51s aipsniai / a icles
esMiniai ŽodŽiai: Ziwa o a mė, šiau ės žemaičiai k e ingiškiai, mo e iškasis linksnia imas,
may be a mo phological abb e ia ion.
Keywo ds: he Zulu dialec , no he n Zulu o K e a, he eminine- ype declension,
in lec ion, mo phological educ ion.
sona a Vaičiakauskienė
Lie u os edukologijos uni e si e as
Scien i ic esea ch a eas: synch onous and diach onic
mo phology.
In he yea 1759 ZIWATO1
The a icle analyzes he bes 18 h-cen u y w i ing monumen o he no he n lowland
K e ingian e i o ies […] 1759 m. The e a e h ee ypes o emale amusemen : ā and ā and ē. he
da a o he Ziwa o dialec a e compa ed wi h he da a o he cu en no he n lowland
nouns o eminine- ype declension in
he Ziwa o o 1759 and he Mo phological
de elopmen o hose nouns
K e ingian dialec . The compa ison o he pa adigms o he analyzed objec wo ds e eals he
ends and cha ac e is ics o he de elopmen o he mo phology o he no he n lowland
K e ingian su names. Compa a i e analysis shows ha he de elopmen o he phone ics o he
language is de e mined by he change in he o ms o eminine eminine nouns and he abundance
o homonymic gende s, as well as by c ossing. Thus, he de elopmen o he mo phology o a
language depends on he phenomena o mo phology and phonology.
The i le o he book means "The Li e o ou Lo d and Sa io Jesus Ch is ". In scien i ic wo ks i is
called simply Ziwa u.
The hie a chy o ypes o objec -wo d encoding p oposed by Alex Gi den and Albe o Rosino (see
below) is e e enced in a icle 2 (Gi den 2000b: 50[…]62).
In Ac a Linguis ica Li uaniana LXVIII, he p esen a icle is de o ed o he analysis o he
sona a Vaičiakauskienė
de elopmen o eminine- ype declension nouns as ep esen ed by he 18 h-cen u y bes eco d
o he no he n Zamoys (Samogi ians) o he K e a dialec , published in 1759, he eminine- ype
declension comp ises h ee kinds o s em: and . The da a o he Zuwa o dialec we e compa ed
wi h he da a o he p esen -day o m used in he no he n Zuwa i o he K e a dialec . he
compa a i e s udy o he noun s em pa adigms e ealed ce ain cha ac e iscondi ioned by he
phone ic de elopmen s in he dialec as well as by he pa e ns o s essing. Thus he
mo phological de elopmen o he dialec depends bo h on mo phological and phonological
phenomena.
ic ea u es and endencies in he mo phological de elopmen o p ope names in he no he n
Zemaiciai o k e inga dialec . he compa a i e analysis p o ed ha changes in he noun o ms
o he eminine- ype declension and he abundance o homonymous o ms had been p e-
Resea ch in mode n his o ical mo phology undoub edly makes i possible o conside
he 1759 Ziwa as he bes monumen o he 18 h cen u y in he no he n lowlands o
he K e ingian e i o ies. The publica ion o ha ime clea ly and consis en ly
p esen s he phonological sys em, g amma and mo phology o he no he n lowland
K e ingian dialec s in he Polish language. he phonological and mo phological sys em
o he Ziwa o dialec has been consis en ly s udied and desc ibed (see mo e b oadly
gi denis, gi denienė 1997: 19[…]44). Kazimie z Buga (1958: 561-578) is al eady in ixed o ms.
analizuodamas one inius balsių paki imus lie u ių a mėse dažnai ėmėsi Ziwa e
The e is s ill a lack o sequences and de ailed wo ks o he mo phology o he w i en monumen
being analyzed. Ziwa , wi h his a chaic g amma ical ea u es, domina ed mo e han one his o y o
he Li huanian language and he s udy o i s dialec s. On he peculia i ies o he lexicon and he
ea u es o he syn ax o Ziwa , and especially on he mo phology, much has been w i en by Alexius
Gi denis (2000a: 204[…]210; 233[…]257; 2000b: 183[…]190; 355[…]356; 2001: 170[…]181; 292[…]325; gi denis, gi denienė,
1997, 11[…]19; gi denis, ski man 1998, ii[…]xi ). Vladas G ina eckis (1973: 292, 365 and o he s) used he
o ma ion o A ican di e ences in he land bo de s o explain he Ziwa ex . Zygmun Szige i, who
is also he au ho o he book, said: "The name o his language is abb e ia ed ŠVŠK. 4 Mo e on he
ac ha Ziwa as is w i en in he icini y o he coas al lowlands o he K e inga: gi denis 2000a:
237257; gi denis, gi denienė 1997: 1119; gi denis, ski man 1998: iixi ; The Commission shall be empowe ed
o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
4–7 .
5 The e a e wo ai ly comp ehensi e wo ks by s uden s o Vilnius Uni e si y: he base in 1995, he Silesian in 1992.
1759 me ų Ziwa o mo e iš kojo linksnia imo
daik a a džiai i jų aida
The 53-line a icles a ibu ed he g adual acquisi ion o land i les in he 18 h-cen u y Li huanian spelling
o he Zi a language o he ex s w i en in he Zima dialec and indica ed ha he mos impo an
memo ies o his sc ip we e he mos di icul and easies o he Zima people o no ice he land
klo onologijos bei mo ologijos b uožus (1966: 217–218 i k .; 1980: 196 i k .).
Žemai iškomis knygos ypa ybėmis domėjosi gied ius subačius (1998: 38, 44–58)
i les, emphasizing a ha ime he inno a ions in Zi a w i ing. Jonah Palionis (1979: 114-115; 1995: 122) in
analyzing he language o eligious w i ings in he 18 h cen u y emphasized ha he Ziwa e had a s ong
endency o abandon ce ain coas al lowland dialec s and o aise he language. he au ho indica ed he
mos common high-pi ched ex s, he use o which was la gely de e mined by he adi ion o w i ing
high-pi ched ex s a he ime. Jonas Kazlauskas (1958: 59, 62; 1959: 1744; 1963a: 333; 1963b: 178179; 1968: 248 and
o he s) was suppo ed in explaining he o igin, spelling and spelling o Li huanian o ms. I is wo h
men ioning ha Albe Rosinas (1995: 25 e al.) in econs uc ing he pa adigm o he spelling o Bela usian
names also used he pa iciple o ms o he names gi en by Ziwa e. The compa ison o he pa adigms o
he wo ds o he ype o eminine enjoymen o he Va o dialec and he cu en K e ingian dialec
e eals he ends and cha ac e is ics o he de elopmen o he mo phology o he su name o he
y inėjamo aš ijos paminklo mo ologija a chajiška, odėl ikslinga lygin i Zi-
ŠVŽK dialec . The e o e, he pu pose o his a icle is o p o ide a desc ip ion o he de elopmen o
a džių (kaip i apsk i ai isų daik a a džių ipų6) kai ymo pa adigmas. analizuoja-
women's en e ainmen in he 18 h cen u y w i en monumen o he no he n lowland K e ingian
dialec s […] 1759 Ziwa o […] and, mos impo an ly, o compa e i wi h he cu en sys em o dialec s o
he ŠVŽk dialec s. he pa adigms o he de elopmen o he a o emen ioned s one nouns a e
consis en ly analyzed in he a icle, he o igin o he nouns unde analysis is discussed, a emp s a e
made o explain he his o ical p ocesses o he de elopmen o he noun, o he easons and mo i es. The
compa ison o da a om he Ziwa o and ŠVŽk dialec s allowed o p esen he econs uc ed
mo phology o eminine unny wo ds in he analyzable dialec s o he mid-eigh een h cen u y. The e a e
h ee women's clo hing s ones in Ziwa o a m: ā and ā s ones and ē s ones. The i s wo s ones a e
e y simila o each o he , he only di e ence be ween hem is ha he s udy showed ha he s ones
a e e y simila o each o he in he soil. 6 Fo he de elopmen o o he ypes o amusemen o he
objec s o he w i en monumen being analyzed, see. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid
is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. 7 Ziwa o's
kamiengalio p iebalsio minkš umu – dėl šios p iežas ies šiuos kamienus galima
bū ų ap a i ka u (plg. inkauskienė 1999). s aipsnyje minė i kamienai bus ap-
a iami a ski ai, nes ski iasi galūnių kilmė i į ai uoja galūnių žymėjimas eks e7 .
g aphics and spelling ha e been w i en abou se e al imes (see ex ensi ely gi denis 2000a: 233[…]257;
2000b: 183[…]190;
2001: 292[…]326; gi denis, gi denienė 1997: 11[…]44; gi denis, ski mish 1998: ii[…]xi ; also known as
he "Gi denis" Vaičiakausky ė 2001: 119[…]133; 2002a: 223[…]236; 2002b: 4[…]7), which is why i is no epea ed in his a icle.
54
sona a Vaičiakauskienė
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVIII
And he illages
All he names o objec s in he s ones a e emale, ha e se en syllables ( a dnik,
kilminik, use , galnik, inaginink, placeholde (inesy ą) and shoemake ), h ee
numbe s ( ienaskai ą, daugiskai ą and d iskai ą).
Manu ac u e om ma e ials o any heading, excep ha o he p oduc
Vienaskai a daugiskai a
The V. The hand is 5710 ~ […]nk[…]8 V. he hand 1089 ~ he hand K. I'm no su e wha you' e
alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . 273 - The Man in he High Cas le - The
Man in he High Cas le - The Man in he High Cas le - The Man in he High Cas le - The Man in
he High Cas le - The Man in he High Cas le - The Man in he High Cas le - The Man in he High
Įn. ąku 8117, ~ nk Įn. ąkomis 751 ~ nkoms
V . ąko 82, dyinoy 2119, dienoj 3215, V . ąkoʃy 916 ~ nkos
Cas le - The Man in he High Cas le - The Man in he High Cas le The end o he su name o
Š . ka una 2918 ~ k  .n Š. źmonas 1182 ~ žmonas
he unico n is -a, e.g.: [...] nie a zwyczaiaws, idan bał a gałwa okiuw dea h o dea h, ney
miałwe Panna, on he awęs i a okay dec ee yzdu as 23524.
In compa a i e e minology, he end o a single-syllable noun is also -a ( nk ~ hand9, oba ~ ob), which is
de i ed om he ancien longish *-. The old acu e limbs in Li huanian a e sho ened o he end o he
hi een h cen u y and he beginning o he i een h cen u y (būga 1961: 46; gi denis 2001: 173174;
g ina eckis 1973: 267). 2. The ends o a monosyllabic consonan a e -as, -os, e.g. Do you no know ha you
a e he new Pha aoh o Wales? And hen we don' ge o he end o i , because we don' wan o, bu we
don' wan o, we don' wan o, we don' wan o, we don' wan o, we don' wan o, we don' wan o,
we don' wan o, we don' wan o. In he p esen -day K e ingian dialec , he long ci cumplex ends o
he unci cumcised lowe jaw o he oo s o he ci cumcised wo ds a e sho e han he acu e ends.
This is bes indica ed by he di e en esponses o *-añ and *-n. In he i s case, he owel was
kilmininko galūnė y a -as, o galūninio – -uos ( nkas ~ añkos, obos ~ obõs).
Vienaskai os kilmininko galūnė kilusi iš *-s. kaip odo a mių y imai, šiau inė-
consonan , bu s ill open (e.g., ns. gal. d ba ‘da bą), in he second case, he owel […] was no only
consonan , bu had al eady passed in o he middle syllable (e.g., Palemon's sc ip and i s diac i ical ma ks
a e used o he examples gi en in a icle 8. 9 and below a e examples o compa a i e language c ea ed
by he au ho o he a icle.
1759 me ų Ziwa o mo e iš kojo linksnia imo
daik a a džiai i jų aida
55 a icles by ns. he ollowing pa ag aph is added: See also: ns. he name. ąka 5710
and ns. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance
wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he
applica ion o his Regula ion. Ci cum lexi e oices in low-pi ched sounds a e mo e o
less educed (g ina eckis 1973: 272). The o m o he o igin o he analyzed w i ing
monumen con i ms he ac ha he unci cumcised end -as in he middle was
sho ened a long ime ago, and he c ossing […] (mos ly h ough he middle -o.s) u ned
in o -os. 3. The limi s o he single bene icia y a e as ollows: -ay, -a is equal o [a.]10, e.g.
I don' know wha you' e alking abou . I don' know wha you' e alking abou . I don'
know wha you' e alking abou . in he cu en ŠVŽK e minology, he unnies ending is
-a. I'm no going o lie o you. I'm no going o lie o you. Ziwa con i ms ha he end o
he single-syllable use -a in he sen ence spoke o each o he om *-ai (see mo e
widely Vaičiakausky ė 2002b: 18). The ansla o o Ziwa o did no use any diac i ical
ma ks ha could ma k he leng h o he monoph hongized ballad. wi hou hem, he
lowe case owel endings -[a] (by he way, and -[e.]) can only be w i en in dig aphs -aa,
-ee. The au ho o Ziwa o, appa en ly a oiding he dig aph -aa, he lowe case singula 4.
The end o a singula e b is -a, e.g. I'll gi e you a sign ha I'm going o pu my shoes on,
naudininko o mą analizuojamame eks e pa a ojo os kelis ka us.
and I'm going o pu my hands on my ee , and ha 's going o be 132728. The a m o he
one-legged ide o he c oss-coun y skie coincides wi h ha o he ide o he
Ziwa e, i.e. he ide o he c oss-coun y skie is -a (lo a ~ ló ą, oba ~ óbą). lexion
o he end
- You' e no kidding om he *-añ.
5. The end o a single-syllable consonan is -u = [ọ], e.g. Weyziek hen kaypo […]awa hand in he pa o he dunes,
he slopes, go ou wy[…]ims dali um no śik[…]z ay, y kaypo hand in he anu, y hand in he u, whe e nu anu
jeme dunes skiel[…] um 8117[…]19. In he case o he K e ingians, he end o he one-a med man's hand ( […]nk[…]
~ hand[…], […]ob[…] ~ óba) is de i ed om *-[…] *-[…]n […]-[…]n. The s udy e ealed ha he emale amusemen
pa k en husias 's end is iden ical o he male amusemen pa k en husias 's end o he s one amusemen pa k
en husias 's end -ō < *-ō (Vaičiakausky ė 2001: 121). Thus, in he e i o y o Ziwa o, he e was al eady a
coincidence o he o ms o he mas e o he daik a a ds o and ā kamienų (see also gi denis, gi denienė 1997:
13). 6. Va ious o ms o one-sidedness: -o = [uo], -oj, -oy, -ojy, o example Gałwo nu E zkieśiu c own (and ku ę
kie u esdeśim is oge he wiezdays użgawa, ha 's why I'm dying) was onu gylu uk ąn e 3321113; Ale ay
Jezus is spoken in he dialec o apeyni Baziy kuna awa, whe e i is spoken in he hi d day o he day yz
numy uśiu a sikiele 1151718; Jaw i a ćieas he e 10 and on acco ding o Ziwa o's g aph and he spelling o he
spelling in he ansli e a ed spelling o he phone ic spelling o he spelling.

56
sona a Vaičiakauskienė
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVIII
You' e go o be quick, because in ha case, you' e go o be quick, you' e go o be
quick, you' e go o be quick, you' e go o be quick, you' e go o be quick, you' e go o
be quick. i is a seconda y oo , de i ed om he old loca i e * anka and pos posi ion
Po na 33315–18 .
Lyginamojoje a mėje ienaskai os inesy o o ma baigiasi -uo ~ -o(je) ( nko ~
*-én. Thus, he p onuncia ion o he ending in ques ion was: *-ai + en > -ajén > -ōjẹ. As
Rosinas says (2000: 181), pos posi ional p onouns had o ha e been o med be o e *-āi,
*-ān o *-ēi, *-ēn sho ening, o he wise we would ha e o ms like * ankaje, *zemena
oday. The inesy o o m o he monas icism became one o he mos elonga ed o he
o he un o ms, so i was mo phologically sho ened.
senieji aš ai odo, kad su umpėjusių o mų jau bū a xVi–xVii a. aš uose (Zin-
ke ičius 1980: 192).
Ziwa o g a ikos i ašybos analizė leidžia eig i, kad au en iška ienaskai os ine-
he lexion o he ches is empo a y; (see also gi denis 1996: 221), and o he g aphic
a ian s o he spoken chee a e he ele a ed lips o he au ho o he ex (see
gi denis, gi denienė 1997: 3132).
The ex unde analysis indica es ha by he middle o he 18 h cen u y, he inesi e
lexion o he wo ds o he s one in ques ion had al eady been educed. 7 . The
one-a med shoo e 's is - a, o example. Oh, he c own o u h! 33025 . in mode n
compa a i e language, he s one objec wo ds ac ually do no ha e he o m o a
spell: i coincides wi h a e b, di e ing only in a c oss (m g ~ me g). The lexion o
he accen -ă, ha ing los i s mo phological meaning, was o be conside ed, o
example, mo he , Onu (Zinke ičius 1966: 222; gi denis 1962: 60). Such "co ec ing"
single-syllable o ms o he wo d "shou " wi hou an end occu in Ziwa e, e.g. mo in
6121; żmon 681.
8 . he end o he plu al noun -as, e.g. Bu he hand o he one who bough i , he hand o
he Lo d Jesus, he hand o he one who bough i , he hand o he one who bough i ,
he hand o he one who bough i , he hand o he one who bough i . The plu al o m o
he su name k e ingiškių plo e also ends in -as ( nkas ~ añkos, obas ~ óbos). The
ki čiuo as -ā labai anks i su umpėjo (gi denis 2001: 171; Vaičiakausky ė 2002b: 14).
gallows is a es om he *-as. esea ch indica es ha he low-income mino i y
shoemake o he old is he same as he majo i y name holde . The shapes o he plu al
noun and he ad e b also coincide in Ziwa e. 9. he end o he plu al e b is -u, e.g. And
when i was nea , he i gin c ied ou , and he i gin c ied ou , and he i gin c ied ou ,
and he i gin c ied ou , and he i gin c ied ou , and he i gin c ied ou , and he i gin
c ied ou . In he p esen -day SVG, he end o he unnel in ques ion is ei he c ossed o
no c ossed, i.e. coinciding wi h he ex ouched ( nku ~ añkų, ọbũ. ~
ob). kalbamojo linksnio galūnė kildin ina iš *-uñ .
1759 me ų Ziwa o mo e iš kojo linksnia imo
daik a a džiai i jų aida
57 a icles by a icle
Analysis o he masculine and mixed- ace wo ds o he ypes o pleasu e (Vaičiakausky ė
2002a: […]236; 2002b: […]238) would sugges ha he c ossed-hai ed cal o he wo ds in
ques ion was s ill alleged o ha e a nasal balcony (also see Aleksand a ičius: 1963 102). In
addi ion, such a specula ion could be based on he use o he noun u ziwa e in he o m o
a plu al e b un 17410 o he use o he plu al un acul a i us in non-posi i e posi ions,
e.g. I don' know wha you' e alking abou . I don' know wha you' e alking abou . I don'
know wha you' e alking abou . 10. he end o he plu al use is -oms, e.g. In he case o
he Kalbynians, hey do no use i , and in he case o he Sy ians, hey do no use i , and in
he case o he Zhk e ingians, he le end o he wo d is -uom ( nk).
nu my uʃiu kiełuʃi, ada ʃ oʃawoje anus y ba a 2731–3 .
11
(Almanac 1931: 92) The Bible says: "The ea h is he Lo d's and he ullness he eo ,
he wo ld and hose who dwell he ein". Acco ding o he spoken language, he
oice o he spoken end was di ongiza osi om -omus, which a ose om he
ancien *-āmus. S udies o ancien w i ings show ha in he 18 h and 19 h
cen u ies, non- umped use s we e s ill used, such as […]šakams […]šakams,
[…] ankams […] ankoms[…]. uncomp omising o ms o he bene icia y a e usually
no isible in oday's e minology. Dialec ologis s ag ee ha he sho e a ian s
we e i s acqui ed in he Low Coun ies (see Zinke ičius 1966: 232), so ha he
Ziwa e was uni e sally acqui ed in he sho e o ms o he use . 11 . he plu al
end has an end -as, e.g. The hand o God is he hand o God, and he hand o God is he hand o God, and he hand o God is he hand o God.
The plu al o m o he e b is also -as ( nks ~ hands, obs ~ óbas), which was
sho ened om *-s. Some o he speake s (kazlauskas 1968: ninko old galūnė was
189; Zinke ičius 1980: 195) linkę many i, kad ap a iamojo linksnio leksija kildin-
ina iš *-ns12. g eičiausiai (kaip i ki ų kamienų a dažodžių) daugiskai os gali-
wi hou n, i.e. *-s, because o he wise oday we would ha e: *-ns →
- This is - his is - his is - his is - his is.
12. The ends o he plu al consonan s a e -s, -s, e.g. I'm going o kill ha one.
Bażnićiy ąkomis dy p a, o po yju dienu paʃ a iʃiu aną nawjy, ymis dienomis
18119–21; Y pabudyna Pons Diews Juzupa y Nikodema, ku yi iemy pazwaleny nu
Pylo a, I'm coming o he c umbs. 24718.
In he mode n K e ingian dialec , he plu al o he name o he ule is galūnė -uom ( nkoms ~ añkoms,
obũoms ~ obõms). The non- umped o ms o he chee ulness in ques ion a e hea d in one song
(gi denis, Pab ėža 1998: 20; see also Lka 1991: 66, map no. 63). The mo phologically unchanged end o he bes
e m in he no he n lowland elšiškių e minology ā (also […]ā and ē) he mul i-pu pose use o he names o
he s ones may ha e he ki į and he access, e.g. dinũms […]dien, m gũms […]me goms[…] (gi denis)
1996: 57, 103, 142).
12 Fo he o igin o his lexion, see also Mino 1970: 311 […] 312. This is he i s ime I' e seen i .
58 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVIII is main ained in he p e-Balsan s one insc ip ions
sona a Vaičiakauskienė
(Zinke ičius, 1966, 233; also plg. whe e -ā kamiengalis and galūnė *-ms. a he end o he
plu al e b i los i s mo phological meaning and disappea ed […] in his way he o m o
Vaičiakausky ė 2002b: 59). galūnė -uomis a si ado iš seno inės lie u ių *-āms,
he e b in ques ion coincided wi h he plu al e b. Cu en ly, he ex emi y o he
oc opus is dis inguished om ha o he use only by he access and he associa ed
wi hd awal o he use 13: he o ms o he use a e sha pened adi ionally, in he
o m o he use […] sha ply; The ba i one c ossing o he wo melodies coincides (see
also Alexand o ich 1963: 105). Ziwa shows ha in he middle o he eigh een h cen u y,
he landlo ds o Paju […] k e ingiškiai […] s ill used he uns ung o ms o he plu al
o he i le ( he sho ened o ms appea only a couple o imes in he ex unde
analysis). 13. he plu al inesy galūnė is -osy = [uosė], e.g. I'm no going o ell you wha I'm
going o do. I'm going o ell you wha I'm going o do. I'm going o ell you wha I'm going
o do.
nesu umpėjusias ie ininko (inesy o) o mas išlaikė ik kai ku ie k e ingiškiai
i pajū iškiai (gi denis, osinas 1976: 188–197), o šiaip lyginamojoje a mėje dau-
giskai os ie ininko galūnė y a -uos ( nkos ~ añkos[e], obũos ~ obõs[e]);
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in
he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The plu al o m was one s ep longe
han he o he pa adigm o ms, so i ended o be mo phologically sho ened.
Ziwa o's analysis sugges s ha in he middle o he 18 h cen u y, he shape o he many-headed depu y (inesy o) o he kamien had no ye collapsed.
O he , o ci cula c oss-sec ion, o s ainless s eel
The e a e no many unny wo ds in he s one. a la ge pa has passed in o e
kamieną14. Pe ėjimo p iežas is – neki čuo oje pozicijoje ga sai *-ā , *-an, *-a i
*-ē, *-en y a su apę į -e, plg. ( osinas 1971: 49). dėl šios p iežas ies galūninio
ci cumcision nouns ha e acqui ed six homonymic o ms, and he oo ci cumcision
[…] eigh . Thus, as ea ly as he middle o he 18 h cen u y, he e was a ansi ion
om emale amusemen o p oduc i e use o non-p oduc i e s ones (as well as, by
he way, he wo d "all") in he e i o y o he K e ingians.
13 his can only be said wi h a ca ea , because ā kamien a dažodžių is a equen use o he no he n
a mėje gali u ė i įnagininko ki į bei p iegaidę (gi denis 1996: 57, 103, 142).
lands 14 in some linguis ic wo ks […]ā and ē kamienų daik a a džiai a e discussed oge he (aleksand a ičius
1963: 101[…]116; Šiliauskai ė 1991). He e, he names o he s ones a e discussed sepa a ely. 15 Fo mo e
in o ma ion on he ansi ion o he non-p oduc i e o he p oduc i e pa s o he Ziwa o dialec , see The
Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
1759 me ų Ziwa o mo e iš kojo linksnia imo
daik a a džiai i jų aida
59 a icles by a icles
Vienaskai a daugiskai a
The V. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e
alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha
you' e alking abou . The name o he municipali y is he municipali y o
he municipali y o he municipali y o he municipali y o he
municipali y o he municipali y o he municipali y. Two housand and
en. Two housand and en. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . The
chu ch is loca ed a 224, he chu ch is loca ed a 7921, he chu ch is loca ed a 7710 V . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .
♪ I' e go o ge ou o he e ♪ ♪ I' e go o ge ou o he e ♪ I'm so y, I'm so y, I'm
16
so y, I'm so y, I'm so y, I'm so y, I'm so y, I'm so y, I'm so y, I'm so y, I'm so y,
wha a e you doing he e? I'm so y, I'm so y, wha a e you doing he e? I'm so y, wha
a e you doing he e? The ends o he singula p onoun a e -,a = [e], -e and -i, e.g. "Y eyp
ie kie e, y p yʃyweyziekie e, nes dwaʃe kuna y kawłu ne u : kayp muni ege e u yn-
i 26917–19; Tada a imk zapło a uż ʃawa ćiʃ a a, ku i eʃi Aniołams ligi, Tu pa i buʃi
awa duśie g ey a aną a as, iey gie ay kaypo Panna zwećiawe ano yizkoi 501718; Day lywa din a Poni Aniołu 2871315.
In compa a i e e ms, he las name o he single-speake is -ẹ (d s ~ spi i , d ~ dali),
which o igina ed om he ancien *-. In ac , Joseph Alexand o ich (1963: 109)
belie es ha such a c e inous a m has eached up o […], bu i is unlikely ha his
balsis galėjo iek susiau ė i17 .
Ziwa o a mėje, kaip odo pa yzdžiai, galūnės balsis da bu o nesusiau ėjęs.
As he ex g aphics analysis shows, he g aphic a ian s o he singula noun
(excluding -i) indica e he oice e o -æ a e j. Sepa a ely, i is necessa y o men ion
he wo d poni (ponì ~ põni), whose end is -i (Zinke ičius 1966: 223). The widening o he
ending -i indica es ha i o igina ed om *- (buga 1958: 566). s udies o he ongues
indica e ha he long-las ing acu e limb sounds, as well as he […] and […], sho ened
all he ongues. No he n lowlands, unlike o he dialec s, do no in e sec wi h […],
[…] o […], […], e.g. ns. he name. I 's beau i ul, you know. I migh . o a kind used in mo o ehicles
The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
The o m o a one-a med knigh is no di e en om ha o a nobleman. 2. The unico n
has he ollowing limbs: - yes, - yes, o example. Kał as aay […]u wadżio ojes, he
ang y wo su ounded, […]me e 18214; Lo d Jesus u e niky a e he e b ne dielos
g iża y Je usalalu 1213.
16 Cu en ly, he o m used in compa a i e language wi h he e s one end, e.g. d se ‘d asė(je). 17 I should be
no ed he e ha he open e c ossed in he absolu e end qui e ecen ly exis ed in he no he n lowland […]
lowland cal a y and non-moun ain […] dis ic s, o mo e on his see gi denis 2000a: 233[…]236; see also p.
I'm so y, bu I don' know wha you' e alking abou .
66 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVIII g. dwy dyiny 1061,
sona a Vaičiakauskienė
aby kojy 22414 ~ d din, b ko Įn. wo gałwym 31119 ~ wo
gl m
1 . The emale chee leading ype o nickname o he chee leade and he chee leade 's
nickname is -y = [ẹ], e.g. I'm no su e i I'm going o be able o do i , bu I'm going o be able
o do i . I'm going o be able o do i . I'm going o be able o do i . in mode n compa a i e
language, he o m o he name and he ending o he di e gen wo ds o he examined
amusemen coincides wi h ha o he spoken Ziwa e (d […] ž […]izd[…] ~ d ì ž aĩgždi).
The lexion o he eminine gende 's dual su name and gende -ẹ ~ -i kildin ina om he
ancien Li huanian *- (plg. kazlauskas 1968: 130; see also. The Zinke ičius
1980: 181).
The 2nd-gene a ion o he "Gallan " is he "Gallan ." In he case o wo dyins, he e
is a po o wo dyins. In he case o wo dyins, he e is a po o wo dyins. In he
case o wo dyins, he e is a po o wo dyins. In he cu en K e ingian
e minology, he end o he p e ix o he wo-syllable wo d is also -u (d jũ. bobu ~
d ijũ. bóbų) and coincides wi h he p e ix o he wo-syllable wo d in ques ion.
3. he end o he di iding line is -ym = [em], e.g. No in wyiny bu um […]weykiy bu wy,
ky y ułomny; I don' ha e a home. blind, dea , dumb, ha d-hea ed o o he wise [...]
3111720.
In he cu en ŠVŽK dialec , he end o he wo-line p onoun is also -ẹm (d m šà km ~ d i šaki). The e a e
a ious explana ions o he o igin and de elopmen o he wo-headed eagle (see Mažiulis 1970: 209[…]218;
Zinke ičius 1980: 198). This a icle ollows he Kazlausko hypo hesis. Thus, he old o m o he wo-headed
knigh 's unk is he name o he knigh and he knigh 's unk. he oldes o m o his e b had he ending
-ma, possibly de i ed om *-m (kazlauskas 1968: 128, 132; see also aleksand a ičius 1967: 239; Zinke ičius 1966:
206). Mos likely, he o m o he dispu e in ques ion is he mo phological o igin o he ocabula y o he end
o he landlo d (as well as, by he way, he bene icia y) a ached o he name and he ocabula y o he end
o he landlo d. In conclusion, i can be a gued ha in he ime o Ziwa o, as he examples gi en show, such
o ms o emale amusemen we e al eady used, as a e s ill used oday in he a ea o K e ingiški (also pl.
aleksand a ičius: 10 19634). 24 an anas salys ied o explain phone ically hese o ms o k e ingiškių
d iskai os, bu his was opposed by he eminine genus o he su name galūnės -ēm o igina ing om *ām; I is
also no possible o explain phone ically such o ms as (dộm) gaidộm ‘( wo) gaidžiam, because he compound
*djă in he lowe case is sup iešakėjęs be o e he na owing o he dialec al doubles (gi denis 2001: 430).

1759 me ų Ziwa o mo e iš kojo linksnia imo
daik a a džiai i jų aida
67-page a icles
Analysis and compa ison o he IVADOS wi h he Ziwa o dialec and he Swedish
eminine p onuncia ion e ealed ha he e we e no essen ial mo phological
a a džių kamienų pa adigmas, galima da y i šias iš adas.
1 . Ziwa o a mės i ŠVŽk mo e iškojo linksnia imo daik a a džių pa adigmų ly-
changes in he mid-eigh een h-cen u y K e ingian dialec . The de elopmen o
he mo phology o a language depends on he phenomena o mo phology and
phonology.
2. Al eady in he middle o he 18 h cen u y, in he e i o y o he K e ingians,
he e was a ansi ion o non-p oduc i e s ones in o p oduc i e ones, as well as
o women's en e ainmen .
3. y imas a skleidė, kad jau Ziwa o a mėje bu o su apę daik a a džių o i ā ka-
mienų ienaskai os įnagininko o mos.
4. jau xViii a. idu yje k e ingiškių a mėje mo e iškojo linksnia imo daik a a džių
he mo phological sho ening o he o ms o he single- oice subs i u e (inesy o)
was expe ienced. he plu al o m (as, by he way, and he masculine chee leading)
has no ye allen. A he momen , he sho ened speech lines a e cha ac e is ic
only o c e inous snaps. 5 . Ziwa o's analysis shows ha he o m o he plu al use
o eminine adjec i es changed mo phologically un il he mid-eigh een h cen u y. 6 .
In Ziwa o's speech, he o m o he emale chee leade 's wo ds di e ed om ha
o he use only in he p esence o he end o he w is band. The o ms men ioned
in he compa a i e de ini ion only dis inguish be ween he p e ix and he associa ed
adjec i e. 7. as indica ed by Ziwa o's analysis, in he middle o he 18 h cen u y in
he e i o y o he K e ingians he e was a lexion o he wo ds o he s one -es
[…] *-ēs u he sepa a ed om he galūnė -ēs […] *-s, plg. meyles 3312 […] *-ēs
‘meilės[…] and ugnys 904 […] *-s ‘ugnies[…]. 8. In he ex unde conside a ion, he
o m o he duali y is a e bu signi ican . In he days o Ziwa o, as he examples
abo e show, such o ms o emale chee leading we e al eady used, such as he
wo-wo d icks used oday in he K e ingiškio a ea.
Li e a Ū a
Alexande he G ea (1963), "Changes in he Cha ac e is ics o he Names o Things
and he G ow h o Galle ies" […] Spoken by 9, 101[…]117. The Almanac o he Fa he s,
w i en in he yea 311 A.D. by Hugo Webe . […] The a chi e
Philologicum 2, 68 […] 116. This is he i s ime ha he Bible has been ansla ed in o English.
In he yea o ou Lo d 1759 A.D. he wo d "Ziwa o" and i s o ms (bakalau o da bas)
The Uni e si y o Vilnius.
68 ac a
sona a Vaičiakauskienė
Linguis ica Li huanica LXVIII
būga kazimie as 1958: Rink iniai aš ai 1. Vilnius: Vals ybinė poli . i moksl. li .
leidykla.
"Bug Kazimie z" (1961) is he i s o he se ies. Vilnius: S a e poli ical and scien i ic ins i u e.
publishing house.
In he la e 1960s, Alexei Ki ill published a book i led "The Mo phology o he Tu kic
Language and he Making o Wo ds" (Rank aš is). Alex's oice was so loud in he
backg ound. Vilnius: Science and encyclopedia publishing house. The wo k o
Kalbo y os 1. Vilnius: Science and encyclopedia publishing house. The wo k o
Kalbo y os 2. Vilnius: Science and encyclopedia publishing house. Alex's 2001: The
wo ks o Kalbo y os 3. Vilnius: Science and encyclopedia publishing house. Ge din,
Alex, Rosinas, Albe s, Tas, 1976: Some ques ions o dialec al phone ics, which ha e
been discussed. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o
nius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidykla.
i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. gi denis alex, gi denienė
danu ė 1997: he index o he yea 1759 o he […]Ziwa o[…]. Vilgi denis Alexas, Pe e 's squad on 1998: 1759 yea o he yea […]Ziwa as[…]. Vilnius: Science and encyclopedia publishing house.
Alexei Pab yshchuk is a Russian w i e , w i e , and ansla o . Vilnius and Šiauliai.
G igo ye ich Vlad, The His o y o he Low Coun ies (1973) Vilnius: The Min . "I'm no
going o lie o you, Alexei, I'm no going o lie o you, Alexei, I'm no going o lie o you. […]
93–94.
Kalbo y a 25(1), kazlauskas jonas 1968: His o ical g amma o he Li huanian language.
Vilnius: The Min . Kazlowski John 1958: On he ques ion o he o igin o he o ms o
he Li huanian language and he place o he names o he names o he names o he
names o he names o he names o he names o he names o he names o he
names o he names o he names o he names. […] Spoken by 1, 51[…]67. In he yea o ou Lo d 1959 we ha e he wo d "da kness" and he wo d "da kness" in ou hea s. […] Ques ions on he Li huanian language 2, 17[…]45.
John Cassian (1963): The A chaic Fo ms o he P e-Biblical S one […] Spoken by 6,
333[…]334.
Kazlas Jonas (1963 - 1963) was a Li huanian linguis who de eloped he sys em o spelling o su names in Li huanian. –
Kalbo y a 7, 171–181.
LKa II – Lie u ių kalbos a lasas 2. Fone ika. Vilnius: Mokslas, 1982.
LKa III […] A las o he Li huanian language 3. The mo phology. Vilnius: Science, 1991.
This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has been consul ed on his
ma e . Maciulis Vy au as (1970): Rela ions be ween he Bal ic and o he Indo-Eu opean languages. Vilnius: The Min . Palinis Jonas (1979): His o y o he Li huanian li e a y language. Vilnius: The science.
1759 me ų Ziwa o mo e iš kojo linksnia imo
daik a a džiai i jų aida
69 a icles by
John Paul II: The His o y o he Li huanian W i e Vilnius: Science and encyclopedia
publishing house.
Rinkauskienė egina 1999: The name o he Eas e n Highe Educa ion Ins i u ions:
cu en si ua ion and his o ical de elopmen (doc o al disse a ion). Vilnius
Pedagogical Uni e si y is loca ed in Vilnius. "Rose-Albe a" (1971) is a collec ion o
sho s o ies by he au ho o "Shaun he Sheep" and "The S one Wo ds". […] Language 23(1), 49[…]54. This is no he case.
ROSINAS ALBERT: The names o he Bal ic languages: a de elopmen o
mo phology. Vilnius: The Uni e si y o Vilnius.
ROSINAS ALBERT 2000: The ques ion o he o igin and de elopmen o he ines and he
34(2), 173–183.
adesi e. […] Bal is ica subačius gied ius 1998: The ideas o he common language o
nius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidykla.
he Low Coun ies: he beginning o he 19 h cen u y. The Vilnius Uni e si y o
Applied Sciences (VUAS) is he wo ld's leading ins i u ion o he s udy o he humani ies and he humani ies. The Uni e si y o Vilnius.
Vaičiakausky ė sona a 2001: 1759 yea […]Ziwa o[…] o, io, iio he wo ds o he
s ones and hei de elopmen . This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The Vaičiakausky ė sona a 2002a: 1759 […]Ziwa o[…] and he wo ds o he p e-balsam
s one and hei de elopmen . This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The "Ziwa u" sona a, composed in 1759, is a mas e 's disse a ion. Vilnius Pedagogical
Uni e si y is loca ed in Vilnius. The "Ziwa o" sona a om 1759 con ains he wo ds "Ziwa o" and
"Iu" in he Kamino dialec . This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Zinkiewicz-Zigmas (1966), Li huanian
dialec ologis and w i e . Vilnius: The Min . Zinkiewicz-Zigmas (1980): His o ical g amma o he
Li huanian language Vilnius: The science. The aim o he a icle was o esea ch and desc ibe
nouns o eminine- ype declension in
he Ziwa o o 1759 and he Mo phological
de elopmen o hose nouns
he de elopmen o he eminine- ype noun declension, wi h emphasis on he Ziwa o o 1759, he
w i en eco d o he 18 h cen u y no he n Zambian dialec o K e a. The e a e h ee kinds
o s em iden i ied in he eminine- ype declension […]a and […]a, and also […]a s em in he Zulu
dialec . he i s wo
70 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVIII he immedia e pos -s em posi ion. As he p esen esea ch
sona a Vaičiakauskienė
p o es, a e y close simila i y can be obse ed be ween he s ems […] and […] in he Zemai ic dialec .
o he h ee s ems a e e y much alike, he only di e ence being he pala alized consonan in
The esea ch p esen s an accu a e and consis en ly ca ied ou analysis o he abo e-men ioned
noun s ems in e ms o he s udy o hei declension pa adigms, and he ob ained da a we e
compa ed wi h he da a o he p esen -day use in he no he n Zambian dialec o K e a. Solid
g ounding: he o igin o noun in lec ions, some p ocesses in he his o ical de elopmen o p ope
names, causes and mo i es o change. The me hod o compa a i e s udy enabled us o p esen he
wi h he help o he me hod o inne econs uc ion, he ollowing poin s we e disclosed and
econs uc ed mo phology o nouns o he eminine- ype declension in he no he n Zambian
dialec o he C e ans o he mid-eigh een h cen u y. The Semi ic dialec o C e inga in he
eigh een h cen u y had al eady unde gone he p ocesses o In he p esen -day use, educed o ms
o his kind a e ypical only o he sub-dialec o K e inga. The compa a i e s udy o he da a o
he ho ough s udy and he subsequen analysis ca ied ou p o ide su icien g ounds o
s a e ha ha singula loca i e case o ms o he eminine- ype declension in he no he n
he Zuwa o dialec and o he No he n Zuwa o dialec e ealed ha in he Zuwa o dialec , in he
mo phological educ ion. al hough he o ms o plu al loca i e cases had no as ye been e-
nouns unde discussion, he s ems o he plu al ins umen al case and da i e case o ms di e ed
only in he p esence o he inal owel, i.e., in he p esen -day dialec o Zuwa o, in he
eminine- ype declension, hese noun o ms a e di e en ia ed only by he onic accen and,
ela ed o i , he on ing o he s ess shi . Thus, i is e iden ha he plu al da i e o ms in he
Ziwa o dialec had al eady been mo phologically educed. Wi h e e ence o he nouns o he ē
s em, i should be no ed ha he in lec ion o he nouns o he ē s em speaks o he ac ha in
he mid-18 h cen u y, in he dialec o k e inga, he in lec ion -es […] *-ēs s ill di e ed om he
in lec ion -ẹs […] *-s, c . meyles 3312 […] *-ēs […]meilės[…] and ugnys 904 […] […] […]s […]ugnies[…].
Deli e ed on 2 Augus 2012
sona a Vaičiakauskienė
Lie u os edukologijos uni e si e as
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
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