LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XL (1998)

Vilija LAZAUSKAITĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language, Vilnius

ON THE PRESENTATION OF DIALECT WORDS IN THE DICTIONARY OF THE CONTEMPORARY LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE

In examining issues in the standardization of general vocabulary, mention is sometimes also made of shortcomings in explaining the meanings of dialect words in the Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language. The principles for selecting and presenting dialect words vary across all three editions of the dictionary (Morkūnas 1997: 43), and many dialect meanings in standard language are to be regarded as bookish (Klimavičius 1997: 22). To discuss in greater detail the methods and problems involved in explaining the meanings of dialect words, the complete list of them in the DŽ₃ was¹ used.

The meanings of dialect words in the DŽ₃ are presented according to the methods of explaining word meanings set out in the Introduction (pp. XII–XIII) to the third edition of the Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language: cross-reference, definitional—descriptive, and synonymic.

When explaining the meanings of dialect words by means of cross-reference, only the cross-reference žr. (‘see’) is used. It directs “words used more narrowly, dialectal, obsolete, borrowed, and other similar words or derivational variants to words more widely used in the standard language” (DŽ₃ XII). In fact, this principle applies without exception to the explanation of verb meanings—usually a dialect word is cross-referenced to a standard-language word, e.g., kvãštelėti, ~ja, ~jo vak. žr. k v a i š t e l ė t i, stẽlgtis, ~iasi –ėsi žem. žr. s t e n g-t i s, 2 sukirpti, ~sta, ~o tarm. žr. s u g i ž t i, etc. Analysis of the presentation of noun and adjective meanings shows that in some cases the cross-reference žr. is used, and in others it is not, e.g., spãras (4) 2. ryt., žem. žr. s p y r y s and compare spandà (4), spánda (1) ryt., dz. ‘support, prop’; senagalys (3^b, 3^b) tarm. žr. d e l č i a, slidūkas (2) vak. žr. k a z l ė k a s and compare gydūolė (2) dz. ‘medicinal herb’, spúrgas (3) 3. ryt. ‘tassel’, etc.

Sometimes the cross-reference žr. is not used even though the meanings of the words do not coincide, e.g., káltuvas (3^a) ryt. ‘flail’. Compare the meanings of words given in the academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language and in the third edition of the Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language:

¹ According to the proposed criteria for selecting dialect words, fewer than half of the dialect words included in the DŽ₃ would make it into a dictionary of the standard language (for more detail, see Lazauskaitė 1997: 14; 1998: 21).

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threshing flail (3^a) 1. ‘an archaic tool for threshing grain (a club attached to a stick); flail’ 2. ‘a wooden device for threshing grain heads’ 3. ‘the club of a flail’ LKŽ VI 859

flail (3^b) 1. ethnogr. ‘a tool for threshing grain—a club attached to a handle’ 2. eastern ‘the club of that tool’ 3. ‘a longitudinal rod in the threshing drum’ DŽ₃ 725

Comparing the meanings recorded in dictionaries makes it clear that the semantic fields of the words under discussion differ in two meanings. A dictionary of the standard language should include only established word meanings; therefore, priority should be given to how widespread meanings are in the standard language and in dialects. In that case, there are two possible ways of presenting the word kūltuvas. If the word kūltuvas is to be included in a standard-language dictionary only with meanings that coincide with those of the word spragilas: kūltuvas (3^a) 1. see f l a i l 1, 2. eastern see f l a i l 2. In view of the cross-references given in DŽ₃ for the words under discussion, another explanatory approach is also possible: kūltuvas (3^a) eastern ‘the club of a flail’. This latter approach follows the principle of systematicity; cf. kermušė (3^b) dial. ‘the club of a flail’, spragilinė (2) 2. eastern ‘the club of a flail’.

When presenting dialect words, the cross-reference see should not be used if one dialect word is referred to another, e.g., škūlas, ~à (4) Samogitian see b a u ž a s, škūlis, ~ė gen. (2) Samogitian see b a u ž i s and cf. baužas, ~à (4) eastern 1. ‘hornless’, 2. ‘bald’. This presentation shows that in DŽ₃ these words have the same meanings. Cf. also the meanings given for the word škūlas, ~à in the academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language: 1. ‘baužas, hornless’, 2. ‘smooth’, 3. ‘cut very short, almost bald’, 4. ‘even along the edges, without projections’ (LKŽ XIV 991). In explaining the Samogitian word šmùlas, ~à (4), only the first meaning of the word baužas, ~à is given. Thus, one should follow the principle of systematicity—select the most frequently used meanings of words and explain them analogously. It is doubtful whether the discussed method of explaining meanings should be adopted in a standard-language dictionary also in cases where a dialect word is cross-referenced to a dialect word with the same root, e.g., náudas (1) eastern see 2 n a u d a and cf. 2 náuda b. (1) western, dialectal, ironic ‘a good, praiseworthy person’. It is worth considering whether the first dialect form should be included in a standard-language dictionary at all—substantivum commune forms ending in ~as are less frequently used. In DŽ₃, only a pair of the latter, that is, noun-derived dialect forms ending in ~as, are given, while there are more than ten forms ending in ~a. The cross-reference see should be omitted when the word to which the dialect form is cross-referenced is widely used in the standard language, e.g., drabà (4), drabnà (4) dialect see š l a p d r i b a, kūlis (2) Samogitian see a k m u o, lytùs (3) dialect see l i e t u s, siaustuvė (3^b) 2. Samogitian see v y s t y k l a s, etc. Indeed, in similar cases DŽ₃ often does not use the cross-reference see, e.g., atarà (3^b) Samogitian ‘crossbeam’, birulỹs (3^b) Dzūkian ‘fragment’, dvarystà (2) dial.

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‘serfdom’, 1 skarinis (2) Dzūkian, eastern ‘towel’, staibis (1) Samogitian ‘calf’ and others. The dictionary should unquestionably contain no so-called double cross-references, e.g., pėrlaidas (1) Samogitian 2. see į šautys, išautys (3ª) see pertraukas, etc.

Analysis of dialect-word meanings in DŽ₃ shows that in certain cases the cross-reference see is necessary. First, the abbreviation see should be used when, in explaining a dialect word’s meaning, reference is made to a standard-language word with the same root (in this case, derivational variants are involved), e.g., krūvinė (2) Dzūkian see kruvinoji, nešliava (1) Samogitian see nešulys, pažinė (3ᵇ) Samogitian see pažintis, pleiškas (2) western see pleištas, ponýbė (1) 2. dialect see ponija, sparus, ~i (4) dialect see spartus, šeimynietis, ~ė gen. (2) eastern see šeiminykštis, etc. The cross-reference see is necessary when the standard-language word being referred to is rarely used and requires a more detailed explanation (most often names of plants, animals, tools, diseases, etc.), e.g., bamblys (4) western see tranas, blusinės plural (2) Samogitian see tymai, bruišė (2) dialect see kuoja, kertėklė (2), kertėklis (2) Samogitian see vėdega, šarkakojis (2) dialect 1. see pentinius, 2. see pataisas, 1 trilapis (2) eastern see pupalaiškis, etc. The notation see is also justified in cases where the explanatory word should be regarded as an ethnographic term, e.g., plūktuvė (3ᵇ) dialect see bruk­tuvė, spāras (4) 1. western, Samogitian see gegnė, žiūbčius (2) eastern see žibikas, etc. The notation see is especially appropriate when the standard-language word being referred to has several meanings, but the dialect word is used, or should be included in the dictionary, in only one of its meanings, e.g., kasninkas (2) dialect see kaspinas 1, mėdė (2) Samogitian see miškas 1, nešėnė (2) dialect 1. see apdaras 1, pādis (2) Samogitian see padėlys 4, raugienė (2) eastern see raugalas 4, slanktas (2) eastern see sloga 1, etc.

The relationship between synonymous explanations of meaning merits separate discussion; as analysis of dialect words in DŽ₃ shows, it is not always clear, e.g., duonkepė (3ª) 2. eastern see duonkubilis, minkytuvis (1) Samogitian ‘duonkubilis’ and cf. dūonkubilis (1) ‘a tub for mixing bread dough, minkytuvis’, and so on. When explaining a word’s meaning, it is sometimes worth considering which of the aforementioned methods is preferable. There should be no doubt that cross-reference-based explanation is used when a dialect word is referred to a more familiar, more established standard-language word, while synonymous explanation is used when a dialect word is defined by other standard-language words with the same or a similar meaning, e.g., ištekūolė (2) eastern 2. see nuotaka 1 and cf. mōčia (1) eastern familiar ‘mother’, mōtė (1) 2. dialect ‘mother’; kačiulti, ~a, ~o Samogitian 1. see kutenti and cf. glamžuoti, ~ūoja, ~āvo 2. Samogitian ‘to cuddle, embrace’, etc.

Most often, the meanings of dialect words in DŽ₃ are explained by a defining method—descriptive or synonymous. There are quite a few cases in which a meaning is defined using words with the same root, derivational meanings of words are given, and further explanation is provided using standard-language and dialect words with the same or a similar meaning. Therefore, the two aforementioned methods of explaining meanings should be discussed together, since when dialect words are presented, the synonymous method usually supplements the defining method.

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– descriptive, e.g., beržytė (1) tarm. ‘a forest of young birch trees, a small birch grove’, ėskà (4) žem. ‘desire to eat, appetite’, kirtimas (2) 4. tarm. ‘an armful, a bundle’, and so on. However, even in this case, alongside standard-language words, dialectal words are also used to explain dialect meanings, for example, avìkas (2) 2. tarm. ‘the catkin of blooming willows, a willow catkin’; cf. avilė (3^b) žem. ‘the catkin of a willow, osier, or white willow’, pūpuolė (1) ryt. ‘the bud of a larger plant’ (the dialect words avilė and pūpuolė should be replaced in standard language by the usual words pumpuras and spurgana). There are cases in which dialect meanings are explained using words that are rarely used in standard language and therefore, in most cases, require the label šnek., for example, gvìzdė (2) žem. ‘a frivolous woman, a scatterbrain’, pliovóti, ~ja, ~jo tarm. ‘to chatter, to babble’, and so on.

An analysis of the meanings of dialect words in DŽ₃ denoting various foods (see Table 1 for more detail) revealed differing proportions of definitional-descriptive and synonymous explanation, for example, bùrgė (2) vak. ‘poor soup, thin gruel; thick, unsuccessful porridge’, kliùrkė (2) vak. ‘poor soup, watery gruel’, skiñkis (2) vak. 2. ‘poor soup’, veršputrė (1) žem. ‘poor broth, thin gruel’, and so on. The material presented shows that the words in synonymous explanations express what is conveyed by the definitional-descriptive explanation, for example, miešimas, troškė, or provide a broader explanation, for example, kliurkalas, ragaišis. Such explanation by synonyms, as A. Gudavičius (1997: 34) has noted, levels out the differences in meaning between closely related sememes and emphasizes only what they have in common. This indicates that the systematic relationships between dialect words and their meanings, and the structure of the lexical system, are not always taken into account (Lazauskaitė 1998: 22). It should also be noted that words used in synonymous explanations generally require more detailed specification. Sometimes such words belong to colloquial language, for example, kliurkalas, troškė, and so on (see Table 1). Thus, dialect words should be defined as simply as possible, that is, using semantically and stylistically neutral words. If a dialect word is generally known and used in standard language, its synonyms should also be provided, clearly indicating that they do not define the dialect word.

J. Paulauskas (1974: 47) yra siūlęs tam tikromis trafaretinėmis formulėmis aiškinti atskiras grupes sudarančių žodžių reikšmes, pvz., gyvulių jauniklių pavadinimus. Iš DŽ₃ tarmybių sąrašo analizei parinkti tarminiai veiksmažodžiai, nusakantys kalbėjimą, ir jų galūnės ~a vediniai, žymintys pamatiniu žodžiu pasakyto veiksmo atlikėją. Tiksliau sakant, šio darybos tipo vediniai eina menkinamosios reikšmės veiksmažodinės ypatybės turėtojų pavadinimais ir yra bendrosios giminės (substantivum commune) daiktavardžiai (žr. 2 lentelę).

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1 lentelė

Meanings of DŽS service terms denoting dishes

Dialect word

Label

Methods of explaining word meaning

Definitional-descriptive

Synonymous

Using standard-language words

Using words that require a more detailed explanation

Using standard-language words

Using words that require a more detailed explanation

1

2

3

4

5

6

derived (1)

ethnogr. dz.

‘cottage cheese mixed with sweet or sour milk or with sour cream’

burokienė (2)

eastern

‘beet salad’

dried-goods stew (2)

western

‘dry-boiled, stewed potatoes,

stew’ (=‘stewed potatoes’)

slōpė (2)

southern

‘stewed potatoes (usually with meat)’

grūdėnė (2)

southern

‘a dish made from boiled grains’

kruštienė (2)

dial.

1. ‘barley groats’, 2. ‘soup made from them’

šautas (2)

dial.

‘leaf soup,

leaf soup’

plain beet soup (1)

dial.

‘plain, unseasoned beet soup’

to make (=‘improve a dish with a sauce’)

burgė (2)

western

‘plain soup, buza; thick, poor porridge’

buza (=3. see pliurza 2)

kliurkė (2)

western

‘plain soup,

kliurkals’ (=colloq. ‘plain soup, poor drink’)

calf soup (1)

dial.

‘ordinary swill,

slops’ (=see buza)

juōdikis (1)

eastern dialect.

‘blood soup boiled with sorrel’

sorrel broth (= ‘sour liquid, sourness’)

skiṅkis (2)

western dialect.

1. ‘weak beer, kvass’, 2. ‘poor soup’

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1 2 3 4 5 6 misà (4) eastern Lithuanian ‘bread drink, or some kind of kvass, fermented beverage’ (= ‘sour liquid, acidity’) sālymas (3^b) eastern Lithuanian 1. ‘porridge made from salted rye flour’, 2. ‘sweetened water, porridge (=1. ‘soup made from flour or groats’) mash’ (=2. ‘sweetened water’) pāmentalas (3^4b) eastern Lithuanian 1. ‘porridge made from rye flour, mash for beet soup, for fermenting kvass’, 2. ‘sour liquid made from rye flour’ porridge (=1. ‘soup made from flour or groats’) mash (=1. ‘mixing flour; porridge made by throwing ingredients together; malt steeped in mash’) kiūkis (2) western Lithuanian 2. ‘crumbled bread’ saldabandė (2) western Lithuanian ‘sweet, unleavened loaf, 2. loaf (=1. ‘loaf’) ragaišis’ (=‘bread made from coarse wheat or barley flour’) 1 miežainis (2) Samogitian ‘barley cake, ragaišis’ („ – “) 1 miežienis (2) eastern Lithuanian ‘barley cake, ragaišis’ („ – “) lāistytinis (1) dialectal ‘small cake made of barley and covered with rendered fat’ pyragaitis (1) dialectal 2. ‘dumpling, large potato dumpling’ paliēpsnis (2) eastern Lithuanian ‘small loaf, flatbread baked in front of the oven flame’ pārpelis (1) eastern Lithuanian ‘dumpling made from flour or potatoes’ švilpikas (2) eastern Lithuanian ‘dumpling made from flour or potatoes, rolled on a sieve or grater’ 1 verštinis (2) dialectal ‘thick potato pancake’

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2 lentelė

DŽ₃ dialectal verbs describing speaking and their -a ending derivatives

Verb | Explanation of the meaning of the deverbal derivative | Base word used | Repeated explanation of the base word’s meaning | Synonyms used, etc. | sniaukróti ~ja, ~jo eastern Lithuanian ‘to speak indistinctly through the nose’ | sniaukrà n. (4) eastern Lithuanian ‘one who speaks indistinctly through the nose’ | švėnauti, ~auja, ~avo dialectal ‘to talk nonsense slowly, to blather’ | švėna n. (1) dialectal ‘one who talks nonsense, | blatherer’ | varėzgoti, ~ja, ~jo dialectal ‘to talk nonsense, to babble’ | varėzgà n. (2) dialectal ‘one who talks nonsense, | babbler’ | trailinti, ~a, ~o, trailúoti, -úoja, -ávo Dzūkian ‘to talk nonsense, to chatter, to blather’ | tráila n. (1) Dzūkian ‘one who talks nonsense, | babbler’ | švotróti, ~ja, ~jo eastern Lithuanian ‘to blather, to chatter’ | švótra n. (1), švótrà n. (2) eastern Lithuanian ‘a blatherer, chatterbox’ | réntuoti, ~auja, ~avo eastern Lithuanian, Dzūkian 3. ‘to talk nonsense, to chatter’ | 1 rénta (1) eastern Lithuanian 3. n. ‘a person who talks idly’

The material presented shows that meanings in a standard-language dictionary must be formalized as far as possible. Of course, when explaining the meanings of dialect words and their derivatives, one should not move entirely to the formal level. With regard to derivatives, attention should be drawn to another matter—the relationship between the base word and the derivative. For example, analysis of deverbal derivatives in DŽ₃ shows that their meanings have become detached from those of the base words:

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The material discussed shows that, when describing semantically analogous phenomena, the relationship and order of presentation of the derivational meaning of the derivative given in the definition, the defining-descriptive explanation, and the synonymic explanation should be established.²

The problem of selecting meanings is often encountered when explaining polysemous dialect words. In deciding how to present words with more than one meaning, the same criteria should be used for selecting meanings: their distribution in the literature and dictionaries, and systematicity; particular emphasis should be placed on the establishment of a meaning in the standard language and dialects. In most cases, the selection of dialectal meanings in DŽ₃ meets these criteria, e.g., róti, ~ja, ~jo Dzūkian ‘to manage to do something together, to get it done in time’; compare also the meanings given in the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language”: 1. ‘to manage to do something together, to get it done in time’ LKŽ XI 841 (Drsk, Svn, Lš, Lp, Srj, Smn, Mrk; J. Jabl, V. Krėv), 2. ‘to like, to want very much’ LKŽ XI 841 (Gmž, Sv), etc. Sometimes, however, it is unclear why a dialect word is included in DŽ₃ with only one meaning, although material from the academic dictionary indicates that it has more, e.g., užmainas (1) dialectal ‘substitute’ and compare the meanings recorded in the academic dictionary: 1. ‘exchange, barter’ LKŽ XVII 656 (Sut; MP 203), 2. ‘replacement, substitute’ LKŽ XVII 656 (NdŽ), 3. see 1 užvadas 1 LKŽ XVII 656 (DŽ; Prng)³, etc. The same applies to dialect words whose meanings are equally widespread in dialects, e.g., tuntuoti, ~úoja, ~ávo eastern Lithuanian ‘to walk about aimlessly, to potter about, to shuffle in place’; compare the meanings listed in the academic dictionary: 1. ‘to walk about aimlessly, to idle, to potter about, to shuffle’ LKŽ XVII 25 (Ds, Lkm, Dbk, Krd, Švd, Sug, Ant, Slk, Lb, Rk, Kzt, Klt, Dglš, NdŽ), 2. ‘to work slowly, to potter about’ LKŽ XVII 25 (Dkšt, Sld, Zr, Vžns, Dgl, Sdk, Ktk, An, Tr, Mlt, Antr, Mlk, Vj, Ktk, Lb, Slk, Lcl, Dglš), 3. ‘to look after, to tend’ LKŽ XVII 25 (Ktz, Trgn, Slk)⁴, etc. Sometimes the principle used to explain a dialect word’s meaning is unclear, e.g., tùmpis, ~ė noun (1) dialectal ‘a stout, small, ungainly person or animal’; compare the meanings given in the academic “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language”: 1. ‘a cumbersome horse’ LKŽ XVII 18 (Užv, LK, DŽ¹), 2. ‘a failure, a clumsy person’ LKŽ XVII 18 (Plt, Žr, DŽ¹)⁵, etc.

In fact, distinguishing and selecting meanings is one of the most complex tasks, since a word may be assigned a greater number of more specialized meanings, or fewer but more general, abstract ones (Gudavičius 1997: 35). When explaining dialect words—

² Sometimes the meaning of a word in DŽ₃ is conveyed by combining several variants of the defining-descriptive approach, e.g., vvėklis, ~ė noun (2) Samogitian ‘one who constantly whines, a whiner, a nag, a beggar’, etc.

³ According to data from the academic “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language,” the dialect word užmainas should not be included in a standard-language dictionary at all because of its infrequent use.

⁴ Because of its narrow usage, the third meaning of the verb tuntuoti, ~úoja, ~ávo should not be included in a standard-language dictionary.

⁵ The meanings of the word tùmpis, ~ė given in the second edition of the “Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language” coincide with those listed in the academic “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language”.

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when selecting their meanings, the most important thing is to take into account the dictionary system and the ways in which meanings are presented.

Received 1998 12 01

LITERATŪRA

Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius: Mintis, 1972.

DŽ₃ – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1993.

G u d a v i č i u s A. 1997: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas leksikos sistemiškumo požiūriu. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 37, 33–39.

K l i m a v i č i u s J. 1997: Kas yra bendrinės kalbos leksika? Sampratos, nuomonės ir prietarai. Žodyno praktika ir teorija. Vartojimo reikmės ir problemos. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 37, 20–32.

L a z a u s k a i t ė V. Dėl dzūk ybių pateikimo „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne“. – Jaunųjų kalbininkų konferencija. Konferencijos tezės. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 13–15.

L a z a u s k a i t ė V. 1998: Dėl tarmybių ir jų reikšmių pateikimo „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne“. – Mokslinis seminaras, skirtas kalbininkės dialektologės A. Jonait ytės 70-mečiui. Pranešimų tezės. Šiauliai: Šiaulių universitetas, 21–24.

L y b e r i s A. 1983: Žodžių atrankos problema „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne“. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 22, 147–154.

LKŽ II₂ – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 2, Vilnius: Mintis, 1969.

LKŽ VI – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 6, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla, 1962.

LKŽ VIII – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 8, Vilnius: Mintis, 1970.

LKŽ XI – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 11, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1978.

LKŽ XIV – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 14, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1986.

LKŽ XVII – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 17, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1996.

M o r k ū n a s K. 1997: Norminamasis žodynas ir lingvistinė geografija. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 37, 40–45.

P a u l a u s k a s J. 1974: Aktualios leksikos norminimo problemos ir žodynas. – Kalbos kultūra 27, 40–49.

P a u l a u s k a s J. 1985: Žodyno redagavimas žodžių grupėmis. – Kalbos kultūra 49, 6.

ZUR BEDEUTUNGSANGABE DER DIALEKTISMEN IM „WÖRTERBUCH DER LITAUISCHEN GEGENWARTSSPRACHE“ („DABARTINĖS LIETUVIŲ KALBOS ŽODYNAS“)

Zusammenfassung

Die Untersuchung der Bedeutungsangaben des in der dritten Auflage des „Wörterbuches der litauischen Gegenwartssprache“ („Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas“. – Vilnius, 1993) enthaltenen dialektalen Wortschatzes hat erwiesen, daß bei der semantischen Charakterisierung solcher Wörter nicht immer die in der „Einführung“ dieses Wörterbuches festgelegten Grundsätze eingehalten werden.

Hervorzuheben sind folgende Unzulänglichkeiten:

1. Analoge lexikalische Einheiten werden unterschiedlich erklärt;

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2. Bei den zu derselben semantischen Gruppe gehörenden Dialektismen differiert das Verhältnis der umschreibenden und der synonymischen Deutung: Zum einen haben die sinnverwandten Wörter dieselbe Bedeutung, die die Definition angibt, zum anderen wirkt sie in Richtung der Einengung bzw. Erweiterung der Bedeutung des zu erklärenden Wortes.

Solch ein Vorgehen verwischt die semantischen Unterschiede der nahverwandten lexikalischen Einheiten. Dadurch wird lediglich das Gemeinsame unterstrichen. Das zeugt wiederum davon, daß nicht immer auf die systembedingten Verhältnisse der Dialektismen und ihrer Bedeutungen sowie auf die semantische Struktur der dialektalen Lexeme entsprechenderweise Rücksicht genommen wird.

Bei der Bedeutungsangabe der Dialektismen ist es deshalb unumgänglich,

1. ihre Bedeutungen mit semantisch und stilistisch neutraler Lexik zu definieren,

2. die Bedeutungen zu formalisieren und die analogen lexikalischen Einheiten auf dieselbe Art und Weise zu charakterisieren,

3. die Bedeutungsunterschiede der sinnverwandten Lexeme nicht zu nivellieren,

4. das Hauptprinzip des Aufbaus des Wörterbuches nach semantischen Gruppen konsequent durchzuführen.

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