Priesagos „-iklis“ naujadarų apibrėžčių sistemiškumas

BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas APPENDICES - A SECTION OF INNOVATIVE DEFINITIONS SYSTEMICITY KEY WORDS: derivative, derivative, tool names, lexicon, semantic structure, meaning of the word, lexical meaning. The article examines the semantics of new verb suffix -iklis derivatives – tools (means) names. The aim of the article is to clarify their semantic structure, the relationship of the verb and lexical meanings, to create as systematic definitions as possible. Firstly, it is reviewed how the derivatives of this work are presented in the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language – how they are divided into meanings, defined, what is the relationship between their works and lexical meanings, etc. Then, a group of new words of this suffix and their semantic structure are examined in the Lithuanian language new words database. Criteria are discussed, based on which it would be possible to define the derivatives of this lexical semantic group more systematically, presenting them in explanatory dictionaries, lexical databases, etc. The verb derivatives of the suffix -iklis are called various means for performing the action called the base verb, usually tools, devices, mechanisms or parts thereof (pen, cutter, switch, motor), as well as (chemical) substances (solvent, bleach). Pagal darybos reikšmę šiam darybos tipui priklauso ir leksikalizuoti, specialesnes reikšmes įgavę vediniai daliklis, daugiklis, (vabzdžio) čiupiklis, rodiklis ir pan. XX a. pabaigoje žinomesnių šios priesagos vedinių suskaičiuota apie 100 (DLKG 1996: 129). In later sources (AŽ, DLKT, DŽ7, DKK, etc.) there are about 200 of them. In the Lithuanian language new words database (hereinafter – ND), which presents the latest vocabulary not yet included in dictionaries, the suffix -iklis had about three dozen derivatives on 26 August 2014. The forms of the tool names are usually not characterized by adjectives (DLKG 1996:129)1. This type of construction together with the derivatives of the suffix -tuvas, which are twice as many, are the main types of construction of tool names (DLKG 1996: 129; Keinys 1975: 21; also cf. Girčienė 2000: 38–39). With the suffix -iklis a number of new words are made, a separate lexical semantic group of food additive names is formed (dye, flavor, stirring agent, purifying agent, acidifier, sweetener, flavor, thickener, etc.). 1 Elsewhere, it is stated that a type of verb, at least in the diachronic aspect, is productive “when tens or hundreds of verbs have been formed in language on its example” (Urbutis 1978: 266; see Urbutis 1978: 262–267 for more on the productivity of verb types in historical and synchronic aspects). BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Daiva Murmulaitytė. 2 It has been noted that in some cases, the new words of the subject-verb have specifically defined meanings, in other cases their lexical meaning coincides with the meaning of the subject-verb and the lexem can be defined quite broadly – as a means of performing the action said by the base verb. 1. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FUNCTIONAL AND LEXIC MEANS OF TOOLS The meaning of a Vedic verb is formed by the meanings of the verb’s sands (the base word and the verb’s formant) and their relationship (Keinys 1999: 106–107). This allows you to look for similarities in the same verbmotivational and motivational words. [...] it is preferable and more systematic to bos vedinių reikšmėse, „bendrų taisyklių, kurios atskleistų tipiškas semantines asociacijas tarp study not every construct of words of other lexical semantic groups, it is appropriate to study atskirai, bet jungti juos į tam tikras grupes, kuriuose tarp motyvuotų ir motyvuojančių žodžių kyla panašių asociacijų“ (Girčienė 2003: 23). Kitaip tariant, priesagos -iklis vedinius, kaip ir systematically, in this case – as a whole of words of the same verb formant, having a common verb meaning, which in some cases is more, in others less pronounced through the lexical meaning, sometimes even equaling it. This is important both in the study of the creation of novels and in trying to present them properly lexicographically. “Lexical and action-related meanings are usually intertwined, one depends on the other” (Keinys 1999: 14). “The meaning of the work is more schematic, less defined, and the lexical meaning is more concrete, detailed and rich.” (Brown 1978: 147). The connection between the formation of the derivative and the lexical meanings is also evident from the statement that the meaning of the derivative is determined not on the basis of the description of the reality that the derivative calls, but on the basis of the meaning of the base word, while at the same time acknowledging that the matter of word formation is also to explain the intended [thus lexical, which can only be such – aut. past.] meanings of the word (cf. “The functional meaning is only an approximate semantic scheme shown by the word structure. A derivative of the same adverbial meaning can be used with different lexical meanings” (Girčienė 2003: 23). The meaning of the work is usually more abstract, broader than the lexical, much less often – narrower (Urbutis 1978: 148). It is also worth recalling that there are several types of action meanings – separate (individual), group and general (categorical) – they differ in the degree of abstraction. The distinct meaning of the derivative, formed by the lexical meanings of the base word and the formant and their relationship (cf. Keinys 1999: 104), is the least generalized, it “is directly derived from the meaning of each individual derivative” (Keinys 1999: 20–22), and it is common to use the base word to define it, e.g., skruitiklis “a tool for scrubbing”, atskiriklis tech. “a separation device”, tirštiklis “a diluting substance”, skystis “a substance that dissolves” (DŽ7 definitions). In terms of semantics, therefore, the individual meaning of the verb is closest to the lexical meaning of the verb. The unspecified, undefined lexical meaning of some derivatives does not differ practically from the meaning of the verb. First of all, this applies to abstract names of actions and characteristics, for example: delay, treat, greed. Such a coincidence of action and lexical meaning occurs also in other categories of action (in the names of actors and possessors of verb properties, results of action, etc.), e.g.: delayer “who delays”, product “what is produced”, etc. (Urbutis 1978: 147–148). There is also a number of non-commercial (particularly small-scale) companies, including some of the largest in the world. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Daiva Murmulaitytė. Systematics of the definitions of the adverbs -iklis | 3 Undoubtedly, the names of tools are not equal to abstracts in this respect. In the context of the whole category, the names of tools do not have a complete identity of lexical and functional meaning (Urbutis 1978: 111). This category of action is of a mutation (nominative) nature (Urbutis 1978: 163), its derivatives have a mutation meaning of action, i.e. they are used to name other things that relate to the things said by the reference words only as one (nominative) characteristic of themselves. In this case, "the meaning of the verb is usually of a very general, undefined nature, giving the noun many semantic powers, which are difficult to actualize in the usage area of numatyti“ (Urbutis 1978: 171). Tačiau galbūt kaip tik dėl šios priežasties, darybos reikšmės uncertainty and semantic powers, many suffixes -iklis are defined in Vedic dictionaries with more or less specific, but essentially verb meanings, because such definitions are also suitable for the names of new realities, until they are not yet sufficiently lexicalized to be presented as separate lexems. Some types of toolmaking meaning may be more suitable for making the simplest tools, others – for names of complex devices. “[...] it is self-evident that a more detailed classification of the same type of structures according to the complexity of the means of marking is already based on the lexical rather than the constructive meanings of the structures.” (Brown 1978: 253). More generally, lexis is a systematic set of words, not a list or a register of individual lexemes. The systematic nature of the vocabulary also requires systematic semantic research. The categorical meanings of the verb are more universal and determined more objectively than the lexical ones. The study of their own and the relationship of the construction and lexical meanings allows to more systematically investigate the semantics of the constructions and to more systematically lexicographically present the constructions themselves, because word construction, interested in the paradigms of constructions, also studies the change of the semantics of specific words, lexicon as a system (cf. All this must be taken into account when trying to define the -iklis noun as systematically as possible. For this purpose, the lexicographical definitions of the derivatives of this work, already recorded in dictionaries, were first examined. 2. FIXED IN THE MODERN LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE DICTIONARY The Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language (hereinafter – DŽ7) contains 137 derivatives of the suffix -iklis, of which 131 belong to the category of tool making. Some of the latter have multiple meanings, so there are about 150 lexical names for tools. In some cases, the word is formally presented as one lexicon, but in reality there may be several. For example, kėliklis (tech.) has two meanings: 1. "liftable lifting mechanism"; and 2. "part of a mechanism to lift someone", similar meanings can be seen in the case of a drawing tool and a hammer, but they are presented as one lexicon: drawing tool "a drawing tool or part thereof"; dažiklis tech. “a crushing tool or part of a device”: Gun d. Sieve d. The second absorber lexicon is presented as two shades of the same meaning: 2. chem., tech. “absorbing material; 1. tech. „valymo įrankis“: Cannon v. has a head with a brush. 2. tech. „valymo įrankis“: Cannon v. has a head with a brush. 3. tech. „valymo įrankis“: Cannon v. has a head with a brush. Sietų v. 2. „chemiskā tīrīšanas līdzeklis“: Stains, rust v. True, in this case there is also a difference in all cases, where the lexical meaning coincides with the meaning of the action), e.g.: įžemiklis tech. „grounding device“, BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Daiva Murmulaitytė. Systematics of the definitions of the adverb -iklis | 4 fields of use, but in principle the differential sets of tool and material names alone should be sufficient for these names to be considered separate lexicons. There are several cases where the -iklis derivative refers to another word that has more than one meaning, e.g.: kabiklis see pakaba, plg. pakaba 1. „osselė, lopelelė drabužiui pakabinti“: Fur p. broke. Sew the hook on. 2. tech. „parts connecting wheels to frame or body“: Linginė p. Svirtinė p. According to LKŽe data presentation should be kabiklis sinonimiškas pakabai (tiksliau – pakabui) tik pirmąja reikšme, tad DŽ7 šio vedinio clarified: hanger see suspension 1. Interjection 3. zool. „slippery, yellowish fish, having three pairs of wings and a row of dark spots on the sides (Cobitis taenia)“ belongs to another category of creation – not to names of tools, but to names of possessors of verb characteristics (LKG 1965: 334). It is therefore considered the tool name cutter 1. ‘a tool for cutting frozen ground, ice, etc., a chipper’ and 2. by a homonym, i.e. a different word. The same (because of being a derivative of another category of action and homonymy), apparently, can be said about badiklis 2. „dyglys“: Roses with ~iais case. This lexem, as well as the names of the possessors of the verb property (slang, swastic), the possessors of the noun property (divisor, denominator) or the results of the action (indicator 3. “expression of the results of the activity, quality and quantity, data” – cf. Keinys 1975: 32; the latter is also lexicalized) are not the object of this study. Most (about 81%) of the derivatives of the type of action in question, made with the suffix -iklis, are the names of tools (devices, devices), e.g.: karžyklis „karžymo įrankis“, roviklis tech. „raunamasis įrenginys“, gesintuvas „deginimas prietaisėlis“, išleidėjas tech. išleidimo įtaisas: Oro i.; slaughterer ‘slaughter knife’. Much fewer are the names of instruments – about 11%, in almost all cases (16 out of 17, except for the indicator “with which it is marked, expressed”), that is, the names of substances, e.g.: etched chemically “corrosive agent”, retardant technically “substance slowing the process”, thinner “thinning agent”, solvent “substance that dissolves”: Fat t. One other lexicon is more lexicalized, has a special meaning (about 7%), e.g., mathematical terms divisor, multiplier, as well as sensor technically “device changing the subject of inspection into a signal suitable for measuring, recording, transmitting, etc.” : Speed, pressure d. Optical, digital d., multi-field term sensor psych., physic. "excitation source" etc. One lexem has arisen by means of meaning transfer – motor. „actin“: The most important v. of human actions is the desire for happiness. The derivatives of the lexical semantic group under consideration DŽ7 are defined in several ways. 1. Often (in 55 cases, about 36% of all definitions) the individual meaning of the derivative is given (it coincides with the lexicon): karžygis „tool for carving“, kaliklis „tool for carving“, skirstiklis „distribution device“, skaidriklis „clearing material“, skalbiklis „detergent, material“. 2. Often the meaning of the act is specified: • by presenting a certificate of the usage area tech., less often – chem. (29 lexicons, or about 53 per cent. ėsdiklis chem. „etching agent“; • by providing synonyms, e.g.: kamšiklis „tool, stick for plugging“, rakiklis „with what is locking, scratching“; • more specifically naming or describing a tool, device, material, e.g.: slaughterer "slaughter knife", planter "planting tool used in forestry"; • by providing illustrative examples of usage (combinations of words or sentences) etc., e.g.: diluent “diluent”: Dažų s.; dialer tech. "device for numbers, etc. collect": Phone numbers r. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Daiva Murmulaitytė. Systematics of the definitions of the adverbs -iklis | 5 The lexical meanings 3. Įvairių sričių terminai, senosios buities realijų pavadinimai yra labiau leksikalizavęsi, jų are more specific, do not coincide with the meaning of the verb. The definitions of such derivatives are more detailed, presenting more characteristic, distinguishing features of the object called derivative. For example: adiklis 1. „large needle with a rivet end for knitting socks and so on“. 2. psn. ‘knitting stick’; marker 1. "coarse object to scrub (pots, table)". 2. “raw file for wood, hoofs, etc. to rub, iron”; destroyer muz. ‘the mark replacing the diez or bemol mark’; indicator 4. dimension ‘number indicating how many times the next number is taken’: Degree, root r.; lubricant "a piece of butter to grease the frying pan". 4. In some cases, the derivatives of the suffix -iklis are not defined, but referred to other words: griežiklis see strykas; smoker 2. book see smoker; igniter, see burner; pull-out, see corkscrew; for probe see probe. 3. PREFIXES -IKLIS NAUJADARŲ SEMANTICS AND LEXICOLOGRAPHIC DEFINITIONS On 2014 08 25, 31 new words of the suffix -iklis were added to the database of Lithuanian new words or new lexical derivative of this suffix (meaning): atsakiklis, bandiklis (new meaning), blizgiklis, dažiklis (new meaning), gaiviklis (2 lexical units), pagardiklis, hartiklis (new meaning), kildiklis, kirkiklis (single derivative), kvapiklis (2 lexical units), kvėpiklis (2 lexical units), naikiklis (2 new meanings), dirdiklis, ploviklis, vaisiklis, pritraukiklis, puriklis (2 lexical units), rietiklis (new meaning), rūgštiklis (2 lexical units), sweetener, skoniklis, aromatas, slopiklis (new meaning), dažiklis (3 lexical units), standiklis (2 lexical units), stipriklis (new meaning), švelniklis, talpiklis, trukdiklis (single derivative), žvalgiklis2. 23 (74.19%) of the derivatives provided by the ND had 1 value, 6 (19.35%) – 2 values, 2 (6.45%) – 3 values. The most common areas of use of these novelties are general consumption, chemistry, food, household. There is one more word or lexicon from the fields of fishing, technology, construction, administration, lifestyle (style), law and law enforcement, business, agriculture, politics, technology, electrical engineering. It should be noted that the same novelty may belong to several areas of use, e.g., the names of food additives dydziklis, skystiklis, stipriklis, saldiklis, etc., ppr. names of natural or synthetic substances that give food some characteristic, used to change, improve food products in one way or another, etc., belong to the fields of food and chemicals, names of household chemicals (detergent, polisher, fragrance, scent, etc.) – to the fields of chemistry, household, general consumption, etc. The two newly constructed lexemes (expression and interjection) are singular derivatives. The first, denoting the genre of advertising – a short visual hint about an upcoming film, computer game, car or similar (see unreleased teaser, trailer), was motivated on 23 November 2012 on the Internet as follows: “[...] in the English-speaking world there is such a term as a teaser. This is not exactly the same as the trailer. Apparently, Lithuanians could call it a whip? The charger charges, the trimmer trimmers.” (http://blogas.ateitis.lt/tiesiogines-laidos-1-kirkiklis-ir-1-anonsas/, žiūrėta 2014 08 25). 2 ND accumulates new vocabulary, new word combinations, abbreviations and word meanings that have appeared and are emerging in the public usage of the Lithuanian language in the late 20th – 21st centuries. It is constantly updated, refined and improved (Miliūnaitė 2012: 10; http://naujazodziai.lki.lt /Index.asp?zodis=&kodas=0, accessed 2014 09 07). BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ. Priesagos -iklis naujadarų apibrėžčių sistemiškumas | 6 veiksmus, pavartotas kaip perkeltine reikšme vartojamo saugiklis antonimas, pvz.: „Paskubo- “Safeguards” for land acquisition adopted in 1992 have become “impediments” returning Lithuania to feudalism.” (http://www.balsas.lt/naujiena/786827/liberalai-praso-prezidentes-vetuoti-zemesisigijimo-trupdikliu-paketa; accessed 2014 08 25). Approximately 80 cases of such usage have been found on the Internet, but all of them are in one way or another related to the speeches made by Seimas member Eugenijus Gentvilas in April 2014 about the obstacles provided for in the law on the sale of land to foreigners. Jammer has another meaning, also not recorded in LKŽe, DŽ7, but presented in experimental dictionaries of military terms (2003–2008): jammer; automatinis paieškos ~ automatic search jammer (Laugalienė, Mironaitė 2004; Laugalienė, Mironaitė 2008); brouilleurm jammer; ~anti-radar radar jamming station; ~ à poursuite automatique an automatic search hammer; ~ chercheur search hamper (Pukienė, Rukštelienė 2003). Another example of this lexicon („device to interfere with radio communication“), belonging to the fields of military, electrical engineering, has also been found in the online usage (accessed 2014 08 25)3: The cell phone jammer itself was invented by the Israeli company “Netline”, after which the idea was picked up by Japanese electronics companies. Nikkodo sells its devices to cafes and hospitals, while another company SIC offers smaller, personal use and 3 m range jammers. http://rtn. elektronika.lt/mi/9901/japonai.html; All DSOs had to learn to use the sophisticated B-58 equipment that consisted of electronic jammers, electronic sensors that warned of enemy radars, metal film ejection equipment and automatic six-barrel 25mm guns. http://www.ginklai.net/index.php?module=publications&view=publication&publication_id=101; And if they issued permits - drivers can legally produce cheap radio radiation propagation jammers up to the permitted power [...] http://www.infolex.lt/Portal/start.asp?act=disk&fwd=komentarai.asp% 3FdskID%3D54669%26view%3D88&groupID=1. Thus, this lexem is also to be presented in ND. The analysis of the semantic structure of several other suffixes -iklis will hopefully reveal what meanings emerge when studying their usage on the Internet, how they relate to each other and what criteria could be used to properly and systematically present the semantic structures of these derivatives in lexicographic works. Dye is defined in LKŽe as “tool for painting, brush”, in DŽ7 supplements – “material used for painting”, ND – “natural or synthetic dye” (application areas: generally used in the food industry, as well as in chemical, textile, cosmetic, printing fields. However, there seems ji vartosena, maistas, chemija). Sprendžiant iš šio žodžio vartosenos internete, dažikliai dauto be no reason to allocate separate meanings of this word according to the fields of use in the dictionaries, since in all cases the same meaning of the basic verb dažyti is referred to as “dyed by soaking in paint or by applying paint”. The word "dye" is not yet sufficiently lexicalized, its lexical meaning coincides practically with the meaning of the word "work", i.e. any dyeing agent (material) for any purpose can easily be called a dye. Plg. : If your favorite ice cream is lean frozen water with sweetener, color and flavor, then walk away, I don’t want to hear you moan about calories. 7ravioli.com. 3 The language of the illustrative examples of use here and below has not been corrected. Omitted text is marked [...]. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Daiva Murmulaitytė. Systematic definitions of adverbs -iklis | 7 monsense.lt. Ir taikliai pastebėjo laidoje dalyvavusi gydytoja, patarusi, kad etiketėse skaitant apie tirpiklius, saldiklius, dažiklius ir minkštiklius, mintyse visada pridėkime “kepenų, smegenų (tirpiklis, minkštiklis, etc.)”. comBy purpose, dyes or their mixtures can be divided into: food, textile, printing, cosmetic. lt.wikipedia.org. STUDY ON ART PIGMENTS AND DYEING SUBSTANCES […] A separate part of the book is devoted to natural organic dying substances called organic dyes. Natural plant or animal dyes have been used in the household since ancient times as food or cosmetic dyes, spices, as substances with healing properties, and later for dyeing yarns and fabrics. Synthetic organic dyes were introduced only in the second half of the 19th century. Culture.lt. At least the name of the food additive could be presented as a separate lexicon or nuance of meaning. Since a large part of the names of food additives also belongs to this, the -iklis suffix derivative, the type of action, in the case of polysemantic words, the names of food additives could be distinguished as a separate lexicon (if it is based on the semantic structure of the base verb) or at least shades of one meaning. Such a presentation would be more systematic. The same could be done with the polish. This word refers to the means of giving a shiny appearance to an object. This is how it is defined in ND, where it is presented as a single lexicon, although polishers refer to a wide variety of chemicals used to give a shiny appearance to very different things. For example: I bought an aerosol leaf polish, but the seller said that they form an impermeable film and the plant can not breathe. supermama.lt. The lady's paint [...] And everything paint most as anywhere as soon as the paint turned should be like a fuck in this case as thinner cloth clean the dust and still do not pulkit spray and shine painted area with cheap aerosol polishers better buy some better firm cleaner liquid form now here is just a tip. old.voyager.lt. Handbag contents: wallet, phones, mirror, lip gloss, comb... respublika.lt. Car polisher. Easily shines and protects all car exterior surfaces. alloriginal.lt. This product is used as a finishing coat care accent, giving the hair a special shine and a pleasant smell. The product contains silk amino acids, vitamins E and F, which enhance the natural color of the coat, moisturize it, giving it shine. Unlike most other coat polishes, this one gives the hair lightness, vitality, and most importantly does not weigh them down, peel or make them greasy. […] It is advisable for long-haired rally shine. Pet24.lt. veislių šunims purkšti parodose prieš ringą, norint panaikinti statiką ir elektrinimąsi, suteikiant kailiui natūA glazing agent is a food additive that gives a glossy appearance or protective coating to the surface of a food product. Many polishes are based on waxes. lt.wikipedia.org. Textile paint polisher, gold color, 110ml [header]. artinn.lt. Shoe polish “Erdal”, 75 ml […]. With natural almond oil, guarantees quick and high-quality care of all smooth skin. The cream refreshes the skin and instantly gives the shoes shine without additional polishing. svarosprekes.lt. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Daiva Murmulaitytė. Systematics of definitions of adverbs -iklis | 8 In all cases, when naming any polishing agents, the same meaning of the base verb is used. At the moment, it can be argued that the lexical meaning of polisher is the same as the meaning of making, and polisher can easily be called any new means of polishing someone. Perhaps a little more frequently, polisher is used to name shoe polishing products, but this is not a sufficient basis to allocate a separate lexicon "shoe polishing product". Unless it is not the polishing substance itself, but a bottle-shaped container filled with it, with a small sponge as a tip, used to apply this substance on the shoe. Another thing is that the polisher is also a food additive. If all the derivatives of this lexical semantic group are presented as separate lexems in the dictionary, this meaning is systematically distinguished in the semantic structure of the polisher. ND is divided into two freshener lexicons, both of which are used in general use, chemistry: 1. “invigorating, refreshing, fresh-smelling agent”, e.g. : Bad breath, which is caused by nicotine, onions or other foods or drinks, is destroyed by various mouth fresheners or mint candies - just keep them in your handbag or jacket pocket. Laima. Since the MB is an officer, every four days his legs are shunted in leather boots, even in the summer [...]. Believe me, what a “scent” it was when he returned from service and took off his shoes. We have been enjoying these two products for some time now, they are - shoe spray (shoe freshener) KIWI DEO FRESH and antiperspirant deodorant for feet FUSS FRISCH. Really very effective tools! supermama.lt. Air fresheners are one of the polluting factors of our living environment. Their market is huge variety. These are sprayed aerosols, scented tiles or soaps, scented leaflets, candles, incense, electrically connected scent-emitting devices. Again, so many aromas that even the head can turn when choosing. lzinios.lt. Room and laundry fresheners allow you to enjoy the subtle aromas of the Kalahari Desert. These are all-purpose sprays - suitable for the bathroom, the hallway, your hair and clothes, towels and to refresh the room air. It can be used for laundry, bed linen or as a body freshener - the most important thing is that this natural scent will make you feel good! douglas.lt. 2. „rejuvenating, giving vitality“: […] gel-emulsion “Lumene Lifting Magic Drops” (39 Lt) - it will instantly rejuvenate and brighten the skin. In this case, a quick-acting beauty booster “Decleor Instant Beauty Booster” (106 Lt) would come in handy: it not only removes fatigue, but also relaxes facial muscles, tones. Cosmopolitan. Viva Color is the first long-lasting hair dye with a colour refresher. vddb.library.lt. hours, then again, kind of refreshes the skin, then after a day, it evaporates some color freshener, it becomes a variety of colors, and the color of the seats is kai buna biski apsitrinusios naturalios odos sedynes, jas tepa kaskokiu specialiu aliejumi, palaukia kelias renewed, eliminates small abrasions. forumas.bmwfan.lt. Suede Renovator – its purpose is exactly the same as Suede Fresh. Special 3 in 1 formula for suede, velvet and nubuck shoes that refreshes the skin color. Revitalizes skin fibers. Protects against rain and various stains, the only difference is that it is not sprayed, but liquid. danija.lt. BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Daiva Murmulaitytė. Systematics of the definitions of the adverb -iklis | 9 It is obvious that these two lexems are based on different meanings of the basic verb revitalize – “to make fresh”4 and “to make alive”. This is a sufficient reason to present them as separate lexems, although their meaning – “means of reviving” – is the same. Purification is the process of removing the impurities from a substance, such as water, by removing the impurities from the substance, such as water, by removing the impurities from the substance, such as water, by removing the impurities from the substance, such as water. Here, too, we distinguish between two lexems, which are based on different meanings of the base verb5. The latter, in turn, is also a plural because of the opposition of the verb with the different meanings of the base adjective puru, -i. Plg.: purenti 1. „to make a hole“: P. earth, row spacing. 2. „make puffed up, squeeze, felt“: P. hair, bedclothes; ~a is the 1 of hearts. „snow, snowflake“: P. snow. ~i land, bread. Mr. Cake. 2. „papuręs, pasipūtės“: ~i head. ~i pillow. Fluffy clouds (DŽ7). In the first case, the cleaner is a food additive, in the second - the name of a cosmetic product. Examples of use: 1. “a natural or synthetic food additive is added to the dough to make the baking fluffier”: If it has not risen, you can do nothing. Possible errors: not preheated oven, not inserted blowers or they are old and not working, over-mixed dough. forellesreceptai.lt. Biochemical purifiers are yeasts. Chemical cleaners – soda and ammonium carbonate. Nutrition. What junk we eat and get sick, because food without E, softeners, hardeners, flavor, smell “enhancers” is impossible to find or they are extremely expensive. servinta.net. 2. „cosmetics to make hair softer“: And going back to shampoos-balms and shampoos, Avon shampoos are all really good, but as I already wrote from the shampooing spray my head dandruff [...]. zebra.15min.lt. The hair dryer is designed to lift the hair from the roots. The product is especially suitable for fine, damaged hair. It is a liquid foam that covers the hair with a thin transparent film and thus protects the hair from moisture, stiffens the hairstyle and gives the hair lushness. divalis.net. If you want your hair to be even more fluffy, spray Condition Naturel on your shampooed hair, which does not need to be rinsed. A healthy man. Another argument for distinguishing the two purge lexems is their different semantic connectivity. In the first case, the moisturizer (food additive) is added to the food, in the second (cosmetics) it is usually sprayed, it can or does not have to be rinsed off. From the first one perhaps we get fat, we thin, he tukina, the use of the second lexicon with these verbs is hardly imaginable. The first, in a broader view, belongs to the same lexical semantic group as the names of various spices, the second can be semantically associated with the names of hair care products shampoo, balm, conditioner, etc. For the same reasons, two acidifying lexicons are also distinguished, which are based on the different meanings of the base verb acidify (the latter, in turn, is also adjective due to the opposition of the action with the different meanings of the base adjective acid, -i). Example: acidify 1. "make sour, more sour taste". 2. agr. ‘to make acidic’: Ammonium nitrate 4 This revitalizing value is not provided in DG7 and LCe. tus į vieną“ (LKŽe)); 2. "Signal, frequency, etc. jamming device" (:mix 14. „hinder, hinder (LKŽe)). 5 Plg. DŽ7 maišiklis 1. „medžiagos ar kelių medžiagų maišymo įrankis“ (: maišyti 2. „dėti kartu, jungti įvairius daik- BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 Daiva Murmulaitytė. 16 L a ug a li en ė G., M i ro na it ė M. 2008: Educational English–Lithuanian and Lithuanian–English military dictionary. Vilnius: General Jono Žemaičio Lithuanian Military Academy. Retrieved 2014-08-25. lka.freshmedia.lt/download/1302/zodynas.pdf (accessed 2014-08-25). LKŽe 2008: Lietuvos kalbos žodynas 1–20 (electronic version). Vyr. red. Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. Retrieved 2014-09-08. www.lkz.lt (accessed February-September 2014). ND: Lithuanian New Words Database. Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute. Available online at: http://www.about.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1000 (accessed 2014). February to September ). P u ki e nė M., Ru kš te li en ė J. 2003: Military French-Lithuanian Dictionary. General Jono Žemaičio Lithuanian Military Academy. Retrieved 2014-08-25. www.lka.lt/.../karinis%20prancuzu-lietuviu%20kalbu%20zodynas_2003.pdf (accessed 2014-08-25). Examples of usage were searched on the internet search engine Google. LITERATŪRA DLKG 1996: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika. Red. V. Ambrazas. 2 leidimas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla. Girčienė J. 2000: Naujųjų skolinių atitikmenys – naujadarai. – Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 42, 33–57. Girčienė J. 2003: Žodžio reikšmė leksikologijos ir žodžių darybos požiūriu. – Žmogus ir žodis 1, 21–29. Prieiga internete: http://etalpykla.lituanistikadb.lt/fedora/get/LT-LDB-0001:J.04~2003~ 1367159665964/DS.002.0.01.ARTIC. Jakaitienė E. 2009: Leksikologija, Vilnius: Vilniaus universitetas. Keinys S. 1975: Priesaginė lietuviškų terminų daryba. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 16: Lietuvių terminologija, Vilnius, 7–56. Keinys S. 1999: Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, Šiauliai: Šiaulių universiteto leidykla. LKG 1965: Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1. Vyr. red. K. Ulvydas, Vilnius: Mintis. Miliūnaitė R. 2012: Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas. – Gimtoji kalba 6, 3–11. Prieiga internete: http://www.kalbosnamai.lt/images/dokumentai/mili%C5%ABnait%C4%97_nauja%C5% BEod%C5%BEi%C5%B3%20duomenynas_gk.pdf. Urbutis V. 1978: Theory of word formation, Vilnius: Mokslas. Кубрякова Е. 1972: Словообразование. – Общее языкознание. Внутренняя структура языка. Москва: Просвещение, 344–393. Кубрякова Е. 1981: Типы языковых значений: семантика производного слова, Москва: Наука. Received 23 September 2014 BENDRINĖ KALBA | 87 (2014) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204 DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ. Priesagos -iklis naujadarų apibrėžčių sistemiškumas | 17 THE SYSTEMATICITY OF THE DEFINITIONS OF THE NEOLOGISMS WITH THE SUFFIX –IKLIS Summary Recently, a number of new derivatives with the suffix –iklis signifying instruments have been and still are formed, e.g. dažiklis, ploviklis, puriklis, kvėpiklis, etc. Their definitions are created aiming at sistematicity, which is necessary in order to provide them in dictionaries, for instance. It has been noticed that in some cases the neologisms of the lexico-semantic group considered have specific meanings, while in other cases their lexical meaning coincides with the derivational one and therefore the lexeme can be defined relatively broadly – as an instrument for performing an action expressed by a base verb. This depends on the semantics of the base verbs (and the base words of the previous derivation stages), the semantic development of the very neologism, formation of its meanings and structure thereof, connection of individual lexemes to different meanings of the base word or development of the neologism’s meanings from one another, etc. In addition, in the definition of an individual neologism, one should not leave out of consideration the rest of the words of the relevant semantic group and their interrelationship. For example, in the supplementary information given in Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Modern Lithuanian Dictionary) dažiklis (‘dye’) is defined as ‘medžiaga, naudojama dažymui’ (‘material used for dyeing’). Dyes are usually used in the food industry, as well as in chemistry, textiles, cosmetics, poligraphy. However, so far there is probably no reason to distinguish the individual meanings of this word by fields of consumption in dictionaries as all of them refer to the same meaning of the verb dažyti (‘to dye’) – ‘spalvinti mirkant dažuose ar tepant dažais’ (‘to dye by immersing in or covering with dye’). The word "dažiklis" has not been sufficiently lexicalized, its lexical meaning practically coincides with the derivational one, i.e. dažiklis easily denotes any dyeing instrument (material) for dyeing anything. Only the food additive name could be distinguished as an individual lexeme or at least as a shade of meaning. Food additive names, comprising the subgroup of this lexico-semantic group, are formed with the suffix -iklis on a systematic basis – this type of word formation covers a substantial part of such names. Thus, they could be presented more systematically in the dictionaries, i.e. in cases of polysemous words, food additive names could be distinguished as individual lexemes (if this is based on the semantic structure of the base verb) or at least as shades of a single meaning (if all lexemes are based on the same meaning of the base verb). On the other hand, quite often an individual derivative with the suffix -iklis is used to denominate many realia and formulating an individual definition for each of them would mean excessive fragmentation of the semantic structure of the neologism as well as creation of an overly complicated dictionary article in disagreement with the dishes, furniture, floor, cars, hair, fur, plant leaves, dye, etc. as different lexemes), not to mention common system (for instance, presenting polishers (blizgikliai) of leather articles (especially shoes), that this neologism is used to denote ever changing realia, its current lexical meaning essentially equals the derivational one, and the word is recreated anew as needed. The article examines the explanation and presentation of derivatives with the suffix -iklis denoting tools (instruments) given in Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas; a group of neologisms with the said suffix analysed is selected from Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas (Database of Lithuanian Neologisms). The relationship of derivational and lexical meanings in the lexicographic definitions of the selected derivatives is of interest. Criteria for a more systemic definition of the derivatives of the considered lexico-semantic group in dictionaries, lexical databases, and similar pieces of work are discussed. meaning, lexical meaning. KEYWORDS: neologism, derivate, nomina instrumenti, lexeme, semantic structure, derivational DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius daming[email protected]