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doi.org/10.35321/term26-05
Coordinate relations in terms: terms with the conjunctions and (or), and (or)
ASTA MITKEVIČIENĖ
Institute of the Lithuanian Language
ABSTRACT
The article analyses one type of terms with coordinate constituents—terms with alternative conjunctions. The research material is drawn from the Term Bank of the Republic of Lithuania. The aim of the article is to identify the formal structural features of terms whose coordinate constituents are linked by the alternative conjunctions and (or / or), to examine the semantic relations between those constituents, and to discuss the terminological value of such terms.
The article analyses one type of terms with coordinate constituents, that is to say, terms with alternative conjunctions. The research material was taken from the Term Bank of the Republic of Lithuania. The article is aimed at determining the features of the formal structure of the terms with coordinate constituents joined by alternative conjunctions ir (ar/arba) “and/or”, the semantic relations between these constituents and discussing the terminological value of such terms.
Determining the boundaries of a term in discourse is one of the more complex questions in terminology. Terms in use are often combined into a single construction and become homogeneous sentence constituents, which leads to the omission of their constituents (ellipsis). This is a common feature of term usage. Béatrice Daille, a researcher of term variation, classifies the combination of independent terms in a text as lexical variation (see Daille 2017: 58–61). When searching for, identifying, and selecting terms, such usage poses difficulties, because it is necessary to decide whether a particular construction is one, two, or several terms. This is especially important in automatic term identification (see Bielinskienė et al. 2015: 60, 64). On the other hand, as can be seen from the Term Bank of the Republic of Lithuania, ter-
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terms bank (hereinafter the LR Terminų Bankas), standardized (established) terms may have constituents linked by a coordinate relation1. Thus, when such terms enter usage, they come to stand alongside coordinate constructions, which are a matter of textual usage rather than nomination.
This article discusses terms whose constituents are linked by a coordinate relation. Given the abundance of material, the discussion is limited to one, but representative and distinctive, type of such terms—terms with alternative conjunctions and (or) and and (and/or), which have not previously been studied. The research material was taken from the LR Terminų Bankas, where 199 terms of this type were found (only approved and recommended terms were counted, and the recurrence of terms was taken into account).
What distinguishes terms with alternative coordinate conjunctions—additive (and) and disjunctive (or, or else)—is that the constituents joined by these conjunctions denote concepts or things that may be present either together (logical conjunction) or separately (disjunction), e.g., fruit and (or) berry freezer, cf. aviation warning and control system (conjunction), kavakos powder with flour or starch (disjunction)2.
The sources of terms with alternative conjunctions and (or), and (and/or) included in the LR Terminų Bankas are various legal acts (from such major fields represented in the bank as environment, economy, energy, finance, communications, culture, gambling and lotteries, standardization and metrology, health, education and science, transport, public safety, agriculture, fisheries and food) and, for only four terms, terminological dictionaries (metrology, telecommunications) or translated standards (building ventilation, gas cylinders). This indicates that this kind of term expression is more characteristic of administrative than scientific terminological resources. Of course, this cannot be asserted categorically—more terminological sources need to be reviewed3.
The aim of this article is to determine the formal structural features of terms whose coordinate constituents are linked by the alternative conjunctions and (or/and-or), to identify the semantic relations between those constituents, and to discuss the terminological value of such terms.
1 As early as 1968, K. Gaivenis identified the term pattern “coordinate noun phrase (modifier) + noun (head)” as a fairly productive grammatical configuration for three-word terms (see Gaivenis 2014: 43–44).
2 Unless otherwise indicated, the term examples presented in the article are taken from the LR Terminų Bankas. No distinction is made between terms and nomenclatural names.
3 A substantial number of terms with the conjunctions and (or), and (and/or) were expected to be found in the EU terminology database IATE (searches were also attempted with these conjunctions separated by a slash), but this assumption was not borne out—only one term (not even a term, but the name of a convention) with and (or) and 9 with and (and/or) were found. Among the latter nine were abbreviations and a protocol title linked in this way.
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TERM STRUCTURE
Alternative conjunctions are used mostly to join subordinate term components (a), and much less often principal components (b), e.g.:
a) (1) betting and/or totalisator intermediary, (2) diving and/or diving-jump pool, (3) commemoration of a burial and/or discovery of remains;
b) (4) recreational structures and/or facilities, (5) plants and/or plant products infested with harmful organisms.
The minimum possible length of terms of the first type (a) is three (three-word terms), or five components if function words are also counted. For the second type (b), the corresponding figures are two and four components4. A dozen or so first-type (a) terms of this length were found in the LR Term Bank (and these same terms form several groups of semantically related terms, differing only in the principal components5, e.g.: transportation of a weapon and/or ammunition, storage of a weapon and/or ammunition, carrying of a weapon and/or ammunition), whereas no terms of the second type (b) were found at all.
The examples provided in (b) show that term components linked by coordination share a common dependent component. In the research material, all principal term components joined by alternative conjunctions have such a component6. It may be hypothesized that this shared part, e.g., public [drinking water supply and/or wastewater management], is necessary for forming a term with a coordinate relation.
Alternative conjunctions join not only individual words but also a word and a phrase (examples 2–3), or phrases, e.g., prevention of money laundering and/or terrorist financing. In the latter example, the components linked by conjunctions can be regarded as independent complex terms—money laundering and terrorist financing—which are also included in the LR Term Bank. Since only approved or proposed terms are examined here (the principles of precision and clarity were followed in standardizing the terms), the structure of the term and the meanings of its individual components generally make it easy to understand which component is linked to which by coordination-
4 Given the subject of the article, it seems appropriate to indicate the number of words making up each of the two terms (for a fuller discussion of how the components of complex terms are counted differently, see Umbrasas 2013: 113).
5 In the research material, there are almost three times fewer distinct coordinated components than terms themselves—69.
6 Subordinate term components linked by coordination, of course, always have at least one component in common—the principal component of the term.
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belongs to the modifying constituent. For example, certificate of quality for precious metals and/or gemstones is a coordinate compound term precious metals and the one-word term gemstones (not *precious gemstones, although it would be grammatically possible to reconstruct it that way).
The longest term of this structure consists of 14 constituents, or 16 words: the qualifying holding of share capital and/or voting rights of the management company of a collective investment undertaking intended for informed investors. There are also plenty of somewhat shorter terms. Thus, 30 terms have 10 or more constituents, while 57 terms consist of 10 or more words. According to a 2013 study by Alvydas Umbrasas, the longest approved term in the Term Bank of the Republic of Lithuania consists of 18 words (see Umbrasas 2013: 113).
In most cases, nouns or noun phrases are linked by alternative conjunctions; much less frequently, adjectives, e.g., designer of low- and/or medium-pressure gas pipelines; verbs, e.g., support for preparing and/or updating a local development strategy; or participles, e.g., an area of forest being planted and/or regenerating; an adjective and a noun phrase, e.g., certification of organic and/or high-quality agricultural and food products.
Term constituents linked by alternative conjunctions are attached either to the head constituent of the term (a) or to a dependent one (b), e.g.:
a) grain purchasing and/or processing company;
b) company importing petroleum products and/or oil.
That constituent can sometimes be identified only from the term’s definition, e.g., coastal and/or inland waters fishing vessel “a boat or other watercraft intended for coastal and/or inland waters fishing, no longer than 12 metres”. On the other hand, definitions may place the emphasis elsewhere as well.
If the word to which coordinate term constituents are attached has several dependent constituents, those coordinate constituents are more likely attached not to the word itself but to the phrase containing it, especially if that phrase is a term; cf. capital dredging of a sea and/or seaport basin.
The Term Bank of the Republic of Lithuania even contains terms with two alternative conjunctions and/or: a) permit to temporarily import and/or distribute, and/or use a veterinary medicinal product not registered in the Republic of Lithuania; b) tobacco products and
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(or) the promotion of the acquisition and (or) consumption of related products. But even these two examples clearly reveal different term patterns: either the repeated conjunctions join three coordinate term constituents (an open coordinate relation) (a), or one pair of alternative conjunctions joins two constituents and the other joins two further constituents (so the conjunctions are not repeated), with one pair of constituents grammatically subordinate to the other (b). In very general and provisional terms, the relation between the coordinate constituents of terms can be represented as follows:
a) A and (or) B and (or) C
b) C and (or) D → A and (or) B
The closed coordinate-relation pattern A, B and (or) C can be regarded as a variant of the first (a)—enumerative—pattern, e.g., control of tobacco, tobacco products and (or) related products. Alternative conjunctions join only two items in a multi-item enumeration, e.g., the handling of information, data, documents and (or) copies thereof – A, B, [C and (or) D].
A pattern close to the second model of coordinate constituents (b) is C and (or) D → A and B, e.g., tear-gas and (or) smoke grenades and ammunition, as well as C, D → A and (or) B, e.g., an innovation in a fishery product, an aquaculture product and (or) a service; a somewhat more distant pattern is C and D →... → A and (or) B, e.g., the recipient of documents and (or) messages sent through the National Electronic Document and Message Delivery System.
VARIANTS
The research material yielded two head terms that differ only in the distinguishing conjunctions and are variants of a single term: a green-space development and (or) management project / a green-space development and (or) management project.
A comparison of terms showed that their constituents sometimes vary: a) the conjunctions differ: fruit and (or) berries / fruit and (or) berries; b) the order of coordinate constituents differs: oil and (or) petroleum products / petroleum products and (or) oil7. The first is purely linguistic variation, whereas the second depends on extralinguistic factors—the concept denoted by the terms and the logical sequence.
In the Republic of Lithuania Term Bank, articles for some terms of the type under study also give a short form, which most often no longer contains alternative conjunctions. The short forms show that constituents with alternative conjunctions are replaced:
7 Differences in the grammatical forms of constituents are not taken into account here, since they are determined by the principal constituent of the phrase.
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a) a broader term which, apparently, is considered sufficient by the authors of the terminology entries in their term system or in a particular document, e.g., payback period instead of payback period for investments by an operator of natural gas transmission and/or distribution systems. In terminology, this relationship between a term and its short form is sometimes called hyperonymic variation and considered a contextual phenomenon;
b) an abbreviation, e.g., R&D service provider instead of research and/or experimental development service provider. The abbreviation no longer reflects the alternative.
SEMANTIC RELATIONS BETWEEN COORDINATE CONSTITUENTS
The ISO 1087-1: 2000 and 704:2009 standards distinguish two broadest groups of concept relations: 1) hierarchical relations (generic and partonomic) and 2) associative relations. The typology of the Scandinavian terminologist Anita Nuopponen, who developed the classification of concept relations, identifies two broadest categories of relations—generic (logical)8 and ontological relations (Nuopponen 2014). Ontological relations encompass both partonomic and associative relations. The description of relations between coordinate constituents of terms draws primarily on the works of A. Nuopponen (2011, 2014); however, since the article examines language units rather than concepts themselves, linguistic terms hyperonym, hyponym, co-hyponym, and so on, are used wherever possible, rather than the corresponding terminology of logic.
Words or phrases occurring as term constituents joined by alternative conjunctions are usually semantically equivalent (as the coordinate relation itself suggests), or at least perceived as such. Thus, the coordinate constituents of terms such as suspension instilled into the trachea and/or bronchi, betting and/or totalisator outlet, customer of low- and/or medium-pressure gas pipelines may be considered co-hyponyms. Less often, such coordinate constituents are generic9, i.e. their co-hyponymic relations are explicit, e.g.: mixture of fertilizers and/or fertilizing products, forest area being planted and/or regenerating.
8 Co-hyponymic relations are also classified as generic relations. At the language level, the generic relations between concepts correspond to hyperonymic/hyponymic relations between terms.
9 Evalda Jakaitienė (2010) identifies derivational (word-formation) relations as one of the types of systematic relations between words.
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According to Agnė Bielinskienė’s research data, 73 per cent of coordinate collocations with the conjunction and have co-hyponymic relations between their constituents (Bielinskienė 2010: 98). They are considered co-hyponyms because they share a hyperonym, while the hierarchical level apparently is not taken into account (cf. Jakaitienė 2010: 115). In terminology, co-hyponyms are traditionally understood as terms at the same level. It is not always possible to say precisely whether, in conceptual systems, equivalent words or word combinations functioning as coordinate constituents belong to the same level of the system and the same conceptual classification; to determine this, one needs to see where the concepts named by the terms under study and their constituents are located in the conceptual systems. The research material clearly shows that coordinate constituents also name things that are not based on the same principle (do not belong to the same classification), e.g.: coastal and/or inland waters fishing vessel (cf. marine fishing), capital costs of regulated services and/or products (cf. classification of goods and services10). A. Nuopponen distinguishes, among generic relations, the generic diagonal relation (Nuopponen 2014: 7), otherwise termed indirect generic coordination (Nuopponen 2011: 7). This relation connects terms at different levels of abstraction that belong to the same system. Thus, such term constituents would be a kind of indirect co-hyponyms.
The research material shows that terms are also formed by combining semantically non-equivalent constituents, which designate concepts of different semantic scope. One such term is tax and/or social contribution liability. Under the Law on Tax Administration of the Republic of Lithuania, taxes also include, for example, state social insurance contributions11; accordingly, in this context the relation between the coordinate constituents is closer to a hyponymic than a co-hyponymic one.
An interesting relation links the words functioning as coordinate constituents of the term potato and/or vegetable storage farm. The term potatoes is a hyponym of the term vegetables, but here it is either a) singled out from among the other hyponyms and equated with a hyperonym (most likely because of differing legal regulation), or b) the hyperonym vegetables stands for the co-hyponyms of the term potatoes—*other vegetables. Thus, the constituents are linked by either a hyperonymic or a co-hyponymic relation. Comparing the terms listed in the Term Bank of the Republic of Lithuania
10 Available online: https://vpb.lrv.lt/lt/veiklos-sritys/prekiu-zenklai/prekiu-ir-paslaugu-klasifikacija.
11 “A state social insurance contribution more closely resembles the characteristics of a state tax or subsidy than those of an insurance contribution” (VŽ dictionary).
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The definition of vegetable storage and potato storage (the terms themselves are marked as related) does not become any clearer—the question of whether potatoes are stored in a vegetable storage facility remains unanswered.
The constituents of the coordinate term creditor’s claims secured by a pledge and (or) mortgage could be interpreted similarly; cf. mortgage, “a pledge of immovable property guaranteeing the performance of a debt obligation, where the pledged property is not transferred to the creditor” (VLEe). However, an examination of the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania reveals no subordination: mortgage is “a real right in another person’s immovable property that secures the performance of an existing or future pecuniary obligation, where the pledged property is not transferred to the creditor” (CC, Art. 4.170), whereas pledge is “a real right in another person’s movable property and property rights that secures the performance of an existing or future pecuniary obligation” (CC, Art. 4.198).
A logical sequence in time can be discerned between some coordinate constituents, allowing phase relations to be identified, for example: grain purchasing and (or) processing enterprise, group of insurance and (or) reinsurance undertakings. On the other hand, the latter example may also be seen as involving a hyperonymic relation, if reinsurance is regarded as a type of insurance. The term reinsurance is not included in the Term Bank of the Republic of Lithuania, but in the IATE database reinsurance is defined as a type of insurance. The VLEe article “Reinsurance” states that in many Western European countries reinsurance is an independent branch of insurance.
Partonymic (whole–part) relations can be discerned between the coordinate constituents a body of water and (or) its water (e.g., use of a body of water and (or) its water), green spaces and (or) plantings (e.g., manager of green spaces and (or) plantings).
Several other more prominent types of ontological relations between constituents are:
• relations of origin (raw material and product12): facilities for oil and (or) petroleum products;
• locative relations (object and location): condition of a nuclear energy facility and (or) its site (cf. site of a nuclear energy facility);
• relations of reinforcement (accessory) (object and adjunct): possession of a weapon and (or) ammunition;
12 A. Nuopponen distinguishes this type of relation as a separate category alongside partonymic relations (see Nuopponen 2011: 8; 2014: 7).
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representation relations (object and representative): a specialist providing assistance to a child and (or) their representatives;
hierarchical relations: an entity controlled by the state and (or) municipality.
The semantic relationship between words or phrases serving as coordinate term constituents sometimes seems more remote. As an example, consider the term commemoration of a burial and (or) the place where remains were found. If we compare only the constituents burial and finding of remains semantically, they will appear quite distant, although they are thematically related. If the omitted constituent is restored and the phrases burial place and place where remains were found are then compared, an equivalence relation can be discerned between them.
ALTERNATIVE COORDINATION
Most terms in the LR Term Bank that contain alternative conjunctions are noun phrases or nominal constructions13, with the exception of to be administered into the trachea and (or) bronchi, although not all terminologists would recognize such a construction as a term.
There is no consensus in Lithuanian linguistics on coordinate constructions: some studies distinguish them, while others do not consider word forms linked by coordination to be constructions (for a brief overview, see Holvoet 2003: 177; for a fuller discussion, see Bielinskienė 2010: 16–19). If we adopted the latter position, the question would arise as to what syntactic construction terms whose main constituents are linked by coordination should be considered.
In formal, semantic and pragmatic terms, terms containing alternative conjunctions appear to be constructions of complex terms (cf. Fig. 1), e.g.:
possession of a weapon and (or) ammunition “p o s s e s s i o n o f a w e a p o n a n d (o r) a m m u n i t i o n, carrying, storage, use”
↑
possession of a weapon and ammunition14
possession of a weapon or ammunition ← possession of a weapon vs. possession of ammunition
13 In Lithuanian terminology, complex terms are traditionally defined as word combinations, while the concept of chains of word combinations is generally not used (cf. Labutis 1976: 60; 2002: 51). In Gintautas Akelaitis’s view, “not all multiword units, especially multiword terms, can be regarded as combinations” (Akelaitis 2008: 6); unfortunately, this claim is not developed further.
14 Here and below, terms are segmented into structurally and semantically possible terms, which are not necessarily actually used or attested.
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Fig. 1. Examples of concordance lines for alternative conjunctions and (or) from the texts of the Government Documents Corpus15, processed using the AntConc 3.5.816 program
However, not all terms of the type under study can be mechanically divided into two or more terms (simply by restoring an elliptical constituent), e.g., import of tobacco products and (or) related products – the construction import of related products is merely a contextual synonym of the term; cf. product related to tobacco products (“an electronic cigarette, an electronic cigarette refill container, as well as a smoking herbal product” LRTB)17. The same applies to terms in which, to avoid repetition, an earlier constituent or constituents are replaced by a substitute, e.g., a specialist providing assistance to a child and (or) their representatives.
15Monolingual documents from the Government of Lithuania (Processed). Available at: https://elrc-share.eu/repository/browse/monolingual-documents-from-the-government-of-lithuania-processed/67722f086d1b1 1e7b7d400155d0267067b5925f129fb487f8e3a6693eb0274c1/.
16 Anthony L. 2019: AntConc (Version 3.5.8) [Computer Software], Tokyo: Waseda University. Available at: https://www.laurenceanthony.net/software.
17 In the concepts section of the Law, which is the source of the terms in question, the abbreviation (hereinafter “related product”) is introduced after the term product related to tobacco products and before its definition. Consequently, terms appearing lower down in alphabetical order are formed using this short form; cf. advertising of tobacco products and (or) related products and its subtype term hidden advertising of tobacco products and (or) products related to tobacco products, which is defined before the abbreviation is introduced.
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Terms should be discussed separately according to whether the coordinate relation links the main constituents of a term or its subordinate constituents. When the main constituents are joined by alternative conjunctions, terms of this type are generally defined by means of those main constituents or by paraphrasing them; cf. public drinking water supply and (or) wastewater management: “the provision of drinking water supply and (or) wastewater management services in the public drinking water supply area and (or) in the public drinking water supply and wastewater management region”; alternatively, the definition is enumerative: recreational structures and (or) facilities “observation towers, observation platforms (viewpoints) with equipment (a platform, binoculars, etc.), structures and facilities in recreation (play) areas, town and city squares, parks, gardens and other green spaces, and on beaches.” The definition of the first term supports the idea that the term is simply a designation for joined concepts and, accordingly, a construction of compound terms. The second definition suggests that it may not always be possible to distinguish recreational structures from recreational facilities, which may also have led to their coordinate joining (and) within the term itself.
The following discusses in somewhat greater detail several terms whose subordinate constituents are joined by alternative conjunctions.
The coordinate constituents of the term suspension for instillation into the trachea and (or) bronchi “a liquid aqueous suspension preparation intended for instillation into the trachea and (or) bronchi” denote a location. Like other terms, this term can be broken down:
Since the preparation is intended for instillation into both the trachea and the bronchi, it may be assumed that suspension for instillation into the trachea = suspension for instillation into the bronchi = suspension for instillation into the trachea or bronchi = suspension for instillation into the trachea and bronchi. The latter term does not explicitly indicate that instillation into only one of these organs is possible (this is stated in the definition), so suspension for instillation into the trachea and (or) bronchi appears to be a more precise term. In addition,
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there is no such word or word combination that could precisely replace the coordinate construction and avoid coordination, cf. English endotracheopulmonary instillation, suspension, German Suspension zur endotracheopulmonalen Instillation, French suspension pour instillation endotrachéobronchique.
An example of a term whose coordinated source constituents characterize its head constituent in terms of purpose is diving and/or springboard diving pool, “a pool measuring 18–20 × 14–21 m and 3.5–5.5 m deep, equipped with a fixed tower and springboard(s) for diving.” The definition states only the pool’s dimensions and its main equipment, which also indicate its purpose—diving. Purpose is merely a secondary feature. If we consult the Dictionary of Sports Terms (2002; see LRTB), we find that diving pool is defined in almost the same way. Thus, the same diving pool is suitable for use for diving, so the first constituent of the term and the coordinate relation itself seem redundant. The influence of translation is quite evident here: the English equivalent of both nardymo and šuolių į vandenį is the same—diving.
The coordinate constituents of the term fruit and/or berry wine18 are linked to the head constituent by a generalized material meaning. This term is defined as “a drink obtained by fermentation solely from wholly or partially crushed or uncrushed fresh fruit and/or berries (excluding grapes), or fresh fruit and/or berry (excluding grapes) juice, or juice obtained by diluting fruit and berry (excluding grape) concentrate, with or without the addition of water, sugars and/or their syrups, honey, ethyl alcohol, and permitted food additives.” In food production and trade, it is not a hyponym of the term wine, but rather its co-hyponym (the term’s structure and non-terminological meaning (see LKŽe, DŽ₆) suggest the opposite): the term wine may designate only “an alcoholic drink obtained by fermenting grape juice” (definition from VLEe).
As a name for a beverage category, the term fruit and/or berry wine encompasses the terms fruit wine, berry wine, fruit and berry wine19. Consequently, the term with the alternative conjunctions and/or, as a term with a broader extension, can replace in context both the two-word terms mentioned and the term with the conjunction and. However, for example, the term fruit wine more likely—
18 In usage, as a Google search shows, the variant fruit-berry wine is in use.
19 The Technical Regulation on the Description, Production and Marketing of Fruit and/or Berry Wine, Fruit and/or Berry Drinks, and Cocktails states: “Fruit and/or berry wine made from one type of fruit and/or berry may be called by the name of that berry or fruit followed by the word wine (apple wine, cherry wine, etc.). Wine made from a mixture of fruits and/or berries (fruit and berry?—author’s note) is called fruit and berry wine. Wine made from a mixture of fruits may be called fruit wine, and wine made from a mixture of berries may be called berry wine.”
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would hardly be defined through the term fruit and/or berry wine (fruit wine—fruit and/or berry wine,...) because of the distinctiveness of its formal structure and the concept it denotes, although fruit wine does belong to the category of fruit and/or berry wine.
CONCLUSIONS
Alternative coordinate (additive and disjunctive) conjunctions more often join subordinate than head constituents of terms, and the latter constituents linked in this way always share a common dependent constituent. As expected, the coordinated constituents are predominantly co-hyponyms in relation to one another, but some have hierarchical, hyperonymic relations, or relations closely resembling these, as well as partonymic or other ontological (associative) relations. Thus, the words or word combinations joined are not necessarily semantically equivalent.
Formally, terms with alternative coordinate conjunctions do not differ from terms simply coordinated in discourse. Most terms can be segmented into potential or actual terms.
The emergence of terms whose constituents are joined by alternative conjunctions should be explained by extralinguistic factors (legal regulation of concepts, classificatory aims) and linguistic factors (equivalents in other languages, detailed explicit motivation).
Terms with coordinate constituents, especially those with alternative conjunctions, broaden the concept of the complex term, traditionally regarded as a phrase.
PRIMARY SOURCE
LRTB – Terminology Bank of the Republic of Lithuania. Available online: http://terminai.vlkk.lt/pls/tb/tb.search [accessed 2019-04-18].
LITERATŪRA
Akelaitis G. 2008: Sudėtinių administracinių terminų struktūriniai modeliai. – Specialybės kalba: terminija ir studijos. Mokslinių straipsnių rinkinys, Vilnius: Mykolo Romerio universiteto Leidybos centras, 5–12.
Bielinskienė A. et al. 2015: Bielinskienė A., Boizou L., Grigon y tė G., Kovalevskaitė J., Rimkutė E., Utka A. Lietuvių kalbos terminų automatinis atpažinimas ir apibrėžimas. Monografija, Kaunas: Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas. Prieiga per internetą: https://www.vdu.lt/cris/bitstream/20.500.12259/92/3/IS-BN9786094671487.pdf.
Bielinskienė A. 2010: Sujungiamojo ryšio semantika, pragmatika ir vartosenos ypatumai. Daktaro disertacija, Kaunas. Prieiga per internetą: https://vb.vdu.lt/object/elaba:1735947/1735947.pdf.
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Daille B. 2017: Term Variation in Specialised Corpora: Characterisation, automatic discovery and applications, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
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Del Vaisių ir uogų vyno taisyklių patvirtinimo. Prieiga per internetą: https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/TAIS.135527/asr.
DŽ₆ – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Vyr. red. St. Keinys, 6-asis (3-iasis e. variantas) patais. ir papild. leid., Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas (e. leidimas), 2006.
Gaivenis K. 2014: Rinktiniai raštai. Sudarė J. Gaivenytė-Butler, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.
Holvoet A. et al. 2003: Holvoet A., Judžentis A. Sujungiamojo ryšio aprašymo pagrindai. – Lietuvių kalbos gramatikos darbai 1. Sintaksinių ryšių tyrimai, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 173–198.
IATE – Prieiga per internetą: https://iate.europa.eu/home [žiūrėta 2019-05-18].
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TERMS WITH CONJUNCTIONS IR (AR), IR (ARBA) “AND (OR)”
S u m m a r y
The article analyses the Lithuanian terms, the constituents of which are joined by alternative conjunctions ir (ar/arba) “and/or”. The research material was taken from the National Term Bank of Lithuania (the Term Bank of the Republic of Lithuania), which had 199 terms of this type. The article is aimed at determining the features of the formal structure of the terms with coordinate constituents joined by alternative conjunctions ir (ar/arba), the semantic relations between these constituents and discussing the terminological value of such terms.
Alternative coordinating (copulative and disjunctive) conjunctions are more likely to join subordinate term constituents than the main ones, and the latter always have a common dependent constituent. The coordinate constituents, according to their semantic relations, are predominantly co-hyponyms, however, some have hierarchical hyperonymic or quite close to it, as well as, partonymic or other ontological (associative) semantic relations. Consequently, coordinate words or phrases are not necessarily semantically equivalent.
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Formally, terms with alternative coordinating conjunctions do not differ from terms simply connected in discourse. Most terms can be divided into possible or real terms. Hence, when such terms are included in texts, they are used together with coordinate constructions that are rather the subject of textual usage than of nomination.
The emergence of terms with constituents joined by alternative conjunctions should be interpreted by extralinguistic (legal regulation of concepts, classification purposes) and linguistic (equivalents in other languages, detailed explicit motivation) factors.
Terms with coordinate constituents, especially with alternative conjunctions, broaden the concept of a complex term traditionally considered as a phrase in Lithuanian terminology.
