Acta Linguistica Lithuanica

LV (2006), 127 - 132

Reviews

Reviews

Vilija Sakalauskienė, Klementina Vosylyte, eds.,

Dictionary of the Zanavykai Dialect III, S–Ž

Text authors: Rima Bacevičiūtė, Ritutė Petrokienė, Vilija Sakalauskienė, Klementina Vosylyte

Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2006, 776 p.

ISBN 5-420-01590-0 (volume 3), 5-420-01505-6 (complete edition)

The third volume of the dialectal Zanavykai Dialect Dictionary has appeared (words beginning with the letters s–ž). This is a substantial work of scholarship and culture, drawing on dialects that form the basis of the standard language; for the history of the language, it is a remarkable book, shaped by J. Jablonskis, J. Pikčilingis, P. Vaičaitis, and dozens, hundreds, and thousands of cultural figures who inherited the dialect across the centuries, from the depths of history (while also absorbing a few more modest urban influences).

Many young people worked, searched for and recorded words, under the guidance of distinguished philologists from the old Vilnius University: Juozas Pikčilingis, Aldonas Pupkis, Giedrius Subačius, Giedrė Čepaitienė (Kudirkaitė), and many others. Many tape recordings were made; the accuracy of the card-index data was assessed; all examples were presented in simplified phonetic transcription (it is unfortunate that the sounds ɔ—the short o, ŋ—the velar n before the consonants g, k, the voiceless ch (x), and so on are not indicated). Having inherited the dialect from their parents and ancestors, the dictionary’s material collectors and text authors Vilija Sakalauskienė, Rima Bacevičiūtė, and Aldonas Pupkis—not to mention the late Prof. Habil. Dr. Juozas Pikčilingis—contributed numerous words and sentences of a general nature to this dialect dictionary; that is, they recorded all the words they were able to capture over several years (especially during summer field expeditions), transcribed the recordings, and wrote the dictionary text. It was a great deal of work. The dictionary’s editors received some support from the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language under the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania and the leadership of Vilnius University (support for publication was declined).

Such a work raised numerous questions for the entire community of linguists. After all, in theory, contributors of material should be people born and raised in that locality (as should their parents), speak the preserved dialect well, and avoid features of the written language (these have been learned from outside, not inherited). In the first volumes, there were quite a lot of features of the standard language; in the third—

127

Recenzijos

in general, inherited vocabulary seems to predominate, while morphology and phonetics are hardly distorted by innovations. Among the newer elements are: a) words brought in and used in administrative life; b) examples of so-called slang picked up by rural people and intellectuals from teachers, children, young people, elders, farm managers, and employees.

a) The standard language has recently exerted an influence in the following cases: sanitòrija ‘sanatorium’ (p. 17), sántykiai ‘communication’ (p. 18), duodu, kam noriu (a scoundrel from Kaunas’s dissolute crowd) (p. 21), sąžiningas, -a – not given at all in the text (only nesąžiningi, which is from speakers of the standard language), p. 29; sekùndė (1) ‘a fraction of a minute’ – p. 35; patòbulina Grš – p. 38; centrãlin'us [katilus] Nm – p. 38; separúoti pieną – p. 40; simpàtiškas Grš, simpatiškùmas Lkš – both p. 51; simulúoti Bbl – p. 51; skaitìklà Nm – p. 59; skvẽras Nm – 102; súrdotas (1) VšR = surdutas p. 224; suvéni̇ras Ssr – p. 225; šakárnas, -a (1) Br ‘pudgy’ – p. 238; šaldìtavas (2) Šk, Grš – p. 240; šalni š'audù būvu Nm = šalnę š'audì būvo (in Kudirkos Naumiestis and Griškabūdis, people are often taken for residents of Veliuona; perhaps only a newcomer or someone from a mixed family pronounces it that way) – p. 241; uslànus Slv ‘bench’ – p. 306; it Šk = a word from the Samogitian dialect and the standard language – p. 331; štãbelis (1) Lkš – p. 336; švãngas Snt (a slang word) – p. 354; táiga Lkč – p. 370; talmùdas Grš – p. 380; támsta (p. 381) Snt – learned at school (in 1954, people laughed at me for using it in conversations with an older farmer, addressing him only as tamsta); trenirúoti Grš – p. 464, etc.

b) Distortions of language: ko·rú lì·di·to·je: = korių lydytùvą, lydìklį Grš (p. 23); sėdi (on the eggs) = ‘sits’ Nm, p. 259, senãĩ ‘long ago’ Snt, p. 36 – seniai; akmuo susėdo (= sank), pilnãĩ (= completely), p. 42; šnùkis plì·tos prà·šo Br (slang of hooligans in big cities) – p. 131; ì·so dĩ's – VšR = iso·dĩ's – p. 132; vienas vakarúoti šùkas, kitas gi (= and the other one) ì· mù·ši Jnk – p. 220, trivogà a word from the Soviet army and A. Sniečkus’s estate – p. 480; (of a tree) šaknį išimt Grš – p. 464; = išrãut (the encroachment of slang) – p. 485; rūdeni mẽs labaĩ turtingi obuolčẽs =...we have lots of apples, at least rich in apples; Grš – p. 504; pritvirtinti ‘to assign (a third meaning)’ Br, Lkš, Ssr – p. 514; ...dúonos turėjom pilnaĩ Lkš – p. 541; pas jį (= with him) pinigų: (= his money) ũ·že Šk – p. 541; ũ·že bič'ukai (= men) Šk – p. 541; škarãdnas, -à (4) Grš, Lkč – a slang word – p. 292; šmùtkės (2) ‘clothes’ Br (a Kaunas slang word) – p. 312.

There are also dialect forms that should otherwise be corrected: atèina = atẽina Br (p. 9); ẹjẽũ = ẹjãũ Snt (p. 9); gẽr[s] = g’ẽr[s] Nm (future tense, 1st and 3rd person singular, p. 9); vẽ.l = vẽl Grš (p. 10); kapẽ.ikos = kapẽkos Slv (p. 10, Lkš, p. 20); sanarẽl = sanarẽl Šk (p. 11); nepasakì·si = nepasakì·si Lkš (p. 11); pasãki = pasãkė Nm (p. 13); sá·s'ùva Žlt and sá·s'ùva Lkš ‘notebook’, p. 20 = sá·s'ùva; rẽ·ki Snt ‘shouted, called’ p. 26 = rẽ·ki; pasėmẽ·s Žvr ‘having taken’ = pas'ẽ·m'e·s (p. 27), lẽ·k'e, lẽkė Grš = lẽ·ke; màno Bbl = mànu (p. 29), mànu Nm = màno (p. 38), sė·ilė = sė·ili (p. 34); mō·ki·to·je Grš = mō·ki·to·je (p. 39), but mō·ki·to·j'ė

128

Recenzijos

Žet – p. 74, septi·nezdė·šimt Slv ‘70’ = septýniaz·de·šimt (likewise p. 40); aplīn[k] Snt = aplīn[k] – p. 52; kutjù Lkč = kúju – p. 75; kìtrausim ‘we will be clever’ Nm = kýt rausim – p. 81; pjok’ėlis Ssr = pjokė’lis – p. 80; vežt́s = vežt́s – p. 92; apsirė·dœ Nm = apsir’ė·dœ – p. 89, trūko ‘tore’ Grš = trūko – p. 89; skrāmna Šk is quite unexpected; cf. the loanword skrum̃nas, -à Slv, Lkš, adverb skrum̃niai from LKŽₓᵢᵢ 1100 (Lkš) – p. 93; v’iená.í. = viená.í (pp. 43, 152); žieda Grš = žieda (p. 91), išvašūoti Snt – p. 97 (cf. the same word išvašūoti Snt, p. 602); slėpkivos Bbl = slėpkivos Bbl, p. 106; visa, ró·dos, grā·ba. Nm = visa, ró·dos, grā·ba (p. 106); rìje Ssr = rìje (p. 113); plėše Slv = plė·šœ – p. 115; s’uvūos Snt = siuvúos – p. 121; i·siso·d́s VšR = i·siso·d́s – p. 132; lužinė Grš = lužinė[ja] – p. 134; rū·kščors Grš – p. 135 (whether it is even possible to pronounce it this way is uncertain); neižlėks Grš = neišlėks – p. 153; sprė·st Šk = sprė·st – p. 154; nusistakò·rint Nm ‘to perish’ = nusistakòrit – 162; i· spīnta. Žlt = i·spinta. – p. 163; piena. = piena. p. 167; sen’ūnas Ssr – p. 168 = sen’ūnas – Slv, Snt, Lkš – p. 38; stī·gos Grš = stī·gos – p. 176; stós Žlt = stós – p. 185; acistó·si Bbl = acistósi – p. 186; žī·rklės Bbl (p. 195) and žī·rklės Bbl (p. 754); medin’ū [s] stri·pūs Bbl = medin’ū[s]… – p. 197; stūkis (2) Snt = stūkis (2) – p. 200; slāstai Lkš ‘traps’ – p. 201, – sląstai (1) – p. 105; lė·tas Br = lė·tas – p. 201; su dviem Šk = su dviem – p. 210; acišukt Lkš and acuksi Grš = acišukt, acuksi – p. 214; no·tėvu Nm = no·tėvo – p. 215; i·sisūkor Lkš = i·sisūku, but i·sisūku Nm = i·sisūkor p. 215; sūriai Šk = sūriai (heard in Žvr, Kbr) – p. 224; svėbelis (1) ‘match’ = svėbelis – p. 229; linamī·n’us Snt = lināmī·n’us – p. 231; mė·s = mė·s Grš – p. 247; smė·lu Lpl = smė·lu (singular genitive) – p. 246; atė·jo·Grš = atė·jo· p. 248; apstó·jœ Zp = apstó·jœ – p. 250; šėkas 4 (LKŽₓᵥᵢ 615 from Nm, Grš is not clearly given; is it šėkas?); the accent of the words šėnės and šėnis is doubtful, since the example on LKŽₓᵥᵢ 616 does not distinguish it; ōbuolūs Šk = ōbuolūs – p. 272; i·šikna. Ssr = i·šikna. – p. 272; šiknāpurtis (1) Žlt, a word from an anecdote about K. Ulvydas’s corrections of speech – p. 272; nę·da Ssr = n’ę·da – p. 306; taisī·sis Snt = taisī·sis – p. 274; lī·tu. ‘rain’ Žlt = lī·tu. – p. 276, also lī·tu.s Lpl, p. 295, aplīn[k] Snt = aplīn[k – p. 277; vīlną Šk = vīlną – p. 277; širdì Grš – širdì – p. 284; uogōjū Lkč ‘berry patch’ = uogōjū Lkč (the same in the sentence) – p. 529; šituodu, given separately, repeats the entry šitas – p. 287; kū·na Grš = kū·na – p. 290; sę·tūvi Lkč – p. 299 – cf. sę·tuvę (3ª) Grš, Ssr – p. 44; dūr̄ses Lkš = dūr̄ses – p. 312, pę·kla, Šk = pę·kla. – p. 313; mō·jœ Slv = mō·jœ – p. 379; užlī·jœ = užlī·jœ Slv – p. 379; su žaršim = su žaršim – p. 311; bro·līene VšR = bro·līene – p. 314; parėju Ssr = parėju – p. 323; vakarėlei Lpl = vakarėlei – p. 323; rūpi VšR = rūpi – p. 323; pašò·kīsim Snt ‘we will make [someone] dance’ = pašò·kīsim – p. 323; špėga ‘spy’ Nm = špėga – p. 330; pīksta Šk = pīksta – p. 331; krė·zdavu Šk, neprikrė·zdavo:m Jnk = krė·zdavu, neprikrė·zdavom – p. 339, tė·kinu Nm = tė·kino – p. 331; ankstīva Grš (p. 352), but ankstīvas,

129

Recenzijos

-à (4) in Volume I; piētus vīrt Br (= [reikoe] piētus vīrt – p. 355); plūgas (1) Ssr = plūgas (2) – p. 356; liēsa Nm = liēsa – p. 361; pi'gdāũ Grš = pi'gdāũ – p. 371; givėt Šk = gi'v'ét – p. 374; trãukte trãukdavo Grš – p. 378 (but correctly trauktė trãukdavo in that same sentence on p. 455); algà. Šk = algà – p. 379; ac'ũ zdavo Grš = ac'ũ zdavo – p. 379; rīta Grš = rīta – p. 392; gi'vunē'li Šk = gi'vunē'li – p. 395; abdrõ ži Grš = abdrõ-ži – p. 397; teisingai Lkš = teisingai – p. 404; žmõ'ni:z bãi.lu.s Bbl = žmõ'ni. s... – p. 512, 523–524, 526, stvė'r'i,ėmė Snt = stv'éri p. 413; ko'k'ės ž'ūrkes Šk = kó'k'es... – p. 416; terliũgas, -ė (2) Lkč, a person who is large-built, but in the sentence t'erlũgos kók'os [legs] – p. 417; tetėnas Lkš (Žvr, Grš), could it have turned into the form tetėnč Lkš? – p. 421; t'ė'tūks Grš, from tę'tūkas, could it really have arisen? – p. 421, linguõje Snt = linguõje – p. 425; t'iku Lkš = t'iku – p. 430; vietõ Grš = vieto[je] – p. 436; vaikãi Grš = vaikãi p. 421; ižgalã'stas Lkš, cf. ižgalã'stas Lkš = ižgalã'stas – p. 453; i būda = i būda – p. 454; plural instrumental dviem = dviem p. 454; tám šeimininkui Ssr = tám šeimininkui or šeimin'kui – 457; nulėkusi Šk = nulėkusi – p. 460; arklù ‘a plough, a plough’s, a harrow’s’ is not a Zanavykai word – p. 477; triũšai masculine (4) = triũšai Ssr (4) – p. 479; tr'ũ zdavo – 479; tr'usūs tr'ūsœ Bbl (completely unstressed) = tr'usùs tr'ū-sœ – p. 479; litu masculine ‘rain’ = l'ītu. Snt – p. 480; skõ'ni Lkš = skõ'ni. – p. 483; no stõ-gu Ssr = no stógu ~ nuo stógo – 486; rėkt Grš = rẽkt – p. 48; acitūpœ.s Lkš = acitū-pœ.s – p. 488; šo'kimas Lkš = šo'kimas (2) – p. 503; ko'ši Snt = kõ ši ~ kõšė – p. 471; teli-cã.ite Grš = teli'cãut'e – p. 499; turkýtė Nm (LKŽ XII 1141) – an unstressed sentence, written by the LKŽ editors themselves as standard language – p. 502, bė'ga Grš = bė'ga – p. 515; plural accusative lít'is Grš = lít'is – p. 515; užvī'davu Snt = užvī'davu – p. 516; dúos Snt = dúos – p. 517; póter'us Snt = póter'us – p. 517; ū'kœ Br = ū'kœ – p. 522; neprarū'ki Šk = neprarū-ki – p. 523, prisirū'kœ.s Žvr = prisirū'kœ.s – p. 526; nuti'sus'os Bbl = nuti'sus'os – p. 526–527; ùsa. Ssr = ùsa. – p. 532; t'ikren'i'b'u Grš = t'ikren'i'b'u – p. 550; ž'ūrki Snt = ž'ūrki – 553; visõ'k'u. Šk = visõ'k'u. – p. 564; ž'ū'rim Ssr = ž'ū'rim – p. 568; acilõ šus Šk = acilõ šus – p. 564; tiė Bbl = tiė – p. 533; neišuteli'čœu Nm = neišutė'li čœu – 533; štakiėtu Snt – p. 534 = štakiėtu. Snt – p. 335; žã.rnãs Šk = žãrnas – p. 535; l'isk Žvr = l'isk – p. 539; jautės Grš = jautės – p. 568; valkatė'l'u. Bbl = valkat'ė'l'u. – p. 570, s'iki. Snt = s'īki. – p. 570; sõ du Šk = sõdu Šk – p. 583; išvarinėjo. Grš = išvarinė-jo – 583; išlėgdavo Grš = išlėgdavo – p. 601; piendz Nm = piendz p. 602; susigrėb'au Lpl = susigrėb'au – p. 605 (students); kãeturezdėši[m] Nm = k'ãeturez,dė-ši[m] – p. 516; i p'ėkla. Šk = i p'ėkla. – p. 643; vėži. Lkš = vėži. Lkš, as well as vėži. – p. 648; mūdu Grš = mūdu – p. 642; žadė Grš = žadė[jo] – p. 680; pirmūnė Žlt = pir-mūnė – p. 653; su viena Šk = su viena (a student invention) – p. 656; tė'vu (!) ašaras ivã-rœ.s Grš – p. 586 (the same sentence); lūpom Br = lùpo.m – p. 657; n'ėra Jnk = n'ėra, n'ėr – n'ėr p. 657; gi'vė'davu Šk = gi'v'ė'davu – p. 658; viengėrklis, -ė Snt = viengėrklis

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Recenzijos

(2) – p. 658; mùs Nm = mùs[u] – p. 662; aprėngtas Lkš = àprenk tas (nj dialect, word?) – p. 663; senùnas Šk – senũnas p. 664 (cf. the entry seniūnas p. 38); výkdyti, -o, -ė, but the entry has vỹgdo Jnk – p. 665; pòlku. SNT = pòlku. – p. 670; ãš PLB = ãš – p. 674; lẽtas Grš = lẽtas – p. 676; dúobe. SNT = duõbe. – p. 682; visàp SLV – not a Zanavykų form, but a Kapsai one (mixed-family) – p. 686; kãjeu SSR = kãjau (an orthographic formation) – p. 687; kità turėdavo į pavarìt = kità... NM – p. 689; ùlič'o SNT – not included at all on p. 690; ižbėks JNK = ižbėks – p. 691; viščūkais SLV = viščūkais p. 692, etc.

Incorrect accentuation patterns are given: skambùs, -ì (2) = (4) – 65; skyrýbos (2) Lkš = skyrýbos (?) – p. 78 (cf. skirìbu Grš – p. 80); skùpìbi. (1) SNT = 2 (p. 96); snarglė (2) BR = (4) – p. 128; spangális, -ė (1) ‘blind person’ (2) = spangális Grš – p. 135; sulýgėšnis, -ė (2) SNT = (4), since they say sulìgesñtū – p. 218; sunkùlis, -ė (4) SNT = (2) – p. 220; svarbùs, -ì (1) = (4) – p. 229; špõsas (1), but špòsūs LPL – p. 332 would seem to preclude predicting accentuation pattern 1; singular instrumental su špòrais (p. 332) does not indicate the form špòros; the form šr̀ùbas (2) is also unconvincing (p. 334); tekarmìà (1)? – p. 405; visiškài LKG – the inflectional paradigm of this word is not recorded, nor is it indicated whether it is visiškai – p. 409; televizija (1) Lkš = televizija (1) (nj.) – 411; trimar̃gis (1) JNK = (2) – p. 471; triptìnis (1) Lkš = 2 – p. 476; trỹs (4) – monosyllabic words do not have accentuation patterns; moreover, the genitive trijų is from NM – p. 477; singular instrumental pritveriamà ŽLT = pritveriama – p. 514; užsiėmimas BD, Lkš (1) = (2) – p. 540; vardijìmas (2) = (1) – p. 577; vieni dieninis, -ė (2) Lkš = (1) – p. 658; vienintėlis (1) Lkš = (2) – p. 658; vìsas, -à = (4); žérkolis (3ᵃ) SNT = (1) – p. 706; voruškėlė feminine (2) ‘ladybird’, from LKŽXIX 995(Nz) = voruškėlė (2) – p. 701; acistóje.s SNT = acistóje.s – p. 705; tìngin'u SLV (and also žiema, vã sara = žiema., vã sara. SLV) = tìngin'u – p. 706; žąsinas masculine (1) = (3ᵇ) – p. 723; suvỹn'o ta (1) NM (heard this way earlier in ŽVR, in Bajoraičiai, VšR, but not included) – p. 738; ži dĩ kapãi NM = ži dũ... – p. 739; pažìrãvimas (1) JNK, while only pažỹravimas (1) is included – p. 753; krùmus SNT = krùmus – p. 760; žmògis tã Grš = žmògi stã – p. 763; didžiakó jis buvu = didžiakójis (2) – p. 770, etc.

Accentuation pattern is not indicated: trinýtas, -a adjective = (1) = p. 471; trìnkteltas, -a Lkč = (1) – p. 427.

The authors found a great many idioms. Perhaps that is good, but it is doubtful whether many long proverbs (complete sentences) are idioms. For example, eik seniem šunim kulìų skūsti ‘go to hell’ Šk – p. 36, also pp. 348, 349; jopkìs išūti Šk ‘to curse’; kaip stóvi teip brangùs JNK, NM, ‘without possessions’ – p. 190; kaip užsukta radìje SSR – p. 217; but not on p. 314; sviedìni mùšti Šk ‘to play football’ – p. 534; nè Dievui žvakės, nè vėlniui šakės SNT – p. 239; į šalį SNT – p. 242; the sentence ùtelės šerti in the entry gives o j[ls] čė uodù šė.rt ẽis JNK – p. 263.

It is also questionable whether the following expressions are idioms: senà mergà Grš, Šk – p. 37; skūrą nuimti ‘to punish’, į smertį ‘to death’; po smerties ‘after death’; šūdas storijų, šūdas plonųjų ‘shit for the thick ones, shit for the thin ones’ [text continues]

131

Recenzijos

sekė ‘not besides that’ Snt (a Slavic borrowing, colloquial) – p. 395; tikrumõj Antanas, ‘inseminator’ Snt (elsewhere it will be Jõnas, Pẽtras, Albīnas, as there) – p. 544; the sentence about the summer month occurs twice – p. 601.

The same vivid expression is often repeated—treated as an idiom and a metaphor: víenas šykis nemeluoja Šk – p. 49; the supposed idiom po šimts pýpkių was suitable for the phrase po šimts nueiti ir po šimts pýpkių: for the metaphor ė̃jo po šimc pípk'u viškas gerai Grš – p. 279; this is also repeated in this way: širdis ne vietoj ‘uneasy’: mà širdis ne vietoj Br and širdis ne vietoj ‘uneasy’: širdis ne vietoj – p. 285; ėjimą šunims kulnų (kūlių) skūst is given on pp. 348 and 349; turbūt velnias uodegą užmetė Snt ‘cannot be found’ – p. 498, and turbūt velnias uodegą užmetė Grš and dar velnias uodegą užmetė p. 622; duoti tabòkos pauòstyti Šk – pp. 530 and 369; why is the sentence tė uždarbači buvo paskàtinti (gerì Snt) – p. 532 (it is also on p. 536 under the word uždarbẏs) – needed to illustrate the word žodžiui usai? The alleged idiom užpakalis pilnas ‘full, satiated’ Lkš and another alleged one, pilnas užpakalis ‘full, satiated’ – p. 539; kalės vaikas ‘illegitimate child’ Lkš, Grš – from army slang – p. 551; milėjo dainuot Grš – p. 616; veltui was borrowed from the standard language, since even in 1925 veltui was not understood there in local advertisements of old stories); venà, ventiliãtorius are not dialect words – p. 526; visas, -à ir visi, visos are made into separate words, so the idiom po visõm keturiõm ‘very long’ is repeated too.

Discontent with life in Lithuania today and with the nation in general is expressed: prasigi-v'ė̃nom (= prasigi-v'ė̃no·m), prasisiėkėm / o su tuo litù susikalbėt negalù Jnk; mà ją smalà / ta trispalvė. Snt (p. 114, repeated on p. 477); tók'u vagũ kaip lietuvẽi tai n'ėrà Br – p. 210; tàs / ka jĩ šìmc / lãndzbergis Jnk – p. 279; jeи gi·v'ė̃n'imas ši·diškas būvu prie tō[s] = tō smetõ·nos Snt – p. 342 (well, there you have it: we are revealing the hidden thoughts of former public figures, even in front of the grandchildren of the father of the language, Jonas Jablonskis); šitām tá·rpœ tai sunkù gi·vė́t Grš – p. 389; jéi nebūtų. tarìbu. valdž'õs / ubagijè būtù pasidã·rusi Br – p. 519; ūš tàii ir paniekino· baltūši / ka teisingus vaidìnimu[s] sù·kė Nm – p. 549; vītis (2) the emblem of the Lithuanian state = Výtis (2) p. 695.

There will have been insufficient editorial attention; too much trust was placed in the text, although a great deal of work went into it. Dictionary users will no doubt recognize the errors and will not perpetuate them in their own research (this is quite clear and understandable). Such things happen through haste and inattention; what can one do now.

Vytautas Antanas Vitkauskas

Lietuvių kalbos institutas

P. Vileišio g. 5, 10308 Vilnius, Lietuva

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