Lauryno Ivinskio kalendorių vienažodžių ligų pavadinimų kilmė ir daryba

Terminology | 2010 | 17 101 The origin and formation of monosyllabic disease names in the calendars of Laurynas Ivinskis Palmira ZEMlEVIČIŪtė Institute of Lithuanian Language Photo from the library of the Lithuanian Literature and Folklore Institute. Laurynas Ivinskis (1810–1881), a prominent Lithuanian educator of the 19th century, prepared the first Lithuanian calendar, “Metu skajtlus ukiniszkas”, which was published in 18461. In this and other calendars were popularly written on agriculture, veterinary, astronomy, history, natural sciences, etc., published works of fiction. 1 In 1847 – “Calendar, or Metskajtlus ukiszkas”, from 1851 – “Calendar, or Metskajtlus ukiszkas”. Calendars were published with interruptions in 1846–1852, 1855–1864 (1853–1854 not published due to censorship, 1865–1867 published in Cyrillic, and in 1877 the calendar was published in Latin script in St. Petersburg) (Petkevičiūtė 1988: 121–122, 126–127). 102 P. Zemlevičiūtė | Laurynas Ivinskis’ calendar of one-word disease names... Already in the first calendar L. Ivinskis included a section “Gidimas ėmmoniun nuog nekuriun ligun”2, which describes the treatment of diseases. There was no section in the calendars of 1847, 1848, 1855, 1861, 1864 and 1866 (Petkevičiūtė 1988: 132). Most of the time it was written about the means and methods of treating diseases, but sometimes L. Ivinskis first gave a brief explanation of the disease, e.g. : Griźielie (griezielė) – “there is a pain in the big hand member where the dełnas bones and the joints are broken, which is felt when the hand is bent, and this is how it feels: when the hand is pressed with the same dełna at the desired point. <...>“ 1850 46. Łanduonis, elsewhere twiga wadin – “there is the same disease of kajpo and płaukinis with the only difference that the finger naog wirszaus goes to the first member and settles on the next one. <...>“ 1851 33. "Nicknames: "There's Nothing Like the Real Thing"". "Nicknames: "There's Nothing Like the Real Thing"". "Nicknames: "The Real Thing"". <...>“ 1850 46. "I've been to the same place, and I've been to the same place, and I've been to the same place." <...>“ 1856 46. The section gives advice on how to treat infectious, surgical and traumatological, mental, respiratory, digestive, ear, nose and throat, eye, tooth, joint, skin, bone, women, children and other human diseases. Mostly written about the treatment with home remedies – medicinal plants (mint, cloudberry roots, elderberry roots, hops, chamomile flowers, rhubarb roots, birch leaves, blackberry leaves, juniper berries, etc.); drinks and other liquids (vodka, beer, vinegar, etc.); food products (bacon, salt, honey, goat milk, cow milk, butter, yeast, etc.); spices (garlic, ginger, parsley, onions, dill, etc.); household items (brush, brick, etc.); fabrics (gelumbe, canvas, etc.); residues of burned materials (ash, etc.). Less frequently, purchased drugs (quinine, chloroform, magnesium, vitriol, etc.) are mentioned. In addition, it is advised to treat with things that are now unusual, such as copper, lead, snails, frogs, animal, bird and even human feces3. For the sake of interest, here are some examples of how to treat some diseases according to L. Ivinsky: 2 This was the name of the first calendar, 1846. In later calendars it was slightly varied – „Gidimaj ūdmogaus nekuriun ligun“, „Gidimaj žmogaus ligun“, „Gidimas ūdmogaus nekuriun ligun“, „Gidimaj ūdmogaus nekuriun ligun iszimti isz rankas rasztu Lietuwiszkaj paraśzitu“, „Gidimaj žmogaus nekuriun ligun“, „Gidimaj ūdmogaus ligun“, „Gidimaj zmogaus nekuriun ligun“, but the more common name was „Gidimaj ūdmogaus nekuriun ligun“. 3 At the time, hardly anyone checked the reliability of the medical knowledge of Lithuanian calendars. In the years of the press ban, Lithuanian calendars published in Cyrillic were already scrutinized by the tsarist censorship. Thus, part of the medical knowledge printed in L. Ivinski calendars was checked by the Board of Treatment (Petkevičiūtė 1988: 137). Terminology | 2010 | 17 103 "Lilium (Lilium)". "The 1850s and 1860s in the English language and literature" 1850-1860. Nuog gialtos – "Wisztas mieszła iszdziowink pećziuje po iszjemima breas, sugrumsk smulkiausej, i duok ligoniuj gerti po pusi maja szaukszta kokiamenorint gierime, tiktaj ne ariełkoje po tris kartus per diena: rita, po pietu, ir vakare ejnant gulti" 1846 24–25. "Irfan Khan: 'I'm sorry...'". In the evening, the young man, who is sick, eats a piece of bread and drinks a glass of wine. <...>“ 1861 32. "A": "A" is the number of blood vessels in the body. b) Others sweat the horse out of his flames. <...>“ 1846 25. Pritwirtiné – "<...> rejk awina papiowus skubinaj kajpo imanidamas ir ne łaukant isztekiejima krauja kad wejkej ne uźszałtu nulupti kajli ir be jokia praśitenśima apkłoti ligonia wisa piłwa su ta szale kuré buwa nuog mejsos, o liga noris butu serganti atwedusé artij kapun, tuojaus atsto" 1849 31. "Naog putmeniu wandens – <...>. White dry found cat's meat wander in the woods, guided by a bird in a tank. <...>“ 1861 33. In the aforementioned section of L. Ivinsky’s calendars there are 122 disease names (excluding variants), of which 42 disease names are monosyllabic. This article discusses the origin and formation of mononymous disease names. 1. ORIGIN OF SINGLE-WORD NAME OF DISEASE 1.1. Names of diseases of Lithuanian origin Most of the monosyllabic disease names are words of Lithuanian origin (35 terms), e.g. drugis ~ drugys 1846 24, 1850(1849) 33, 1856 46, 1857 40, 1860 59, 1862 10, dziowa ~ džiova 1857 39, kosulis ~ kosulys 1851 32, 1856 45, 1857 47, padukimas ~ padukimas 1849 32, 1850(1849) 34, 1862 9, sausgila ~ sausgila 1861 32. 1.2. Debt Only a few borrowings were found (6 terms) – two from Greek and one from Latin, Polish, English and French. 1.2.1. 1851 33 "acute infectious disease characterized by inflammation of the large intestine"4 – Greek prefix dys-, meaning disorder of the functions of the organ, and Greek enteron "intestine". According to the LKŽ, this word is not recorded in live speech; 4 In the article brief explanations of diseases are taken from the "Medical Encyclopedia" and LKŽe. 104 P. Zemlevičiūtė | Laurynas Ivinskis calendars of single-word disease names... rheumatism ~ rheumatism 1861 32, 1877 40 „systemic connective tissue disease, most affecting the heart“ from the Greek rheumatism „flow (through the body)“ (see TŽŽ 1936, 1951, 1969, 2005, 2007). The word rheumatism is not used in the living language. The term rheumatism has become established in the current medical language. 1.2.2. From Latin: karbunkułas ~ karbunkulas 1861 33 "purulent inflammation of several hair sacs, their sebaceous glands and surrounding tissues" from the Latin carbunculus "angle". Max Fasmer derives the word "carbuncle" from the Latin carbunculus, meaning "burnt coal", from carbō, meaning "coal" (Фасмер 1967: 195). The Latin origin of this word is confirmed by the international dictionaries of words (see TŽZ 1936, 1951, 1969, 2005, 2007). There are no examples of the usage of the living language of LKŽ carbunculus. The term is commonly used in the medical field, but it also has a similar meaning in other languages. 1.2.3. 1862–1869: D. L. B. Smith. According to the LKŽ, medidicia (l. dymienica) "rose, votis" was added from Žygaičiai. However, in the "Great Polish-Russian Dictionary of Languages" the meaning of medittsa is different, cf. Polish dymienica, Russian бубоны (hessen, Stypuła 1967: 171), also cf. bubonas (Latin bubo) "inflammatory swelling of the lymph node (usually in the armpit and groin)" MedŽ 81. It would be difficult to say exactly what meaning L. Ivinski used for this loan, because the calendar only writes about how to treat medication. 1.2.4. From English: krupas ~ krupas 1846 25, 1850(1849) 35 “acute laryngitis causing difficulty breathing” from English croup, but the original source of the word is Scottish croup, meaning “to throat, wheezing” (see TJS 1936, 1951, 1969, 2005, 2007). In the case of the phrases in the English language, the verb is used in the same way as in the French language: on the face of the phrase. 1.2.5. From French: kokluszas ~ kokliušas 1857 40 (L. Iviński used the variant kokliśzius ~ koklišius 1857 40) "acute infectious disease manifested by attacks of spasmodic cough" (see TŻZ 1936, 1951, 1969, 2005, 2007) from the French word coqueluche. According to LKŽ, kokliušas is not used in the living language (examples of use from written sources – DŽ, NdŽ, rš, Blv), except for the variant koklišas, which is written from Smilgiai. Some sources interpret the origin of whooping cough differently, e.g. whooping cough, whooping cough "Keuchhusten" from Polish koklusz, the latter from French coqueluche (FrW I 280), e.g. whooping cough from French coqueluche, and this from German Keuchhusten "whooping cough" (Фасмер 1967: 282). Terminology | 2010 | 17 105 According to the LKŽ, the medical meanings of the words medidicia, koklišas and krupas are fixed in the spoken language, while dysentery, rheumatism and carbuncle are not used in the spoken language. A possible source of borrowing is Polish. In preparing the section on the treatment of human diseases, L. Ivinskis will undoubtedly have relied on scientific, probably Polish, medical literature, having familiarized himself with the works of Polish doctors5. This assumption would be confirmed by the fact that in the section next to the names of some diseases L. Iwinski gives in brackets the equivalents of other languages, usually Polish, e.g.: apypimas (syncope) ~ apypimas 1849 32, giałta (źółtaczka) ~ jautra 1862 9, płaukinis (włośnik) ~ plaukinis 1851 33, sausgila (artritis) ~ sausgila 1856 45, skaudulis (wrzód) ~ skaudulys 1850 46, twiga (zanogcica) ~ tviega 1851 33, 1856 44, wieźis (rak choroba) ~ vėžys 1856 45. It must be said that most of the borrowed words, except for meditchi, are still used in medical language today – dysentery, carbuncle, whooping cough, croup, rheumatism. In addition, it is important to note that most of the borrowed L. Ivins kio are presented with their Lithuanian equivalents, e.g.: dysentery and bloody widuriavimas, rheumatism and sausgila, cokluszas and cough great, croup and uźėmimas kakla. In the current language of medicine, unfortunately, only borrowed ones are most often used. 1.3. Hybrids In L. Ivinskio calendars, in the section „Gidimas ėmmoniun nuog nekuriun ligun“, only one hybrid is found – słabnumas ~ slabnumas 1850 45 from slabnas „having little physical strength“, which, according to the LKŽ, is used in the living language – examples of usage are given from Kvėdarna, Karsakiškis, Priekulė, Viešvėnai, Žemalė. 2. NOMINATION OF SINGLE-WORD DISEASES 2.1. Common words There are a few diseases that are named after common words, e.g. gen. sg. akmens6 ~ akmuo 1857 40 “a salt product that occurs in hollow organs or in the excretory ducts of glands”, drugis ~ 5 D. Petkevičiūtė noted in her monograph that L. Ivinskis received a large part of medical literature (mostly Warsaw publications) through Adam Zavadski from Vilnius. The surviving small lists of literature requested by L. Ivinskis show that he was familiar with the works of some physicians, for example, with the two-volume work in Polish by H. F. Paulickis, “Medicine for the people of the countryside” (Petkevičiūtė 1988: 133). In Chapter 6, the noun verb of this word is not found – only the adjective in the compound nuog akmens. 106 P. Zemlevičiūtė | Laurynas Ivinskis' calendar of monosyllabic disease names... drugys 1846 24, 1850(1849) 33, 1856 46, 1857 40, 1860 59, 1862 10 „tremor, chills during illness“, warpos ~ warpos 1846 25 „skin or mucous growths in the form of nodules or soft nipples“, lilisza ~ lieliša 1857 47 „colic on the side, usually due to fast walking, running“, twiga ~ tviega 1846 25, 1851 33, 1856 44 „wound on the back of the finger, swelling“, wieźis ~ vėžys 1856 45 „malignant tumor“. Separately mentioned are the names of diseases lilisza and twiga. They could also be considered Vedic. The name of the body part lielis7 means "calf" (see LKŽe). Ernst Frenkel associates twig with twig, "an intoxicating, usually unpleasant smell, odor, smell" from twig "to die" (FrW II 1153). According to the LKŽ, all the above mentioned words are used in living language with medical meanings. And a stone, a wart, a cancer are established current medical terms. 2.2. Derivatives The majority of disease names are derivatives8 (30 terms). The 22-point line (22 points). 2.2.1. Preludes. 2.2.1.1. The adverbs -im/-ym are derivative. The most abundant group consists of -imas derivatives (11 terms): apalpimas ~ apalpimas 1849 32, iszemetimas ~ išsimetimas 1861 33 „persleidimas“, niksteliejimas ~ nikstelėjimas 1850 46 / nikstereijimas ~ niksterėjimas 1850 46, 1857 47, nuosideginimas ~ nusideginimas 1856 45, nuositwilkimas ~ nusitvilkymas 1856 45, 1857 47, 1858 55, 1861 32, pasiudurimas ~ pasiudūrimas 1857 47, uėsigawimas ~ užsigavimas 1846 25. Even four terms were used by L. Ivinski in the meaning of "rabies": padukimas ~ triumph 1849 32, 1850(1849) 34, 1862 9, pagedimas ~ triumph 1849 32, 1850(1849) 34, paśiutimas ~ triumph 1849 32, 1850(1849) 34, paśzielimas ~ madness 1849 32, 1850(1849) 34. 2.2.1.2. Adverbs -ulys derived (3 terms): digulis ~ dygulys 1850 46 „dieglys“, kosulys ~ kosulys 1851 32, 1856 45, 1857 47, skaudulis ~ skaudulys 1846 25, 1850 46, 1861 32, 1862 9 „votis, piktvotė, skaudė, opa, puškas“. 2.2.1.3. Adverbs -inis Vedic (2 terms): płaukinis ~ plaukinis 1851 33, roll ~ roll 1846 25. 7 V. urbutis considers lielius to be Leticism, see lielis „klauzdikaulis, staibis, stibynas“ from Latvian liels (urbutis: 2009: 284). 8, which is based on the 1. Skardžius, V. Urbutis, S. Ambraz works, LKG, DLKG. Terminology | 2010 | 17 107 In L. Ivinski's 1851 calendar, the word "plainis" is used in the meaning of "worm that enters the leg or arm, causing great pain": "Ilindus tam kirminuj ing ranka arba koje daug nuokent par didi sopuli kurin jisaj padara, o ėmgogus negidomas ne iszlink giwu. Norent jin iszmilätté isz kuna, rejk deginté poppy leaves and stibus o isz pelenun made sharma, kuriumi iszpuł łajstité neswejka wieta uąddiejes on wirszaus mieęiu warpas. As he was doing so, the shark noticed the worm, wrapped around the warp, and ran off when he noticed the further movement, but the worm was still immobile. <...>“ 1851 33, scroll – with the meaning of „at the end of the finger, of the wing, of the fingertip“. The LKŽ noun plaukinis in the meaning of "worm" is not recorded, but the comparative name plaukinis "like hair": Plaukiniai kirminai rš. The word "roller" has no medical meaning in the LKŽ. There was only a single runner-up. 2.2.1.4. "About Us". ss.gov.sg. dedervenies9 ~ dedervinė 1877 40. E. Frenkel’s word dedervinė is derived from the Lithuanian dirti ‘to peel, tear, pierce’ (FrW I 85). 2.2.1.5. The adverbs -ėlė are derived: griźielė ~ griežėlė 1850 46 / griezielė ~ griežėlė 1850 46 „rankų sausgėla“ from griežti „suudi, gelti“ (according to the LKZ, grižėlė in this meaning is not recorded in the living language – D. Pošk, Kos). 2.2.1.6. The -uonis derivative of the adverb: łanduonis ~ landuonis 1851 33 "wort on the back of the finger (under the nail), aptaka, ėduonis". 2.2.1.7. Adverbs -tic derivatives: pritwirtiné ~ attached 1849 31 "constipation" / gen. sg. pritvirtinies ~ attached 1877 40. 2.2.1.8. The derivative of the adverb -menis: putmenes ~ putmenis 1860 59 "pabrinkimas in subcutaneous tissues with heart, kidney and other diseases, otherwise some swelling, suputimas". 2.2.1.9. The derivative of the adverb -umas: słabnumas ~ silnumas 1850 45 ‘weakness’. 2.2.2. Derivatives of extremities. There are four winglets. Three of these are derivatives of the -a ending: dziowa ~ dziowa 1857 39, giałta ~ jałta 1846 24, 1862 9, pażejda ~ pażeida 1846 25, 1861 32 / paźejda ~ pażeida 1857 47 "injuries, injuries, wounds", and one derivative of the -is ending: karsztis ~ karštis 1846 24 "high body temperature (during illness)". 2.2.3. Compound terms. Four compound terms were found, the second compound of which is a verb, and the first compound is a noun or an adjective. In Chapter 9, the noun verb of this word is not found – only the adjective in the compound nuog dedervenies. 108 P. Zemlevičiūtė | Laurynas Ivinskis calendar of single-word disease names... 2.2.3.1. Compound terms with noun and verb conjugations: kaułajedis ~ kaulaėdis 1850 46 "such a bone disease" or, in the words of L. Ivinskis, "ira taj liga kuré gadin kauła i rodose jog praded puté", źiemospirgis ~ žiemospirgis 1856 46 "shearped skin": "<...>. Gał tejpogi jemes rope iszkepté, atwiesines sutrajszkité ir twarstité ant źiemospirgia po tris źigius ant dienos apkejtant kitas, po pirmaj dietunju. <...>“. In the LCZ only the one illustrative sentence from the 1850 L. Ivinski calendar chapter on the treatment of human diseases is presented next to the word bone-eater. It is possible that this is his remake. 2.2.3.2. Compound terms with adjective and verb conjugation: sausgila ~ sausgila 1861 32 / sausgiła ~ sausgila 1856 45 "bone, joint pain, rheumatism", słabdrugis ~ slapdrugys 1861 32 "secret drugys (such a disease)". In summary, it can be said that, according to the LKŽ, the majority of the derivatives in spoken medical meanings are used in the living language, and fainting, deeverinė, dry, jautrumas, fever, cough, landuonis have become current medical terms. CONCLUSIONS 1. The section of L. Ivinskis’ calendars “Gidimas ėmmoniun nuog nekuriun ligun” is important in several respects. First, educational – it popularized knowledge of folk medicine and medical science, written about how people can treat themselves if they are ill. Secondly, in terms of terminology – most often L. Ivinskis used Lithuanian names of human diseases from the living language, sometimes he tried to define or explain some diseases, and in addition, besides some disease names, he also provided equivalents in other languages. 2. Most of the monosyllabic disease names are words of Lithuanian origin (35 terms). There are only six borrowed words (two from Greek and one from Latin, Polish, English and French) and one hybrid. Since, according to the LCZ, half of the borrowed examples of usage have not been detected in the living language, they are most likely borrowed by L. Iviński from Polish written medical sources. Most of the borrowed words in this section have Lithuanian equivalents. 3. Relatively few names of diseases followed by common words. Most disease names are derivatives (30 terms). There are 22 terms derived from suffixes, of which the most abundant group consists of -imas/-ymas derived from suffixes (11 terms). Next in abundance are the derivatives of the suffixes -ulys and -inis, other suffixes (-inė, -ėlė, -uonis, -tinė, -menis, -umas) are found only after Terminology | 2010 | 17 109 one derivative. Three -a derivatives and one -is derivative were found, as well as four compound terms, the second compound of which is a verb and the first is a noun or an adjective. It is assumed that the name of one of the bone diseases – puncture osteomyelitis – could be a novelty of L. Ivinski himself. 4. Single-word terms are relatively few, they make up a little more than a third of all disease names found in the section. Most of the mono-word terms (Lithuanian and borrowed) are still used in common language, and many of them have become medical terms. MAIN SOURCES The 1846 time scale is based on the 1846 time scale. Wilnui. 1846. Calendar or time skylights ukiszkas on time nuog uoggimima Wieszpaties 1849. Vilnius, 1849. Calendar or time skylights ukiszkas on time nuog użgimima Wieszpaties 1850. Vilnius, 1849. Calendar or time skylights ukiszkas on time nuog uoggimima Wieszpaties 1851. Vilnius, 1850. Calendar or time skylights on time nuog uźgimima Wieszpaties 1852. Vilnius, 1851. Calendar or time skyscraper ukiszkasis nuog uoggimima Wieszpaties 1856. Vilnius, 1856. Calendar or Metskajtlus ukiszkasis on time nuog użgimima Wieszpaties 1857. Vilnius, 1857. Calendar or Metskajtlus ukiszkasis nuog uaggimima Wieszpaties 1858. Vilnius, 1857. Calendar or Metskajtlus ukiszkasis nuog uaggimima Wieszpaties 1859. Vilnius, 1858. Calendar or Metskajtlus ukiszkasis nuog uaggimima Wieszpaties 1860. Vilnius, 1860. Calendar or Metskajtlus ukiszkasis nuog uaggimima Wieszpaties 1862. Vilnius, 1861. Calendar or Metskajtlus ukiszkasis nuog uźgimima Wieszpaties 1863. Vilnius, 1862. Calendar ukiszkasis on the time of the birth of the Lord 1878. St. Petersburg, 1877. ADDITIONAL SOURCES FrW: Lithuanian etymological dictionary by ernst Fraenkel, I–II, Heidelberg, Göttingen, 1955–1962. hessen D., Stypuła R. 1967: Polish–Russian Dictionary, Warsaw–Moscow. Dictionary of Lithuanian Language. – www.lkz.lt MedŽ 1980: Astrauskas V., Biziulevičius S., Pavilonis S., Vaitilavičius A., Vileišis A. Medical Terms Dictionary, Vilnius. ME 1991, 1993: Medicinos enciklopedija 1-2, Vilnius. 1936: International Dictionary of Languages. Compiled by K. Boruta, Pr. A. Sirutytė-Čepėnienė, Klaipėda. 1951: International Dictionary of Languages. Translated by O. Katinskaitė, ch. Lemchenas, J. Talmantas, Vilnius. 1969: International Dictionary of Languages. Translated by O. Doveikienė, J. Kabelka and ch. Lemchen, Vilnius. TŽŽ 2005: Dictionary of International Words, Vilnius. 2007: The International Dictionary of Languages, Vol. Фасмер М. 1967: Этимологическийсловарьрусскогоязыка 2, Москва. LITTERACY Ambrazas S. 1993: The development of noun construction: Lithuanian verb derivatives 1, Vilnius. Ambrazas S. 2000: The development of noun construction: substantive derivatives of Lithuanian language 2, Vilnius. DLKG 1996: Grammar of Contemporary Lithuanian Language, Vilnius. LKG 1965: Lithuanian Grammar 1, Vilnius. Petkevičiūtė D. 1988: Laurynas Ivinskis, Vilnius. Skardžius Pr. 1941: Lithuanian language word making, Vilnius. urbutis V. 2009: Ethnologue of the Baltic Languages, Vilnius urbutis V. 2009: Ethnologue of the Baltic Languages, Vilnius.