speech […] are recalled as whole lexical units, and only some are either formed derivationally or reconstructed, while others—particularly rare ones—are created entirely anew” (Urbutis 1978: 264). In examining each specific case, one must again first analyze the meaning structure of the base verb. If the new lexeme is based on a different meaning of the base verb from those already recorded, one may assume that the word has been newly formed or reconstructed derivationally. After all, in forming a new word, one usually draws semantically not on the entire semantic structure of the base word, on all its meanings, but on a single lexeme. Essentially, new lexemes (i.e. words in one of their meanings) are created in speech, rather than whole polysemous words (unless they are neologisms such as abstract nouns derived from verbs or nouns)⁶. If the base verb is monosemous or the same meaning is relied on as in previously recorded derivatives, one must examine the semantic structures of both the base word and the derivative more closely and investigate whether the new meaning could have arisen through semantic development—that is, evolved from the meaning of an existing lexeme as that meaning narrowed⁷ or broadened, or through transferring the name of one entity to another (Jakaitienė 2009: 212–213), rather than by newly forming a derivative with the suffix -iklis from the same verb. For example, kietiklis is defined in DŽ₇ as “a substance used to harden something.” This is the individual derivational meaning of this derivative. At present, kietiklis is most often used to refer to an agent for hardening concrete, paints, varnish (both construction varnish and nail polish), and other such chemical-industry products:

Dry-shake concrete surface hardener with mineral aggregates for industrial and other-purpose flooring. basf-cc.lt.

Water-based primer-binder for wooden floors […]. Can be used with hardener, or without hardener. dazas.lt.

⁶ Cf. “A derivative need not be based on all the lexical meanings of a polysemous base word” (Keinys 1999: 21). For further discussion of derivatives based on different meanings of the base word, see also Urbutis 1978: 72.

⁷ “The narrowing of meaning in Lithuanian is well illustrated by words whose new meaning develops as it moves away from the derivational (i.e. determined by the word’s structure) meaning” (Jakaitienė 2009: 212).

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Hi, I use fairly inexpensive nail hardeners from regular stores to harden my nails, not any rinse-off products or serums. supermama.lt.

Another field of use for hardener is the food industry, where it is known as a food additive:

hardener – a substance that preserves or gives firmness or crispness to the skins of fruit and vegetables or, in combination with a gelling agent, causes or enhances gelation. Lithuanian Hygiene Standard HN 53: 2003 “Permitted Food Additives”.

Thus, it is a term used in at least two fields, by now more or less lexicalized and, in its lexemic meanings, more remote from the derivational meaning given in DŽ₇. Both lexemes are semantically based on the meaning of the base verb kietinti ‘to make hard, harder’ (DŽ₇, LKŽe), which, in turn, is related to the meaning of the base adjective kietas ‘not yielding, resistant to bending or pressure’. The same meaning is established when this adjective is used to describe a stone, an egg, or meat, although their hardness is obviously of different kinds; cf. the LKŽe examples Why do you harden the porridge, i.e. boil it until it is firm? Road workers harden the road. Rainwater contains no hardening impurities illustrate the same aforementioned meaning of kietinti, ‘to make hard, harder’⁸. Thus, the different semantic combinability and fields of use in the dictionaries mentioned do not provide sufficient grounds for distinguishing two meanings of the base verb kietinti and the adjective kietas. In the case of a derivative with the suffix –iklis, matters are somewhat different: the name of the food additive differs from other hardening substances not only in semantic combinability and field of use, but also in being a term that forms a system together with other derivatives of the same format (with the suffix –iklis) in the food domain. These arguments could suffice to treat the name of the food additive as a separate lexeme, formed through the narrowing (specialization, lexicalization) of the previously defined meaning of kietiklis or through the recreation of this derivative when it was needed to name a new, specific referent. ND treats this lexeme as a new meaning of a derivative with the suffix –iklis: ‘a hardening food additive’. The name for a substance that hardens paint, varnish, concrete, and the like is not treated as a new lexeme, although narrowing of meaning relative to the one given in DŽ₇, and corresponding to the derivational meaning, can also be discerned in this case.

Such an analysis requires a sufficient number of usage examples and an in-depth examination of the neologism’s usage, semantic combinability, membership in lexical-semantic groups, and so on. Nevertheless, it is practically difficult to determine unequivocally whether one is dealing with a new meaning of an already attested word or a word recreated from scratch, since there is always a possibility that the lexeme was formed (re-formed) as needed according to an already known derivational pattern, rather than arising through the transfer of the meaning of an existing lexeme after that meaning had narrowed or broadened.

Dar vienas pavyzdys. LKŽe stipriklis pateikiamas iš XX a. viduryje (1932–1954) išleistų žodynų, žymima vartojimo srities pažyma tech. ir apibrėžiamas „medžiaga kam sustiprinti“. Tai yra individuali įrankio (priemonės) pavadinimo, su priesaga –iklis padaryto iš veiksmažodžio stiprinti, darybos reikšmė ir tokia apibrėžtis rodo, kad stiprikliais gali būti vadinamos bet kokios priemonės (medžiagos) kam nors įvairiai stiprinti.

Having examined current usage of stipriklis and analyzed the semantic structures of the base verb stiprinti and its base adjective stiprus, it is evident that two meanings of stipriklis can currently be distinguished. This word is used to name (1) a product or substance that strengthens or reinforces something, making it more durable or resistant (nails, hair, eyelashes), by improving

⁸ In LKŽe, after the vertical bar, an illustrative sentence is also given: Milk both loosens and constipates the bowels. Thus, this dictionary presents somewhat unusual, situational, sporadic uses of a word that are not yet regarded as shades of meaning (http://www.lkz.lt/dzl.php?127; accessed 2014 09 08). DŽ₇, however, already distinguishes a separate lexeme to constipate, sense 2, “to cause constipation”: Those medicines constipate the bowels.

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properties that promote better performance or functioning (of diesel fuel, oil⁹, glue, etc.), or (2) makes something more intense, allowing something to be expressed more strongly (a taste, a smell). For example:

1.

Color-giving nail strengthener. Nail strengthener with calcium. Nail strengthener (against nail biting). nagai.lt.

This is a unique hair strengthener with the peptide Asstresin B. It effectively protects against stress hormones and efficiently stops hair loss. kvepalusala.lt.

The study found that women who used the PROLASH+ serum–strengthener daily saw their eyelashes grow from 2.5 to 9 mm! [...] Close your eyes for 2 minutes. Allow the PROLASH+ serum–strengthener to penetrate the eyelashes completely. bionaturoaze.lt.

This is a new-generation oil booster and metal-care additive—in one bottle. This is not an ordinary engine oil additive. [...] It increases the density of the metal surface, making it stronger and smoother than other conventional coatings. [...] The oil booster is sufficient for an 8-liter oil dose. nanolinija.lt.

STRENGTHENERS FOR ADHESIVES AND MASTICS. All polyester mastics come as a two-component kit: adhesive and strengthener. Strengtheners can also be purchased separately. stonera.lt.

Red Line 85 Plus diesel fuel enhancer 355 ml [...] Improves the properties of the latest low-sulfur fuels. [...] Improves combustion and lubricates the fuel system more effectively. shop4race.com.

2.

[...] aroma and flavor enhancer – a substance that enhances the existing aroma and/or flavor of a food product. Lithuanian Hygiene Standard HN 53: 2003 “Permitted Food Additives”.

Odor enhancer Dynamite baits MARINE HALIBUT BAIT DIP 200ml [...] Suitable for all types of bait (both artificial and natural, animal-derived...) Particularly effective when used with MARINE HALIBUT boilies. zvejys.lt.

The latter lexeme (the name of a food additive that enhances taste and/or aroma) is probably used most frequently and is not yet included in dictionaries. Cf. Chemijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas gives putodaros stipriklį – that is, “a substance that increases foaming capacity.”

Because of its specific purpose, ND gives only the new lexeme meaning “a substance for enhancing taste, aroma, etc., making it more intense.” In general, assessing the current use of this derivative, it can be said that, compared with the data in LKŽe, where the meaning of stipriklio is very general and equivalent to the derivational meaning, two more specific, narrower meanings have emerged. Apparently, this is the result of semantic development, rather than a derivative formed anew from the same verb lexeme using the same derivational formant.

CONCLUSIONS

1. The lexicon is a system, not a list of individual lexemes. The systematic nature of the lexicon also calls for systematic semantic research. In the case of derivatives, more general categorical derivational meanings, compared with those of lexemes, and their relationship to lexical meanings must not be overlooked.

⁹ It is possible that the neologism stipriklis was not very precisely chosen as an equivalent of English booster, enchancer when naming certain diesel and oil additives.

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2. The derivational meaning of a derivative is formed from the meanings of the base word and the derivational formant, and from the relationship between them. Thus, derivatives of the same derivational type, that is, with the same derivational formant, share the same general (categorical) derivational meaning. This meaning, as well as the individual derivational meanings of the derivatives, must be taken into account when defining derivatives formed with the same derivational formant (in this case, the suffix -iklis). From the semantic perspective, they should be examined systematically as a distinct lexical-semantic group.

3. The names of food additives, which form a separate subgroup within this lexical-semantic group, could be presented in dictionaries as separate lexemes if a neologism has other meanings in addition to its meaning as a food additive. Nevertheless, in determining the semantic structure of a derivative and compiling its dictionary entry in each specific case, the semantics of the base verb and other factors in the formation of meanings should be taken into account.

4. In defining the meanings of neologisms formed with the suffix -iklis and determining their semantic structures, the following matters should be taken into account:

• the semantics and semantic structure of base verbs and of base words at earlier derivational stages,

• the semantic development of the neologism itself, the formation of its meanings, and the structure of those meanings,

• the reliance of individual lexemes on different meanings of the base verb,

• whether the semantic combinability of individual lexemes is identical or different,

• whether their domains of use differ or coincide,

• the development of the neologism’s meanings from one another (usually, the narrowing of meaning),

• the relationships among words in the same derivational and lexical-semantic group, etc.

5. It can be concluded that a new meaning of an existing derivative has been found, rather than a new derivative, only when there are sufficiently many examples of usage and it has been established that the new lexeme arose through semantic development, not word formation. If there is no basis for claiming that a new meaning developed from meanings already in existence, the possibility always remains that the word was recreated or newly formed according to a known derivational model from the same base word, based on the same or (all the more so) another meaning of that base word.

ŠALTINIAI

AŽ 1995: Atgalinis dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Sud. V. Žilinskienė, Vilnius: Matematikos ir informatikos institutas, Lietuvių kalbos institutas.

Chemijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas 2003. Red. K. Daukšas, J. Barkauskas, V. Daukšas [ir kt.]. 2 pataisytas ir papildytas leidimas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.

DLKT: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas. Prieiga internete: http://tekstynas.vdu.lt/tekstynas/ (žiūrėta 2014 m. vasario–gegužės mėn.).

DŽ₇ 2012: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Red. S. Keinys. 7 leidimas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.

DKK: Didžiųjų kalbos klaidų sąrašas (žodžių sandaros). Prieiga internete: http://www.vlkk.lt/lit/lt/klaidos/zodziu (žiūrėta 2014 m. balandžio mėn.).

Laugalienė G., Mironaitė M. 2004: Lietuvių–anglų kalbų karybos žodynas. Eksperimentinis leidinys, Vilnius: Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademija. Prieiga internete: http://www.andriuz.skynet.lt/knygos/Anglu/Lietuviu%20-%20Anglu%20Kalbu%20Karybos%20Zodynas.pdf (žiūrėta 2014 08 25).

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Laugalienė G., Mironaitė M. 2008: Mokomasis anglų–lietuvių ir lietuvių–anglų kalbų karybos žodynas. Eksperimentinis leidinys, Vilnius: Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademija. Prieiga internete: ika.freshmedia.lt/download/1302/zodynas.pdf (žiūrėta 2014 08 25).

LKŽ 2008: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1–20 (elektroninis variantas). Vyr. red. G. Naktinienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: www.lkz.lt (žiūrėta 2014 vasario–rugsėjo mėn.).

ND: Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas. Sudarytoja R. Miliūnaitė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://naujazodziai.lki.lt/ Index.asp?zodis=&kodas=0 (žiūrėta 2014 m. vasario–rugsėjo mėn.).

Pukienė M., Rukštelienė J. 2003: Karinis prancūzų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas. Eksperimentinis leidinys, Generolo Jono Žemaičio Lietuvos karo akademija. Prieiga internete: www.lka.lt/.../karinis%20prancuzu-lietuviu%20kalbu%20zodynas_2003.pdf (žiūrėta 2014 08 25).

Vartosenos pavyzdžių ieškota interneto paieškos sistema Google.

LITERATŪRA

DLKG 1996: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika. Red. V. Ambrazas. 2 leidimas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla.

Girčienė J. 2000: Naujųjų skolinių atitikmenys – naujadarai. – Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 42, 33–57.

Girčienė J. 2003: Žodžio reikšmė leksikologijos ir žodžių darybos požiūriu. – Žmogus ir žodis 1, 21–29. Prieiga internete: http://etalpykla.lituanistikadb.lt/fedora/get/LT-LDB-0001:J.04~2003~1367159665964/DS.002.0.01.ARTIC.

Jakaitienė E. 2009: Leksikologija, Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas.

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BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204

DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ. Priesagos -iklis naujadarų apibrėžčių sistemiškumas | 17

THE SYSTEMATICITY OF THE DEFINITIONS OF THE NEOLOGISMS WITH THE SUFFIX –IKLIS

Summary

Recently, a number of new derivatives with the suffix –iklis signifying instruments have been and still are formed, e.g. dažiklis, ploviklis, puriklis, kvėpiklis, etc. Their definitions are created aiming at systematicity, which is necessary in order to provide them in dictionaries, for instance. It has been noticed that in some cases the neologisms of the lexico-semantic group considered have specific meanings, while in other cases their lexical meaning coincides with the derivational one and therefore the lexeme can be defined relatively broadly – as an instrument for performing an action expressed by a base verb. This depends on the semantics of the base verbs (and the base words of the previous derivation stages), the semantic development of the very neologism, formation of its meanings and structure thereof, connection of individual lexemes to different meanings of the base word or development of the neologism’s meanings from one another, etc. In addition, in the definition of an individual neologism, one should not leave out of consideration the rest of the words of the relevant semantic group and their interrelationship. For instance, in the supplementary information given in Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Modern Lithuanian Dictionary) dažiklis (‘dye’) is defined as ‘medžiaga, naudojama dažymui’ (‘material used for dyeing’). Dyes are usually used in the food industry, as well as in chemistry, textiles, cosmetics, poligraphy. Yet so far there is probably no reason to distinguish the individual meanings of this word by fields of consumption in dictionaries as all of them refer to the same meaning of the verb dažyti (‘to dye’) – ‘spalvinti mirkant dažuo­se ar tepant dažais’ (‘to dye by immersing in or covering with dye’). Dažiklis has not lexicalised enough, its lexical meaning practically coincides with the derivational one, i.e. dažiklis easily denotes any dyeing instrument (material) for dyeing anything. Only the food additive name could be distinguished as an individual lexeme or at least as a shade of meaning. Food additive names, comprising the subgroup of this lexico-semantic group, are formed with the suffix -iklis on a systematic basis – this type of word formation covers a substantial part of such names. Thus, they could be presented more systematically in the dictionaries, i.e. in cases of polysemous words, food additive names could be distinguished as individual lexemes (if this is based on the semantic structure of the base verb) or at least as shades of a single meaning (if all lexemes are based on the same meaning of the base verb). On the other hand, quite often an individual derivative with the suffix -iklis is used to denominate many realia and formulating an individual definition for each of them would mean excessive fragmentation of the semantic structure of the neologism as well as creation of an overly complicated dictionary article in disagreement with the common system (for instance, presenting polishers (blizgikliai) of leather articles (especially shoes), dishes, furniture, floor, cars, hair, fur, plant leaves, dye, etc. as different lexemes), not to mention that this neologism is used to denote ever changing realia, its current lexical meaning essentially equals the derivational one, and the word is recreated anew as needed.

The article examines the explanation and presentation of derivatives with the suffix -iklis denoting tools (instruments) given in Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas; a group of neologisms with the said suffix analysed is selected from Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas (Database of Lithuanian Neologisms). The relationship of derivational and lexical meanings in the lexicographic definitions of the selected derivatives is of interest. Criteria for a more systemic definition of the derivatives of the considered lexico-semantic group in dictionaries, lexical databases, and similar pieces of work are discussed.

KEYWORDS: neologism, derivate, nomina instrumenti, lexeme, semantic structure, derivational meaning, lexical meaning.

DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius [email protected]

BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014)

www.bendrinekalba.lt

ISSN 2351-7204