The Origin and Formation of One-Word Disease Names in Laurynas Ivinskis’s Calendars

PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

Photograph from the photo archive of the library of the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore.

On the 200th anniversary of Laurynas Ivinskis’s birth

Žymus XIX a. lietuvių švietėjas Laurynas Ivinskis (1810–1881) parengė pirmąjį lietuvišką kalendorių „Metu skajtlus ukiniszkas“, kuris iš spaudos išėjo 1846 metais¹. Jame ir kituose kalendoriuose populiariai buvo rašoma žemės ūkio, veterinarijos, astronomijos, istorijos, gamtos mokslų ir kt. klausimais, skelbiama grožinės literatūros kūrinių.

¹In 1847, “Kalendorius, arba Metu skajtlus ukiszkas” [Calendar, or an Annual Agricultural Count], and from 1851, “Kalendorius, arba Metskajtlus ukiszkas” [Calendar, or an Annual Agricultural Count]. The calendars appeared annually, with interruptions—in 1846–1852 and 1855–1864 (they were not published in 1853–1854 because of censorship; in 1865–1867 they were published in Cyrillic, while in 1877 the calendar was published in Latin script in St Petersburg) (Petkevičiūtė 1988: 121–122, 126–127).

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In the very first calendar, L. Ivinskis included a section entitled “Gidimas žmoniun nuog nekuriun ligun”², which discusses the treatment of diseases. The section was absent from the calendars of 1847, 1848, 1855, 1861, 1864, and 1866 (Petkevičiūtė 1988: 132).

Most often, remedies and methods for treating diseases were discussed, but sometimes L. Ivinskis would first give a brief explanation of the disease, for example:

Grižielė (grieželė) – “it is a severe pain in the joint of the hand, where the palm bone and the elbow meet, felt when it is bent, as follows: when one tries to press the hand, with the palm extended, against something. <...>” 1850 46.

Landuonis, elsewhere twięga wadin – “it is a disease just like the lung [ailment], differing only in that the finger, from its tip down to the first joint, becomes stiff and stops there, going no farther. <...>” 1851 33.

Niksteriejimas (niksteliejimas) – “it is a dislocation of a joint from its place, which, if not set, causes a fracture. <...>” 1850 46.

Nuog žiemospirgia – “it is an injury caused by cold to some part of the body. <...>” 1856 46.

The section offers advice on treating infectious, surgical and traumatic, mental, respiratory, digestive, ear, nose and throat, eye, dental, joint, skin, bone, women’s, children’s, and other human diseases. It mostly discusses treatment with household remedies—medicinal plants (mint, elecampane roots, sweet flag roots, hops, chamomile flowers, rhubarb roots, birch leaves, alder leaves, juniper berries, etc.); drinks and other liquids (vodka, beer, vinegar, etc.); foodstuffs (bacon, salt, honey, goat’s milk, cow’s milk, butter, yeast, etc.); spices (garlic, ginger, parsley, onions, dill, etc.); household objects (a brush, a brick, etc.); fabrics (broadcloth, linen, etc.); and residues of burnt materials (ashes, etc.). Purchased medicines are mentioned less often (quinine, chloroform, magnesia, vitriol, etc.). In addition, treatment with things now considered unusual is recommended, for example copper, lead, earthworms, frogs, and the excrement of animals, birds, and even humans³. For interest, here are a few examples of how, according to L. Ivinskis, some diseases should be treated:

² This was the title in the first calendar, published in 1846. In later calendars it varied slightly—“Gidimai žmogaus nekuriun ligun,” “Gidimai žmogaus ligun,” “Gidimas žmogaus nekuriun ligun,” “Gidimai žmogaus nekuriun ligun izimti iš rankas rasztu Lietuwiszkaj parašzitu,” “Gidimai žmogaus nekuriun ligun,” “Gidimai žmogaus ligun,” “Gidimai žmogaus nekuriun ligun”—but the more frequent title was “Gidimai žmogaus nekuriun ligun.”

³ At the time, it is doubtful that anyone checked the reliability of the medical information in Lithuanian calendars. Lithuanian calendars published in Cyrillic during the years of the press ban were already rigorously inspected by the tsarist censorship authorities. Thus, some of the medical information printed in L. Ivinskis’s calendars was checked by the Medical Board (Petkevičiūtė 1988: 137).

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Digulis (Lilisza) – “<...>. Others ‘...’ burn the cheeks with angles and, after grinding, give [it] to drink in vodka” 1850 46.

For jaundice – “Boil a piece of meat in the oven after removing the bread, crush it very finely, and give the patient half a small spoonful to drink in any beverage, only not in vodka, three times a day: in the morning, after dinner, and in the evening when going to bed” 1846 24–25.

For a snakebite – “<...>. One worm, shining at night on St John’s Day, when crushed with a pinch of bread and eaten, cures the sick. <...>” 1861 32.

For warts – “a) Some destroy them by smearing them with the worm’s blood. b) Others sweat a horse using its armpit. <...>” 1846 25.

Pritwirtinė – “<...> it is necessary to swiftly take a sheep, as if intending to slaughter it, and without waiting for the blood to flow, lest it clot, cut off the leg and without any reluctance cover the patient’s whole belly with the cloth that was on the meat; even if the sick person has been brought close to the grave, the illness immediately departs” 1849 31.

For foamy urine – “<...>. A white, dry cat dropping boiled in water cures foamy urine if the patient drinks it often. <...>” 1861 33.

In the aforementioned section of L. Ivinskis’s calendars, 122 disease names were found (excluding variants), of which 42 are one-word disease names. This article discusses the origin and formation of one-word disease names.

1. ORIGIN OF ONE-WORD DISEASE NAMES

1.1. Lithuanian-origin disease names

Most one-word disease names are words of Lithuanian origin (35 terms), e.g.: drugis ~ drugys 1846 24, 1850(1849) 33, 1856 46, 1857 40, 1860 59, 1862 10, dziowa ~ džiuova 1857 39, kosulis ~ kosulys 1851 32, 1856 45, 1857 47, padukimas ~ padūkimas 1849 32, 1850(1849) 34, 1862 9, sausgila ~ sausgila 1861 32.

1.2. Loanwords

Only a few loanwords were found (6 terms)—two from Greek and one each from Latin, Polish, English, and French.

1.2.1. From Greek: dysenterija ~ dizenterija 1851 33 “an acute infectious disease characterized by inflammation of the large intestine”⁴—from the Greek prefix dys-, denoting impaired organ function, and the Greek enteron “intestine.” According to the data in LKŽ, this word is not attested in colloquial speech;

⁴The brief explanations of diseases in the article are taken from the “Medical Encyclopedia” and LKŽ.

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reumatizmas ~ reumatizmas 1861 32, 1877 40 “a systemic connective-tissue disease that primarily affects the heart,” from Greek rheumatismos “flow (through the body)” (see TŽŽ 1936, 1951, 1969, 2005, 2007). According to the data in LKŽ, the word reumatizmas is not used in colloquial speech. The term reumatas has become established in present-day medical language.

1.2.2. From Latin: karbunkulas ~ karbunkulas 1861 33 “a purulent inflammation of several hair follicles, their sebaceous glands, and the surrounding tissues,” from Latin carbunculus “little coal.” Maks Fasmer derives the word karbunkulas “large boil, sore” from Latin carbunculus “glowing ember,” in turn from carbō “coal” (Фасмер 1967: 195). The Latin origin of this word is also confirmed by dictionaries of international words (see TŽŽ 1936, 1951, 1969, 2005, 2007). LKŽ includes no examples of karbunkulo in colloquial usage. This loanword is used in present-day medical language, but it also has the Lithuanian equivalent piktuotė.

1.2.3. From Polish: diminičė ~ diminyčia 1862 9. According to the data in LKŽ, diminyčia (Pol. dymienica) “erysipelas, boil” is included from Žygaičiai. However, in the “Great Polish–Russian Dictionary,” the meaning of diminyčios is different; cf. Polish dymienica, Russian бубоны (Hessen, Stypuła 1967: 171); also compare bubonas (Latin bubo) “inflammatory swelling of a lymph node (usually in the armpit and groin)” MedŽ 81. It would be difficult to say precisely what meaning L. Ivinskis intended when using this loanword, since the calendar only discusses how to treat diminyčia.

1.2.4. From English: krupas ~ krupas 1846 25, 1850(1849) 35 “acute inflammation of the larynx that makes breathing difficult,” from English croup; however, the original source is Scots—croup “to croak, wheeze” (see TŽŽ 1936, 1951, 1969, 2005, 2007). According to the data in LKŽ, krupas (Pol. krup, Russ. круп) is used in colloquial speech with the meaning given; an example of usage from Smilgiai is provided.

1.2.5. From French: kokluzas ~ kokliu šas 1857 40 (L. Ivinskis also used the variant koklišius ~ koklišius 1857 40) “an acute infectious disease characterized by attacks of spasmodic coughing” (see TŽŽ 1936, 1951, 1969, 2005, 2007), from the French word coqueluche. According to the data in LKŽ, kokliu šas is not used in colloquial speech (usage examples from written sources—DŽ, NdŽ, rš, Blv), except for the variant koklišas, which was recorded in Smilgiai. Some sources explain the origin of kokliušo differently; cf. kokliu šas, koklišas “Keuchhusten,” from Polish koklusz, the latter from French coqueluche (FrW I 280); also compare kokliu šas from French coqueluche, itself from German Keuchhusten “whooping cough” (Фасмер 1967: 282).

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According to the data in LKŽ, diminyčia, koklišas and krupas are attested with medical meanings in spoken language, whereas dizenterija, reumatizmas and karbunkulas are not used in spoken language. Polish may be the source of the borrowings. When compiling the section on the treatment of human diseases, L. Ivinskis must have relied on scholarly, most likely Polish, medical literature and become familiar with the works of Polish physicians⁵. This conjecture is also supported by the fact that, alongside some disease names in the section, L. Ivinskis gives equivalents in other languages, most often Polish, in parentheses, e.g.: apalpimas (syncope) ~ apalpimas 1849 32, gialta (žóltaczka) ~ gelta 1862 9, plaukinis (włosnik) ~ plaukinis 1851 33, sausgila (artritis) ~ sausgila 1856 45, skaudulis (wrzód) ~ skaudulys 1850 46, tviega (zanogcica) ~ tviega 1851 33, 1856 44, wiežis (rak choroba) ~ vėžys 1856 45.

It should be noted that most of the borrowings, with the exception of diminyčią, are still used in medical language today: dizenterija, karbunkulas, kokliu šas, krupas, reumatizmas. It is also important to note that L. Ivinskis supplied most borrowings with Lithuanian equivalents, e.g.: dysenterija ir kruvinas viduriavimas, reumatizmas ir sausgila, kokluszas ir kosulis didis, krupas ir užjemimas kakla. Unfortunately, in present-day medical language, usually only the borrowings are used.

1.3. Hybrids

Only one hybrid was found in the section of L. Ivinskis’s calendars entitled “Gidimas žmoniun nuog nekuriun ligun” (‘Treatment of people for certain diseases’): slabnumas ~ slabnumas 1850 45, from slabnas ‘having little physical strength’. According to LKŽ, it is used in spoken language; usage examples are given from Kvėdarna, Karsakiškis, Prielukė, Viešvėnai, and Žemalė.

2. FORMATION OF ONE-WORD DISEASE NAMES

2.1. Simple words

Relatively few disease names are expressed by simple words, e.g.: gen. sg. akmens⁶ ~ akmuo 1857 40 ‘a deposit of salts that forms in hollow organs or in the excretory ducts of glands’, drugis ~

⁵ D. Petkevičiūtė noted in her monograph that L. Ivinskis obtained a large part of his medical literature (mostly publications from Warsaw) through Adomas Zavadskis in Vilnius. Several small surviving lists of literature acquired by L. Ivinskis show that he was familiar with the works of some physicians, for example, H. F. Pau-licki’s two-volume work in Polish, “Medicine for Rural People” (Petkevičiūtė 1988: 133).

⁶ The nominative form of this word was not found in the section—only the genitive in the phrase nuog akmens.

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ague 1846 24, 1850(1849) 33, 1856 46, 1857 40, 1860 59, 1862 10 “shivering, chills during illness,” warts ~ warts 1846 25 “skin or mucous membrane growths in the form of horny nodules or soft papillae,” lilisza ~ lielişā 1857 47 “stitch in the side, usually from walking or running fast,” twiega ~ tviega 1846 25, 1851 33, 1856 44 “a boil at the tip of a finger, felon, whitlow,” wiežis ~ vežys 1856 45 “malignant tumor.”

Disease names lilisza and twiega should be noted separately. They could also be considered derivatives. The body-part name lielis⁷ means “tibia” (see LKŽė). Twiega is linked by Ernst Fraenkel to tvaiga “a pungent, usually unpleasant smell, stench, stink,” from tvaigti “to stink” (FrW II 1153).

According to LKŽ, all the words mentioned above are used with medical meanings in everyday speech. Meanwhile, aktmuo, drugys, karpa, vežys are established contemporary medical terms.

2.2. Derivatives

Most disease names are derivatives⁸ (30 terms). Suffixal derivatives predominate (22 terms).

2.2.1. Suffixal derivatives.

2.2.1.1. Derivatives with the suffix -imas/-ymas. The largest group consists of derivatives with the suffix -imas (11 terms): apalpimas ~ apalpimas 1849 32, išsitemimas ~ išsimetimas 1861 33 “miscarriage,” nikstelėjimas ~ nikstelėjimas 1850 46 / niksterėjimas ~ niksterėjimas 1850 46, 1857 47, nuosideginimas ~ nusideginimas 1856 45, nuositwilkimas ~ nusitvilkymas 1856 45, 1857 47, 1858 55, 1861 32, pasiudurimas ~ pasiudūrimas 1857 47, užsigavimas ~ užsigavimas 1846 25. L. Ivinskis used as many as four terms in the sense of “rabies”: padukimas ~ padūkimas 1849 32, 1850(1849) 34, 1862 9, pagedimas ~ pagedimas 1849 32, 1850(1849) 34, pašiutimas ~ pasiutimas 1849 32, 1850(1849) 34, pašzielimas ~ pašėlimas 1849 32, 1850(1849) 34.

2.2.1.2. Derivatives with the suffix -ulys (3 terms): digulis ~ dygulys 1850 46 “stitch,” kosulis ~ kosulys 1851 32, 1856 45, 1857 47, skaudulis ~ skaudulys 1846 25, 1850 46, 1861 32, 1862 9 “boil, carbuncle, sore, ulcer, pustule.”

2.2.1.3. Derivatives with the suffix -inis (2 terms): plaukinis ~ plaukinis 1851 33, ritinis ~ ritinis 1846 25.

⁷ V. Urbutis considers a large one a Latvianism; see large ‘shinbone, shank, shin’, from Latvian large (Urbutis: 2009: 284).

⁸ The discussion of derivatives draws on the works of Pr. Skardžius, V. Urbutis, and S. Ambrazas, as well as LKG and DLKG.

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In L. Ivinskis’s 1851 calendar, plaukinis is used in the sense ‘a worm that gets into the leg or arm, causing great pain’: “Ilindus tam kirminui ing ranka arba koje daug nuokent par didi sopuli kurin ijsaj padara, o žmogus negidomas ne iszlink giwu. Norent jin išsmilžtė isz kuna, rejk degintė aguonu lapus ir stibus o isz pelenun padaritė szarma, kuriumi iszpuł łajstitė neswejka wieta uždiejes ant wirszaus miežiu warpas. Tan darant, płaukinis pamažu iszlend, apsiwinio apej warpa, kuren rejk nuog kuna pamažu tolesnej trauktė, par kan kirmis to nejudusma isszi-milšz. <...>” 1851 33, ritinis—in the sense ‘a boil at the tip of a finger, an abscess, a whitlow’. The noun plaukinis meaning ‘worm’ is not recorded in LKŽ, but compare the adjective plaukinis ‘hair-like’: Plaukiniai kirminai rš. The word ritinis has no medical sense in LKŽ.

Other suffixes occurred in only one derivative each.

2.2.1.4. A derivative with the suffix -inė: gen. sg. dederuenies⁹ ~ dedervinė 1877 40. E. Fraenkel derives the word dedervinė from Lithuanian dirti ‘to peel, flay’, durti (FrW I 85).

2.2.1.5. Derivatives with the suffix -ėlė: grįželė ~ grieželė 1850 46 / grieželė ~ griežėlė 1850 46 ‘pain in the tendons of the hands’, from griežti ‘to ache, to sting’ (according to LKŽ, grįželė is not attested with this meaning in spoken language – D. Pošk, Kos).

2.2.1.6. A derivative with the suffix -uonis: landuonis ~ landuonis 1851 33 ‘a boil at the tip of a finger (under the nail), an abscess, a whitlow’.

2.2.1.7. Derivatives with the suffix -tinė: pritvirtinė ~ pritvirtinė 1849 31 ‘constipation’ / gen. sg. pritvirtinės ~ pritvirtinė 1877 40.

2.2.1.8. A derivative with the suffix -menis: putmenes ~ putmenis 1860 59 ‘swelling in the subcutaneous tissues in heart, kidney, and other diseases; more generally, any swelling or puffiness’.

2.2.1.9. A derivative with the suffix -umas: slabnumas ~ slabnumas 1850 45 ‘weakness’.

2.2.2. Ending derivatives. Four ending derivatives were found. Three of these are derivatives with the ending -a: dziowa ~ džiova 1857 39, gialta ~ gelta 1846 24, 1862 9, pažeida ~ pažeida 1846 25, 1861 32 / pažėja ~ pažeida 1857 47 ‘injury, damage, wound’, and one is a derivative with the ending -is: karštis ~ karštis 1846 24 ‘elevated body temperature (during illness)’.

2.2.3. Compound terms. Four compound terms were found, whose second component is a verb and first component a noun or adjective.

⁹ The nominative form of this word was not found in the section—only the genitive in the phrase nuog dedervuenies.

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2.2.3.1. Compounds with a noun and a verb as constituents: kaulajedis ~ kaulaėdis 1850 46 “a bone disease of this kind” or, in the words of L. Ivinskis, “it is a disease that damages the bone and seems to begin to rot,” žiemospirgis ~ žiemospirgis 1856 46 “scaly skin”: “<...>. Perhaps also take a piece of turnip, bake it, cool it, crush it and bandage it onto the žiemospirgis, applying three handfuls a day and alternating with others, after the first meal. <...>”. In LKŽ, only one illustrative sentence is given for kaulaėdis, from the 1850 L. Ivinskis calendar section on treating human diseases. It may be conjectured that this is his neologism.

2.2.3.2. Compounds with an adjective and a verb as constituents: sausgila ~ sausgila 1861 32 / sausgila ~ sausgila 1856 45 “aching in the bones and joints, rheumatism,” slabdrugis ~ slapdrugys 1861 32 “hidden fever (a disease of this kind)”.

In summary, according to the data in LKŽ, the vast majority of formations are used with the medical meanings discussed here in living speech, while apalpimas, dedervinė, džiova, gelta, karštis, kosulys, landuonis have become present-day medical terms.

CONCLUSIONS

1. The section “Gidimas žmoniun nuog nekurium ligun” in L. Ivinskis’s calendars is important in several respects. First, in its educational role: it popularized knowledge of folk medicine and medical science, and discussed how people could treat themselves when they fell ill. Second, in its terminological role: L. Ivinskis most often used Lithuanian names for human diseases from living speech, sometimes attempting to define or explain certain diseases; in addition, alongside some disease names he also provided equivalents in other languages.

2. Most one-word disease names are words of Lithuanian origin (35 terms). Only six borrowings were found (two from Greek and one each from Latin, Polish, English, and French), as well as one hybrid. Since, according to the data in LKŽ, examples of half of the borrowings are not attested in living speech, they were most likely borrowed by L. Ivinskis from Polish written medical sources. Most of the borrowings in the section under discussion had Lithuanian equivalents.

3. Relatively few disease names are expressed by simple words. Most disease names are formations (30 terms). Suffixal derivatives predominate (22 terms), the largest group of which consists of derivatives with the suffixes -imas/-ymas (11 terms). Next in frequency are derivatives with the suffixes -ulys and -inis; only one derivative was found for each of the other suffixes (-inė, -ėlė, -uonis, -tinė, -menis, -umas).

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One derivative with each of the endings -a and -is was found, along with four compound terms whose second constituent is a verb and whose first is a noun or adjective. It is conjectured that one name for a bone disease—the compound kaulajėdis—may be a neologism coined by L. Ivinskis himself.

4. There are relatively few one-word terms; they make up a little over one third of all the disease names identified in the section. The vast majority of one-word terms (Lithuanian and borrowed) are still in use today in the standard language, and many have become medical terms.

PRIMARY SOURCES

Metu skajtłus ukiniszkas ant metu Wieszpaties 1846. Wilnui. 1846.

Kalendorius arba metu skajtłus ukiszkas ant metu nuog užgimima Wieszpaties 1849. Wilniuje. 1849.

Kalendorius arba metu skajtłus ukiszkas ant metu nuog užgimima Wieszpaties 1850. Wilniuje. 1849.

Kalendorius arba metu skajtłus ukiszkas ant metu nuog užgimima Wieszpaties 1851. Wilniuje. 1850.

Kalendorius arba metu skajtłus ukiszkas ant metu nuog užgimima Wieszpaties 1852. Wilniuje. 1851.

Kalendorius arba metu skajtłus ukiszkasis nuog užgimima Wieszpaties 1856. Wilniuje. 1856.

Kalendorius arba Metskajtłus ukiszkasis ant metu nuog Užgimima Wieszpaties 1857. Wilniuje. 1857.

Kalendorius arba Metskajtłus ukiszkasis nuog užgimima Wieszpaties 1858. Wilniuje. 1857.

Kalendorius arba Metskajtłus ukiszkasis nuog užgimima Wieszpaties 1859. Wilniuje. 1858.

Kalendorius arba Metskajtłus ukiszkasis nuog užgimima Wieszpaties 1860. Wilniuje. 1860.

Kalendorius arba Metskajtłus ukiszkasis nuog užgimima Wieszpaties 1862. Wilniuje. 1861.

Kalendorius arba Metskajtłus ukiszkasis nuog užgimima Wieszpaties 1863. Wilniuje. 1862.

Kalendorius ukiszkasis ant metu nuog užgimimo Wieszpaties 1878. С. Петербургъ. 1877.

ADDITIONAL SOURCES

FrW: Litauisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch von Ernst Fraenkel, I–II, Heidelberg, Göttingen, 1955–1962.

Hessen D., Stypula R. 1967: Wielki słownik polsko–rosyjski, Warszawa–Moskwa.

LKŽ: Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. – www.lkz.lt

MedŽ 1980: Astrauskas V., Biziulevičius S., Pavilonis S., Vaitilavičius A., Vileišis A. Medicinos terminų žodynas, Vilnius.

ME 1991, 1993: Medicinos enciklopedija 1–2, Vilnius.

TŽŽ 1936: Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas. Sudarė K. Boruta, Pr. Čepėnas, A. Sirutytė-Čepėnienė, Klaipėda.

TŽŽ 1951: Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas. Vertė O. Katinskaitė, Ch. Lemchenas, J. Talmantas, Vilnius.

TŽŽ 1969: Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas. Vertė O. Dovėikienė, J. Kabelka ir Ch. Lemchenas, Vilnius.

TŽŽ 2005: Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, Vilnius.

TŽŽ 2007: Vaitkevičiūtė V. Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, Vilnius.

Фасмер М. 1967: Этимологический словарь русского языка 2, Москва.

LITERATŪRA

Ambrazas S. 1993: Daiktavardžių darybos raida: Lietuvių kalbos veiksmažodiniai vediniai 1, Vilnius.

Ambrazas S. 2000: Daiktavardžių darybos raida: Lietuvių kalbos vardažodiniai vediniai 2, Vilnius.

DLKG 1996: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika, Vilnius.

LKG 1965: Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1, Vilnius.

Petkevičiūtė D. 1988: Laurynas Ivinskis, Vilnius.

Skardžius Pr. 1941: Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, Vilnius.

Urbutis V. 2009: Baltų etimologijos etiudai 2, Vilnius

Urbutis V. 2009: Žodžių darybos teorija, Vilnius.

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ORIGIN AND FORMATION OF ONE-WORD NAMES OF DISEASES IN THE ALMANACS OF LAURYNAS IVINSKIS

The paper analyses 42 one-word names of diseases in respect of origin and meaning collected from the section “Gidimas žmonių nuog nekurium ligun” (“Treatment of people from some diseases”) in almanacs compiled and published by the famous Lithuanian enlightener of the 19^th century Laurynas Ivinskis.

This section of the almanac dealt with treatment of various diseases. It included advice on how to cure infectious and surgical diseases, diseases of respiratory and digestive systems, ear, nose and throat diseases, women’s and children’s diseases and other diseases mainly using homemade remedies (medical herbs, food, etc.), less frequently – pharmaceuticals.

The majority of one-word names of diseases are of the Lithuanian origin (35 terms). There are only six borrowed names – two from Greek (dysenterija (dysentery), reumatizmas) and one from each of the following languages – Latin (karbunkulas (carbuncle)), Polish (diminičė (erysipelas, blain)), English (krupas (croup)) and French (kokluszas (whooping cough)) and one hybrid (slabnumas (weakness)). The majority of borrowings had Lithuanian equivalents (reumatizmas and sausgila (rheumatism)). According to LKŽ (“Dictionary of Lithuanian”) there were some borrowings of which no examples existed in the common language of the time, therefore most probably Ivinskis had borrowed them from medical sources written in Polish which he could have used when preparing materials for this section.

Underived words were used to name only few diseases (drugis (shiver)). The majority of one-word names of diseases are formations (30 terms). Derivates with suffixes prevail (22 terms). Derivates with suffix -imas/-ymas are the most common (11 terms) (apalpimas (faint), niksteliejimas (sprain), padukimas (rabies)). Two other groups of common derivates have suffixes -ulys (kosulis (cough)) and -inis (ritinis (whitlow)). There was only one derivate with each of the suffixes -inė, -ėlė, -uonis, -tinė, -menis and -umas found (gen. sg. dedervenies (pityriasis), grizėlė (rheumatism of joints), łanduonis (whitlow), pritwirtinė (constipation), putmenes (tumefaction), slabnumas (weakness)). The material researched includes three derivates with inflexional ending -a (dziova (tuberculosis)), one derivate with inflexional ending -is (karsztis (fever)) and four compounds where the first component is a noun or an adjective and the second component is a verb (kaulajedis (bone disease), stabdrugis (fever and shivers)).

Gauta 2010-12-20

Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected]

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