S aipsniai / A icles 9
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
Ins i u e o Li huanian Language
Resea ch a eas include mo phosyn ax, ypology,
alency, and seman ics.
The enginee
Paymen o he con ibu ion
The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I o his Regula ion:
Deseman iza ion o he Ins umen al o he
Noun The help
ANOTATION The subjec o his a icle is […] by means o a noun. Based on he ma e ial o
he Tex book o Con empo a y Li huanian Language (DLKT), he seman ics and signs o
deseman iza ion o he assis an a e discussed. The a icle is o he opinion ha he help
o he gua dian's wa ch co esponds o he hie a chy o li e o he pe son > hing.
ESMINIAI WORDS: he ins iga o o he wo d objec , he deseman iza ion.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The objec o he a icle is he ins umen al case o he noun help. Acco ding o he Co pus
o he Con empo a y Li huanian Language (CCLL), he a icle add esses he seman ics o he
ins umen al o he noun help and he ea u es o deseman iza ion. The a icle ollows an
opinion ha he use o he ins umen al o he noun help co esponds o he animacy
hie a chy pe son > hing.
KEY WORDS: ins umen al o he noun, deseman iza ion. The opic o his a icle is he epo ead
in he sec ion o unc ional wo ds o he Bal ic languages o he XII In e na ional Cong ess o
Bal icis s. Thank you e y much o you commen s and hough s, P o . D . This Decision shall
en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean
Union. No be Os owski and D . A hu Judge. He was a pionee in he ield o in ec ious diseases.
Thanks o hei help, he e's a wide iew he e. I also since ely hank he espec ed anonymous e iewe s o hei sugges ions, commen s and c i icism.
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
10 The Li huanian Language Ac LXXIV
1.In oduc o y no es
1.1. In he elec onic Li huanian dic iona y (LKŽe), he noun help is de ined as ‘help,
help, suppo 1, o example: (1) (Su) you help lba me i happened KBI452. (2) Do wi h
you head and God's help K P(Jnš). The wo d "help" is de i ed om "help", "help",
"help", and "help" is o med wi h he p e ix pa- (plg. gelbė i "help", "suppo ",
"help"). (3) Child en help hei pa en s wi h hei cho es.
Palyginkime LKŽe eikiamus pa yzdžius:
(4) I'm going o wo k o you, K.
(5) Tas liū as p ašė o žmogaus, kad pagelbė ų jį S.Dauk.
(6) A negali mane gelbė i su piningais – skolą u iu šiandien užmokė i? Plng.
(7) And he oo s o he be ies a e yellow, and he oo s
o he apples a e yellow, and he oo s o he apples a e yellow, and he oo s o he apples a e yellow, and he oo s o he apples a e yellow.
(9) This wa ning is o li le help.
(10) The glowing eyes o he sp ing wa e can help M. Valanč as much as possible. (11)
The sick, i hey ha e no been cu ed by hose medicines, hemsel es o he gods
on he al a o bu ning S. Dauk.
Nijolė Sližienė discusses he ou meanings o alen ing in he Li huanian language in he
dic iona y o e b conjuga ion (LKVJŽ) (1994: 201). Fo example, ( om) o sa e […] o lead, o pull
ou o ouble[…] LKVJJ is desc ibed as a i alen , whose syn ac ic ac s a e exp essed as agen
[A] nomina i e, pa ien [P]3 e mina i e and p e e en ial om, om wi h a kilmininku
cons uc ions co esponding o he coun e agen 4 1 In he Elec onic Mode n Li huanian
Vocabula y (DLKZ) […]helping, helping[…]. 2 Plg. o he The Ge man-Li huanian Ph aseology o
P eposi ions by F ied ich Ku šaičius is published by he Ge man-Li huanian Associa ion o he
P omo ion o P eposi ions. 3 Pa ien [P] […] is he unc ion o he ecipien o holde o he
condi ion a ec ed by he ac ion (Sližienė 1994: 20; see Valeckienė 1998: 35).
4 Con adic o y [CA] […] a unc ion o he o ce ac ing agains he agen , opposi e o i ,
cha ac e is ic o bo h li ing beings and inanima e objec s and na u al and social phenomena (Sližienė 1994: 21).
A icles o he 11 h
Daik a a džio pagalba įnagininko deseman izacija
[CA] o con en 5 [Con], e.g. F iends sa ed him om being a acked by he police.
Only obli ion can sa e a man om a senseless soul. T i alencio (pa-)gelbė i ‘help
wha o do syn ac ic ac s a e exp essed as agen nominee, bene icia y [B]6
use and con ingen unc ion co esponding o he communi y, e.g. : Help me o
load he [B] od in o he ca [Con] (plg. sen ences (3), (4)). He e, he li ing
en i ies […] man [Hum] a e old o he nominee o he subjec and he
bene icia y o he objec . When using he i alen (pa) o sa e in he meaning
o ‘help, help, syn ac ic ac s a e said o he agen 's su name, he pa ien 's
su name o he bene icia y's su name and he con en s' su name, e.g. Can you
sa e me wi h money? The noun o he subjec and he e b and he e b signi y
a pe son [Hum], and he noun o he objec signi ies a non-li ing hing [Anim] (see
sen ences (5), (6)). (Pa-) o sa e ‘ o be use ul in one's own way, o be a ec ed7,
acco ding o LKVJŽ, is ambiguous. i s syn ac ic ac s a e ealized by he
subjec 's nominee and he objec 's use , he o me o whom is he
ka (negy ą) agen ą8, o an asis – pa ien ą9, p z.: Ši ie ais ai [A2] galė ų au [P]
bene icia y; The oo s o he apple [A2] a e yellow o he hai [P]. The noun o
5
Kon en y as [Con] – eiksmo a būsenos u inio unkcija, būdinga į ai iems daik ams bei
he subjec indica es phenomena (Sližienė 1994: 22).
6 Sližienė (1994: 21) unde s ands he bene icia y as he add essee, he ecipien , he holde o he
unc ion cha ac e is ic o li ing beings, especially pe sons o whose bene i o disad an age
some hing happens, happens, exis s. Adelia Valeckienė (1998: 35 ) hinks: […]Bene icien Ben is he
unc ion o he holde , he add essee ( o whom he ac ion is in ended). I is usually said o he use
[...], bu o he jokes a e also possible. The plg. Ba els (2005: 105 ): "A seman ically less speci ic Da i
ole, which is no bound by ans e and possession, is in he ule ha he ole is ac i ely se " (see
Klaus Kau e Hans ein Buch. 7 Plg. o he To lead, o pull ou o ouble, o p o ec om e il;
ea men s, e.g. One bu n doesn' heal he wound om he b uise. ; Ins inc is he s onges sa io
o man, V. Kudi . ; To sa e he ea h om all ha m A1884,157; o sa e he wo ld om he enemies J.Jabl.
; Ca dinal Benedic (Ca dinal Benedic , ca dinal sain ) is he pa on sain o he eigh -league league
G g. ; Gelbiem naked pissed himsel on his nice KN62. 8 Sližienė (1994: 19) de ines a non-li ing agen […] [A2]
[…] as a unc ion o he ac o o an ac ion, which […] is inhe en in inanima e objec s, na u al o ces
and o he na u al and social phenomena, a ious de ices, machines, de ices ha ha e a ce ain
ene gy o hei own and he e o e can cause, induce an ac ion, bu ha e no ini ia i e. The agen 2
unc ion is unbalanced.
I necessa y, i could be di ided in o a leas h ee classes: na u al o ce, cause, and means o ac ion.
The agen signi ying he ins umen o ac ion di e s om he unc ion o he ins umen in ha i is
possible only when he ac ion can be pe cei ed as aking place wi hou anyone's ini ia i e [cu si e
a icle au ho […] L. V.-S.]. The ac is hen conside ed o be pe o med by he only agen , e.g. he
ai plane. Howe e , he bounda y be ween he ins umen and he agen 2 is qui e condi ional. In his
con ex , he e m 'bene icia y' and 'bene icia y' a e used in e changeably o e e o he ecipien o
he bene i , i.e. he ecipien o he bene i .
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
12 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV negi e he hing [Anim], and he
use […] li e and negi e he hing [±Anim] (plg.
he sen ences (7) […] (9) 10.
Wi h he help o a eligious noun, he e b, as seen in sen ences (1) […](2), is used
wi h he e b o can be said wi h he adjec i e wi h (wi h you help). This is he
kind o help ha will be discussed in his a icle. 1.2. Jonas Šukys (1998: 554 ; also p.
. p.: 229) ocuses on he cu en Li huanian-language gaps and gaps in he
Li huanian language. I especially began o sp ead du ing he So ie e a, a e
ių kalboje y a „didelė klaida a o i in ensy iai p ielinksnėjan į įnagininką pa-
looking a he Russian language wi h a helping hand. [...] The e o e, any
p ielinksnišką a oseną, i […] sma kiai s umia adicinę p iemonės i būdo
cons uc ion wi h he allegedly polynomial aid, whe he i e e s o a ool, a
mechanism [see sen ences 12 and 13], o some o he de ice o be inse ed [cu si e
[ž . sakinius (14), (15)], ka ais ne abs akčią [ž . sakinius (16), (17)], bū ina keis i
by he au ho o he a icle […] L. V.-S. [...] When alking abou mo e abs ac
subjec s, especially when he aid is used wi h e b objec s, i is bes o eplace
his unused cons uc ion wi h semicolon, pa iciple [see sen ence (18)]. [...] I is
o en possible o epai a cons uc ion wi h he help o a non-use ul ool in mo e
han one way [see sen ence (19)][…]11. We coun wi h he help o a calcula o .
(Ci ed by Shukys 1998: 554)
(13) The da a ha e been analysed by compu e . (Ci ed by Shukys 1998: 554)
(14) The dolphins speak wi h hei noses o help hei noses. (Ci ed by Shukys
1998: 555)
(15) The chameleon ca ches insec s wi h he help o i s ongue. (Ci ed by
Shukys 1998: 555)
(16) We communica e wi h each o he h ough wo ds. (Ci ed by Shukys 1998:
555)
10 Plg. o he The LKVJZ is p o iding assis ance o he link (Sližienė 1998: 96). This meaning is
cha ac e ized by h ee di e en syn ac ic alency s uc u es ha implemen di e en
seman ic alency s uc u es, e.g. : (a) Algis [A] helped he [B] o sol e he [Con] algeb a equa ion;
Tha d ink will help he cow eco e as e . You counsel has helped us. (b) Could you please help me
wi h some money (b ead) [Con]; (c) Solid ea [A2] helps he head [P]; Some pa ien s [P] a e bes
helped by sleep [A2]. 11 Fo a simila iew on his subjec , see also The Commission shall be
empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion
by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. Pupkis in: Miliūnai ė 2003b: 96; see also This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
A icles o he 13 h
Daik a a džio pagalba įnagininko deseman izacija
Wi h he help o democ acy, we ha e achie ed a lo . (Ci ed by Shukys 1998: 555)
Psychological help can be gi en o all pupils. (Ci ed by Shukes 1998: 555) (19) Wi h
he help o hese a is ic ools, he w i e c ea ed his b igh pain ing.
(Ci ed by Shukys 1998: 555)
This is he case wi h Shukys (1998: 556; p. Shukys in: Miliūnai ė 2003a: 91; Kniūkš a is no abou he
2000: 181) eigia, kad „pasakymas su (kieno) pagalba inka ik ada, kai kalbama
means o ac ion, bu abou he help o someone (some people), media ion. Howe e , whe e he e is no
p e e ence, he aid o he in e media y does no apply o he media ion o a pe son (s) [cu si e
a icle by he au ho […] L. V.-S.] (see sen ence (20) […] (22)); See also sen ences (1) […] (2)). I'll pu he
ga age in wi h my b o he 's help. (Ci ed by Shukes 1998: 556) we handed o e o ou boa d. (Ci ed by
Shukys 1998: 556) (22) I is no necessa y o seek help om lawye s (wi h he help o lawye s,
(21) Tas žinias yšininkų pagalba (= su yšininkų pagalba, ge iau pe yšinin-
p e e ably wi h lawye s; assis ed by lawye s) o ind loopholes in he laws. In his con ex , i is
impo an o no e ha , in o de o comply wi h he ules o he no m, he use o he language
should eplace he polynomial wi h he cons uc i e, p e e ably wi h he cons uc i e, p e e ably
wi h he cons uc i e o pa icipa o y (in he b oad sense) cons uc i e in cases whe e non- e bal
o abs ac objec s a e being used. Unlike (anyone's) help, he cons uc ion o (anyone's) help is
allowed o be used o e e o a pe son who helps o media es13 (plg. help meaning de ini ion […] help,
help, suppo […]). The di e ence be ween a li ing pe son s. a dead pe son (o a pe son s. a hing) is
ha a pe son [Hum] as a complemen can be said in a cons uc ion wi h he p e ix wi h, when alking
abou hings in a b oad sense […] [Anim] and [Abs ] […] wi h (who's) help mus be eplaced by o he […]
(wi h) Ins uc ions pe […] Cons uc ions. In cases whe e he aid wi h he pe sonal su ix
complemen (mama's aid) is used wi hou he p e ix su, 12 Plg. he ph ase "help a nigh " is used o
e e o he ime "no ge ing up in he mo ning, s ill a nigh ", e.g. The nigh 's help has gone; The
nigh 's help will slow down he doc o (Paulauskas, 2001: 443). 13 A pe son is unde s ood in he b oad
sense o he a icle, i.e. as a pe son, including associa ions, o ganisa ions and hei names.

LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
14 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV
i is co ec ed acco ding o he analogy o objec s […] (wi h) Ins pe Acc PA .
A e hese cons uc ions seman ically simila ? Looking a he p oposed
co ec ions o ea lie sen ences, i seems ha e e y hing can be (see below).
And i hey can be seman ically di e en and di e en , is i wo h eplacing hem wi h o he s?
In he sen ences (12) […](19), (21) […](22) he means o communica ion o e ed ins ead o aid also ha e
( o ha e) he means (ins umen ) (in he b oad sense)14 o a e meaning ul15. In he cu en
Li huanian language, he ypical ins umen is he (su)Ins , e.g. Jonah is cu ing b ead wi h a kni e;
I is also known as he "S iub sil e " o "S iub sil e " o "S iub sil e " o "S iub sil e " o "S iub
sil e " o "S iub sil e " o "S iub sil e " o "S iub sil e " o "S iub sil e " o "S iub sil e " o
"S iub sil e " o "S iub sil e " o "S iub sil e " o "S iub sil e " o "S iub sil e " o "S iub sil e "
o "S iub sil e ". He e, as in he sen ence (12), bo h means o exp ession can be used op ionally. (17)
In he sen ence, ins ead o using a cons uc ion, i is sugges ed o use he noun democ acy as a
p onoun o o use i wi h an adjec i e. Howe e , in his sen ence, unlike in (12), he ins umen used
wi h he ins umen is said o be a me hod, i.e. i e e s o he en i onmen , no he objec . Paula
Aldonauskienė (1989: 130; see also 1994: 129) a gues: "Fo he e b o ha e a meaning, i is i s o all
necessa y ha he ac ion o he e b does no equi e an ins umen o pe o mance. This
condi ion is sa is ied by such sayings, he na a i e o which is he e bs o he noun ac ion, and
he e b […] a dininkai, meaning inac i e hings. [...] When he e b o he ac i e ac ion is used as a
na a i e and he cha ac e is a pe son, he meaning is condi ioned by he lexical meaning o he
noun. Mos o en, he meaning o abs ac noun conjuga ion is like ha . He, acco ding o
Paulauskienė (1989: 138), canno ha e ins umen al meanings. The main meaning o he ac o 's
ins umen becomes he meaning o he way, plg. We ha e achie ed a lo o democ acy
democ a ically. I can also be seen om he co ec ions o he sen ence (17) ha he meaning o
he mode o ci cums ance is also gi en by he p e e ence o he cons uc ion o he end, which,
acco ding o Paulauskienė, is e y close o he e ec s o he mode and, as can be seen om
se e al examples gi en by he : Ge uju does no d ink he whole glass, can be […]sinonymous[…] 14
mes nieko: mes laimę pasieksim pe ko ą (plg. ko odami); Kaziukas kuk , kuk – pe
[…]The e e ence ins umen is he ins umen wi h which he ac o pe o ms he ac ion, w i en
in ano he le e , o himsel (p ausiasi andy ė) […] (Vali 1991: 148). Seman ically, Slizenė (1986: 54)
de ines an ins umen as he unc ion o an auxilia y de ice used by an agen , cha ac e is ic o
inanima e objec s. The plg. Amb azas (2006: 256): "Any hing ha helps o pe o m an ac ion can be
unde s ood as i s ool". 15 Fo example, " he subjec 's adjec i e is o en he i s (p obably)
su ix (e.g. o he menu), and i is accompanied by a e lec ion o he manne in which he ac ion is
pe o med" (Šukys 1998: 227). 16 Fo example: "Buildings o be buil [...] should no be con used wi h
p e e ences o cons uc ions" (Šukys 1998: 236).
monės įnagininkas – isada ik an asis (nebū inasis) papildinys (p z.: Šaukš u jū os neišsemsi).
S aipsniai / A icles 15
Daik a a džio pagalba įnagininko deseman izacija
(Paulauskienė 1989: 126 ; see also Šukys 1998: 454) (see also sen ences (16 (18)),
[…](19))17. In he sen ence (20) wi h (who's) help is p obably also exp essed as a
way, plg. Wi h he help o my b o he , I ins alled he ga age (KAIP? KOKIU BUDU?).
The mode o ac ion, as seen in sen ence (21), (can be) is also said h ough he
cons uc ion o he end, indica ing he ac ion pe o med du ing he
in e media y. Acco ding o he media o , Shuki (1998: 454), […]may be a pe son
(see sen ences (23) […](24)), an ins i u ion (see sen ences (25)) o e en a hing
(see sen ences (26) […](27))[…]. Why can a media o be bo h a pe son and a hing,
and a helpe […] jus a pe son? (23) The messenge s spoke o me h ough a
ansla o . (Quo ed om Shukys 1998:
454)
(24) The gen leman, o cou se, will, h ough he lawye s can... (Quo ed by Shukys 1998:
454)
The Polish language began o pene a e ou coun y h ough he chu ch. (Ci ed
by Shukys 1998: 454)
(26) Some diseases can be ansmi ed h ough he ai . (Ci ed by Shukys)
1998: 455)
(27) Bu you won' hea a li e oice h ough he le e s. (Ci ed by Šukys 1998: 455) In he sen ence
(22) i was seen ha he help o he lawye […] he lawye 's lawye sugges s ha he la e is
ba – keičiamas p ielinksnio su kons ukcija, . y. su ad oka ų pagalba, i ie-
be e used wi h lawye s. Do you need a lawye o help you ind he gaps and do you need a lawye
o help you ind he gaps ha a e seman ically simila ? Yes, so his is whe e hey mean he way
(KAIp NEREIKIA IEŠKOTI SpRAGU?). Bu he e, unlike in he sen ence (20), suPAgAlbA and suIns
cons uc ions (should be) a e also unde s ood as ha ing iends18 17 As Shukys (1998: 454) says,
he meaning o p e e ence pe cons uc ion […]buido is some imes in e wined wi h he meaning
o an ac ion ool. You ha e o eel he lou h ough he sie e. [...] When i is mo e accu a e o
emphasize he means o ac ion han he means, i is be e o use he adjec i e. Call me on he
phone. 18 Fo example: […]A link o a cons uc ion o en e e s o a way o pe o ming an ac ion.
This me hod usually has a iendly conno a ion, since he ac ion is accompanied by some
phenomenon (a), a u u e (b). [...] (a) We aised you wi h lo e; (b) He looked suspiciously a a man
app oaching om he ho el. A ela ionship wi h a cons uc ion usually means a ela ionship o
iendship (being oge he , pa icipa ing oge he ). The ac o pe o ms he ac ion oge he
wi h ano he , no such an impo an ac o , less ac o s. [...] Mos o en such cha ac e s a e
people (a), less o en […] no people (b). [...] (a) Pe iuka wi h Ka iuke meaning] qui e b igh , when
išsi aukė bul ių k ežulį i sėdosi skus i; (b) I zuikis su liudininkais g įžo a gal namo. […] Ji [būdo
he i s cha ac e is no said, bu only guessed. [...] Bu wi h my iends I had he same p oblem
(Šukys 1998: 493494).
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
16 The Li huanian Language Ac LXXIV
(comi a i e 19) he meaning. I in sen ence (22) he ypical iend o he meaning o
he Ins cons uc ion (may be) is used in G eek wi h he meaning o he way o he
PAgAlbA, hen hey a e ela ed he e and possibly […]pe sikloja[…] (o e lapping) (see
below). F om wha is said abou he aid o he ic im, i can be seen ha i s
meaning is ela ed o he di e ence be ween a pe son s. a hing and an objec s.
an en i onmen . Based on he sen ences (26)(27), i can be assumed ha he objec ,
unde s ood as an in e media y, is also (can be) said o be a cons uc ion aid. Le 's
lea e he ques ion o whe he i 's accep able om a no ma i e poin o iew on
he able. As would be he case he e, when alking abou hings, cons uc ions a e
used o e e o an objec (ins umen ) o , simila ly o alking abou people, an
en i onmen (build). The a icle aises he ques ion o why i is possible o
cons uc a SUPAgAlbA o pe sons and no o objec s. whe he he e is
su icien g ounds o his opposi ion. The answe s o his and o he ques ions
we e selec ed on he basis o he ma e ial collec ed om he Kaunas VDU
Compu e Linguis ics Cen e in he ex book o con empo a y Li huanian language
(DLKT), which is di ided by gen e and i ali y c i e ia (see sec ion 2.). The seman ics
and ea u es o i s deseman iza ion a e discussed below (see sec ion 3) and all his is summa ized (see sec ion 4).
2. The T easu e Hun and I s Desc ip ion
C i e ia o be me
A la ge pa o DLKT consis s o w i en, o en edi ed, ex s o di e en
gen es (publicis ic, ic ion, non- ic ion o adminis a i e li e a u e). The e a e
ob iously ewe examples o p o e bs. The a icle is based on 438 examples o
di e en gen es, whe e he aid o he snake is used. he help. O he spoken
Tokie sakiniai eiliškumo a ka a ink i į DLKT paieškos laukelį į ašius žodį
wo ds, 58.45% (256 sen ences) a e wi h an adjec i e and 41.55% (182 sen ences) a e
wi hou an adjec i e. By gen e, i is dis ibu ed as shown in able 1.
In iew o he ac ha he suppo o he de endan 's a gumen is based on
he pe son e sus he objec o he opposi ion, he a ailable sen ences we e
di ided acco ding o he c i e ia o li e. All o his can be seen in Table 2.
19 Plg.: […]Commi ees […] he unc ion o a seconda y agen , pa ien o bene icia y, appea ing
alongside he co esponding main unc ion and mos o en co esponding o he p e e ed cons uc ion in he sen ence
suIns , p z., jis suki šino b olį su sese ia“ (Sližienė 1994: 22).
A icles o he 17 h
Daik a a džio pagalba įnagininko deseman izacija
One LENTEL. Assis ance o he goalkeepe 's
goalkeepe by gen e Gen e suPAgAlbA PAgAlbA Numbe o wo ds
Saky inė kalba 1 9 10
Aes he ic li e a u e 80 14 94
Neg ožinė li e a u e 86 74 160 This is a lis o books published by he No wegian Academy o Sciences.
Publishe s 79 54 133
Adminis a i e li e a u e 10 31 41
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Two slowly. Assis ance o he ba be by li ing c i e ia Gen e
Numbe o
HUM claims
Numbe o
ANIM claims
ABSTR The
numbe o
syllables is
suPAgAlbA
gAlbA gAlbA
This
Regula ion
shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The Saky na
language 1 1 2 4 4 4 4
G ozny 69 372 7 7 14 4 4 8 This is a lis o ci ies and owns in Bulga ia.
Neg ožinė 54 862 11 23 34 21 43 64 This Decision is add essed o he Membe S a es.
The publicis-
ika 56 359 928 37 14 23 37
Adminis a i e o ice 9
2 11 19 19 110 11
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
(91,7%)
17
(8,3%)206 27
(25%)
81
(75%) 108 40
(32,3%)
84
(67,7%) 124
When analyzing he mos ly w i en language da a p o ided in able 2, i is ob ious ha he language use s
do no comply wi h he no ms. The aid o consump ion is in luenced no only by he a o emen ioned
Russians, bu also, appa en ly, by o he languages: Polish20, eli p zy pomocy 24 specjalnych bonöwyz
20 Plg. len. Is o a ej p opozycji sp owadzala sie do ozdzielenia naja ku na odowego po niedzy obywa-
p i a acyjnych. The o man is he su ix […]ysz. Wi h he help o he Russian de ywa y
od zeczownikowe. Lacina knows, howe e , ha he e a e wo ypes o accommoda ion op ions a ailable
in he Polish coun yside, which do no desc ibe he accommoda ion op ions a ailable in he coun yside,
and he simple eason is ha he coun yside does no include hem.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
24 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV Wi h he help o (Swedish echnology) we will
au oma e ca og aphy, and he o es y wo ke s will be able o ea n no mally,
ha is, wi h peace o mind hey will be able o comple e hei ca ee and lea e.
DLKT (52) in he A lan ic Ocean, nea Cape Ha e as in No he n Cali o nia, buil a
ada ha eco ded he amoun o p ecipi a ion. Wi h he help o a sa elli e (plg.
palydo u, pe palydo ą) he ollowed he na iga ion o he sea. By combining he
ada and he ime o he Ea h's sa elli e obse a ions, he scien is was able
o con i m his obse a ion. DLKT (53) Pe kūnas, as he god o he ci cle o li e o
he yea , aising he ea h and li e wi h he help o wa e and i e (plg. wa e ,
i e), himsel goes h ough his ci cle, appea ing in a ious pe iods. Acco ding o
he sages, he e a e se e al seasons o sp ing and au umn in Pe kūnų, eas ,
wes , sou h, no h. DLKT (54) I will de ini ely come. I 's e y nice. And don' wo y
abou he lady. We'll ake ca e o he . He condi ion is se ious, bu I hope ha wi h
he help o na u e and ou doc o s, e e y hing will end happily... who said ha
no hing compa es o he s a y nigh s a e which you wai o he dawn o
wen y yea s.
The TAC
(55) The lion's u ine lows in o a nea by pool o wa e , om which he wa e is
e u ned o he oun ain by means o a subme ged wa e pump (plg. wa e pump;
wa e pump). The swimming pool is assembled om long sloping conc e e iles and
co e ed wi h a hyd oisoliacine ilm. DLKT (56) A o a ing X- ay beam ha illumina es
he body unde in es iga ion, con e ed by means o de ec o s (e.g. de ec o s,
de ec o s) in o digi al signals. P ocessing hese signals wi h a powe ul
ma hema ical appa a us p oduces an image o a body pie cing. DLKT (57) And I'm no
going o le i go. Ou losses, I klas and I ma's shoes, will be washed o ou ee and
ca ied away, I don' know whe e. We y o ind ano he boa and wi h he help o
opes (plg. opes) we descend he s eep cli s o he in isible slope ha has jus
ecei ed he name "Two Shoes". Tu ns ou i 's no e en a h eshold, i 's a cli . The
TAC
In he example abo e, we can see ha he e b " o use" is used in conjunc ion
wi h he e b " o use" in he sen ence " o use" in he sen ence " o use" in he
sen ence " o use" in he sen ence " o use" in he sen ence " o use" in he
sen ence " o use" in he sen ence " o use" in he sen ence " o use" in he sen ence " o use". A e PAgAlbA and he in ade equi alen he e? I could be any hing.
Hen schel and Thomas Menzelis (2000: 8; see also Hen schel 1998: 174 , 182 ),
when discussing he ool o exp ession in mode n Russian, I hink i is
app op ia e o speak and o dis inguish g adual ypical > no ypical ool o exp ession,

S aipsniai / A icles 25
Daik a a džio pagalba įnagininko deseman izacija
Co ela ing wi h he Ins > a he help, wi h he help (plg. Oni sideli za s olom i eli sup
ložkami??p i pomošči ložek p i pomošči s annych, neukljužich ložek p i pomoči k ižek
o banok). This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in his con ex . In he
opinion o he au ho s, in cases whe e he unc ion o a ool is a ibu ed o a hing,
i.e. when a hing is pe cei ed as a ool in a ce ain con ex , i is a he said o be a help,
wi h helping cons uc ions ha p ecisely " ocus" he ins umen ali y o he hing
(e.g. Molodye ki aycy s a alis es p i sup zhišči nep i yčnih dnich ložennek; oennoplye
sideli na a e i sup p iš pomoc k šek banok)30 (plg. sen ence 45). A ypical ool is a dead
objec ha he agen di ec ly uses as a p edica e in he e b (pa) o a ec ano he
objec […] he pa ien , o example. Jonah pain s he walls wi h pain . Analyzing
sen ences (58)[…](61), i seems ha (wi h) PAgAlbA is seman ically equi alen o he
inpu ool. Bu i is clea om he con ex o he sen ence (59) ha he use o his
ool (ki uko) is less ypical, i.e. he kiln is cu in o pieces. In addi ion, om hese
sen ences i can be seen ha i is signi ican o alk abou he co ela ion be ween
he exp ession and he g amma ical unc ion: a less ypical ool, in e p e ed in he
sen ence (and) as an en i onmen , (may be) ends o ma k di e en ly han he objec
o he ypical ool. In o he wo ds, g amma ical unc ions co ela e wi h he e b:
objec > en i onmen espec i ely. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
A ypical ins umen objec is usually said o be a p opelle o a p opelle wi h a
cons uc ion (s iubą s ebiame (wi h) spades) > G eek ins umen p opelle is
used and (wi h) PAgAlbA (see sen ences (5 (58)) > when he ins umen is also
in e p e ed as an en i onmen , (wi h) PAgAlbA becomes mo e cha ac e is ic
han a p opelle (see sen ences (59) […] (61) (see also below).
The aid used in sen ences (58) […] (61) di e s om he aid discussed ea lie in
sen ences (46) […] (56) in ano he espec : he e he aid is complemen ed by
non-li ing hings ha do no ha e an agen ac pe o med by […] [A o A2] […]
o pa s pagalba y a deseman iza ęsis. Kaip ik oks pagalba ampa / y a an iniu
po ency, polinksniu32 (see below).
(58) The G oup se up a empo a y commi ee o e alua e he esul s o he ag a ian e o m
ca ied ou in 1991-1992. Th oughou he yea , he s a o se e al ins i u es ocused on he
Ins umen ali y o Compu e s 30 […]Die p äposi ionalen Fügung. They a e he e o e p agma ic and
he e o e accep able i he ins umen ali y o he ins umen s conce ned is no i ial in he
gi en con ex (Hen schel, Menzel 2000: 8). 31 'The deg ee o ypical ins umen ali y is p ima ily a
unc ion o he lexical meaning o he p e ix NG wi h he seman ic ole o he ins umen '
(Hen schel 1998: 182). hin, daß hie die En wicklung zu sekundä en P äposi ion o gesch i en is
32 „Die Deseman isie ung on pomoc […] im Kon ex unbeleb e NG is deu lich. Dies alles weis
(Hen schel's help (plg. wi h compu e s, wo king wi h compu e s) assessed he damage [KUO KAIp?]
1998: 175).
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
26 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV
and es ima ed i in he six na ional budge s […] 35 billion li as. DLKT (59) […] Oh ell me, wha was used
in he iolence? He was bea en. Wha do you mean? Wi h he help o a scy he (plg. scy he), he kni e
was used as a means o in imida ion. The iden i ied a acke , Gennady Radiono , li es nea by, jus a
ew hund ed me e s away. DLKT (60) La ge and e y la ge con aine s a e o en made in he o m o
aile s, ha e wheels. They a e only allowed o be anspo ed, loaded o unloaded om a wagon
pla o m o ship's deck by means o a special aile (plg. special aile ). La ge con aine s hold
smalle con aine s. (61) The gold medalis om Plunges, Be na d Su blys, p o ed i . A 72-yea -old
a me o ced his GAZ-52 uck o mo e wi h he help o a es o ed gas gene a o . The i e is li in
a cylind ical cylind ical cylinde wi h a capaci y o 200 li e s. The TAC
The same hing ha was said abou conc e e hings is also ue o abs ac
hings ha a e complemen a y. Fo example, in sen ences (62)[…](69) (such as)
PAgAlbA cons uc ions a e connec ed wi h he a o emen ioned di ec o
ansli e a ed nouns by means o e b (pa-)gelbė i meaning. Seman ically mo
šios kons ukcijos, panašiai kaip i su [–Anim], gali implikuo i i a pininka i-
(in sen ences (63), (68)), commu a i e (in sen ences (64)), eason (in illus a ions,
in sen ences (67)) o o he meanings; The e is he e o e no equi alence o he
con ac o o p e e ence pe design.
(62) The p ophecy is ul illed, you' e al eady looking o my head. No, Im jus elling i as i is. You
will be a p isone o hono he e. Wi h he help o you c i ical mind (i.e. you c i ical mind; you
c i ical mind, i.e. you s) I will check my ac ions. Man is ee by na u e, he canno be ano he
man's p isone , e en i he is killed he is ee in his spi i . DLKT (63) The a is 's na u e is
wonde ully sensi i e and ich. His soul is open o all winds. I is h ough his own imagina ion (plg.
his own c ea i e imagina ion, h ough his c ea i e imagina ion; assis ed by i s 33 Plg. (199
Shukio8: 555) sugges s help in co ec ing he misunde s anding, o example, in he sen ence
Tu us he go wisdom, wisdom help (= wisdom, wisdom; h ough wisdom, wisdom).
A icles o he 27 h
Daik a a džio pagalba įnagininko deseman izacija
Imagina ion can en e he souls o o he people and he poe 's in ui ion can
e eal hei deepes sec e s. The TAC
(64) Nebū ina aušin i bu ną į odinėjan , jog žmogaus d asia su sa o p igim inio
I he aid o eason can essen ially achie e su icien cla i y on he ques ion
o he exis ence o a eal sup eme being, i can ce ainly choose o app o e.
The TAC
(65) By es ablishing he so-called a ionalism o G eek e hics, o con ic ion, a
pe son can achie e i ue and happiness wi h he help o eason (e.g., by he help
o eason, i.e., by helping himsel ). Ra ionalism also ope a es in he ield o
on ology: i is belie ed ha a pe son can achie e ue being wi h he help o
men al ac i i y. DLKT (66) The a me , he o es y wo ke is like a helpe o
na u e, and he c a sman (mechanic, echnician, enginee ) " akes he powe s
o na u e o p oduce he desi ed hings wi h hei help" (2, p.
324). The TAC
F om now on no one can emain neu al owa d him, o he who is no wi h him is
agains him. Though a man, wi h he help o g ace (i.e., because g ace helps), inds
he unclean spi i , i again becomes es less, squande s i s u ine, and ies o
subdue i . The well-known apos le Pe e wa ns: "Keep on he wa ch". The TAC
(68) Wha is clea ? I became clea ha he Kie an Rus' bap ism should be
da ed o 988-990 A.D. The Kie an p ince Vladimi , who, wi h he help o he
bap ism (pl. pe k ikš ą; k ikš ydamas; he bap ism helped him o seek) sough
o consolida e his ule in o he Rus' lands, was mo e in e es ed in i han
Byzan ium. The TAC
(69) Raimundas Kapujie is belie ed ha Angelo's cas le was eco e ed wi h he
help o Ko yna's p aye (plg. ac i a ed sen ence: Ko yna's p aye [A2] helped
eco e Angelo's cas le; he e o e, Ko yna p ayed). In ou ime (1962), Angelo
Ko ynai pas a y as paminklas. Til as pe ei as Neilgą sa o gy enimą Ko yna
inished he cas le in he E e nal Ci y. The TAC
34 Plg. o he "Then I will say, 'I would like o ouch he unhewn s ones o he uins o Babylon. Those who
do no know Luke's na u e migh hink ha he himsel , wi hou he help o his mind, would wan o
ouch hose s ones. I can' say o su e whe he his is supposed o be o ge ulness o
o ge ulness ha Luke ecognizes in he objec s o his d eams.
"Only when indi iduals and hei g oups cul i a e mo al and social i ues in hemsel es and in socie y,
wi h he necessa y help o God's g ace, will hey become uly new human beings and c ea o s o a new
humani y."
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
28 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV, which was published in
Sakiniuose (70)–(74) ma y i deseman izuo a pagalba a osena, o sakiniuose
([…](76)> i is appa en ly used (and) o di e en (mo pho)syn ac ic easons, i.e.
a oiding wo unc ionally di e en o ms o he e b o noun. And Mače nis, on
(70) Tiesa, Shakespea e’as bėgančio laiko emą plė oja jaunys ės i sena ės, gy e-
he con a y, has made his image o himsel a dese , a so , gen le, unadul e a ed
some hing, pulsa ing mo e easily, a wind ha whis les loudly. In he 1970's, he
poe y o he poe y o he poe y o he poe y o he poe y o he poe y o
he poe y o he poe y o he poe y o he poe y o he poe y o he poe y
o he poe y o he poe y o he poe y o he poe y o he poe y o he
poe y o he poe y o he poe y. DLKT (72) The e o e, he deba e on whe he
he S a e should use egula o y me hods o in luence he de elopmen p ocess o
SMEs in one way o ano he in o de o op imise he economic and social bene i s
o SMEs is opical and signi ican . DLKT (73) Do no ecommend he use o any
speci ic s a egies. No e: Lea ning wo ds by de ini ions (e.g. de ini ions) is no one
o he mos e ec i e asks. Howe e , some imes you ha e o emembe he
wo ds a he end o a ex o a book. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day
ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The
p ocess o communica ion. By communica ing h ough speech and non e bal signals
(e.g. speech and non e bal signals), a pe son can communica e in o ma ion abou his
hough s and eelings o o he s. DLKT (75) Used no only in ma ke esea ch bu
also in scien i ic esea ch (judging by he numbe o published a icles based on
da a collec ed using his me hod (e.g. he me hod). A one ime, he sociological
s udy was almos iden i ied wi h he su ey me hod. DLKT (76) In a ce ain way, a
pe son can exp ess his eelings and expe iences h ough o he means, such as
music, pain ing, plas ic. A pe son communica es wi h o he people h ough speech.
He e, language is used as a means o communica ion. DLKT in cases whe e i s
sen ence con ains (can be in e p e ed as) ci cums ances. This is also con i med by
he sen ences (77) […] (84) whe e hese cons uc ions gi e he eason in a b oad
Iš o, kas saky a, aiškėja, kad pagalba kons ukcijas links ama a o i ais
sense, i.e. he eal eason, condi ion, basis, basis, e c. o he ac ion. Thus, bo h he
deseman icized and he lexical seman ics associa ed wi h he use o nouns a e
p ima ily ela ed o he con ex o ci cums ances. (77) […] The i s book was
published h ee yea s ago wi h he suppo o he Open Li huanian Founda ion.
We' e been wo king oge he e e since. In hose yea s, wi h hei help (plg.
A icles o he 29 h
Daik a a džio pagalba įnagininko deseman izacija
assis ed by hem; Because hey helped, we published nine books. Some imes
his und buys mos o he ci cula ion and alloca es i o schools, in o he
cases i pays o copy igh . The TAC
(78) We a e wai ing o in o ma ion on he neg oes in he o es s o he
backwoods. W i e o us o call 265505, 265510, 265503. Only wi h you, dea ones, will he
pagalba (plg. ik Jūsų padedami; jei ik Jūs padėsi ) miškininkai ope a y iai
close he way o he logge s, he poache s, he logge s. DLKT (79) Wo k and o he
women. E en a ew ea s we e shed by Jonah. He came back and wen away o
h ee days and h ee nigh s wi hou sleep, wi h he help o men's glasses. I
emembe Luke sleeping on he ho se, pu ing his head on my ee, s a ing and
g oaning, g oaning.
The TAC
Cu en liabili ies can also be de e mined (80) The esul s o he s udy ca ied
ou by us wi h he help o he F- es me hodology (e.g. acco ding o he F- es
me hodology) show ha i is sui able and should be widely used o op imise he
choice o a ious p o essions in Li huania. DLKT (82) The impo an hing is ha
despi e he ac ha he impac was eal, wi h he help o philosophe s' opinions
(e.g. om philosophe s' opinions; acco ding o philosophe s' opinions; based on
philosophe s' opinions) an a emp is made o ecognize and quali y he eal mind
o people. T ue, he e emains he possibili y o a ce ain limi a ion o high
cul u e.
The TAC
(83) Th ee ypes o scales we e used: meaning so ing, seman ic di e en ials, and
he Like scale. By means o scale so ing, he esponden compa es he
p ope ies o one phenomenon o objec o hei g oups wi h o he s and
a anges hem in o de o p io i y o e alua ion. DLKT (84) Cogni i e componen
[…] is he opinions, belie s ha we hold abou ce ain people and hings. Wi h hei
help, we decide wha 's igh , wha 's likely, wha i looks like. A ec i e e alua ion
co e s pleasan o unpleasan emo ions ela ed o belie s. The TAC
Finally, le 's b ie ly e u n o he exp ession ool and compa e sen ences (85) […]
(87) (see also sen ences (31), (58)). As Henschel and Menzel (2000: 15) a gue, i is
p ecisely his ype o sen ence ha is implici ly old by he sen ence.

LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
30 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV
an indi ec ins umen 36 acqui es (holds) i s own means o exp ession […] by means
o a dema e ialised ins umen unc ionally di e en om he di ec means o
exp ession […] o he ins iga o . (85) I is objec ionable. On he second poin , do you
wan anyone o o e? I need i . All igh , please o e. Since his is he second i em,
we'll o e wi h he help o he bu ons. Wha 's he poin o accep ing he second...
no one objec ed o he i s . This is V. LANDSBER-
The GIS. A e he e any objec ions? 37 DLKT
(86) I ma Ise ičienė, a manicu is a […]A imeda[…], said ha in e es ing,
e ec i e combina ions could be c ea ed wi h he help o new, in ense colou s o
[…]To ai […] i m nail polish (e.g. by pain ing wi h […]To ai […] i m nail polish). Fo
example, he second ime, apply golden glossy lacque o he blackened nails. This
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. an La ik-Gudol ci ed
he case o Maikas's abili y o ake o e he leade ship posi ion wi h he help o
emp y can boxes (plg. *emp y can boxes; using emp y can boxes); o as a pai o beha io al ela ionships, wi h he in oduc ion o addi ional banana-ea ing monkeys. The TAC
4. NAME and su name
4.1. The use o he noun cla i ies and jus i ies he c i e ion o li e, i.e. he pe son is a hing. This is
ela ed o Michael Sil e s ein's (1976) 36 […]While he p eposi ional ph ases due o hei
ins umen ali y ocus on he cha ac e is ics o he p o o ypical e b
[…]Pa ien […]Ins umen […]Cons ella ions and di ec o Ins umen ali y in he abo e-men ioned
sense a e blocked, can he ins umen al no o only be used i an indi ec e e en o an implici
ins umen al […] Subs an i es occu s. In de explizie e (übe geo dne en) P oposi ion lieg
demen sp echend eine un ypische Ve bPa ien (indi ek es) Ins umen Kons ella ion o
(Hen schel, Menzel 2000: 19) This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in his way. Well, I'll
play i , and I'll play i wi hou any ouble. The indi ec ins umen in (i) s ands o me onymic o a
p oposi ion, in which i i sel unc ions as a di ec ins umen , as is clea ly s a ed in he
Plg. us.: „(i) S pomošč’ju ona ja / * ona em ja bez uda azyskal d e ’ sklad; (ii) Os eščaja s e-
pa aph ase (ii). The p e equisi e o indi ec ins umen ali y in he o dina y sense is he
embedding o indi ec ins umen s in an implici p oposi ion in which i unc ions as a di ec
ins umen (Hen schel, Menzel 2000: 15, 18). 37 See also DLKT sen ence This can only be done wi h he
help o one key (= only one key; p essed only one key), whe e he keywo d co ec ions a e ob iously
seman ically di e en .
A icles by A icles 31
Daik a a džio pagalba įnagininko deseman izacija
Robe Dixon (1979: 85) (i) he hie a chy o li ing hings38, in which he
a ibu es o li ing hings a e co ela ed wi h (ii) seman ic unc ions39, (iii) g amma ical unc ions and hei (i ) mo phology.
osin aksinio žymėjimo hie a chijomis (Hen schel 1992; plg. Dik 1989: 269 ;
Gi ón 1984: 239 ).
(i) ASMUO > GYVAS PADARAS (non-spi i ual) > NEGYVAS KONKRETUS DAIKTAS (non-spi i ual) This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
This is a summa y o he wo k.
(ii) A > P > REC40 > BEN > I > L > T. This is he case in he ollowing cases:
(iii) Subjec ma e > Subjec ma e > Subjec ma e (i ) NOM > ACC > DAT > INSTR >
PRIELINKSNINėS KONSTRUKTIJOS. This is he name o he company. G amma ical (o
s uc u al) […] p onoun and inal […] syllables a e chosen syn ac ically and seman ically
o he mos p ominen (salien ) sen ence membe s […] o he agen subjec and he
di ec objec o he pa ien […] o he ma ke (Jonas [A] s a o namą [P]), o he
syllables […] o less p ominen (g amma ical and seman ic) unc ions. This a icle deals
wi h he means and manne o he p onoun, which ypically e e s o inanima e
(conc e e o abs ac ) objec s, co ela ed wi h he less p ominen unc ions o he
ke nel o a sen ence o he supplemen s o he ee membe s o a sen ence (so-called
sa elli es, i.e. p edica es o sen ence ci cums ances). This hie a chy is also e lec ed in
he assis an e e ee's a i ude. Speaking speci ically, he e a e no conc e e hings, in
he sen ence hey a e ypically spoken as a ool objec , ma ked wi h a ma ke . The
sinseman ic polinksnis o he suppo e is also used by he suppo e o he suppo e
o he suppo e o he suppo e o he suppo e o he suppo e o he
suppo e o he suppo e . In some cases, he appa en ly compe es wi h he ins iga o
as a ee op ion, in o he s […] o ms an opposi ion o him. The help o Polinks, used wi h
38 Gy umo hie a chija ėlesniuose da buose suski s y a į (i) asmens (komunikacijos daly ių), (ii)
he names o speci ic hings, he li e (in a na ow sense) and (iii) he hie a chies o ame (plg. C o 1990: 111, 127 and Com ie
1989: 128, 185). Alan Timbe lake (1986) classi ies he hie a chy o indi iduali y (indi idua ion)
acco ding o he li e (in he na ow sense), he de ini ion, he numbe , he speci ici y and o he
cha ac e is ics. 39 C i ical opinion on he hie a chy o seman ic unc ions see C o (2012: 175 )
and he li e a u e discussed he e.
40 […]The mo phosyn ac ic ma king o he seman ic ole o he ecipien is he p o o ypical
Da i unk ion. [...] A ypical ecipien is bound in a ans e ansac ion. An objec changes om
he possesso , om he possesso o he nex possesso . The ecipien is he owne o a
success ul ans e ansac ion. The e bs o "gi ing up" a e o med in he ield o he
backg ound o his p o o ypical de e mina ion o ecep i i y: Klaus gab seinem B ude ein Buch
(Ba els 2005: 105; see Hen schel 2001: 181 , 196 ). The plg. Valeckienė (1998: 36): "The ecipien [Rec]
is he ecipien o some hing, he ecipien o a unc ion. He is usually e e ed o as a
ba ende . The ecipien is usually a pe son, e.g. The child [Rec] ecei ed he gi s [Con] (plg. o he
child [B] ga e he gi s [Con]).
LORETA VAIČIULYTĖ-SEMĖNIENĖ
32 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The endency o choose a less ypical o in ole an go e nmen is o en used o desc ibe he
iesioginei p iemonei pasaky i. Polinksnis pagalba su abs akčius daik us pasa-
en i onmen . The choice o cons uc s can be based on he p inciples o language economy and
cla i y: he endency o be as sho as possible, i.e. o be educed, and o say clea ly wha is
desi ed. In acco dance wi h he p inciples o economy and cla i y, seman ic help is also used while
a oiding he con usion o he di e en meanings o he o ms o […] inagininko (simila o how a
child asks his a he o money, o example in he sen ence (57)). The use o he polynomial is also
based on he p inciple o cla i y acco ding o i s place in he sen ence: i , as has been seen om
he examples, o en goes o he ci cums ances o he sen ence (see VP-ex e ne) o o he
ma ked ci cums ances o he p edica e (see VP-in e ne) and o he places o he objec (see
VP-in e ne). This kind o aid pushes he mul idimensional idea ou o he con ex o exp ession, as
well as i as ha ing ewe meanings, i.e. becoming clea e ( anspa en ), becoming mo e likely o
be belie ed and he objec o he means o be exp essed. In o he wo ds, he mo e he inanima e
(conc e e o abs ac ) hing (can be) pe cei ed as an en i onmen and no as an objec , he mo e
i is cha ac e is ic o say i in ways o exp essing he en i onmen (in he case o speech) by
means o seman ics, o , in o he wo ds: Ins > PAgAlbA (w i es le e [KUO? Wha 's going on?
W i e 's aid anspo ed [KUO?] Wha is i ? special ow uck special ow uck assis ance >
o ced o mo e [*KUO?] Wha is i ? *wi h he help o a es o ed gas gene a o wi h a es o ed
gas gene a o . This is also co ela ed wi h hie a chical con ols > modi ie and objec >
en i onmen di e ences (also see: moja o ska ele *sca le 's help > occupied he leade posi ion
*emp y boxes / emp y can boxes help). The unc ion o ools and ci cums ances is no ypical: help
wi h hem is unlikely. Hie a chical di e ences can also be seen in cases whe e he help o he
adjec i e is associa ed wi h he lexical meaning o his noun o e b o help wi h he help o he
p ose; F om diseases wi h he help o ga lic? wi h ga lic? I'll check my ac ions wi h you c i ical
mind. 41 He e Plg. Polish language: Hen schel 1998: 191. 42 Fo mo e in o ma ion on he le el o
ci cums ances (modi ica ion), see This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day
(plg.: Jonas namo g įžo su d augo pagalba / su d augu; Jonas išsigydė su p ozako
ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. See Siūlomą
ci cums ances (modi ica o ) in Li huanian language. Hol oe , Pajėdienė (2005), see also in o he
Li huanian g amma wo ks he p esen a ion o he e iew o opinions. 43 Abou he o de o
neu al and ma ked pa s o sen ence (indi ec complemen and ci cums ances) in he sen ence.
Ambe (2006a: 651 ) is he name o he plan .
44 „Diese Typizi ä [d. h. die de ins umen alen Ve wendung] läß sich wiede um allgemein
ande e is die O ensich lichkei und Di ek hei des E ek s des Ins umen s au das Pa iens“
The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU.
A icles o he T ea y
Daik a a džio pagalba įnagininko deseman izacija
by means o a noun, a noun's complemen is said o be a (non)li ing hing ha ul ils
he unc ion o an agen . See hie a chies li ing > dead and suPAgAlbA > PAgAlbA
co ela ion: p e e ence o cons uc ions is usually used when he c ea o
con ols he holde o he names o li ing hings by means o a noun; In addi ion o
he p e e ence o helping he deceased, he p e e ence is mo e o en o he
names o dead objec s. These cons uc ions a e unc ionally ela ed o
p eposi ions pe o o cons uc ions ha exp ess a media o o a commi e . F om
a seman ic poin o iew, hey canno always eplace each o he […] a e opposi e,
al hough neu aliza ion cases a e mos likely. In o he wo ds, he mo e he aid
loses i s speci ic […] p ima y, speci ic, and explici […] meaning […] and becomes (o is)
seman ically mo e comp ehensi e, i.e. i encompasses se e al meanings, he mo e
i s use is seman ically mo i a ed and g ounded in ha con ex . In a sen ence, he
wo d is usually exp essed by he cons uc ions o he p o agonis using he
p edica e ci cums ance […] me hod: he la e o en gi es a basis o
in e p e a ion and is used in he con ex as a meaning. They also ell he o he
ci cums ances (p ies s) o he […] sen ence.
Thus, in some cases, he aid o he e b is used as an au osema ic o m o
he noun, in o he s […] as a seman ic polynx. This ep esen s
Schedule one.
4.2 Based on his scheme and Ch is iano Lehmann's (A; 2002) g adual g amma
classi ica ion46 concep and i s c oss-classi ica ion o g amma pa ame e s
(K euzklassi ika ion)47 ( able 3), he e is a basis o alking abou he ac ha
he cu en Li huanian language is polynomial, o example, on he pa h o
g amma classi ica ion.
Konk ečiau kalban , ai, kad galbū pagalba įnagininkas suka g ama ika-
Seman ic E osion (plg. an. seman ic bleaching, a i ion), a highe deg ee o deseman iza ion,
de-ca ego iza ion (pagal Heine (2003: 579)), cohesion, o a highe deg ee o syn agma ic dependence
(plg. Cohesion and 45 […]The ini ial meaning is iche , mo e speci ic, i is also mo e palpable, mo e
accessible o he imagina ion ([…]anschaulich[…]) and, in his sense, mo e conc e e[…] (Lehmann 2002:
115). 46 […]G amma icaliza ion is a p ocess leading om lexemes o g amma ical o ma i es. A
numbe o seman ic, syn ac ic and phonological p ocesses in e ac in he g amma icaliza ion o
mo phelexical meaning and akes pa in obliga o y g amma ical ules[…] (Lehmann 2002: ii).
G amma icaliza ion is a p ocess o g adual change, and i s p oduc may ha e di e en deg ees o
mes ans whole cons uc ions. A sign is g amma icalized o he ex en ha i is de oid o conc e
g amma icali y ( . p.: 11).
47 Plg. o he […]G amma icaliza ion is a ec o whose a iables a e six magni udes which we ha e
he e been calling pa ame e s[…] (Lehmann 2002: 145).