Dėl tarmybių reikšmių pateikimo „Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne“

LITHUANIAN KALBOTYROS QUESTIONS XL (1998) Vilija LAZAUSKAITĖ Lithuanian Language Institute, Vilnius ON When discussing the problems of standardization of the general lexicon, it is sometimes mentioned about the shortcomings of the ir interpretation of the meanings of dialectal words in the “Dictionary of the Modern Lithuanian Language”. In all three editions of the dictionary, the principles of dialect selection and presentation vary (Morkūnas 1997: 43), and many dialectal meanings in common language are to be considered book meanings (Klimavičius 1997: 22). In order to discuss in more detail the ways and problems of interpreting the meanings of terms, all their DZ were used; the list". Meanings of dialectal words DZ; are presented according to the ways of interpreting the meanings of words set out in the Introduction of the third edition of the Modern Lithuanian Language Dictionary (p. XII-XIII): reference, defining — descriptive and synonymous. In the case of a reference to a reference, only the reference is used. It directs “more widely used, dialectal, obsolete, borrowed and other similar words or variants of construction to the more widely used words in the common language” (DZ; XII). In fact, this rule applies without exception when interpreting the meanings of verbs—usually a dialect word refers to a common language word, e.g., kvaštelėti, ~ja, ~jo vak. see also ti, stelgtis, ~iasi ~ési žem. see s t e n gtis, 2 sukifpti, ~sta, ~o tarm. See sugižtiir et al. An analysis of the presentation of the meanings of nouns and adjectives shows that the reference see is used in some cases and not in others, e.g. sparas (4) 2. ryt., Zem. Zr. s py ry s ir plg. spanda (4), spdnda (1) ryt., dz. " ramstis, spirit " ; senagalys (3*, 3") tarm. See d e 1 & i a, slider (2) Zr. k az 1¢é k a s ir plg. gydudleé (2) dz. ‘vaistazol¢’, spurgas (3) 3. ryt. ‘kutas’ etc. ir Sometimes referred to as Zr. not used, although the words do not have the same meaning, e.g. kūltuvas (3%) ryt. ‘spragilas’. See the meanings of the words given in the academic “Dictionary of Lithuanian Language” and the third edition of the “Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language”: "Only less than half of the DZ would be included in the general language dictionary according to the proposed criteria for the selection of dialects; dialectal words (for more details see Lazauskaitė 1997: 14; 1998: 21). 233 Spruce-t- (3%) ailed hawk (3°) 1. “an ancient tool for cultivating grain 1. ethnogr. tool for ploughing grain at — (bowl tied to stick) sprakoto bowl tied ; to stick' gilas' 2. *wooden device for grain heads r. 2. "that tool's butt' down' 3. ‘spragilo buožė’ 3. ‘kuliamosios būgno isilginis strypas’ LKZ VI 859 DZ; 725 When comparing the meanings recorded in dictionaries, it becomes clear that the semantic field of the words in question differs by two meanings. The dictionary of the common language should only indicate the established meanings of the words, therefore the prevalence of meanings in the common language and dialects should be taken into account first. There are two possible ways of expressing the word kôltuvas. If the word kūltuvas is added to the common language dictionary only with the meanings that coincide with the word spragilas: kūltuvas (3%) 1. see spragilas 1,2.ryt. see Explosive 2. Taking into account the DZ; given to the words in question references, it is possible and the following way of interpretation: kūltuvas (3*) ryt. 'spragilo buožė'. In the latter case, the principle of systematicity is observed, cf. kermušė (3") tarm. “spragilo buožė', spragiliné (2) 2. ryt. ‘spragilo buoze’. When presenting dialectal Words, references Zr. should not be used if one dialect refers to another, e.g., škūlas, ~a (4) žem. see baužas, škūlis, —ė, etc. (2) jam. Zr. ba u zis ir plg. baūžas, ~a (4) ryt. 1. ‘beragis- ’, 2. ‘plikis’. Such presentation indicates that DZ; the meanings of these words are the same. Also see the academic "Lithuanian language dictionary" of the word škūlas, ~a the following meanings: 1. ‘bauzas, beragis’, 2. ‘glotnus- ’, 3. “very short, almost bare-haired’, 4. ‘with even edges, without recurrence’ (LKZ XIV 991). When searching with Zemaitybe šmūlas, ~a (4), only the first meaning of the word baūžas, ~a is given. Therefore, the principle of systematic approach should be followed — selecting the most commonly used meanings of words and interpreting them analogously. It is doubtful whether the discussed way of interpretation of meanings can be applied to the dictionary of general language in those cases where reference is made to a common root dialect word, e.g. ndudas (1) ryt. see 2 benefits and cf. 2 benefits b. (1) vak., dz. iron. “a good, commendable man’. It is important to consider whether the first dialect —substantivum commune forms with the ending —as, which are used less frequently, should be added to the general language dictionary. The latter, i.e. dialects of noun origin with the ending ~as, DZ; There are only a couple, and there are more than ten forms with the ending ~a. References see should be omitted when the word to which the dialect refers is widely used in common language, e.g. draba (4), drabna (4) dialect. see splash, ball (2) below. see a kmu o, lytūs (3) tarm. see lie t us, siaustuvė (3°) 2.žem. see diapers etc. In fact DZ; often in similar cases the reference see is not used, e.g. atara (3") zem. “skerslysvė', birelis (3") dz. “trupinys', dvarysta (2) tarm. 234 ‘baudziava’, 1 skarinis dz., (2) ryt. ‘rankšluostis*, stdibis žem. (1) ‘blauzda’ ir kt. Be no doubt the dictionary should not contain so-called double references, e.g. footnotes (1) below. 2.See bullets, bullets (3*) see breaks, etc. DZ; The analysis of the meanings of tarmybiy shows that in some cases the reference see is necessary. In particular, the abbreviation see is used when, in interpreting the meaning of a dialect word, reference is made to the common root of a common language word (in this case, we are talking about constructive variants- ), e.g. krūvinė (2) dz. Zr. bloody she, pregnant (1) žem. see not mouth, knew (3") below. žrrpažintis, plain (2) vak. see wedge,lady (1) 2. tarm. see ponij a, sparūs, —i (4) tarm. see fast, family, ~é dkt. (2) r. See 6-hydroxy-5-methylpyrimidine and others. The reference is necessary when the common language word to which it refers is rarely used and requires a more detailed explanation (usually names of plants, animals, tools, diseases, etc.), e.g., bamblys (4) vak. See tr a n as, flea dgs. (2) jam. see measles, rubella (2) tarm. see foot (2), footing (2) below. see v edega,šarkakėjis (2) tarm. 1.See Pentinian, 2.see amendment, I trifolio (2) ryt. see pupalaiškis et al. It is also justified in cases where the explanatory word is considered ethnography, e.g. plūktuvė (3°) in dialect. see b r u ktuvė, sparas (4) 1.vak., žemiau. Zr. ge gnė, žiūbčius (2) morning see Žibikas et al. The certificate must be provided in particular when the common language word referred to has several meanings, and the dialect word is used or added to the dictionary only in one of its meanings, e.g. kasnirikas (2) dialektas. Zr. ribbon 1, meadow (2) ground. Zr. miSkas 1, nešėnė (2) tarm. 1.see top1, sole (2) below. see padėlys4,- draugiėnė (2) ryt. Zrr rau galas 4,slanktas (2) ryt. see. Smash it. Separately discussed is the relation of synonymous interpretation of meanings, which, as shown by DZ; analysis of dialects, not always clear, e.g., barista (3*) 2. see bread bowl, kneader (1) below. ‘duonkubilis’ and cf. diionkubilis (1) ‘bread mixing bowl, kneader’ and so on. In order to understand the meaning of the word, it is sometimes necessary to consider which of the above-mentioned ways is more appropriate. There should be no doubt that the reference interpretation of meanings is to be used when the dialect is referred to a more common, more established word of common language, synonymous, — when the dialect is defined by other common language words of the same or close meaning, e.g., ištekuolė (2) ryt. 2.žr.nuotaka1l1lir plg. mdcia (1) ryt. fam. ‘motina’, mote (1) 2. tarm. ‘motina’; kaciulti, ~a, ~ozem. 1. Zr. ku te nti ir plg. glamzioti, ~tioja, ~avo 2. zem. ‘love, embrace’ etc. Most often DZ; the meanings of tarmybiy are interpreted in a descriptive- -descriptive or synonymous way. There are many cases where the meaning is defined by common root words, word formation meanings are given and additionally explained by common language and dialect words of the same or similar meaning. Therefore, the two above-mentioned ways of interpreting the meanings should be discussed together, because when presenting dialects, the synonymous way usually supplements the defining descriptive one, e.g. birch dialect. 235 — (1) “young birch forest, birch', éska (4) jam. “appetite, appetite’, crossing (2) 4. tarm. “glėbys, plekas', etc. However, in this case too, in the interpretation of the meanings of dialects, dialects are used in addition to common language words, e.g. avitkas (2) 2. ‘sprogstanciy karklų pūpūlė, avilė' and p.g. avilé (3") žem. “willow, cardle or blinde's doughnut', pippulė (1) ryt. “the bud of a larger plant” (the dialects avilé and pūpūlė are replaced by the common words purūpuras and spūrgana). There are cases where the meanings of dialects are interpreted by words rarely used in common language, which in most cases require a reference to the speaker, e.g., whistle (2) below. “unserious woman, pluuske’, ploovoti, ~ja, ~jo tarm. ‘tauzyti, blevyzgoti' etc. ir After completing DZ; The analysis of the meanings of dialects naming various dishes (see table 1 for more details) revealed a different relationship between defining — descriptive and synonymous interpretation, e.g. burgė (2) vak. “bad soup, buza; thick unsuccessful cough¢, cough (2) vak. “bad soup, slush’, skinkis (2) vak. 2. "bad soup", veal (1) ground. “bad viral, buiza' and so on. The material presented by IS shows that the words of synonymic interpretation mean what is said in the defining—descriptive way, e.g., mixing, thirst, or explains more broadly, e.g., crawling, craving. Such an interpretation of synonyms, as A. Gudavičius (1997: 34) has pointed out, levelles the differences of the closely related meanings, emphasizing only their commonality. This shows that the systematic relationships between dialectal words and their meanings, the structure of the lexical system are not always taken into account (Lazauskaitė 1998: 22). In addition, it should be noted that words belonging to the synonymous interpretation of meaning usually require more detailed elaboration. Sometimes such words are attributed to spoken language, e.g. krūkalas, troška, etc. (see Table 1). Thus, dialects must be defined as simply as possible, i.e. in semantically and stylistically neutral words. If a dialect word is commonly known and used in common language, its synonyms should be given, clearly showing that they do not define the dialect. J. Paulauskas (1974: 47) has proposed to use certain stencil formulas to explain the meanings of words forming separate groups, e.g., the names of young animals. From DZ; For the analysis of the list of dialects, dialect verbs, denoting speech, and their endings —a vedic, denoting the performer of the said action with the base word, were selected. Specifically, the derivatives of this type of action are the names of the possessors of the diminutive verb property and are nouns of the common noun (see table 2). 236 Table 1 DŽ3 Meanings of dialects naming meals Ways of interpreting the meaning of the zodiac Pronoun Certificate Definitive-descriptive Synonymous General kal-| Words, General | Words, bos words requiring | language requiring more detailed words more detailed interpretation interpretation 1 2 3 4 S 6 darynis (1) | etnogr. | “curd, mix. Syta with sweet sour milk or cream ar in beetroot (2) | ryt.lt su ‘burokeliy misrainė' in autumn (2) vak. “sausai virtos, troškė' (='dryly cooked mashed potatoes') All, slope žem. (2) *braised potatoes (e.g. with meat)’ in grudiene (2) | Jam. ‘virty grain meal’ krustiéne (2) | tarm. 1. ‘mieziy kruopos’, 2. ‘ju soup’ shot (2) žem. “leaf soup, lapienė' naked tarm. “bad, not to do | do (1) borščai' (='to improve a meal in a closed container') burgė (2) vak. “bad soup, | buza (=3. see. buza; Thick, not-| plurza 2) finished kose’ kliurkė (2) vak. “bad soup, slug' (=pronounced "bad soup, bad geral') verSpute (1) žem. “bad viral, buiza' (=see. buza) jūodikis (1) ryt. ‘blood soup, | sour soup cooked in sourdough’ | (= “sour liquid, sourdough- ”) skinkis (2) vak. 1. ‘silpnas alus, gira’, 2. ‘prasta sriuba’ 237 sklindis' 1 2 3 4 5 6 misa ryt. (4) *duoninė ar rūgštinimas'- (= anyway some sort of lager, "sour liquid, brew') salymas ryt. (37) 1.'mixing of salted rye | porridge', (=1. 'flour (=2. porridge', 'flour soup','sweetened water'2. ‘saldintas ar kruopy’) duo’) vanduo, pamentalas ryt. 1. 'rye flour | porridge (=1. (34) putra, mentalas | “soup of iš flour batviniams, gi- | ar rai rauginti', mentalas (=1. 2.'rūgštis, da-| ‘milty rum rye mixing; milty’ porridge; iš malted | malt’) kiukis (2) vak. 2. ‘smoked bread’ saldabande¢ box. “sweet, unflavoured-| 2 band (=1. ragaisis’ (= ru- (2) ta banda, ‘bread’) piu kvietinių ar barščio miltų duona’) 1 mieZainis žem. *barley pyragaisis’ (‘—’) gas, 1 barley ryt. “barley cake' (‘—*’) gas, irrigated (1) | tarm. ‘miezinis taukais apipiltas pyragaitis’ pyragditis (1) | tarm. 2. ‘virtinis, didzkukuli- (2) s’ grade (2) | ryt. “before the furnace spreads' flame baked bun, (2) parpelis (1) ryt. ‘kukulis iš miltų arba bulviy’ whistle (2) | ryt. “from flour or potatoes on a rack or razor rolled dumpling’ 1 vertinis (2) | tarm. ‘storas bulvinis 238 Table 2 DZ, dialectal verbs describing speech, endings derived Verb ir jų Interpretation -a of the meaning of the derived verb Used base word Repeated interpretation of the meaning of the reference word ir Synonyms used, etc. sniaukroti ~ja, ~jo mort. *fuzzy speaking' snorkling b. (4) rhythm. “who sniaukroja' to celebrate, ~auja, ~avo tarm. ‘18 Slow talk noise, tazy' švena b. (1) intestine. ‘who sweats, speaks nothing' varėzgoti, ~ja, ~jo tarm. Varezga b. (2) intestine. “nothing to say, gossip' “who wages, plepys' trailinti, ~a, ~o, trailūoti, traila b. (1) dz. -tioja, -avo dz. "Niekas kal-‘who speaks nothing, | plepys’ béti, tauksti, tauzyti’ Svotrdti, ~ja, ~jo ryt. ‘notSvotra b. (1), Svotra kus tauzyti, plepeti’ b. (2) ryt. ‘nicky tauzytojas, plepys’ rent, ~auja, ~avo r., 1 rent (1) r. 3. b. dz. ‘tusciakalbis 3. “to talk to no one, to whisper” /man' From the material presented, it is clear that in the dictionary of common language it is necessary to formalize the meanings as much as possible. Obviously, when interpreting the meanings of dialectal words and their derivatives, one should not move solely to the formal domain. In regards to the derivatives, one more thing should be noted — the relationship between the base word and the derivative. For example, DZ, the analysis of verb jų derivatives shows that the interpretation of the meanings has moved away from the basic words: kvėkšti, —čia, ~té dz. “weeping in a low voice' krakkti, ~ia, ~é 5. Earth. ‘to cry with a loud voice’ kvekslys, ~é dkt. (4) dz. ‘verksnys, rėksnys, zirzeklis’ DZ; ~a on 316 the jack ~o 'terSiant taskyti, laistyti" waterfall, ~é dkt. (4) jam. Menk. ‘which screams, rėksnys, crying’ DZ; 334 répeZioti, ~ja, ~jo föld. “eiti réplomis, repeckoti’ purzla b. (4) dz. ‘unweighted, dirty man’ DZ; 631 repéza b. (1) Jam. ‘what is spread out, awkward, uncertainly walking’ DZ3654 239 Iš discussed material shows that when describing semantically analogous things, it is necessary to determine the relationship and order of the definition of the meaning of the vedic work, the defining — descriptive and synonymic interpretation.” The problem of meaning selection is often encountered when interpreting multi-meaning dialect words. When dealing with the presentation of words with more than one meaning, the same criteria should be used for the selection of dialects: prevalence in literature and dictionaries, systematicity, especially emphasizing the establishment of the meaning in common language and dialects. Most often DZ; The selection of dialect values meets these criteria, e.g. réti, ~ja, ~jo dz. “to be able to do something together, to hurry", also cf. the meanings given in the Lithuanian language dictionary: 1. “to know together what to do, to hurry” LKŽ XI 841 (Drsk, Švn, Lš, Lp, Srj, Smn, Mrk; J. Jabl, V. Krėv), 2. “to love, very much to want' LKŽ XI 841 (Gmž, Sv) and others. However, it is sometimes doubted why dialect is generally presented in DZ with only one meaning, although the material of the academic dictionary indicates that there are more than one meaning, e.g., ūžmainas (1) dialect. Definitions of ‘uzvadas’ in the English-Spanish dictionary: 1. ‘sumainymas, keitimas' LKŽ XVII 656 (Sut; MP 203), 2. ‘substitute, substitute' LKZ XVII 656 (NdZ), 3.2.1 introduction 1 LKZ XVII 656 (DZ; Prng)’ and others. This also applies to dialects whose meanings are equally widespread in dialects, e.g. tuntūoti, ~tioja, ~avo ryt. “walk without aim, squat, waddle in place" and cf. the meanings given in the academic dictionary: 1. “walk without purpose, idle, tuck, tread' LKŽ XVII 25 (Ds, Lkm, Dbk, Krd, Svd, Sug, Ant, Sk, Lb, Rk, Kzt, Klt, Dglš, NdZ), 2. ‘pamazu dirbinéti, triisinéti’ LKZ XVII 25 (Dkst, Sid, Zr, Vzns, Dgl, Sdk, Ktk, An, Tr, Mlt, Antr, Milk, Vj, Ktk, Lb, SIk, Lel, Dglš), 3. “supervise, supervise’ LKZ XVII 25 (Ktz, Trgn, SIk)* and others. Sometimes unclear principle of interpretation of the meaning of a dialect, e.g. tūmpis, ~é etc. (1) intestine. ‘fat, small, clumsy person or animal’ and cf. the academic “Lietuvių kalbos žodynas” definitions: 1. ‘rambus arklys’ LKZ XVII 18 (Uzv, LK, DZ"), 2. “nevykėlis, liurbis’ LKZ XVII 18 (Plt, Zr, DZ’)’ and others. In fact, the assignment and selection of meanings is one of the most difficult tasks, because in a word it is possible to assign more more specialized meanings or fewer but more general, more abstract ones (Gudavičius 1997: 35). Explaining dialectal words- * Sometimes DZ; the meaning of a word is described by combining several variants of the defining —descriptive way, e.g., vyvėklis, ~¢é, etc. (2) jam. * According to the academic "Dictionary of Lithuanian Language" data, the dialect ūžmainas due to the rarity of use should not be included in the general language dictionary at all. * Due to the narrowness of use, the third meaning of the verb tuntūoti, ~ioja, ~avo cannot be included in the general language dictionary. i The meanings of the word tūmpis, —ė presented in the second edition of the “Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language” coincide with the meanings given in the academic “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language”. 240 when selecting their meanings, it is important to take into account the dictionary system and the ways of presenting the meanings. Received 1998 12.01 LITTERACY Contemporary Lithuanian Language Dictionary, Vilnius: Mintis, 1972. DZ; —Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1993. Gudavičius A. 1997: Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language from the Perspective of Lexical Systematics. — Lithuanian Linguistics Questions 37, 33-39. Klimavičius J. 1997: What is the vocabulary of common language? Concepts, opinions and prejudices. Vocabulary practice and theory. Consumption needs and problems. —Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 37, 20-32. "About the presentation of dzikybiy in the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language- ". —Conference of Young Linguists. Thesis of 13-15. the conference. Vilnius: Lithuanian Language Institute, Lazauskaitė V. 1998: On the presentation of dialects and their meanings in the "Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language- ". —Scientific seminar dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the linguist and dialectologist A. Jonaitytė. Thesis of the reports. University of California Press, 21-24. Lyberis A. 1983: Problem of word selection in the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian Language. —Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 22, 147-154. LKŽ Il —Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 2, Vilnius: Mintis, 1969. LKŽ VI —Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 6, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla, 1962. LKŽ VIII —Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 8, Vilnius: Mintis, 1970. LKŽ XI —Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 11, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1978. LKŽ XIV -Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 14, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1986. LKŽ XVII —Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 17, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1996. Morkūnas K. 1997: The normative dictionary and linguistic geography. —Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 37, 40-45. Paulauskas J. 1974: Current problems of lexical standardization and a dictionary. —The culture of language 27, 40-49. Paulauskas J. 1985: Dictionary editing by word groups. —Language Culture 49, 6. „ON THE INTERPRETATION OF DIALECTISMS IN THE “DICTIONARY OF THE CONTEMPORARY LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE” (,DABARTINES LIETUVIŲ KALBOS ZODYNAS*) Summary The examination of the interpretations of dialectal vocabulary contained in the third edition of the “Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language” (,Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas” —Vilnius, 1993) has shown that the semantic characterization of such words does not always follow the principles set out in the “Introduction” of this dictionary. The following inadequacies should be highlighted: 1. Analogue lexical units are explained differently; 241