128 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXII–LXIII
VesLaVa ČiŽik-P okaŠeVa
Ins i u e o Li huanian Language
Di ec ions o scien i ic esea ch: syn ac ic hie a chies, ee
seconda y p edica es.
o he Pic ish ŽyMėjiMas
In Li huanian
Ma king o depic i es in Li huanian anno a ion The a icle examines he ma king o ee
non- esul ing seconda y p edica es (depic i es) in he Li huanian language, and b ie ly e iews
he dis ibu ion o depic i es in o eign linguis ic wo ks. In he desc ip i e a icle, hey a e
di ided in o wo g oups - syn ac ic and seman ic, and he o ms o exp ession o each g oup a e
discussed in de ail. aims o show how he ep esen a ions o he Li huanian language di e om
he ep esen a ions o o he languages and o supplemen he da a p o ided in he g amma and
syn ax s udies o he Li huanian language. hie a chies o depic i e o ms and he pa s o he
language in which hey a e exp essed a e d awn up on he basis o equency.
anno a ion he a icle deals wi h he ma king o seconda y non- esul a i e p edica es
(depic i es) in Li huanian language. In his a icle, desc ip ions a e di ided in o wo g oups:
syn ac ic desc ip ions and seman ic desc ip ions, each g oup is discussed in de ail by e e y
possible o m o desc ip i e. In his a icle, I wo ked o show how depic i es in Li huanian
language a e di e en om depic i es in o he languages, and o supplemen he da a gi en in
Li huanian language g amma s and s udies o syn ax. Based on he equency o he use o
ce ain depic ions, wo hie a chies a e gi en: a hie a chy o cases o depic ions and a hie a chy
o o ms o depic ions.
0 Con ibu o s
The au ho s ep esen ing he s uc u al and unc ional g amma in Li huanian language ( i s o all,
he a icle o Adelė Valeckienė (1967), he g amma o Li huanian language (1976), he g amma o
con empo a y Li huanian language (1996)), ha e al eady conside ed he seconda y esMiniai wo ds:
seconda y p edica e, desc ip i e, desc ip i e ma king. Keywo ds: seconda y p edica e, depic i e,
ma king o depic i es. In addi ion o he le -handed conjunc ions, he le -handed conjunc ions we e
conside ed o be he p edica e p edica e ad e bs in some wo ks (e.g., Valeckienė 1967; Ul ydas, ed., 1976;
Ma ijampolės apsk i ies asmen a dinės
kilmės ag onimų da ybos b uožai
Howe e , hey did no use he concep o seconda y p edica ion in hei wo ks: he syn ac ic exp ession
o he sen ence le el […] seconda y p edica e […] o hem was a bes he pa o he e b ph ase
(na a i e p edica e punc ua ion), bu o en […] simply he noun pa o he e b o he supplemen a y
pa o he e b. The concep o he wo-syllable syn ac ic ela ion, which has become es ablished in he
Li huanian g amma ical adi ion, has p e en ed he mos commonly spoken p edica es om being
ega ded as a sen ence-le el phenomenon2. In ecen wo ks on syn ax (axelio hol oe and his co-au ho s
and Lo e o's p edica e modi ie s, pos nominal and pos e bal adjec i es (nichols 1978b: 114;
schul ze-be nd , himmelmann 2004: 60; himmelmann, schul ze-be nd 2005: 4 and he li e a u e ci ed he e).
Vaičiuly ės-semėnienės s aipsniai) ope uojama an inės p edikacijos są oka, be
1 užsienio mokslinėje li e a ū oje an iniai p edika y ai da adinami p aedica i um, p edica i e a ibu-
es, p edica i e adjunc s, cop edica es, cop edica i es, labeled adjunc s, a ibu es, p edica e nominals,
In Li huanian dialec , he e m used o e e o hem is no he co ec e m, because, in he wo ds o
Axel Hol oe , he na a o is e e y adjec i e ha goes wi h he adjec i e ( he p edica e is only
ans e ed o he le el o he noun compound), he seconda y p edica e is no he adjec i e in he
sense ha wi h he noun he e is no noun compound (hol oe 2003: 74; hol oe 2009b: 99). Compa ing he
concep o he seconda y p edica e used in o eign li e a u e wi h he concep o he na a i e
p edica e sign acqui ed in he Li huanian adi ion, i can be seen ha he i s de ines he addi ional
p edica ion o he sen ence le el, and he second o e ides he idea ha he p edica e is an in eg al
pa o he e b ph ase o e en he sen ence p edica e. al hough he p oponen s o he concep o he
p edica e sign speak o a new sepa a e pa o he sen ence, he name is ne e heless o ien ed
owa ds he sign […] as i i we e a special a ia ion o he sign. In ac , his pa o he sen ence is e y
di e en om he sign (see also Labu is 1998: 250 […] 251). The e o e, he e m p edica e is used in he
a icle.
2 d ilypio sin aksinio yšio koncepcija a mes ina dėl kelių p iežasčių. Pi ma, anks esniuose ling is i-
Amb azas, ed., 1996), which con adic ed he de ini ions gi en: i was emphasized ha he p edica e
ad e bs should no be ela ed o he p edica e ad e bs: he o he […] wi h he ad e b o he auxilia y
ad e b (de i ed), and he le -handed ad e b in he syn ax […] wi h he ad e b o he ad e b. Secondly,
since ea lie linguis ic wo ks deal only wi h ee seconda y p edica es in he chap e s o he
p edica e na a i e, i is assumed ha he e is a syn ac ic connec ion be ween he e b and he
p edica e, and since his connec ion is nei he a combina ion no a con ol, i has been desc ibed as a
slu . The e o e, in adi ional g amma , he ela ionship be ween he e b and he p edica e was
de e mined wi hou elying on he mo phosyn ac ic sign. In mo e ecen wo ks (in he se ies o
bū inieji, eiksmažodžio aldomi neap a iami, šiuose da buose bu o kalbama ik apie šliejimą. bu o
g amma ical wo ks o he Li huanian language) he linkage as a syn ac ic dependence has been
abandoned because he e is no mo phosyn ax sign indica ing a syn ac ic connec ion, and he concep
o modi ica ion has been in oduced, which allows p edica es o be conside ed bo h less ha monious
and mo e ha monious p edica es. This a icle akes a mo e ecen app oach, i.e. i is assumed ha
ee seconda y p edica es do no o m a p edica e na a i e sign o a pa o a supplemen a y
na a i e, bu a sepa a e pa o he sen ence le el. syn ac ically hey depend only on he main e b,
and seman ically hey a e ela ed o he main p edica e a gumen . The e o e, he a icle does no use
he p edica e o he p edica e sign, bu depic s he p edica e o he p edica e.
o e minas.
ALL_62_63_make as.indd 129 2011.06.17 08:24:08
130
VesLaVa ČiŽik-P okaŠeVa
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXII–LXIII
This wo k does no co e he whole o he e m mo phosyn ax. This a icle discusses
he use o ee non- esul ing seconda y p edica es […] desc ip i e […] in he Li huanian
language. aims o show how he ep esen a ions o he Li huanian language di e om
he ep esen a ions o o he languages, and o supplemen he da a p esen ed in he
y imuose. emian is dažnumu4, suda omos depik y ų o mų i kalbos dalių, ku-
g amma and syn ax o he Li huanian language wi h ep esen a ions, hie a chies.
The wo d "desc ip ion" has wo connec ions in he sen ence: he syn ac ic connec ion is be ween he
desc ip i e and he main p edica e, he seman ic […] be ween he desc ip i e and he main p edica e
a gumen , which is desc ibed by he desc ip i e6 (e.g. schul ze-be nd , himmelmann 2004: 74 […] 77). The seman ic
ela ionship o he desc ip i e wi h he main p edica e a gumen is in he pa s (g amma ical unc ions). One
ienas iš s a biausių k i e ijų, padedan is a ski i depik y us nuo ki ų sakinio
o he mos impo an di e ences be ween he wo is he ac ha he e bs a e no used in he same
sen ence, and ha he e bs a e no used in he same sen ence. (see also he sen ence " he child is i ed" and
he sen ence " he child is i ed" and he sen ence " he child is i ed" and he sen ence " he child is i ed" and
he sen ence " he child is i ed" and he sen ence " he child is i ed" and he sen ence " he child is i ed" and
(2) Juozas išėjo iš aka ėlio, ku an ųjų sakinių esmė y a okia pa , kaip i pi mų-
he sen ence " he child is i ed" and he sen ence " he child is i ed". This Decision shall en e in o o ce on
he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
A o al o 991 examples we e assembled. They we e collec ed om he a icles o Jono Jablonski's
Li huanian Language Syn ax (1911) and Links and Appendices (1928), Jono Balke ičius's Con empo a y
Li huanian Language Syn ax (1963), Adelė Valeckienė's 1967 yea a icle, Li huanian Language G amma (1976),
Vi o Labučio's Li huanian Language Syn ax (1994) and 1992 yea a icle, he links and appendices o he book
o Jono Šukius's Con empo a y Li huanian Language Syn ax (1998), he links and appendices o he cu en
Li huanian language g amma (1998), he links and appendices o he s anda d Li huanian language. The e m
"desc ip i e" is used in a b oad sense, including desc ip i e in a na ow sense and seconda y p edica i es in
a mo e gene al sense. 6 Fo example, he p edica e sign is associa ed wi h double syn ac ic connec ions
wi h he na a i e e b o he independen lexical meaning, wi h he e b compound con aining such a e b
o ano he wo d wi h a co esponding unc ion, and wi h he noun o he e b o he auxilia y e b. […]a
na a i e sign is a pa o a sen ence ha has wo connec ing connec ions a he same le el o sen ence
eading: wi h he na a o and oge he wi h he e b o auxilia y[…] (amb azas, ed., 1996: 490);
F ee seconda y p edica es a e p edica e wo ds (nouns, e bs, and nouns) ha pe o m he unc ion o
a e b modi ie in a sen ence and ha e a special seman ic and mo phosyn ac ic unc ion. 7 Go e nance
yšiu susiję su ienu iš pag indinės p edikacijos a gumen ų“ (hol oe , Mikulskas b: 1).
and modi ica ion a e unde s ood as wo ks in he g amma o he Li huanian language. In Li huanian, he
kiniuose (plačiau ž . hol oe , judžen is 2003: 12–15; hol oe , judžen is 2005: 16).
mo e humo ous is usually chosen acco ding o he mo e humo ous o he ha moniza ion ac o . The
Ma ijampolės apsk i ies asmen a dinės
kilmės ag onimų da ybos b uožai
131s aipsniai / a icles
odo i *Vaikas aps. kalbose, ku iose de inimas padeda susie i an inį p edika y-
combina ion o he adjec i e wi h he conjuga ion e b e lec s he seman ic connec ion o he
conjuga ion e b in he sen ence, and does no indica e ha he adjec i e wi h 2004: 82). In Li huanian,
he unny one helps o a oid ambigui y by clea ly indica ing which wo d o he sen ence he desc ip i e is
ela ed o. Fo example, in he sen ence "I will choose a young man" i is clea ly shown ha he depic ions
o a young man and a young woman desc ibe a di ec objec and no a subjec .
de inimo da ikliu suda o daik a a dinį junginį (schul ze-be nd , himmelmann
In o eign scien i ic li e a u e, depic ions a e di ided in o g oups acco ding o
g ama inę unkciją sakinyje a lieka pag indinės p edikacijos a gumen as, ku į api-
he na u e o he depic ion. The seconda y p edica e is usually associa ed wi h a
subjec o a di ec objec .
)
(b own, Mille , ed. 1999: 325; Ma ušič, Ma in, Žauce 2003: 375; schul ze-be nd ,
himmelmann 2004: 72; himmelmann, schul ze-be nd 2005: 54; hol oe , Mikulskas b; Ša ić
2008: 297 […] 298) This is he i s ime ha his has happened. languages ha depic
an indi ec objec o an oblique objec o a p e e ed cons uc ion, e a10. In
English, o example, i is usually s a ed ha he desc ip i e e b canno desc ibe
an indi ec objec (sayings (3), (5)) and ha only sen ences in which he desc ip i e
e b ela es o he subjec (sayings (4)) a e possible.
(1) and he di ec objec (sen ence (2)):
8 Since he seconda y p edica e is usually mo e easily combined wi h he a gumen o he main p edica e,
he la e should be called he ag eemen con olle , ag eemen igge , and he seconda y p edica e […]
he ag eemen a ge . They a e called Vaičiuly ė-semėnienė (2007b: 116[…]117). See also co be (1998:1; 2003:110)
o a comp ehension o hese e ms. 9 The concep s o subjec , di ec , indi ec and dis an objec s used in
his a icle co espond o he English seman ic e ms subjec , di ec indi ec obligue objec (see also
Mo kūnas, sud., amb azas, ed., 2008: 378, 515).
10 P z., albi ių ( a lpi ių) kalboje de inimo da iklis gali u ė i naudininko objek o a ki okio olimesnio
objek o o mą. naudininko objek o o mos de inimo da iklis andamas i g uzinų kalbose. aus alijos
in languages, he coo dina ing e b is o en he indi ec objec o a passi e sen ence; In Finnish, i is
also possible o use a desc ip i e, desc ip i e a gumen ha exp esses an indi ec objec (see mo e
schul zebe nd , himmelmann 2004: 7374; himmelmann, schul ze-be nd 2005: 54 and he li e a u e e e ed
o he e). In C oa ian, he adjec i e can desc ibe he use 's, he use 's objec s and he use 's
en i onmen (Ša ić 2008: 298), in Slo ak, he subjec , he di ec objec , he indi ec objec , he
kons ukciją (Ša ić 2008: 298–299). aip pa y a i omanų bei albanų kalbose (ž . i imia 2005). slo-
p e equisi e in Finnish can desc ibe he subjec , he di ec and indi ec objec , he p e equisi e, he
use 's objec s, he en i onmen , he p e equisi e cons uc ion (Ma ušić, Ma in, Žauce 2003: 373 375).
ALL_62_63_make as.indd 131 2011.06.17 a 8:24:08 I'm no su e wha you mean.
132 ac a Linguis ica
VesLaVa ČiŽik-P okaŠeVa
Li huanica LXII[…]LXIII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
(1) Johni d ank he co ee i edi. (Ma ušič, Ma in, Žauce 2003: 376)
Jonah d ank his co ee and go i ed.
(2) John d ank he co eei ho i. (Ma ušič, Ma in, Žauce 2003: 376)
Jonah d ank his co ee ho .
(3) I ga e Ma y he mea hung y. ( educed o 2005: 21)
‚aš da iau mais o Ma ijai alkanai‘
I alked o Sue d unk. ( educed o 2005: 21)
♪ I' e been alking o se en d inks ♪
(5) Johni ga e Ma yj he co ee i ed. (Ma ušić, Ma in, Žauce 2003: 376) Jonah ga e
Ma y a co ee i ed o he " i ed" objec , e.g. in he sen ence "The nu se ga e
ai, kad anglų kalboje depik y as negali nu ody i į ne iesioginį objek ą (naudi-
Johni he medicine ha ga e John he medicine", Susana Ro hs ein (1985) explained
ha he desc ip i e can e e o he agen o he pa ien (expe ience), bu no o
he bene icia y. In ac , mo e han one au ho p o ides excep ions (e.g. Ma ušič,
Ma in, Žauce 2003; himmelmann, schul ze-be nd 2005).
In some languages he e a e ce ain signs, cons uc ions, means ha allow he
desc ip i e o be clea ly dis inguished om o he pa s o he sen ence
(schul ze-be nd , himmelmann 2004: 81[…]94). The use o a desc ip i e adjec i e o he
han he subjec , di ec o indi ec objec , may depend on he speake , he con ex ,
he gen e, whe he he language is w i en o spoken, he dis ibu ion o hemes
and e e ences, he wo d o de (e.g. himmelmann, schul ze-be nd 2005: 54; nichols
1982: 320). In Li huanian, desc ip o s can be o ien ed no only o he subjec and he
di ec objec , bu also o o he indi ec and dis an objec s and en i onmen s.
di iding g amma ical unc ions acco ding o he adi ion o o eign languages, i
can be said ha in Li huanian, desc ip o s can be seman ically ela ed o: (a) he
subjec , e.g. :
To e e yone's su p ise, a e se en days, Ta aila e u ned almos
ali e. DLK 12 is b) a di ec objec , e.g. :
(7) In he sp ing o Ma ch, I saw Bilaišį […] Pe kūnėlį again, i ed bu happy.
DLK
This is how he app op ia eness o desc ip ions in Ge man has been explained (Wunde lich 1997). hube
haide is (1985) explained such cases by saying ha he noun and he ad e b a e s uc u ally simila , and he
ad e b is lexical (see Mülle 2001: 3[…]4). 12 depic ions in he samples highligh ed. Example sou ces a e gi en
immedia ely a e he example (a lis o sou ces is p o ided a he end o he a icle wi h a lis o
li e a u e). Examples o non-sou ce e e ences a e sugges ed by he au ho , wi h he e e ence dLk
aken om he Kaunas Vdu ex o he cu en Li huanian language, and wi h he e e ence o a pa icula
websi e […] om he Google web si e. ALL_62_63_make as.indd 132 2011.06.17 a 8:24:08 I'm no su e wha you
mean.

Ma ijampolės apsk i ies asmen a dinės
kilmės ag onimų da ybos b uožai
133 a icles by a icle (c) an
indi ec objec , e.g.
"Now", says El idius, "I no longe eel pain, excep ha I used o be e ibly dep essed.
I don' see i anymo e. I ha e hope. DLK d) mo e dis an objec s, e.g. :
(9) The sculp o admi ed ha i was no easy o him o sculp a man whom he had ne e
seen ali e13. DLK
(10) I eplied, wa ching he cu iosi y o hose child en. (11) ...many plan s know me pe sonally
as I know hem, I ha e walked o plan ed hem mysel , some ha e g own hem mysel and I
ha e become acquain ed wi h hem as a child14... (h p:
ol ikkon ak ai.blogas.l /k ieciu-i-s ecius-2.h ml) e) he en i onmen , e.g. :
I'm glad I go o he plane, and I only go one scen in he ba h oom, and I'm s ill wa m. Since unny is
one o he main c i e ia o he ecogni ion o o mal g amma ical unc ions, depic ions a e
discussed no acco ding o he g amma ical unc ion o he conjuga ion e b, bu acco ding o he
o mal c i e ia […] unny and o m o he conjuga ion e b (as, o example, al eady men ioned by
F anck Ma ušičius, Ta jana Ma ina and okas Žauce is (2003), see om 15našą). In he mos libe al
seconda y p edica e desc ip ions o he Li huanian language, he desc ip o s a e also discussed
acco ding o hei un (Valeckienė 1967; ul ydas, ed., 13 on he ea men o he subjec o un as a
dis an objec . see hol oe didžiac (2009)). The 14 h is a e e ence o he p e-cons uc ion. 15 See
examples o Li huanian language wi h examples o Slo enian language (Ma ušič, Ma in, Žauce 2003:
373374): subjec : Pe e i je dal Me i piško e es polomljeni. Pe e ga e me some biscui s all b oken.
di ec objec : Pe e ga e me some biscui s all b oken. "Pe e ga e Me a some biscui s all b oken".
Indi ec objec : Pe e ga e Me ii biscui s o all he b oken ones. "Pe e ga e Me ai some biscui s all
b oken". "Budweise Vidui also gi es hem o Pijanem, no e en o T eznem. Pe e pu he biscui s
in o he baske all b oken.
’Vidi may like budweise d unki, bu ce ainly no sobe i.’
Loca i e: Pe e je dal piško e koša icoi so polomljenoi .
I' e seen i all be o e. I' e seen i all be o e. he ouched he pain ing and s ill all we . ins umen al:
Mučil se je s seki oi že so opoi. […]he s uggled wi h he axei when i had al eady gone all blun i.[…]
C oa ian examples wi h depic ions, desc ibing he subjec , he di ec objec , he indi ec objec ,
he subjec 's objec , he en i onmen and he p e e ed cons uc ion, see This Decision shall
en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion.
(2008: 298).
ALL_62_63_make as.indd 133 2011.06.17 08:24:08
134
VesLaVa ČiŽik-P okaŠeVa
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXII–LXIII
1976). i s , syn ac ic (when he syn ac ic and he syn ac ic links coincide), hen
seman ic (when he desc ip i e is o ien ed o one o he a gumen s o he main
p edica e, in some cases combined wi h i in he genus and o numbe , bu
mo phosyn ac ically exp essed in a di e en p edica e han he main a gumen o
which i e e s, i.e. he le ).
1. syn ac ic dePik yVai
As men ioned ea lie , one o he mos common and possible desc ip o s in many
languages is he ee seconda y p edica e, which is associa ed wi h he subjec o he
sen ence. In Li huanian, he ypical o m o he subjec is he noun o a noun o a noun,
i.e. he noun and he noun de i e om he noun's hyme. F ee seconda y p edica es o
he su name a e exp essed in a ious pa s o he language:
• depik y as, iš eikš as būd a džiu, p z.:
A o al o 100 g ams o he seeds a e added o hal a glass o boiling wa e , allowed o s and
o hal an hou , and hen he sp ou ed seeds a e s i ed again o wa m 16... (h p:
www.ekopasaulis.com index.php?59=1&new_id=833&page_n =) Adjec i es and adjec i e
compounds a e indica ed as a g oup, which a e usually ep esen ed as desc ip i e
p edica es, in o he wo ds, hey a e p o o ypical desc ip ions, hey ep esen physical o
emo ional s a e, will, will, pos u e, pos u e, elde ly (pl.
• depik y as, iš eikš as daly iu, p z.:
(14) Ignacy e u ned sad and hough ul a e lea ing Saul a he ain s a ion. The syn ac ic and
seman ic p ope ies o he DLK pa iciple desc ip o s a e he same as hose o he adjec i e and
noun seconda y p edica es (nichols 1978b: 123[…]124). In he Li huanian language, only hose pa icipan s
a e conside ed o be desc ip i e, o whom he indica ed u u e coincides in ime wi h he indica i e
ac ion o he main p edica e, and hose pa icipan s who 16 i is necessa y o men ion ha he e a e
cases when he de i a i e o he de i a i e is he noun compound, and he de i a i e o he de i a i e
is he adjec i e o pa icipan . in such cases, he adjec i e is combined mo e chee ully wi h he main
conjunc ion wo d, and he cogna e and o numbe […] wi h he dependen conjunc ion wo d, e.g. […].
Mos o he gi ls wen o he ba h oom. I don' wan o eed such a he d o pigs closed (jablonsky 1911:
467). ALL_62_63_make as.indd 134 2011.06.17 a 8:24:08 I'm no su e wha you mean.
Ma ijampolės apsk i ies asmen a dinės
kilmės ag onimų da ybos b uožai
135s aipsniai / a icles
eiškia an aeilį eiksmą, nesu ampan į su pag indinio p edika o eiškiamu eiksmu
(usually occu ing be o e he main p edica e) e.g. When I go home, I hid all he candy. He
woke up o hea ha someone had en e ed h ough an unlocked doo and sa down on
he so a (dLk ), no o be conside ed a depic ion, bu an en i onmen (see Valeckienė
1967: 110; si au as, g enda 1988: 91). Valeckienė uses nouns and semi-nouns o he
p edika y iniais pažyminiais, aigi depik y ais, nelaiko i ne eikiamųjų esamojo
pa icipan s, since hey […]almos always ha e a s onge shade o meaning o he
seconda y ac ion, no o he s a e, coinciding in e ms o ime wi h he main ac ion o
he sen ence[…] (Valeckienė 1967: 111). A ew sen ences a e p o ided, e.g. The old man,
unin i ed, sa down on he couch by he window. Ju as an away om he ence o look
a he godlessness o he boba spiegdama kulia. he seconda y ac ion e e ed o in
kiamųjų esamojo laiko daly ių laiky i depik y ais iš ik ųjų negalima, nes jais okiais
he non-disclosu e is ca ied ou by a pe son o he han he pe son conce ned.
addi ional esea ch is needed o de e mine whe he semi-pa icipan s should be
conside ed as desc ip o s in Li huanian. In he example gi en by Valeckienė, Ju gis
Ma ynai is s ands a his ca iage ma ke , on he chicken squa e, and, bo ed wi h
damas labiau eiškia būseną (plg. nuobodžiau i ‚jaus i nuobodulį‘, LkŽ), nei an a-
ea ing g ass, pa icipa es in he bo ed ac ion. Fo eign linguis s end o conside he
hal - essels as depic i e. Fo example, johanna nichols (1978a: 330[…]331) uses he o m
sidja ‘si ing in he sen ence On spi sidja ‘he sleeps si ing as a seconda y p edica e
o ime17. In he case o he La in alphabe , he p eposi ional and ad e bial e bs can
be used in e changeably, bu in he case o he La in alphabe , he p eposi ional and
ad e bial e bs can be used in e changeably, e.g. in he case o he p eposi ional and
ad e bial e bs, in he case o he ad e bial and ad e bial e bs, in he case o he
ad e bial and ad e bial e bs.
• a depic i e, p onounced wi h a nume al, e.g. :
He didn' wan o come down and le Skinde b eak in o he sec e chambe i s .
In his case, he i s , second, ou h, e c. a e, wi hou a doub , o ien ed o he pa icipan o he main
ac ion, combined wi h he a gumen o he main p edica e and hey exp ess he cha ac e is ic
ele an a he ime o he main ac ion. In he La in language, owel numbe s a e combined wi h he
a gumen s hey desc ibe and a e ea ed as p edica es. In o he languages, such as Ge man, p edica e
unc ions a e ep esen ed by consonan s as well as by p o o- oiced unc ions, such as "being d unk,"
"being d unk," "being d unk," "being d unk," "being d unk," "being d unk," "being d unk," "being d unk,"
"being d unk." The illage o Vaičiuly ė-semėnienė (2010).
ALL_62_63_make as.indd 135 2011.06.17 08:24:08 in he meanings o li e in e als18 depic ing
he Li huanian
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Linguis ic Ac LXII[…]LXIII 136
(himmelmann, schul ze-be nd 2005: depic ing (used as a p edica e o a noun (English
36). nichols (1981: 137–139) kelin inius skai a džius i būd a dį pasku inis laiko
p edica e nominal) e m, e.g., Ou eam s a ed i s ‘Ou eam s a ed i s . In he
nas). ji ski ia du seman inius ipus: laiko (angl. empo al ype) i e d ės (angl.
spa ial ype) ipus. Laiko ipo depik y ai nu odo eilę, seką, ku ia eiksmo daly iai
į aukiami į yksmą, p z., Люба первая вскочила в кабину ‚Liuba pi moji įšoko į
kabiną‘, o e d ės ipo depik y ai nu odo poziciją, ku ią daly iai įgauna eiksmo
case o he Uni ed S a es, he e m is used o e e o he Uni ed S a es o Ame ica,
he Uni ed S a es o Ame ica, he Uni ed S a es o Ame ica, he Uni ed S a es o
Ame ica, he Uni ed S a es o Ame ica, he Uni ed S a es o Ame ica, he Uni ed
S a es o Ame ica, he Uni ed S a es o Ame ica, he Uni ed S a es o Ame ica, he
Uni ed S a es o Ame ica, he Uni ed S a es o Ame ica.
• depik y as, iš eikš as į a džiu, p z.:
Yes, e e yone has a place o li e, bu can she s and alone agains all he supe s i ion in he sun?
In his case, he e bs " o be" and " o be" a e used in conjunc ion wi h he e bs " o be" and
" o be" in he sen ence, and he e bs " o be" and " o be" a e used in conjunc ion wi h he
e bs " o be" and " o be" in he sen ence. (wikipedia.o g) The names Valeckienė (1967: 98 […] 99),
Ul ydo (1976: 447 […] 448, 450), Amb azo (1996: 627), Labučio (1998: 250) and Vaičiuly ės-semėnienės
sa ybė ak uali pag indinio eiksmo me u. Į a džio depik y ais nu odomas daly ių,
(2007: 124) a e also conside ed o be depic ed.
• a depic i e, p onounced as a noun, e.g. :
Big, d essed in a g ay shi and a black sca , she climbed in o he ya d whe e he li le gi l had un
o o. (17) (ul ydas, ed., 1976: 448) Widely known and depic ed, p onounced as objec s; such depic ions
ma k a pe iod o li e o indica e a empo a y ole, s a e, si ua ion o an objec (schul ze-be nd ,
himmelmann 2004: 95 ; himmelmann, schul ze-be nd 2005: 57[…]58). The g amma ical indica o s help o
dis inguish he nouns ha pe o m a desc ip i e unc ion om he nouns ha pe o m o he
g amma ical unc ions. In he opinion o L. Vaičiuly ė-semėnienė, g amma ical indica o s al eady
indica e he depic ing unc ion and can help depik18 e a schul ze-be nd and nikolaus P. himmelmann
(2004: 120) es ablished such a hie a chy o depic ing meanings: condi ion s a e > quan i y >
companionship > compa ison > manne > place > ime. Fo all possible depic i e meanings, see
Himmelmann, schul ze-be nd (2005: 29). ALL_62_63_make as.indd 136 2011.06.17 a 8:24:08 I'm no su e
wha you mean.
Ma ijampolės apsk i ies asmen a dinės
kilmės ag onimų da ybos b uožai
143 pages o a icles
In some languages, he subjunc i e is also used as a mo e humo ous ep esen a ion
o he subjunc i e, bu , as in he case o he ad e b, his mo e humo ous
ep esen a ion is usually acqui ed wi hou being combined wi h he main p edica e
a gumen (examples o such ep esen a ions will be gi en la e ). Howe e , in
lie u ių kalboje, kaip i , p z., slo ėnų (ž . 15 išnašą) i k oa ų (ž . Ša ić 2008: 298)
languages, he e a e also combina ions o subs i u e depic ions (such cases a e
no men ioned in he Valecki a icle (1967), in he g amma o Li huanian languages
(1976), in he g amma o con empo a y Li huanian languages (1996), o in he
encyclopedia o Li huanian languages (2008)). The e a e e y ew o hem, only i e examples wi h he depu y's depic ions.
i anksčiau iš a dy ais a ejais, iš eiškiami į ai iomis kalbos dalimis, p z.:
• depik y as, iš eikš as būd a džiu, p z.:
I el like I was lying away, and I was s ill wa m in he smell o one o he ins umen s.
• depik y as, iš eikš as daly iu, p z.:
The e was a e ible news in he le e ha hadn' been opened ye .
• depic i e, exp essed in he o m o a cons uc ion, e.g. :
(61) Juk Lie u oje kaip demok a inėje als ybėje u ė ų bū i žodžio lais ė .
he ollowing desc ip i e e ms: mini and Vaičiuly ė-semėnienė; Acco ding o
hei ela ionship o he su ounding meaning, she calls hem su ounding
(ad e bial) (Vaičiuly ė-semėnienė 2007b: 116). Summa y examples o he use o
syn ac ic desc ip i e e bs and o ms p o ide:
mi 1 len elėje.
This is Len e. The syn ac ic
ep esen a ion o he de i a i e o he
de i a i e o m o he de i a i e ( he
de i a i e o he de i a i e) is unnie
han he whole name. The gene. he acc. he ollowing pa ag aph is added: Loc.
The ollowing able lis s
he o al numbe o
sha es held by he
Company as o he close
o ading (Thi d
Qua e ly, 28 h Decembe ,
2019): - 1,050,039; - 1,050,040; -
1,050,040; - 1,050,040; -
1,050,040; - 1,050,040; - 1,050,040; - 1,050,040; - 1,050,040; - 1,050,040; - 1,050,040; - 1,050,040; - 1,050,040; - 1,050,040; - 1,050,040; - 1,050,040; - 1,050,040; and - 1,050,040;
ALL_62_63_make as.indd 143 2011.06.17 a 8:24:09 The ollowing is an exce p om he epo :

144
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ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXII–LXIII
2.Seman ic dep eca ions o depic ions a e no always combined wi h he un o he
main p edica e a gumen . The e m "symbolic" is used o e e o a se o symbols
ha a e associa ed wi h a pa icula objec , bu a e mo phosyn ac ically ela ed o
he subjec o he a gumen : hey can be p onounced as a noun o a nume al, as a
noun, as a e b, as a e b, o as a noun o a e b. Ano he ac o ha makes such
p edica es depic i e is ha in some cases such p edica es a e combined wi h he
a gumen s o he main p edica e by kinship and abou o numbe ( his will be
discussed la e ). I we unde s and syn ax in he b oades sense, as desc ibed in
sec ion 2.5, we could also conside such desc ip o s as syn ac ic. Since no all o he
desc ip ions discussed he e indica e a combina ion o nouns and e bs, all
desc ip ions ha ocus on one o he main p edica e a gumen s bu a e exp essed
mo phosyn ac ically in ways o he han he ypical desc ip i e, i.e., in he non- e bal
sense, will be called seman ic desc ip ions. In addi ion, such p edica es a e
signi ican ly complemen a y o he main p edica e and, unlike essen ial p edica es,
can be omi ed, which encou ages hem o be conside ed ee p edica es.
2.1. P edica i es, exp essed as he p e ix o a noun and associa ed wi h ano he
mo e pleasan conjuga ion e b (usually, as he collec ed examples show, wi h he
subjec o he sen ence), a e conside ed as desc ip i e in bo h o eign and ecen
Li huanian linguis ic wo ks, e.g. :
In 1976, he mo ed o he Uni ed S a es o join he Bos on Li huanian Ensemble. She wo ks
as a compu e p og amme in an insu ance company. Raising wo sons. DLK (63) Twel e
b o he s li ed in he same moun ain day and nigh .
(balke ičius 1963: 109) This Decision is add essed o he Membe S a es.
(64) The wo k o speake s should no be s igma ised. You came alone o in a g oup, wo ked om he ea ,
w o e in he Bel ede e econs uc ion book and... un il we mee soon. (dLk ) 23 also plg. himmelmanno and
schul ze-be nd said: […]ag eemen , as usually unde s ood, in ol es he ca ego ies o gende , numbe and o
case[…] (himmelmann, schul ze-be nd 2005: 62). 25 Hol oe and Mikulskas poin ou ha in ce ain cases, a
24 Šį e miną Vaičiuly ė-semėnienė a oja ik an iniams p edika y ams, iš eikš iems daik a a dinėmis
a p ielinksninėmis kons ukcijomis, į a dy i (Vaičiuly ė-semėnienė 2007b: 116).
sen ence wi hou a desc ip ion could be conside ed comple e only wi h majo excep ions, since he wo d
o de in sen ences […]spind ano he , a he han he o iginal sen ences, he cu en one[…] (hol oe ,
Mikulskas a 3: In ac , in de e mining whe he a desc ip i e is ee o necessa y, i was aken in o accoun
whe he a sen ence, a e he desc ip i e, emains comp ehensi e in e ms o s uc u e and meaning,
egula o no . Plg. su nichols (1981: 17): […] he emo al o non-go e ned p edica e nominals a ec s he
communica i e s uc u e and comple eness o sense, bu does no ende he cons uc ion
ung amma ical[…].
ALL_62_63_make as.indd 144 2011.06.17 a 8:24:09 I'm no going o lie o you.
Ma ijampolės apsk i ies asmen a dinės
kilmės ag onimų da ybos b uožai
145s aipsniai / a icles
In his a icle, we'll look a some o he mos common and common misconcep ions and
misconcep ions ha people ha e abou he In e ne : how i wo ks, how o use i , how o use i , how
o use i , how o use i , how o use i , how o use i , how o use i , how o use i , how o use i , how o
use i , how o use i , how o use i , how o use i . Vaičiuly ė-semėnienė poin s ou ha he use o he
la e 's chee ul and o he pe o me 's is a o mal indica ion ha he noun used as a modi ie in a
sen ence can be desc ip i e (Vaičiuly ė-semėnienė 2007b: 117). Nichols also dis inguishes be ween he
wo as a special means o ma king seconda y p edica es in he Russian language (see Nichols 1978b,
1981). Hol oe a gues ha […]despi e lexical limi a ions, he e is no eason why such e bs should be
ecognized as essen ial p edica es o e bs: al hough his e b is used egula ly wi h some e bs, i
is no equi ed o hem[…] (hol oe , amulionienė 2005: 135). In addi ion, in o he languages he e is a
endency o he seconda y p edica e o a noun o be p e e ed o he seconda y p edica e, which
is mo e pleasan o combine o no o combine, is seman ic a he han syn ac ic27 (see also ilip
2001: 3[…]4). In he Russian language, he e a e ac o s ha in luence he de i a ion o such
žymė i įnagininku. nichols (1978b: 124) mano, kad ak o ius, nulemian is, a
de i a ions: he ime o he e b and he e b, whe he he e b is posi i e o nega i e, he o de
o he wo ds, he genus, he pa o he speech ha indica es he seconda y p edica e, he main
a gumen o which he p edica e is a ached, he le (see also schul ze-be nd , himmelmann: 8788;
himmelmann, schul ze-be nd , 2005: 6465; 2007: 121; he inga, 2009: 49), he au ho o he de ini ions o
he ime o he a ious de ini ions o he e bs, such as ambigui y, ambigui y, ambigui y, and
s uc u e. I 's no clea how hey hink one should be ea ed wi hou dependen wo ds.
3–4 i en nu ody ą li e a ū ą). okie depik y ai andami ne ik su p edika ais,
27 […] he ac o s de e mining he choice o ag eemen s. non-ag eeing case a e sub le and p ima ily
seman ic a he han syn ac ic[…] (nichols 1978b: 124); […]cop edica es may o may no be
mo phologically dependen on he con olle (a wo d is mo phologically dependen on ano he i i
akes i s mo phological o m om he la e by go e nmen o ag eemen ), depending on language
and he mo phological na u e o he cop edica e i sel “ (nichols 1978a: 331).
ge das hen schelis (2005) nus a ė p edika y ų hie a chiją – pi min is (d a i k a a d ž i o ) p e d i k a y a s <
a n i n i s p e d i k a y a s (< d e p i k y a s < k o m p l e m e n a s ) – pagal ku ią, kuo dešiniau hie a chijoje ski iamas
p edika y as, uo dažnesnis daik a a džio įnagininkas. daugiau ž . Vaičiuly ė-semėnienė (2007a).
ypology.
ALL_62_63_make as.indd 145 2011.06.17 a 8:24:09 I'm no su e wha you mean.
146 ac a Linguis ica
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Li huanica LXII[…]LXIII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Bu i can also ha e one o he mos p o o ypical depic i e meanings: a pe iod o
li e (sen ence (65)), a unc ion, a ole (sen ence (62), (68)), a quan i y, a collec i i y
(sen ence (64)), a dis ibu ion (sen ence (66)) and a ce ain s a e (sen ence
(67)30. The depic ions o he con ac o may ela e o he subjec and he
objec s o he bene icia y and he end use , e.g. :
• depik y as apibūdina subjek ą:
(65) In he Piedmon , she was sa is ied wi h a bed in he basemen . (Shukys 1998:
235) (66) The i s wo go in pai s. ( ansla ed om Himmelmann, schul ze-be nd 2005: 35) 31
• he desc ip ion desc ibes he objec o he use :
(67) I 's ha d o li e alone in Moscow.
• depik y as apibūdina galininko objek ą:
(68) The di ec o hi ed his mis ess as his sec e a y. (Holland, Mikulskas, b.4)
Such desc ip ions a e always combined wi h he numbe o he main p edica e
a gumen , usually also he genus.
2.2. The Vie namese is also known as one o he depic i e indica o s (see schul zebe nd , himmelmann
2004: 8890, 115117; himmelmann, schul ze-be nd 2005: 3839). In his case, he e b " o be" is used o e e
o he s a e o being in a pa icula si ua ion, as in he case o he e b " o be," bu he e b " o be"
is used o e e o he s a e o being in a pa icula si ua ion (see Schul ze-Bendel, Schul ze-Bendel,
2005: 38-39, 65; Himmle , 2008: 32). Such p edica es a e also conside ed p edica i e punc ua ion, i.e.
desc ip i e, in he Valeckian a icle (1967: 100[…]101) and in he g amma o he Li huanian language
(ul ydas, ed., 1976: 451[…]452), and a e no men ioned in he cu en Li huanian g amma (1996) and in he
Li huanian language encyclopedia (2008). The mos p o o ypical s a e meaning (sen ences (69, 71),
quan i y meaning (sen ences (70), (72)), li e space meaning (sen ence (73)) can be exp essed as place
desc ip ions. 29 Vaičiuly ė-semėnienė (2007: 86) ends o hink ha he p onouns used wi h unc ional
meanings o e bs a e conside ed complemen s o hose e bs, i.e. essen ial p edica es. suppo ed by
Mikulskas (2007: 126, 130). I was la e p oposed o conside such p edica es as in e media ies be ween
ee and essen ial seconda y p edica es (hol oe , Mikulskas b 5: The au ho ends o conside hese
p edica es o be ee, because when hey a e omi ed, he sen ences do no become unnecessa y and
meaningless (see also 25), and he p edica e used in he sen ence complemen s, co ec s he main
meaning o he sen ence (see he ac ha om 521 he p edica e o he conque o ).
sakinio su eiksmažodžiu di ba, pa eik o ienoje dLk dalyje, ik ke u iuose sakiniuose bu o pa a -
30 depik y ų eikšmių hie a chija pa eik a 2.1 sky iuje, 18 išnašoje.
The dis ibu ion adjec i es a e also conside ed o be desc ip i e (e.g. himmelmann, schul-
ze-be nd 2005: 35; ku sche , genç 2005: 254; Vaičiuly ė-semėnienė 2007b: 124–125).
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kilmės ag onimų da ybos b uožai
147 a icles by a icle
(69) The ee s ands in ea (plg. igh ened) un il mo ning. (His o y o he
Chu ch, pp. 31-32): "And hey e u ned o Pen-hinnom, and dwel in he
wilde ness. (Abou he Au ho : William H. Macy) The e m "cons uc i is "
can e e o a pe son o g oup o people who a e in e es ed in a pa icula objec , such as a building o a building. :
• depik y as apibūdina subjek ą:
Monika woke up in he hea , ha ing s uggled o ge ou o he d eam, and wen looking o a husband.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
• he desc ip ion desc ibes he bene icia y en i y:
[…] You can li e in wo, h ee o i e houses in a c owd and he house will be emp y, […] says Daniel.
DLK
• depik y as apibūdina galininko objek ą:
(73) Teache s, classma es, in o he wo ds, hose who su ounded me in my you h (i.e. you h)
con ibu ed g ea ly o shaping my idealis ic wo ld iew. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU.
• he desc ip o desc ibes he p e e ed design:
(74) The eyes look and do no look a hose moun ains he ays o he sun. This is he case in he case o he Uni ed Kingdom.
2.3. These seman ic desc ip o s may also be accompanied by p edica i es ep esen ed by di iso s. Jonah
Jablonsky and Jonah Balke ich discuss he pa iciple p edica es oge he wi h he de i ed p edica es o
he gallan and he gallan and conside hem o be summa y supplemen s (see Jablonsky: 472 […] 474;
Balke ich 1963: 191[…] 193). Valeckienė (1967: 114[…]115) conside s such p edica es o be sepa a e in he case o
he use o p edica e ma ks34. V. Labu is conside s hem o be summa y supplemen s, he w i es: he e a e
complex compound supplemen s ha o m a seconda y p edica e cen e . such a compound objec is
p ima ily composed o a pi che o a goalkeepe wi h a pa icipan o a pa icipan o he ype used in his
posi ion (Labu is 1994 ii: 57[…]58, 1998: 276[…]277). The use o he numbe 32 in he Pen a euch is based on a
numbe o ac o s: i s , he o ien a ion o he numbe o he a gumen o he main p edica e ( he
subjec ) and no o he e en ( he e u n). Secondly, he ac ha in e ms o ime he desc ip i e e b
will coincide wi h he main p edica e e b. Thi dly, he nume al is no equi ed by he e b, and he e o e is
no necessa y. Fou h, he nume al wi h he e b does no o m a noun compound. i h, a pa aph ase,
ypical o eal depic ions: They came back ull and hey we e in he i h; Six h, he place o he nume al in
he sen ence. Schul ze-be nd , himmelmann called me, indica es his peculia i y: he su ounded me when I
was young. 34 such cases a e no men ioned in he g amma o he Li huanian language (1976), in he cu en
2004: 108 ; boede 2005: 212; Mcg ego 2005: 178–196; Ša ić 2008: 320–321.
33 Šiame sakinyje jaunys ėje nė a eiksmažodžio supo eikalaujamas a gumen as. Šis ie ininkas apibūdina
g amma o he Li huanian language (1996), o in he encyclopedia o he Li huanian language (2008).
ALL_62_63_make as.indd 147 2011.06.17 a 8:24:09 I'm no su e wha you mean.
148 o he Ac on
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Li huanian Linguis ics LXII[…]LXIII
To hese summa y supplemen s, V. Labu is p oposes o include "all supplemen s wi h
double- ela ed adjec i e wo ds", i.e. cons uc ions wi h wo-syllable wo ds. Since all
he cases men ioned by he au ho o he a icle a e conside ed o be depic ions, i.e.
p edica es, exp essed as pa iciples, he au ho ends o classi y hem as
iai y a nebū ini, eiksmažodžio ne eikalaujami, kad jais nu odoma daik o, bū ybės
būsena yks a uo pa me u, kaip i pag indinis eiksmas, kad jie y a o ien uo i į
depic ions. he ac ha he a gumen o he basic p edica e o he subdi ision
(de inamuosius) an inius p edika y us. be o, jiems būdinga p o o ipiškiausia
indica es he simila i y o he subdi isions o he ypical syn ac ic signi icance o
he desc ip i e s a e. These ypes o depic ions a e mos o en associa ed wi h he objec s o he he o and he oine, and may also e e o he subjec , e.g. :
• depik y as apibūdina subjek ą:
(75) Fa away, on he o he side o he sea, la ge ships can be seen sailing. (edi ed by Ul ydas, 1971:
395)
• he depic i e desc ibes he objec o he ai y ale:
(76) No one saw him die (plg. dying). This is he i s ime ha he Commission has been able o do so.
• depik y as apibūdina galininko objek ą:
(77) He saw a lashing ligh (pl. lashing). When I no iced ha he clock in my pocke (pl.
pocke ) didn' seem o wo k a all, I laughed. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he
wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
P edica i es ha a e made up o noun (adjec i e) o ad e b cons uc ions a e also conside ed p edica i e
signs, hence desc ip i e (see Valeckienė 1967: 100[…]101)35. Valeckienė poin s ou ha he e a e p edica i e
signs ha a e exp essed by noun and adjec i e cons uc ions and a e no ela ed o he noun o he e b
and do no mean s a es, bu only indica e how he na a i e ac ion akes place (Valeckienė 1967: 112 […] 113).
Valeckienė sugges s keeping hem in he en i onmen . The ollowing examples a e gi en: Sp and is pulled by
i sel , i is pulled only wi hou a ho se. Joy came home emp y-handed, ha ing gi en all his day's wo k o he
wo ke . i seems ha in bo h cases he cons uc ions in ques ion should be ega ded as desc ip i e, as
hey a e mo e ela ed o he subjec s o sen ences han o e bs. In he i s case, he p edica e does
no desc ibe he way o iding, bu indica es wha would happen i he man ode alone, wi hou a ho se. In
he second case, i says ha he joy came home and, mo eo e , he had no hing. Fo example, wi h he
example gi en by Boede , in which he emp y-handed cons uc ion is combined wi h he combina ion ac o
and is conside ed depic ing: Tk enis ana pa i sacem kac-s xel-ca iel-s e ga is um eb ‘I can' le go o
such a espec ed pe son as you wi hou he hands (boede 2005: 203) and wi h he Colonial mo idais came
wi h a wi e and child en (boede 2005: 22), in which he wi e and child cons uc ion is also conside ed
depic ing he meaning o iendship (see schul ze-be nd , 2004: 1101; himmelmann, schul ze-be nd , 3337).
ALL_62_63_make as.indd 148 2011.06.17 a 8:24:10 I'm no su e wha you mean by ha .

Ma ijampolės apsk i ies asmen a dinės
kilmės ag onimų da ybos b uožai
The a icles a e classi ied acco ding o he p edica e s o ies o he signs (see Ul ydas,
ed., 1976: 451454; Amb azas, ed., 1996: 490491)149. Labu is (1994 ii: 41-42) conside s
ac ion-o ien ed cons uc ions o be an addi ional na a i e. Vaičiuly ė-semėnienė (2007b:
116) calls hem seman ic depic ions, while Hol oe as and Mikulskas do no conside hem as
depic ions o hese p edica es. hey p opose o call such compounds o ien ed
en i onmen s, since hei o ien a ion is exp essed only seman ically and no
mo phosyn ac ically (hol oe , Mikulskas b: 34). The e a e a ew ac s ha allow us o
disag ee wi h hem: i s , he meaning o hose cons uc ions; second, he some imes
o e looked combina ion o numbe s; and, hi d, he a o emen ioned o ien a ion o he
main a gumen o he p edica e. Fo example, in he sen ence Al eady one bonka s ood
a ound he head and pulled ou he camisole (Valeckienė 1967: 100) i is clea ha he
cons uc ion o he head and pulled ou he camisole indica es he subjec o he
sen ence bonka, no he way o s anding. I we we e o eplace he singula o m o he
subjec o his sen ence wi h he plu al o m, hen he noun cons uc ions would also
ha e o be used in he plu al: Two monkeys a e s anding wi h hei heads down and hei
o eheads ou . The o ien a ion o he noun cons uc ion o he subjec in his sen ence
is ob ious, which means ha such a ype o cons uc ion is conside ed a depic a i e. Fo
he coo dina e numbe , see also (79) You ound his bea d s ange. You look wei d wi h
hose bea ds.
Then she go up again wi h di icul y, slipped in o he ba h, and e u ned o he
ba h ub. DLK Then he pa ien s had a ha d ime ge ing up, slipped in o he ba h oom,
om whe e hey came back wi h hei clo hes on. (81) Many e u ned home wi h b oken
hea s. The boy came home wi h a b oken hea .
such cons uc ions may e e o an emo ional o psychic s a e (wo ds (81),
(82), (88)), appea ance (wo ds (80), (83), (84), (85), (86)), a ac ion o a e sion
(wo ds (89), (87)). The e m is also used o e e o o eign languages, e.g.,
Nichols (1978a: 330). Mülle (2001: 2) and his colleagues. Schul ze-be nd ,
Himmelmann (2004: 89 […] 90), which is he name o he company. (2005 en ield: 387,
389); and (2005 boede : 220[…]223) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. These depic ions can be o a ious o ms and ela e o he subjec , he na a o and he ending.
ko objek ais:
• depik y as apibūdina subjek ą, kons ukcija iš eikš a kilmininko linksniu:
(82) A e spending ime wi h he child en, she always e u ns home in a good mood.
• he depic i e desc ibes he subjec , he cons uc ion is exp essed in he comedian's humo :
(83) The boy was pulled ou o bed naked, bound hand and oo (pl. supanchio as), wi h his mou h slammed shu .
DLK 36 In he Encyclopedia o he Li huanian Language (2008) (sky ius pa ašy as amb azo) ances al
cons uc ions a e no conside ed o be un eliable as his o ical ma ks (Mo kūnas, sud., amb azas, ed., 2008:
536[…]537). ALL_62_63_make as.indd 149 2011.06.17 a 8:24:10 I'm no su e wha you mean.
150 ac a Linguis ica
VesLaVa ČiŽik-P okaŠeVa
Li huanica LXII[…]LXIII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
• depik y as apibūdina subjek ą, kons ukcija iš eikš a p ielinksnine kons ukcija:
(84) Ji be akinių (plg. besišypsan i) a odo jaunesnė.
• he depic i e desc ibes he objec o he end, he cons uc ion is exp essed in he humo o he p o agonis :
When we look a ou pas , bo h nea and a , we see he e and he e he same people as
ou sel es, o , in o he wo ds, we see ou sel es he e, only in a sligh ly di e en o m.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
• he depic i e desc ibes he objec o he goalkeepe , he cons uc ion is
exp essed in he goalkeepe 's chee :
(86) O en (Monika) Kaziuk was ound hanging, pu ed up wi h ea he s. (Valeckienė 1967: "I'm no going o be able o do i ".
100)
• he depic i e desc ibes he objec o he end, he cons uc ion is exp essed as an
ex ension o he cons uc ion:
Then hey all a e he b ead wi hou bu e (plg. one). He was e i ied ha his
mo he would be aken away unconscious, ha ... wha i she died? DLK
• depik y as apibūdina kilmininko objek ą, kons ukcija iš eikš a p ielinksnine
he design:
(89) Ju as did no lea e he wi h he child […] unconscious and wi h pencils. The
ollowing able lis s all he cases o seman ically gene alized ep esen a ions
o links and o ms:
2 The Len e. seman ic depic ions
o de idepic i e (de i a i e
cons uc ion nimo om da ik lio
linksnis
gauge) mo e amusing o m o
o he whole hing.
he
Loc. I'm going o gi e i o you. o
ins uc ion le is
cons uc . I 's a pleasu e. o
cons uc . he hing. he numbe . This is he i s ime I' e seen i . he ollowing pa ag aph is added:
name. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Two wo ou acc. 333 2 8 3 55 ou o a
o al o 27 34 355 4 37 12 321 i was ound ha desc ip o s a e mos o en exp essed in he
le -hand side o he noun (386 examples), how much less in he end (231 examples), e en less in
he in oduc ion (111 examples), mos o en in he o he le -hand sides: kilmininku (88
37 41 36 196
ALL_62_63_make as.indd 150 2011.06.17 08:24:10
Ma ijampolės apsk i ies asmen a dinės
kilmės ag onimų da ybos b uožai
151s aipsniai / a icles
3 . O he 991 collec ed examples o seconda y p edica es, 795 a e examples o
syn ac ic p edica es and 196 a e examples o seman ic p edica es. Thus, ypical
syn ax (de ina i e) seconda y p edica es a e mainly used in he Li huanian language
(see he 1s combina ion), which is conside ed o be a ypical way o ep esen ing
i 2 len eles).
exp essions, bu is no a p e equisi e, as he e a e also cases o seconda y
p edica es whose exp essions a e no de i ed. In he case o bo h syn ac ic and
seman ic desc ip ions, he mos impo an hing is hei seman ic connec ion o he
subjec , objec o en i onmen (in o he wo ds, he concep ual connec ion o he
e e en , wha is desc ibed as he e b o i s a gumen ), and no he combina ion o
nede inimas linksniu su eiksmažodžio a gumen u, kas isų pi ma p iklauso nuo
desc ip i e o seman ic.
examples), use (78 pa icipan s (55 examples). Thus, we ob ain such a hie a chy o depic i e
o ms: a d i n i n k a s > g a l i n k a s > in o n a g i n k a s > k i l m i n k a s > n a u d i n k a s > p a d
a l y i s > i e i n k a s. Thus, he mos likely depic i e o ms a e he jokes o he
yzdžiai) bei ie ininku (42 pa yzdžiai). gali bū i iš eikš i i belinksne o ma –
p o agonis , he illain o he illain, and he leas likely a e he jokes o he […] depu y
(See also Table 3).
In e es ing and depic i e exp essions a e pa o he language. Mos examples we e collec ed wi h
desc ip i e, p onounced adjec i es (255 examples) and pa iciples (227 examples), sligh ly less wi h
desc ip i e, p onounced cons uc ions as + noun adjec i e (135 examples) and noun wo ds alone (120
examples), e en less wi h p onounced nouns (76 examples) and pa iciples (55 examples), leas wi h
noun cons uc ions (46 examples), noun cons uc ions (41 examples) and p e e ence cons uc ions
(36 examples). a hie a chy o language pa s can be d awn up: b u d a d i s > pa icipan > k a i p +
daik a a dis b u d d a d i s > d a i k a a d i s > o he alue o he s k a i a d i s > d a i k a a
d i n i k o n s u k c i j a > p i e l i n k s i n i n k o n e k o n s u k c i j a. Thus, in Li huanian,
adjec i es a e mos o en exp essed no only as adjec i es and pa iciples, bu also as nouns and
cons uc ions as + noun.
The Li huanian language di e s om many o he languages in ha i uses ee
non- esul ing seconda y p edica es (depik y ai), p onounced no only wi h a ious
pa s o he language (e.g., pa iciples, nume al wo ds, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns,
nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns,
ALL_62_63_make as.indd 151 2011.06.17 08:24:10
152 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXII[…]LXIII ku and local) and cons uc ions
VesLaVa ČiŽik-P okaŠeVa
(subjunc i e wo ds, p onouns and as + 2. syn ac ic desc ip i e cons uc ions
shall be conside ed only hose cons uc ions o a noun o adjec i e wi h as which
daik a a dis / būd a dis). ski ingai nuo anks esnių da bų, ku iuose daugiau a
mažiau ap a as depik y ų žymėjimas, nus a y a, kad:
1. sin aksiniai (de inamieji) depik y ai, no s i e ai, be gali bū i įnagininko i
ie ininko linksnių o mos (ž . sky ius 2.5, 2.6);
hey do no imply a compa ison; 3. he syn ac ic ep esen a ions o all e bs can
be exp essed in a ious pa s o he language (noun, pa iciple, nume al, p onoun,
noun; see Chap e 2 and Table 1);
4. seman iniais depik y ais laiky inos ne ik daik a a dinės (įnagininko a kil-
nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns,
nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns,
nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns,
nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns,
nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns,
bū i iš eikš i i skai a džiais (ž . 3 sky ių i 2 len elę).
nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns,
nouns, nouns, and nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns,
and e bs, and o a lesse ex en by noun and adjec i e cons uc ions; You can ha e 3
nouns, nouns, nouns, nouns 5. seman ic desc ip o s a e mos o en exp essed by nouns
Len e. he o m o he coo dina es o he coo dina es o he coo dina es o he
coo dina es o he coo dina es o he coo dina es o he coo dina es o he
coo dina es o he coo dina es o he coo dina es o he coo dina es o he
coo dina es o he coo dina es The gene. he acc. he ollowing pa ag aph is added: Loc.
Pa icipa ed om all nom. The gene. he acc. he ollowing pa ag aph is added: Loca ion
o he gen. ins uc ion o he gen. acc. he ollowing pa ag aph is added:
I 's like a
o a kind
hing. o a kind used in mo o ehicles I 's you.
used in he manu ac u e o goods o Chap e 87
I 's a iend.
o cons uc .
he ha monising ac o is
b igh e han nom. This
Regula ion shall en e in o
o ce on he wen ie h day
ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. 72 wo wo six eigh y- wo acc. 18633 42 2 8 3283 ins uc ion 20 6 26 This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
Loca ion 4 1 5
O which 315 63 72 186 47 41 55 71 9 6 42 6 1 4 37 12 321 991
135 41 36
ALL_62_63_make as.indd 152 2011.06.17 a 8:24:10 I'm no su e wha you mean by ha .