Kuršėnų tarmės kirtis ir priegaidė

V. Vitkauskas

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LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, III

LIETUVOS TSR MOKSLŲ AKADEMIJA

STRESS AND TONE IN THE KURŠĖNAI DIALECT

VYT. VITKAUSKAS

I. STRESS

1. Types of stress

§ 1. The Kuršėnai dialect is one of those Samogitian dūnininkai dialects in which the general law of stress retraction operates, i.e. stress is retracted from a short or circumflex ending to the beginning of the word. Knowing that in almost all Samogitian dialects that retract stress (and thus also in the Kuršėnai dialect), a certain degree of voice strength remains at the original stress position², one can understand how great the difference is between the stress systems of the Kuršėnai dialect and the literary language (lk). Since a word sometimes has several stresses, their occurrence and the difference in their origin require broader description and examination. First of all, special names and terms for the different types of stress are needed; these have already been presented in the dialectological literature³. These are the terms used here.

In the Kuršėnai dialect, as in the dialects described in the cited literature, there are five types of stress: 1. primary—original (where stress is not retracted): darbinin.ka ~ darbininko, kirta~kirto, kra'mi ~ krāmė (nape, head, derog.), le'beda (is flabby), nuvi'ka ~ nuvyko (succeeded); 2. primary—retracted (pronounced with great intensity and prominence, but retracted from the ending; a recent development): aulīs ~ aulys (beehive), daržūs ~ daržūs, lakā ~ lakā (small hole in a beehive for bees to fly out), putrā ~ putrā (cuckoo); 3. secondary—final (the part of the voice strength that has remained at the original stress position): duntū ~ dantų, (i)ižgūnc-ti's ~ išgąstys, kaūka ~ kaukai (household spirits), miškē ~ miškė; 4. secondary—retracted (arising as a result of stress retraction to the beginning of the word): blēzdin.ga ~ blezdingā (swallow), muōki-klā ~ mokykla, āštu'nū ~ aštuonių, (u)ubū'lēs ~ apples-

¹ The Kuršėnai dialect belongs to the group of Samogitian dūnininkai dialects and occupies the eastern part of the Kuršėnai district, in the triangle between Klaišiai (doun.), Upynė (doun.) and Kužiai (highland).

² The Samogitians of the Klykoliai, Akmenė and Vegeriai areas are an exception; the original stress position cannot be heard there (see Lietuvių kalbos rašybos žodynas, 113, Kaunas, 1948).

³V. Grinaveckis, *Stress in the Northwestern Dūnininkai Dialects*. — *Questions of Lithuanian Linguistics*, 1, 109—117, Vilnius, 1957 (hereafter V. Grinaveckis, *Stress in the Northwestern Dūnininkai Dialects*); V. Grinaveckis, *Phonetic Features of the Northwestern Dūnininkai Dialects and Their Development*. Candidate dissertation, manuscript, Vilnius, 1956 (hereafter V. Grinaveckis, *Phonetic Features of the Northwestern Dūnininkai Dialects*). They are cited in A. Jonaitytė’s article “Stress and Intonation in the Šakyna Dialect.” — *Questions of Lithuanian Linguistics*, 2, Vilnius, 1959 (hereafter A. Jonaitytė, cited work).

; 5. secondary — retracted (arising in the syllable following a syllable stressed with the primary — ancient accent): mãžãsis ~ mažasis, viˈrešnˈsis ~ vyresnysis (older), tráˈugdaˈva ~ traukdavo, karˈkvabalis ~ karkvabalis, pëˈšaˈs ~ pėšasi, gaĩˈleˈs ~ gailiasi (regrets), veržˈaˈs~veržãsi (strains), mušẽˈs ~ mušias (washes), praũškẽˈs ~ prauškias (washes oneself), etc.

2. Retraction of stress

§ 2. Stress is retracted from the ending to the first syllable of the word in the following cases:

a) From all short endings in two-syllable words: baltà galvà ~ a white head, daũžė ~ struck, diẽnas ~ days, kreĩkė ~ kreikė, šviesì ~ bright, tuõrà ~ torà (fence), žmõnà ~ wife (woman), gražì ~ beautiful, katì ~ katì (you cluck, chatter, quarrel), pūpà ~ bean, turì ~ turù (I have), tupì ~ tupù (I sit), visà naktìs ~ the whole night, etc. In this case there are no deviations or exceptions.

b) From all short endings in words of more than two syllables: ãždama ~ while going, darbinìnkùs ~ workers, gyvẽni ~ you live, karšyklà ~ carding mill, negalì ~ I cannot, nešinà ~ carrying (while carrying oneself), mergelìkės ~ mergelìkės (little girls), pãduoriùs ~ decent, pàprun.ti ~ become accustomed, skelbẽni ~ skelbėni (you announce), vaĩkùkùs ~ little boys, vỹrukù ~ men, etc. (For exceptions and fluctuations of this type of stress, see § 4.)

c) From all circumflex endings: akiẽs ~ eyes, avì ~ of sheep, devynių ~ of nine, draũdù ~ I forbid (he forbids), gerùs ~ good (good ones), krẽšlà ~ chairs, ledã ~ ice, mažãũ ~ less, pasùčiaũ ~ I would send (more), prãgarã ~ hells: nìmã prãgarã / bẽ,num,žù negẽrai ~ numai (homes) — hells, without homes it is no good, širdìs ~ of the heart, takãˈs ~ paths, žabarãˈ ~ brushwood, etc. (For exceptions that occur, see § 5 IV.)

d) From secondary short and circumflex predicate endings (which in standard Lithuanian are penultimate syllables), e.g., bàbãks ~ babakas (a tool), česnãks ~ garlic, lýdėks ~ lydekas (and lýˈdekà ~ lydekà), pyrãrs ~ pyragas, verpẽc ~ verpėtas dẽputac ~ (a new word) deputy, kandidãdac ~ (a new word) candidate, kãtinã i ~ kitten (of a cat), mamãĩ ~ mamaitė (mother dear), puõnãˈt ~ young gentleman (vocative), vaikẽĩ ~ vaikėi, žmõnẽĩ ~ people (little woman), jẽnik ~ Janikė, krùpik ~ krupikė (little toad), seserìk ~ seserikė, mãmìt ~ mamytė (mommy), gaĩdùks ~ little rooster, kiaušinìuks ~ little egg, vaikùks ~ little boy, draũgùk ~ little friend, vìˈruk ~ young man, žãsiùk ~ little gosling, pàliˈkt ~ left (she leaves), sùkimù ~ gets caught up, sùšenẽˈk ~ sùšenėnka, užmiršt ~ forgets, nešutìn.k ~ does not agree, šìˈrìˈt (this morning), etc. (For fluctuations in this type of stress, see § 5V.)

§ 3. Retraction of stress can be so strong that a word belonging to an inflected part of speech (and sometimes an adverb) loses its primary stress, because the preposition preceding that word acquires the primary — retracted stress, e.g., tas, lìˈgìnim̃s prì kìt,ù ir gràˈun giˈvẽˈnima ~ that comparison to others (reproach that someone is unfaithful) and ruins the (married couple’s) life; pradėjo grįžti senovinės mãˈdos / kẽlnes šaũˈras švarkà bẽˈpec,ù ~ old-fashioned styles began to return: narrow trousers,

⁴ This type of stress retraction is described in § 3. In this case, the marking of secondary stress with a small hook below the vowel is retained, while in other cases it has been dispensed with.

⁵ This is one of the cases of metatony (see § 35 e).

jackets without shoulders, to run around all night with a tooth ~ ran around all night with a tooth (his tooth hurt), when, at work | I cannot wake him | but to the dance first he runs~that I’m off to work—I can’t wake him, but he’s the first to run to the dance, the light I left on the board for sale~I left the light on the board for sale (to sell), old women, let’s go to the graves | Tautkutė’s husband is being brought back~old women, let’s go to the graves: they are bringing back Tautkė’s (Tautkutė’s) husband, she choked him right there | with a toad I cured the child~she choked him on the spot (completely): I cured the child with a toad, the beggar’s tales with a message~the beggar’s stories with a message (he knows why he does that), whoever falls ill with ružė | everyone goes to her to have it charmed away~whoever gets ružė (a kind of illness) goes to her to have it charmed away, look from closer up and you will see~look (see) from closer up and you will see, etc.

Sometimes stress is also shifted from a polysyllabic word onto a preposition, for example, behind the barn, the summer crop is beautiful | we could mow it then~behind the barn the summer crop is beautiful; we could mow it then (at that time), having lived among the Samogitians for so many years and still not getting the Samogitian dialect right~having lived among the Samogitians for so many years and still not getting the Samogitian dialect right, my old grandfather used to give the beekeepers new hives~my (my) old man (grandfather) used to give new hives to the beekeepers. In Ūrkuvėnai, Žaigėnai, and Gašiškės, that is, in the dialect’s border areas adjoining the Dūnininkai (Šaukėnai) to the south of the Kuršėnai speakers, who are beginning no longer to retract stress from long endings, this phenomenon is rare; indeed, throughout the Kuršėnai dialect area stress is quite often not shifted onto the preposition, for example, the bride from the first day straddled her~the bride straddled her from the first day (took possession of her, subjugated her), Jadžė with her second life (with her in-laws) is getting ready to live~Jadžė is getting ready to live with her second life (with her in-laws), with the boat across the lake she gave off steam~with the boat (by boat) across the lake she gave off steam, and so on.

This phenomenon has also been observed in other stress-retracting dialects (in Kalnalė⁶, Laukuva⁷, Šakyna⁸, etc.), e.g., she drove them to work, she drove them to work (Šiupyliai, Šiauliai district); a wild child climbs into his father’s eyes, a naughty child climbs into his father’s (father’s) eyes, I was still young in the year fourteen (1914), and I went to the evening gathering, in the year fourteen (1914) I was still young, and I went (went) to the evening gathering (Kaunatava, Telšiai district); the carts will travel without horses; the birds will fly without wings, the carts will travel (you will travel) without horses; birds will fly without wings (in the old days people spoke this way about the present), they chop wood with a horse behind the threshing barn, they chop the wood with a horse behind the threshing barn (Papilė, Akmenė district); drive the cows into the fields, drive the cows into the fields (Raudėnai, Kuršėnai district), etc.

Some dialectologists’ studies claim that this is enclisis⁹ (and examples are presented in discussions of enclisis). However, secondary—retracted stresses and secondary—final stresses in words that have lost the primary—retracted stress show that here, in the Kuršėnai dialect and elsewhere among the Samogitians, we have a distinctive kind of stress retraction, not ordinary enclisis. In the speaker’s mind, the preposition seems to have become attached to the inflected word, sometimes to an adverb as well, and to have become something like its prefix; stress was therefore retracted onto it, the preposition.

⁶ P. Knūkšta, Kalnalio tarmės fonetika ir morfologija, diplominis darbas (rankr.), 13, Vilniaus Valstybinio V. Kapsuko vardo Universiteto Istorijos-filologijos fakulteto Lietuvių kalbos katedra, 1959.

⁷ V. Grinaveckis, Švdt fonetinės ypatybės, 110—113.

⁸ A. Jonaitytė, min. veik., 120.

⁹ A. Jonaitytė, min. veik., 120.

3. Irregularities in retraction of stress

§ 4. Bordering dialects in which only the conditional stress-retraction rule is in effect (Kurtuvėnai, Šiauliai), the Kuršėnai dialect has examples of stress patterns that show that stress retraction to the first syllable has not been completed.

a) In polysyllabic words whose penultimate syllable is long, stress often jumps from a short ending to that long syllable rather than to the beginning of the word, e.g., aštūni (and aštū'ni) ~ eight, balūn.džūs (and bālūn.džūs) ~ pigeons, gani'klà (and gānī'klà) ~ pasture, kirpī'klà (and kìrpī'klà) ~ hair salon, miškū'si (and miškū'si) ~ in the forests (in the woods), šakuōši (and commonly šakuōši) ~ in the branches, sijūōnūs (and sjūōnūs) ~ jackets, uōbuo'lī'nė (and uōbuo'lī'nė) ~ apple orchard (apple preserve), vagī'stà (and vagī'stà) ~ theft (stealing), nerūn.dù (and nè rūn.dù) ~ I do not find. V. Grinaveckis says that “in polysyllabic words whose final syllable is short and whose second syllable from the end is long, stress will be retracted to the second syllable from the end at the same time as in the first two cases,” that is, at the same time as stress was retracted a) in disyllabic words from a short ending to a long root, b) in certain cases in trisyllabic words to a long syllable, leaving no trace of stress on the other syllables¹⁰ (cf. § 8a). The Kuršėnai dialect facts presented here undoubtedly also show this stage of stress retraction, when stress was retracted to the long penultimate syllable of polysyllabic words.

b) Among speakers of the younger generation, the following irregular stress retraction occurs most often in speech (in polysyllabic words): stress jumps from a short ending to the short penultimate syllable rather than to the beginning of the word, e.g., aduoma'tikė ~ Adomaitikė (Adomaitytė), gi'vėni ~ you live, kàušīnūs ~ eggs, karapūtė́s ~ karaputkės (dilapidated houses), li'žūvū ~ with the tongue, muolī'nūs ~ clay (accusative plural), i' žardėlius ~ to Žardeliai (a village name), geresnī ~ better (accusative masculine singular), gražesnī ~ more beautiful (accusative masculine singular), senesnīūs ~ older (accusative plural), and so on. As can be seen, stress here is retracted to the same syllable that bears the primary—historical—stress in other cases. This phenomenon is rarely encountered in the speech of older people (45 years and above), and even younger people who speak dialect rarely stress words this way. Most likely, this is due to the influence of the southern neighbors of the Kuršėnai speakers—the Šiauliai, Kurtuvėnai, and Kelmė speakers.

c) Stress almost never jumps from a short ending to the beginning of the word in the nominative singular of present-tense feminine participles with ending stress: ateinūn.tī ~ coming (feminine) (cf. the form familiar in Laukuva, pàrānō.n.tė ~ returning¹¹), atlekūn.tī ~ arriving (coming over), jemūn.tī ~ taking (taking in), kli'kūn.tī ~ stumbling (stumbling), pi'kstuūn.tī ~ getting angry, skaustūn.tī ~ hurting (aching).

4. Cases in which stress is not retracted

§ 5. I. In the dialect, stress is not retracted from syllables within the word: beržūka ~ little birches, kumė'lī ~ little kumėlė, kepūrī ~ cap, nelā'imi ~ misfortune, papilėniškė ~ people from Papilė (residents of the Papilė area), vadintuoje' ~ those who call, vaivūora' ~ cloudberries (a kind of berry), žagā'ri ~ Žagarė, and so on.

¹⁰ V. Grinaveckis, Švdt fonetinės ypatybės, 95; V. Grinaveckis, Švdt kirtis, 112 (plg. tokį pat reiškinį, kaip ir Kuršėnų tarmėje, A. Jonait y tė, min. veik., 113.

¹¹ V. Grinaveckis, Švdt fonetinės ypatybės, 66.

II. Stress is not retracted from any acute-ending forms: a) the dative plural of inflected parts of speech: stuogá˙ms ~ stogáms, ži˙dá˙ms ~ žiedáms, luovė˙ms ~ loviáms, žálte˙ms ~ žalčiáms, galvúoms || galvúms ~ galvóms, galvùms, gerklė˙ms || gerklùms ~ gerklėms, gerkliùms, katėms ~ katėms, akìms || akúms ~ akìms, akiùms, pìrtims ~ pirtìms, sūnà˙ms ~ sūnàms (sūnums) (rare), pi˙túms ~ pietùms: kà˙ vìrsma pi˙túms ~ what we shall cook for dinner, pi˙menìms ~ piemenìms, balti˙ms || baltìms ~ baltìems, baltìms, graži˙ms || gražìms ~ gražièms, gražìms, žali˙ms || žalìms ~ žalièms, žalìms, ju˙duóms || ju˙dùms ~ juodóms, juodùms, šla˙piuóms || šla˙pùms ~ šlapiòms, šlapiùms, ani˙ms || anìms ~ anièms, anìms (to them), anúoms || anùms ~ anóms, anùms (to them [fem.]), penki˙ms || penkìms ~ penkièms, penkìms, penkiúoms || penkìùms ~ penkiòms, penkiùms, etc.; b) the singular dative of adjectives, pronouns, and numerals: baltá˙m ~ baltám, baltá˙ || baltá˙i ~ baltái, sená˙m ~ senám, sená˙ || sená˙i ~ senái, linksmė˙m ~ linksmìam (linksmam), linksmė˙ || linksmė˙i ~ linksmiài (linksmai)¹², visá˙m ~ visám, visá˙ || visá˙i ~ visái, katrá˙m ~ katrám, katrá˙ || katrá˙i ~ katrái, tuokė˙m ~ tokiám, tuokė˙ || tuokė˙i ~ tokiái, pirmá˙m ~ pirmám, pirmá˙ || pirmá˙i ~ pirmái, vi˙ná˙m ~ vienám, vi˙ná˙ || vi˙ná˙i ~ vienái; c) in the first and second person singular of present-tense o-stem verbs and past simple verbs of all stems with ending stress: matá˙u ~ matáu, matá˙ ~ matái, plerpsú˙u ~ plerpsáu (I sit around idly), plerpsá˙ ~ plerpsái, prašá˙u ~ prašáu, prašá˙ ~ prašái, dangená˙u ~ dangenáu (I hurried off, moved things), dangená˙ ~ dangenái, kri˙pá˙u ~ krypáu, kri˙pá˙ ~ krypái, mušú˙u ~ mušáu (I hit), mušá˙ ~ mušái (you hit), giná˙u ~ gináu, ginė˙ ~ ginéi, maniá˙u ~ maniáu, manė˙ ~ manéi, etc.; d) in some adverbs and onomatopoeic words: kadá˙ ~ kadái: sá˙uli jau. kadá˙ nusilė˙ida ~ the sun has already set long ago, pirmá˙ ~ pirmái (first), visá˙ || visá˙i ~ visái, daugá˙u ~ daugiaú (most), labá˙u ~ labiaú (most), pirmiá˙u ~ pirmiaú (first), skubá˙u ~ skubiaú (most hastily), stumbá˙u ~ stumbiaú (most clumsily), ti˙sá˙u ~ tiesiaú (most straightly), ti˙súog ~ tiesióg, makalá˙i ~ makalái, tabalá˙i ~ tabalái, etc.

III. Stress is not retracted from secondary acute endings: pašùtìms ~ pasiutìmas, šálimìs ~ šalìmas, didelùms ~ didelùmas (greatness), lengvùmìs ~ lengvùmas, grùstùus ~ grùstuvas, liektùus ~ lėktùvas, negė˙rs ~ negėras, negá˙l ~ negalia (cannot), netùr ~ netūra (does not have).

IV. It happens that stress remains in its old position in circumflex endings. Then either several such words coincide, in which stress needs to be retracted from the ending to the root, or one wishes to emphasize something with those words, e.g., labá˙ gerá˙ padarė˙ [kad_atejė˙] padiesi mùn grúobus išká˙išti ~ you did very well to come (you came): you’ll help me clean out the guts (intestines), su_rugė˙s kvìtė˙s puo_rìga važinėjuos| ka_vežima˙ tratìje ~ with rye and wheat I’m driving around Riga, as the carts rattled along, gerá˙ ka_bióba gàbì| kitá˙p bádù nuspróukru ~ good thing the woman is capable (resourceful): otherwise I would have perished, gražė˙ padarė˙ gražė˙| nèra kuo sakýti ~ you did it beautifully, beautifully, there’s nothing to say (ironic), belesù˙ viščiùka˙ grú˙dus ~ the chicks are pecking at grain, duobilù˙ avižù˙ turù | šáudù˙ rugì˙niu ar gàlùks ì˙r ~ I have clover and oats, there’s also a little rye straw (in the hayloft), etc. These examples, in which stress is not retracted, are mostly accidental in nature, irregular, one might say, deviations from the dialect’s stress pattern.

¹² This adjective is u-stem in the dialect: liñ.ksmùs ~ links mùs (cheerful), liñ.ksmi~ linksmi (cheerful [fem.]).

5. Kalbotyros klausimai, III

stress is not retracted, is more incidental in nature, irregular, one might say, a deviation from the dialect’s stress norm.

V. Stress is sometimes not retracted from secondary circumflex endings, e.g., atė̃n atẽn baišã̃usis bū̃r'is ṽiru ~ comes comes the most dreadful (largest) crowd of men, nesutĩn.k |lai. skirĩa's ~ does not agree, let them (allow them to) part (separate), pijuõks negė̃ris/ šū̃ nekãũ.kis negẽ̃l bū̃ti ~ a drunkard who has not drunk, a dog that has not howled cannot exist, pašaũ.k jenĩkį |tū̃ru naũỹna pasakỹti ~ call Janikė, I have news (news) to tell, pakreĩp.k stiklinĩ į̃ pilsu ~ tilt the glass—I’ll pour some in, etc. In this case too, there is no regularity: one and the same person may say nesutĩn.k and nesutĩn.k ~ does not agree, pàprū̃n.t and pàprū̃n.t ~ gets used to it, sùšlùmp and sùšlùmp ~ gets wet, etc.

5. Stress placement

§ 6. Primary—retracted stress. As noted, it arose when stress was retracted from the ending to the beginning of the word. This stress is most often on the first syllable of the word, e.g., aŭ.sis ~ ausis, brūdlė ~ broliai (and briolė ~ broliai), duobė ~ duobė, duovena ~ dovena (gift), k'i'tȧ ~ kietai, krū̃pūs ~ kruopūs (plural ending, groats), pàvaižūs ~ pavaizūs (beautiful, picturesque), ri̇bina ~ riebina (greasy), sli̇dėni ~ slydeni (you make it slip), stipina ~ stipinai (part of a sleigh), sveikata ~ sveikata, vãgà ~ vaga, etc. However, there are also cases where primary—retracted stress falls on the penultimate syllable (see also § 4 a and b): keikū̃nūs ~ keikūnus (those who swear a lot), malū̃ni ~ malūnė, pliešĩkūs ~ plėšikūs, etc. (On the shift of primary—retracted stress from an inflected word or adverb onto a preposition, see § 3).

§ 7. Secondary—final stress has most often been preserved in the old stress position, e.g., amãtȧ ~ amatai, bajū̃rūs ~ bajorus, gãli ~ gale, kartikės ~ kartikės (a small pole), luõpã ~ lopai, plaũ.čius ~ plaučius, pràspurkūs ~ praspurkus (the crotches of trousers), rė̃mù ~ remu (I support), sprungini ~ sprangini (I starve, make suffer from hunger), šakĩkės ~ šakikes (small branches), tingiñiuks ~ tinginiukas, tingim̃'s ~ tinginys, triñ.ki ~ trinki (go wild), vaikeliũkus ~ vaikeliukus, vaĩniks ~ vainikas, žãlė ~ žalai, etc. This stress is not heard in polysyllabic words when stress is retracted from a short ending to a long first syllable that bears primary—old stress in other forms: lei̇.zdama ~ leisdama, cf. leĩ.zdams ~ leisdamas, peĩ.gdami ~ peikdami, cf. peĩ.gdams ~ peikdamas, šaũ.gdami ~ šaukdami, cf. šaũ.gdams ~ šaukdamos, mi̇n.klina ~ minklina (dough-covered, coated with dough), cf. mi̇n.klinas ~ minklinos, pū̃rviñ ~ purvini, cf. pū̃rvinc ~ purvinas, sni̇.gina ~ sniegina (snow-covered), cf. sni̇.ginc ~ snieginas, švi̇.psena ~ švyp sena (smile), cf. švi̇.psena ~ švyp sena, (u)ũ.dega ~ uodega, cf. (u)ũ.dega ~ uodega, vẽl.kina ~ velkina (while dragging), cf. vẽl.kinc ~ velkinas, etc. It is also characteristic that in prefixed forms stress does not shift to the prefix, e.g., išleĩ.zdama ~ išleisdama, atū̃ždami ~ atūždami, etc.

§ 8. Secondary—retracted stress is regularly heard in the following cases:

a) In the long penultimate syllable of polysyllabic words, when stress is retracted from a short ending, e.g., dẽvi'ni ~ devyni, gū̃l'klà ~ gulykla (a place to lie down), kė̃p'i'klà ~ kepykla, pàrdavė̃jė ~ pardavėja, pàvaiži ~ pavaizi, viriė̃jė

~ cook and so on. In this case, the secondary retracted stress is very strong, and it often happens that it remains the primary retracted stress (see § 4 a and § 6).

b) In the short penultimate syllable of four-syllable words, when stress is retracted from a short ending, e.g., kailiniùkus ~ kailiniukus, mažutėlis ~ mažutėlius (mažutėlus), mūteriškė ~ moteriškė (moteriškelė), (ų)undeniùkų ~ (v)andeniukų, vabalùkus ~ vabaliukus, vakarùkus ~ vakariukus (vakaruškas), abakikė ~ Abakikė (Abakaitė), bar tašikė ~ Bartašiikė (Bartašiūtė), and so on. Here too, the secondary retracted stress is clearly audible, and sometimes it becomes primary retracted stress (see § 4b).

c) In the long penultimate syllable of polysyllabic words, when stress is retracted from a long ending, e.g., mūotï·nė·l ~ motynėlė (motinėle), pinìn-gā ~ pinigai (pinigai), raũduõnï· ~ raudonų, riñkėjõus ~ rinkėjos (pėdų rišėjos), sėpt·nū· septynių, and so on. This secondary retracted stress is weakly audible.

d) In the long third-from-last syllable of four-syllable words, when stress is retracted from a short ending, e.g., kāreivēlius ~ kareivėlius (kareivėlius), pētraũškikė ~ Petrauskikė (Petrauskaitė), raũduõnāmì ~ raudonamė, etc. In this case, the secondary retracted stress is heard only optionally.

§ 9. Secondary shifted stress. Many Samogitian dialects pronounce long post-stress syllables with clear secondary shifted stress, e.g., bìm̄bāls ~ bìm̄balas, gālōu ~ gāluo (galui), giērāls ~ gėralas (Kretinga)¹³, kròpmāušis ~ krūmaušis (nemaudėlis, rupūžiokas), mētā ~ mėtai, sū·nkē· ~ sunkiai (Kaunatavà, Telšių raj.), dē·rbā ~ dirbai, vā·lī·te ~ valyti (valyti), vī·rā ~ vyrai (Laukuva)¹⁴, rātā ~ ratai, vā·lkuojē·s ~ vaikiojasi, žemēvelkāmoms ~ žemėvilkoms (Raudėnai, Kuršėnų raj.), dā·ktā ~ daiktai, tū·ndžuojē· ~ landžiojai, žūogrē· ~ žiūogriai (a kind of fence, pinčiai) (Tirkšliai, Mažeikių raj.), šōnē ~ šūnie (šuniui), vā·kōu ~ vaikuo (vaikui), žēmē·nc ~ žeminas (žemėtas) (Tryškiai, Kuršėnų raj.), and so on. Such stress is not used consistently in the Kuršėnai dialect. Secondary shifted stress occurs here only in certain cases and in certain forms:

a) In the nominative singular of masculine pronominal forms: bā·ltā·sis ~ baltasis, grā·žē·sis ~ gražiasis (gražusis), jū·dā·sis ~ juodasis, mā·žā·sis ~ mažasis, paskutì·nā·sis ~ paskutinasis, mū·sā·sis ~ mūsasis (mūsiškis), pirmā·sis ~ pirmasis, antrā·sis ~ antrasis, etc. This pronunciation of pronominal forms has already become obsolete, since forms gerasis, baltāšs. are now increasingly used. I have heard these forms stressed on the stem, but without secondary shifted stress: gē·rasis ~ gėrasis, jā·unaṡis ~ jaūnasis.

b) In the ending of the third-person singular present tense of reflexive verbs with a-stems and ia-stems: dū·dā·s ~ duodasi, kērtā·s ~ kertasi, sē·kā·s ~ sekasi, nēkelā·s ~ nekelasi (nesikelia), pūtā·s ~ pūtasi (pučiasi), šā·ušā·s ~ šiaušasi (šiaušiasi), nūorā·s ~ norasi (norisi), gāi·lē·s ~ gailiasi (gailisi), mī·lē·s ~ myliasi (mylisi), pasival.kuojē·s ~ pasivalkiojasi: kuȯkē·čē sveikata /pasival.kuojē·s puȯ_trūoba ir_gērā· ~ what health is there: one strolls about (is out strolling) around the house and all is well, pājemā·s ~

¹³ J. Aleksandravičius, Kirtis ir priegaidė Kretingos tarmėje. — Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai, 1, 99, Vilnius, 1957.

¹⁴ V. Grinaveckis, Švdt kirtis, 110.

‘I take it’: pàjemā’s tas_rùblis | nē’sam tā· be_kapē’ikàs ~ ‘I take the ruble, I carry it without a kopeck.’

c) In the third-person ending of the future tense of reflexive verbs: bū-sės ~ būsias (būsis): rẽn.k pã·galus nù_ski·drí·na | bū·sės mùnė’s nemã·tus ~ ‘he gathers kindling from the woodchips; he will be (pretending to be) not having seen me,’ dùngẽn·čẽs ~ dangẽnsias (will hide), dú·sẽ’s ~ dúosias (will give oneself), kraipì·sẽ’s ~ kraipý·sias, mùšẽ’s ~ mùšias, raitì·sẽ’s ~ raitýsias, rì·sẽ’s ~ riesias (will curl up, get angry), siẽsẽ’s ~ sėsias, etc.

d) In the second-person singular ending of the imperative mood of reflexive verbs: aũ·kẽ’s ~ aūkias (put on), bũ·kẽ’s ~ būkias (be), kratì·kẽ’s ~ kratykias, nedũ·kẽ’s ~ nedūokias (don’t give in), nežvalgì·kẽ’s ~ nežvalgykias (don’t look around), siẽskẽ’s ~ sėskias (sit down), etc.¹⁵

e) In the verb suffix -av- (most often in the past frequentative tense): nugeltióna·va ~ nugeltónavo, šúkā·va ~ šūkavo, bū·dā·va ~ būdavo, nujū·gdā·va ~ nujuókdavo, nupraũ·zdā·va ~ nupraũsdavo, prašì·dā·va ~ prašydavo, veizĩe·dā·va ~ veizėdavo, žũ·dā·va ~ žūdavo (would toil), etc. Nowadays this secondary stress is often no longer heard: the younger generation says only bū·dava ~ būdavo, aũ·dava ~ ėidavo.

f) In the unstressed suffix -a·tis ~ -aitis, -a·ti ~ -aitė: brùola·tis ~ brólaitis (best man), tėvu·na·tis ~ tėvūnaitis (a young farmer to whom his father would deed the farm), ničniekā·čẽ ~ ničnekaičio (absolutely nothing), pìčpilnã·tis ~ pičpilnaitis (completely full), pìčpilnã·ti ~ pičpilnaitė, vìčvi·na·tis ~ vičvienaitis (utterly alone), vičvi·na·ti ~ vičvienaitė, ã·duomā·tis ~ Ādomaitis, kì·gā·ti ~ Kýgaitė, klemùnkā·ti ~ Klemánskaitė, vitkā·uskā·ti ~ Vitkāuskaitė, etc.

g) In certain compounds (in a short syllable): akietuv·bàlis ~ akétvirbalis, kãrkvabālis, pùsėsėri ~ pusseserė (female cousin), ùšpakālis ~ užpakalis (backside; on the dialect borders with dounininkai, ùšpaká·lis is also said).

6. Proclisis and enclisis

§ 10. In connected spoken language, certain function words (and sometimes words belonging to inflected parts of speech) lose their stress and seem to attach to a neighboring word. These unstressed words are called proclitics or enclitics.

I. The following monosyllabic words are proclitics:

a) pronouns: lì·gu ta_vã·ks prasìžio |pã·muoti kā·p smãks pūl·n ~ ‘the child has barely begun to speak; the stepmother, like a dragon, attacks,’ šìs_vã·kis nebã·ks gerū·ju ~ ‘this lad (fellow) won’t finish on good terms’;

b) numerals: kuo_kratā’s tuoš_čierkikis | kā· būoba nemã·ta | dvì_tris ìžgeri ~ ‘why are you shaking those little glasses? When the old woman isn’t looking, you drink two or three’;

c) prepositions: dvì žì·mi į· ùñ·tra skì·riu ã·je~ ‘she went to the second class for two winters,’ vì·n diẽl_mẽdžu prakapúojima rei·g žã·ni·ti’s~ ‘just for the sake of chopping wood, one has to get married,’ kùpri kùpri pã·cas kā·te· pruo_nuosi ~ ‘the hunchbacked pãcas (rat, scab) went past the cat’s nose’;

d) conjunctions: vā·gi· rei·g dú·ti | ka_nu_žẽ·mis nekẽl·tu’s ~ ‘one must give to the thief so that he won’t rise from the ground,’ nepastẽ·buom | ar_tioki veid-

¹⁵ It happens that one also says siẽskis ~ sėskis (sit down), žìnio·kis ~ žinokis (know), nepraũ·skis (don’t wash yourself).

whether they brought the horse back, or whether they wounded it ~ we didn’t notice whether they brought back a wounded or a healthy horse; whether the woman was lame or the case was settled ~ whether the woman was lame (not nimble), the case was settled;

e) particles: only, kvėkšt kvėkšt she shrieked and “she kicked the bucket ~ only kvėkšt (shriek) kvėkšt she shrieked and kicked the bucket (died).

II. Enclitics can be:

a) pronouns: who is squealing at you, and “who is strangling you ~ who is squealing, or who is strangling you; the bitch, it’s gone mad on her ~ the bitch, madness (rabies) has come upon her;

b) adverbs: old already: one wrinkle on the mouth ~ old already: a mouth with one wrinkle;

c) particles: what sort of partition wall is that: the boards are nailed up ~ what kind of partition wall is that (interior wall): the boards have been nailed up; who wants only to pull out a word, so that afterward they could wag their tongue ~ wants (wishes) only to pull out a word, so they could afterward wag their tongue (gossip).

7. Irregular cases of stress

§ 11. In folk songs and other rhythmic expressions, for reasons of rhythm, stress falls in an unusual position, entirely unacceptable in ordinary speech. For example, the roosters began to crow | the household began to walk about | kė'lk kė'lk kė'lk, girl | there is no time to sleep (in ordinary speech it would be: the roosters began to crow | the household began to walk about | kė'lk kė'lk kė'lk, gir'l | there is no time to sleep ~ the roosters begin to sing, the household (family) begins to walk about, kėlk, kėlk, kėlk, girl, there is no time to sleep), thank you, dear boy, for your “sweet word | I have never yet heard such a little bit (in ordinary speech it would be: thank you, dear boy, for the “sweet word | I have never yet heard such a little bit ~ thank you, dear boy, for the sweet word; I have never heard even the tiniest bit of it before).

8. Logical stress

§ 12. In every sentence, the speaker usually emphasizes one word in order to draw greater attention to the matter of greatest concern to them. E.g., bėnė mártes munė sė'ni nùskauštu ~ benė marčios munė sėnę nuskaustų (nuskriàustų), ar iš „tuo-li: acisùkis àsi ~ ar iš toliè (toli, tolo) atsisùkęs esi, kuò tá'p marčìuos nèken-ti | a „j „uodega anà tá'msta i'kinda ~ kò taip marčios nèkenčia, a(r) į úodega anà támstai įkando, trìnk su „lā'pas' netrink su, šluotražiu | nùgara pratnìnci ~ trink su lápais, netrink su, šluotražiu: nùgara pratinsi (pirtyje), je, tá'p i'gāu. ta sė'ni ies mun sveiká'ta | bū'su priversta veizieti's ~ je (jei) taip ilgiau tà sėnė ės mun (man) sveikáta, būsiu priversta veizėtis (imtis priemonių) ir t.t."

In the underlined words, several stresses are sometimes heard more clearly than usual. E.g., ar „gražù sė'na žmogù užgaulioti ~ ar gražù sėna žmogų užgaulioti, ir „gera' nusipierem šiandien~ir gerai nusipėrėm šiandien!, kuòkė „čė munà svei-katà ~ kokia čia mùno (mano) sveikata ir kt. (in the word sveikàtà the stress is even heard on the syllable -kò-, where it is usually inaudible).

II. TONE

§ 13. In terms of tones, the Kuršėnai dialect differs very little from its neighboring Western Aukštaitians. This feature of the Kuršėnai dialect was noted by K. Būga: “Even those Samogitians who come into contact with Western Aukštaitians (e.g., Eržvilkas, Kuršėnai) pronounce the tone in the Aukštaitian manner”¹⁶.

The dialect has four tones: short (˘), acute (´), circumflex (˜), and medial (ˇ).

1. Short tone

§ 14. The movement of the voice in the short tone cannot be heard because of its brevity. In voice intensity, this Kuršėnai tone does not differ from that of the neighboring Western Aukštaitians (Šakiai speakers)¹⁷. It is pronounced much more forcefully than the short tone of the Kapsai or Zanavykai.

§ 15. Syllables bearing primary inherited stress have a short tone when they consist of:

a) The inherited short i, u, not forming part of a diphthong: miškas ~ miškas, prisikabino ~ prisikabino, visas, kliuvo ~ kliuvo, mūna ~ mūno, primuša ~ primušė, rūc ~ rūdas, žūvi ~ žūvį, etc.

b) The inherited short a, e (in the same cases as Ik, except for the stressed vowel e in the suffix of the comparative degree of adjectives): tava ~ tavo, kàsti, kàsu (kasiu) každàva ~ každavo, kàstu ~ kàstų, každams ~ každamas, lėsti, lėsi, lėzdàva ~ lėsdavo, lėstu ~ lėstų, lėzdams ~ lėsd amas, bràkšt, kėpšt, etc.

c) The vowels a, e in the singular nominative of the dialect’s disyllabic a- and ia-stem nouns, after the mobile ending -a- has been lost. These vowels must not be followed by the consonants j, l, m, n, r, v, since secondary diphthongs would then form and the tone would be acute (see § 20 d). E.g., kàps ~ kàpas, làps ~ làpas, ràkc ~ ràktas, tàks ~ tàkas, žàks ~ žàgas (a cone), lėc~lėdas, šešks ~ šeškas (and šeškus), pràsc ~ pràstas and pràščias (since the singular genitive is pràšta ~ pràšto and pràščė ~ pràščio), rėc ~ rėtas, šešč ~ šeštas, trec ~ trečias, šlàps ~ šlàpias, etc.

This case also includes the pronunciation with a short tone of the stem vowels a, e in the third-person present forms¹⁸ of some simple a-stem verbs in the dialect, e.g., kàt ~ kàta, làš ~ làša, plàk ~ plàka, tràt ~ tràta, vàg ~ vàga (steals), žàd ~ žàda, dèg ~ dèga, lėk ~ lėka (goes), mèt ~ mèta, plėp ~ plėpa, srėb ~ srėba (sips), vėd ~ vėda, etc.

§ 16. Syllables bearing primary retracted stress have a short tone when the retracted stress falls on the short vowels a, e, i, u that do not form part of a diphthong, e.g., kàktà ~ kaktà, kàtruõ ~ katrõ, vàbalà ~ vabalai, žàdù ~ žadù, kėlù ~ kėliù, melà ~ melai (lie; cf. Latvian meli), rėčiaũ ~ rėčiau, kìš ~ kiši, ligà ~ ligà, šilemuõ ~ šilemojė (in the warmth), drùškà ~ druskà, lùptinà ~ luptinai (she peeled), skùbù ~ skubù, etc.

§ 17. Vowels bearing secondary final stress have a short tone when the stress is retracted from a short ending, e.g., gàlù ~ galiù,

¹⁶ K. Būga, Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, I sąv., XXIV, Kaunas, 1924.

¹⁷ Cf. A. Jonait ytė, cited work, 125.

¹⁸ In the dialect, nearly all present-tense verbs with ia- and i-stems have shifted to a-stems: stùmam (we push), šė˙ram (we feed), stùovam ~ stovame (we stand), tùpam (we sit), etc.

_pirštūs ~ _{pirštùs, pašai.tùs} ~ _pasaitùs, etc. (exceptions where such stress is not heard are described in § 7).

§ 18. For the intonation of syllables stressed with secondary retracted stress, see § 8 c. Cases in which syllables stressed with secondary shifted stress have a short intonation are described in § 9 g.

2. Falling intonation

§ 19. The falling intonation of the Kuršėnai dialect differs from the falling intonation of standard Lithuanian¹⁹ in having a voice break in the middle of a vowel (or, in a diphthong, the first component), but this break is not as pronounced as the broken intonation of the neighboring Samogitian dialects²⁰. The falling intonation of the Kuršėnai dialect is more similar to that of the Aukštaitian (root-stressed) dialects, which is why it is marked here with the acute accent²¹.

§ 20. In the dialect, falling intonation may occur on long syllables consisting of:

a) The vowels i, u (which may also have developed from standard Lithuanian ie, uo), e.g., _gí'us ~ alive, _rí'c ~ morning, _ví'ra ~ men, _grú'c ~ grain, _šú'kauti ~ to shout, _rí'juos ~ I quarrel, _ží'c ~ flower, _dú'd ~ gives, _pú'c ~ orchard, etc.

b) The diphthongs ai, au, ei, ie (< ė), uo (< o), ui. As in standard Lithuanian, the pitch prominence falls on the first component of the diphthong. E.g., _lá'ipuoti ~ to climb, _{va'ikščuoje} ~ walks, _šá'un ~ shoots, _žá'unas ~ gills, _lé'isti's ~ to descend (to run), _vé'ic ~ face, _diek ~ put, _tietus ~ father, _plúoje ~ plowed, _žiopla ~ clumsy, _rušis ~ species (lame person), _{neviekšlūtis} ~ awkward person (clumsy girl, scatterbrain), etc. As in standard Lithuanian, the first component of the falling diphthong ui is always short.

c) Mixed diphthongs a, e, i, u with l, m, n, r (here too, pitch prominence falls on the first component), e.g., _išá'lka ~ dried up, _ká'm ~ whom, _gerá'nces ~ good (plural accusative), _ná'rduos ~ struggles, _vé'lnic ~ late, _gé'mbi ~ presses, _vé'ng ~ bends (bends toward), _vé'rti ~ to boil, _íltes ~ teeth (dental), _nurimk ~ calm down, _pinti ~ to weave, _širdži ~ heart, _čiulb ~ chirps, _klūmpis ~ clog (wooden shoe, shoe), _plūnksna ~ feather, _žiūrki ~ rat (mouse), etc. As with the diphthong ui, the first components of mixed diphthongs i, u with l, m, n, r are short. Occasionally these vowels are lengthened under stress, e.g., _{di'ndas (?): par _ká'uras di'nas be _juoke darbe'le/mūš di'ndas pavenė'tės} ~ for (through) whole days without any work, our dindas (idles, wanders about without work) by the Venta, _ki'nka ~ hitches, _sti'rma ~ roe deer (and roe deer).

d) Secondary diphthongs a, e, i, u with l, m, n, r, j, v, e.g., _ká'l ~ digs, _ná'ms ~ house, _trá'nc ~ forehead, _bá'r ~ wave, _vé'l ~ drags (drags along), _jé'm ~ takes (takes), _sé'nc ~ old, _šé'r ~ feeds, _žíls ~ gray, _davìms ~ giving, _trín ~ rubs, _skír ~ cuts (cuts), _kúl ~ piles (piles), _uopūms ~ abundance, _kúr ~ burns (burns), _lé'j ~ pours (rare, pours), _vé'j ~ blows, _klé'jus ~ maple, _lé'us ~ lion (lion), _ri'stūus ~ a lathe part, etc. Here too the vowels i, u are short.

e) Long a, developed from the diphthong ai (in the suffix -á'tis, -á'ti ~ -áitis, -áitė): _mamá'ti ~ mommy, _seserá'ti ~ little sister, _vaikelá'tis ~ little child, _prunká'tis

¹⁹ V. Vaitkevičiūtė, Kirtis ir priegaidė, Lietuvių kalbos ir literatūros Instituto Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos sektoriaus saugomas rankraštis, 9—16 psl.

²⁰ All Samogitian dialects located north and northwest of the Kuršėnai dialect have broken intonation: Papilė, Tryškiai, Raudėnai, Kaunatava, Užventis.

²¹ Plg. A. Jonaititė, min. veik. 122; A. Laigonaitė, Dėl lietuvių kalbos kirčio ir priegaidės supratimo. — Kalbotyra, 1, 94, (39 ir 40 pav.), Vilnius, 1958.

~ Pranskáitis, stunká˙tis ~ Stankáitis, gricá˙ti ~ Gricáirė (Griciūtė), juocá˙ti ~ Jocáitė, kentrá˙te ~ Kentráičiai (a village in Kuršėnai district), micá˙te ~ Micáičiai (a village in Kuršėnai district) (on metatony in the singular vocative, see § 35 e).

f) Long vowels in word endings a˙ < ai, e˙ < ei (see § 5 II, § 21 a).

§ 21. In certain cases, the Kuršėnai dialect has a falling-rising accent where Standard Lithuanian (lk) has a falling or short accent:

a) In the singular first and second persons of verbs with end-stress in the present-tense o-stem and in all stems of the simple past tense: maišá˙u (I mix), maišá˙ ~ maišai (you mix), pirká˙u (I bought), pirká˙ ~ pirkai (you bought), li˙pá˙u ~ liepiau (I stuck), li˙pė˙ ~ liepė (he/she stuck).

b) In the third-person future forms of verbs with a falling-rising-accented root or suffix, where the falling-rising accent falls on the final syllable, e.g., bū˙s ~ būs (will be), bá˙rs (will pour), gá˙us (will receive), gá˙usės ~ gausias: pastovėsie˙s and gá˙usės ~ pastovėsias and gausias (will have been stood and received), li˙s ~ lys (will rain), pasi˙ks ~ pasieks (will reach), skait˙s ~ skaitys (will read), žinúos ~ žinós (will know), etc.

§ 22. Long or lengthened vowels bearing secondary falling-rising accent under secondary retracted stress have a secondary falling-rising accent (on this, see § 9 a–f).

3. Falling accent

§ 23. The pitch movement of the falling accent in the Kuršėnai dialect does not differ from that of Standard Lithuanian and the Western Aukštaitian dialects (Šiauliai and others)²².

§ 24. Syllables bearing primary inherited stress have a falling accent when they are composed of:

a) Long vowels i˙, u˙ (and i˙ < ie, u˙ < uo), e.g., kli˙ksmas ~ klýksmas, u˙rkst ~ výksta, mú˙sis ~ múšis (future), rú˙ka ~ rúko, šv˙sa ~ šviesą, u˙šat ~ viešate (you wash), dú˙bi ~ duobė, kú˙c ~ kuodas, etc.

b) Diphthongs ai, au, ei, ie (< ē), uo (< ō), ui. An important feature of the dialect is that the vocal pressure of the falling accent falls on the second component of diphthongs, which lengthens to half-long (except the second components of ie and uo), e.g., la˙žuos ~ laužosi, pa˙šinc ~ paišinas, ka˙ukti ~ kaukti, šla˙už ~ šliauža (crawls), pė˙kti, sve˙ks ~ sveikas, dė˙dna ~ dėdyna (father’s sister), lie˙c ~ lėtas, skuòlas ~ skolos, žuodė˙ ~ žodžiai, mú˙ls ~ muilas, tu˙nc ~ tūnas (a fence pole), etc. This feature sharply distinguishes the Kuršėnai dialect from the neighboring Dounininkai Samogitian and Šakyna Western Aukštaitian dialects, where the vocal pressure of the falling accent falls on the first component of a diphthong: pė˙lei ~ peiliai, vá˙ks ~ vaikas (Šakyna)²³, še˙lk ~ silkė, rá˙ituos ~ raitosi (Raudėnai), joumá˙rgis ~ juodmargis, ešká˙ulėje ~ iškaulijo (Tryškiai), etc.

c) Mixed diphthongs (here, too, vocal pressure is concentrated on the second component): va˙lk.tis (manure cart), ka˙rpa ~ karpo, ve˙lká˙s ~ velkasi, se˙nk ~ senka, ši˙c ~ šiltas, įni˙ti ~ imti, ti˙rsc ~ tirštas, stu˙l.ps ~ stulpas, pu˙n.t ~ punta, pu˙rks-ti, etc.

The second components l and n of mixed diphthongs lengthen to half-long, whereas m and r do not lengthen at all.

Cf. V. Vaitkevičiūtė, cited manuscript, 16–22; E. Grinaveckienė, Phonetics of the Mituva River Basin Dialect, see Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai, 1, 136, Vilnius, 1957.

A. Jonait y tė, cited work, 123; A. Laigonaitė, cited work, 92 (figs. 34, 35).

d) Lengthened stem vowels a, e, e.g., ãšaras ~ ašaras, lãktas ~ láktos, vãkaruoti ~ vakaroti, kẽvals ~ kévalas, lẽderga (a good-for-nothing), mẽtai ~ métai, tẽpė ~ tepė, etc.

§ 25. Syllables bearing the principal-retracted accent have the circumflex intonation in the following cases:

a) When, in disyllabic words, the accent is retracted from a short ending to a long root (see also § 2 a): burnà ~ burną, dū̃bės ~ duobės, gaĩli ~ gaili, mẽrgà ~ mergą, ruñką ~ ranką, etc.

b) When, in polysyllabic words, the accent is retracted from a short ending to a long root that bears the principal-original accent in other forms (see also § 7): miẽšlinį ~ mėšlinį, dùlkina ~ dulkiną (dusty), kaũgdama ~ kaukdama, pĩgdami ~ pykdami, etc.

The pressure of this newly arisen circumflex intonation is concentrated on the second element of the diphthong, as with the old circumflex, and its vocal movement does not differ from that of the latter. The second element of a diphthong is lengthened to half-long duration (except for the second elements r and m and those of the diphthongs ie, uo).

§ 26. In place of the old circumflex intonation formerly found in the ending, a considerably weakened secondary intonation remains: dĩržā ~ diržai, dĩdelė ~ dideliai (very), pėlenā̃s ~ pelenais, tuõrī ~ t(v)orų, žãltī ~ žaltyj, etc.

§ 27. A secondary circumflex intonation occurs on long penultimate syllables bearing stress in polysyllabic words when the word’s accent is retracted from a short ending: báravỹkis ~ baravykis, pabaĩgà ~ pabaiga, etc. (see § 8 a).

4. Middle Intonation

§ 28. This intonation is new, arising as a result of accent retraction and sometimes also of the shortening of the circumflex intonation. In its vocal movement it partly resembles the circumflex, but it breaks off abruptly at the end and seems as if left unpronounced to completion.

§ 29. When the circumflex intonation is shortened, syllables bearing the principal-original accent have the middle intonation, e.g., jùnc ~ Jõnas, kuõl ~ kõl, tuõl ~ tõl, viẽl ~ vėl, etc.

§ 30. Syllables bearing the principal-retracted accent have the middle intonation in the following cases:

a) When the accent is retracted in all cases from a long ending to a long root, e.g., dĩglė ~ dygliai, galvū̃ ~ galvų, klėbė̃ ~ klėbiai (glėbiai), laĩkā ~ laikai, bū̃tinā ~ būtinai, miẽlenā ~ mėlenai (mėlynai), žãsinā ~ žąsinų, etc.

b) When the accent is retracted to the long root of polysyllabic words from a short ending, if a syllable bearing the secondary-retracted accent lies between the root and the ending, e.g., riñkėjė ~ rinkėją, vaĩkešiukūs ~ vaikesiukus (vaikėzus), var̃guõnīs ~ vargonūs, viẽlklā ~ velyklą, etc.

c) When the accent is retracted from a short ending to the long root of polysyllabic words, and is retracted to a long syllable that is unstressed in other forms accented outside the ending, e.g., arbātā ~ arbatą (cf. arbā̃tas ~ arbatos), miẽlenės ~ mėlenės (cf. miẽlẽnė ~ mėlenė), pluñksnikės ~ plunksnikės (cf. pluñksnikė ~ plunksnikė), sarmatā ~ sarmatą (shame): sarmatā ne armata | neñušās ~ sarmatā — not an armata (cannon): it won’t shoot, vaĩnikūs ~ vainikus, žuñcelės ~ žąselės, etc.

d) When the accent is retracted from a secondary ending onto a long root, e.g., p²’rāks ~ pyrāgas, žìrnìs ~ žirnikas (such a plant), suodnìuks ~ sodniukas (a small garden), ūdonìk ~ Onikė, v’ītùk ~ Vytūk, ì’lìn ~ įlýna (it is raining), parēi.n ~ pareina.

In diphthongs, the stress impulse of the circumflex accent falls on the second component and does not lengthen it.

§ 31. Long syllables bearing a secondary-retracted accent have a circumflex accent in the following cases: a) when followed by a long syllable with a secondary-final accent: kašėjai ~ kašėjai, pãbubė’s ~ pabobiais (through the grandmothers), pùš’na ~ pušynai (see also § 8 c); b) when followed by short syllables with a secondary retracted accent: būruokū-kūs ~ burokiukus, kūopū’stėlius ~ kopūstelius, pūrv’niūku ~ purvyniuku, etc. (see also § 8 d).

5. Accent of unstressed syllables

§ 32. As far as could be determined by ear and by examples that had newly acquired stress, it appears that all long pretonic syllables have a circumflex accent, while post-tonic ones most often have an acute accent: kėikimós ~ keikimos (the act of swearing), kūopū’stá ~ kopūstai, runkikėms ~ rankikėms (little hands), vaìkizgalėms ~ ~ vaiksgaliams (youngsters), etc. This is indicated by: a) clearly audible primary retracted and secondary retracted stress: šal.tà truobà ~ šaltà troba (cf. šá.lta truóba ~ a cold farmhouse), vì’nà ~ vienà (cf. vì’na ~ one), mèlagì’stā ~ melagystà (a lie), etc. (see also § 25); b) secondary shifted stress: kabìndá’va ~ kabindavo, grū’dá’s ~ grūdasi, etc. (see also § 9a-f). However, cases occur in which a circumflex accent is clearly audible in post-tonic long syllables: gaũ.čāũ ~ gaučiau, sakì’čāũ ~ sakyčiau, krūpāũ ~ krūpiau (as a little frog), etc.

6. Accentual alternation (metatony)

§ 33. In certain cases, the dialect shows alternation between: a) circumflex and acute accents, b) acute and circumflex accents, c) short and acute accents.

§ 34. The circumflex accent alternates with the acute in the following cases:

a) In simple and derived iterative verbs (as in standard Lithuanian): kai.ša ~ kaišo and ká’šuoti ~ kaišioti, klì’kti ~ klýkti and klì’kčiuoti ~ klýkčioti, kruók.ti ~ krókti and krúokinti ~ kró kinti (to make someone cry), kruóksėti ~ króksėti (to shout), lūn.da ~ lando and lūndžuoti ~ landžioti, pláu.kti and pláu’k uoti ~ pláukio ti, šau.k t i and šū’kauti ~ šūkauti.

b) In simple and momentary-action verbs and in ideophones: tren.kti and trink t ~ trink(t) (striking lightly), trìnktelėti ~ trinktelėti (to tap lightly), tri’nkt ~ trý p kt (striking hard), tri’nktelėti ~ trý nktelėti (to strike hard), žvel.g ~ žvelgia (looks) and žvìlkt ~ žvilgt (glancing briefly), žvìlktelėti ~ žvilgtelėti (to glance briefly), žvì.lkt ~ žvilgt (looking attentively), žvì.lktelėti ~ žvilgtelėti (to look attentively).

c) In infinitives and in present-tense verbs with -st-a and -št-a stems (as in standard Lithuanian): gim̃ži and gimst ~ gimsta, mìrti and mìrš t ~ miršta.

d) In some nouns and verbs derived from them (as in standard Lithuanian): klaì.džė ~ klaidžio (erratic) and klá’idžiuoti ~ klaidžioti, smáì.le ~ smailio

(pointed) and sma'ilinti (to make pointed), šlúožgi ~ šlõve and šlúovinti ~ šlõvinti, šveñ.c ~ holy and švé'ntinti, sveik.ks ~ healthy and své'ikinti.

e) In forms where, after a word-final vowel (or the linking vowel in compounds) has been lost or dropped, secondary diphthongs are formed from a, e with l, m, n, r, j, v: žã'ls ~ žalas and žã'la ~ žala (accusative), šlã'ms ~ šlamas (rubbish) and šlã'ma ~ šlamai, untã'nc ~ Antanas and untã'na ~ Antaną, ã'r ~ ãra (he ploughs) and ã'ram (we plough), kė'ls ~ kelias and kė'le ~ kelio, žė'ms ~ žemas and žė'ma ~ žemo, i'sibaukštė'n ~ įsibaugštena (becomes frightened) and i'sibaukštė'nus ~ įsibaugštenęs, pė'r ~ pėra (he sifts) and pė'rai (you sift), rė'j ~ rėja (rare, he scrapes) and rė'jės ~ rėjasi, rá'us ~ rãvas (ditch) and rá'va ~ rãvo, sė'nmergi ~ sénmergė and sė'na ~ sėna, dvá'rpuonis ~ dvárponis and dvá'ra ~ dvárę.

§ 35. The acute accent alternates with the circumflex:

a) in prefixed words and prepositions: nú'baigos ~ núbaigos (celebratory meal marking the completion of work), nú'plakas ~ núplakos, nú'spruoga ~ nú-sproga and nú' (and nú) ~ nú (from),

púodukėra ~ póduka, púosūnis ~ pósūnis, púokaitis ~ pó(k)aitis and púo ~ pó, prí'grinc ~ prí'grindas (porch), prí'svirnis ~ prýsvyrnis (used alongside prí'grindu), prí'jiedis ~ pryjėdis (a meal eaten to satiety), prí'guonkis ~ prý-gonkis, į prí'meni ~ į prýmenę and prí (and prí) ~ prý (near), prí'ša's ~ pryšais, prí'šakė ~ pryšakį, prí'špri'šė's ~ pryšpryšiais (opposite the enemy), prí'šininkė ~ pryšininkė (one end of a house) and prí'š (and priš) ~ prýš (against), pró'verksme's ~ próverksmais and pró ~ pró, úmpetė' ~ án(t)pėčiai, úņčkalas ~ ánčkalos (part of a sleigh), úndžvalktis ~ ántžvalktis (pillowcase), úntakis ~ ántakis, á'nkapis and ún. (rarely also ún.t) ~ ánt.

b) in same-root nouns with different stems (as in standard Lithuanian): sá'rks ~ sárgas and sárgis (a person who predicts by dividing a ring), sé'ili ~ séilė and seĩ.lus ~ seilius, sná'gli ~ snárglį and snárglus ~ snárglius.

c) in adjectives and nouns derived from them (as in standard Lithuanian): bá'lc ~ baltas and báltis (whiteness), jú'c ~ juodas and jú'dis ~ juodis (blackness), má'rks ~ márgas and márgis (variegation), pílnc ~ pilnas and píl.nis (fullness), tvírc ~ tvirtas and tvirtis (strength).

d) in some nouns and in the second component of compounds derived from them: nú'tes ~ nýtės (warp threads) and aštuoní'm'tis ~ aštuonnytis, búrna ~ burną and ne-praustaburnis, gá'lva ~ galvą and pli(ka)gal.vis, márks ~ márgas and ju'dmárgis ~ juodmárgis, vé'ic ~ veidas and pailgveidis (long-faced).

e) in the singular vocative of nouns with the suffixes -á'tis, -á'ti and -í'tis ~ -ýtis, -í'ti ~ -ýtė: mámã'i ~ mamaitė, vištã'i ~ vištaite, karalá'i ~ karalaiti (cf. karalá'tis ~ karalaitis), vyrá'i ~ vyrai, pruncėrá'i ~ Pranskaitį, mamá'i ~ mamytė, mažilž'i ~ mažilytė (little one), mergí'i ~ mergytė, etc.

f) in the conditional mood of verbs (in all persons): gá'uti and gaũ.tu ~ gautų, gi've'nti ~ gyventi and gi'veñ.tu ~ gyventų, kė'l.ti and kél.tu ~ keltų, lė'izsti and lėi.stume' ~ leistumei (you would let), melú'ti ~ meluoti and melí'ču ~ meluočiu (I would lie), paší'lti and pašál.tu ~ pašaltų, vaí'kščuoti ~ vaikščioti and vaí.kščuotu ~ vaikščiotų, etc.

g) in the optative mood of verbs: dú'a ~ dúoda and tedú'di ~ -ūdįs, -í'ti ~ -ýtė singular tedúodie, gá'un ~ gáuna and tepasigáu.ni ~ tepasigaũnie (may they rejoice), krá'un ~

kráuna and lėi krau̇ni ~ lėi (let him/her, let it) kraūnie, pė:žuo ~ pėizoja (smears) and tenepėr.zuoji ~ tenepėizojie, etc.

§ 36. The short falling accent is replaced by the acute accent when, after the vowels of the ending are lost or the connecting vowels in compound words are elided, secondary diphthongs i, u+l, m, n, r and ul arise: pil ~ pila and pilam (we pour), šaukim ~ šaukimas and šaukima ~ šaukimo, šin ~ šina (he/she digs) and šina’s ~ šinasi, pipirs ~ pipiras and pipira ~ pipirai, kūl ~ kūla (he/she threshes) and kūlam (we thresh), pilkūms ~ pilkūmas and pilkūma ~ pilkūmo, dūr ~ dūra (he/she stabs) and dūram (we stab), gru̇stūls ~ gru̇stūvas (a kind of pestle) and gru̇stūva ~ gru̇stuvo, šūt ~ siūva (and šū’n ~ siūna) and šū-vat ~ siūvate, nūmsargs ~ nūmsargas (household guard), etc.

STRESS AND INTONATION IN THE KURŠĖNAI DIALECT

В. И. ВИТКАУСКАС

A b s t r a c t

The stress system of the Kuršėnai dialect differs considerably from the standard language, since stress is retracted to the first syllable from all short endings, as well as from long rising endings; that is, the dialect belongs to the zone of complete stress retraction (sùki ‘I turn’, mìnkliė ‘dough’, vãkarì ‘in the evening’, virbàlȧ ‘knitting needles’). The dialect also has instances in which a preposition attaches to a noun or pronoun and receives primary-retracted stress (sù li’tùm ‘with rain’).

Because the Kuršėnai dialect is adjacent to dialects belonging to the zone of partial stress retraction (Kurtuvėnai, Šaukėnai, Šiauliai), there are instances in this dialect in which, in polysyllabic words, stress is retracted from a short ending only to the preceding syllable, rather than to the beginning of the word (rabaì.gȧ ‘end’, mažutėlùs ‘tiny ones’).

However, stress remains at the end of the word if the final syllable is pronounced with falling intonation (vaiká·ms ‘to the children’, žiná· ‘you know’). In rare cases, stress is also retained in long endings with rising intonation (duobilū· avižū· tūru ‘I have clover and oats’), but this phenomenon is not systematic.

As in other Samogitian dialects belonging to the zone of complete stress retraction, the Kuršėnai dialect has five different types of stress: primary ancient (miòka ‘he/she teaches’), primary-retracted (kaìtù ‘together’), secondary-retracted (muòki-klà ‘school’), secondary-transferred (raudiônà-sis ‘red’), and secondary-final (kli̇ebi’s ‘armful’). Drawing on collected material, the article examines the position of the individual types of stress mentioned above within the word and the contexts in which they occur.

The Kuršėnai dialect has four intonations for vowel sounds: short (ˈ), falling (ˊ), rising (ˇ), and level (˙). Their pronunciation differs very little from that of the corresponding intonations found in neighboring Aukštaitian dialects, and they are therefore close to the standard language.

The short intonation is pronounced briefly but strongly, more strongly than in the dialects that formed the basis of the literary language. This intonation is characteristic of the dialect’s short vowels (lùp ‘tears’, visi ‘everything’, ʽas ‘wheel’, lėsti ‘to peck’).

In its pronunciation, the falling intonation has elements of the broken intonation characteristic of other Samogitian dialects, but it does not fully coincide with broken intonation. It is more similar to the falling intonation of neighboring Aukštaitian dialects (e.g., the Šakyna dialect). Falling intonation occurs in long syllables with primary ancient stress (vãiʽkšuojë ‘walked’, niúr ‘wants’), but it is sometimes also found in historically short vowels with secondary retracted stress (dainù’da’va ‘they often sang’).

In its pronunciation, the rising intonation is close to the corresponding intonation of some neighboring Western Aukštaitian dialects. It occurs in long syllables of words (sal.džė „sweet“, kėlė „roads“, kirp^sklà „barbershop“). Unlike the rising intonation of other Samogitian dialects, its greatest force in diphthongs and diphthongal combinations is concentrated on the second component (as in the literary language: kàrsti ‘to comb’, maĩ.šas ‘bag’, saĩ.sas ‘dry’).

The mid intonation is a new feature of the dialect. In the beginning of its pitch movement, it partly resembles the dialect’s rising intonation, but at the end it breaks off sharply. Long syllables have mid intonation in the following cases: a) when the rising intonation is shortened (juonc ‘Jonas’), b) in two-syllable words when stress is retracted from a long ending to a long root (li^stā ‘rains’, vilkū^s ‘wolves’), c) in some cases in polysyllabic words when stress is retracted from a short ending to a long root (sarmatā^s ‘shame’). Long syllables with secondary retracted stress can sometimes also have mid intonation (pàkertė^s ‘in the corners’).

Long unstressed syllables before a stressed syllable are always pronounced with rising intonation, while those after a stressed syllable are most often pronounced with falling intonation (stū^smimūos ‘pushing’). There are also cases in which syllables following a stressed syllable (according to the author’s ear) are pronounced with rising intonation (šau.kčau ‘would shout’).

At the end of the article, examples of metatony in the dialect are provided.