ALBINA AUKSORIŪTĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

ORCID id: orcid.org/0000-0003-2099-3735

RESEARCH AREAS: history of Lithuanian terminology, terminology of the natural sciences, terminography, terminology resources.

DOI: doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2023.96.09

TERMINOLOGIZATION OF COMMON WORDS IN JURGis AMBRAZIEJUS PABRĖŽA’S TAISLIUS AUGYMINIS

KEYWORDS: Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža, plant genus names, terminologization, motivation, metaphorical terms.

ABSTRACT

The article examines the names of flowering plant genera presented in Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža’s 1843 work Taislius augyminis, which he created by terminologizing common words from the spoken language of the time. The semantic motivation of plant genus names is analyzed, and the plant genus names presented by J. A. Pabrėža are compared with those found in Povilas Matulionis’s Žolynas, Lietuviškas botanikos žodynas, Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Botanikos vardų žodynas; the article indicates which of the names presented in J. A. Pabrėža’s work have become established in current usage.

ABSTRACT

The article deals with the names of the genera of flowering plants given by Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža in his 1843 work Taislius augyminis (“The System of Plants”), which Pabrėža coined by way of terminologisation of colloquial words of that time. The article contains analysis of the semantic motivation behind the names of the genera of plants, in which the names for plant genera he had created are compared with the names in Povilas Matulionis’s Žolynas (“Names of plants”), Lietuviškas botanikos žodynas (“A Lithuanian Dictionary of Botany”), Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (“A Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language”), and Botanikos vardų žodynas (“A Dictionary of Plant Names”); also, it lists the names of plant genera in Pabrėža’s work that have taken root in current usage.

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INTRODUCTION

Jurgis Ambraziejėjus Pabrėža (1771–1849) yra žinomas kaip vienas iš XIX a. pirmosios pusės produktyviausių žemaičių autorių, palikusių didžiulį rankraštinį palikimą. Iš jo minėtini pamokslai, botanikos, medicinos, geografijos darbai. „Šiandien J. Pabrėža, įvertinus jo iškilų gyvenimą ir veiklą, pristatomas kaip įžvalgus gamtamokslininkas (botanikas, botanikos pradininkas, geografas, pirmojo lietuviško geografijos vadovėlio autorius), jautrus gydytojas (liaudies medicinos propaguotojas), išmintingas švietėjas (mokytojas, mokslininkas, menininkas, bibliofilas, poetas) ir tik galiausiai, nors tai yra pirmiausiai, kaip nuoširdus dvasininkas (kunigas, pranciškonas tretininkas, pamokslininkas, oratorius)“ (Ožel(is) 2020: 10).

While J. A. Pabrėža was alive, not a single one of his works was published; only in 1900, at the initiative of the priest Antanas Milukas, editor of the Lithuanian-language newspaper Dirva, was part of J. A. Pabrėža’s largest manuscript, entitled Botanika arba Taislius auguminis, printed. Several of his works were prepared and published in the 21st century by the linguist Dr. Rita Šepetytė: Taislius auguminis (vol. I, 2009; vol. II, 2014; vol. III, 2015), Jurgio Ambraziejaus Pabrėžos „Geografija“ (2019), and Pamokslai įvairingose materijose, sakyti Ambroziejaus Pabrėžos (2020).

J. A. Pabrėža’s contributions to Lithuanian botanical science were particularly significant: he was the first to describe Samogitian plants in his native language, the first author of botanical terminology dictionaries (for further discussion, see Dagys 1972: 15–25), and the first to present principles for creating plant names in an article written in Polish, Uwagi tyczącesię ułożenia doskonałey Flory Żmudzkiey. Miłosnikom Flory Żmudzkiey i znawcom języka żmudzkiego, poświęcone (Notes on the composition of a perfect flora of Samogitia, dedicated to lovers of the flora of Samogitia and experts in the Samogitian language, 1834). The article was published in the journal Kosmos in 1922–1923 by Jurgis Elisonas, who had discovered it in 1921 among J. A. Pabrėža’s manuscripts in the library of the Kretinga monastery. In the article, J. A. Pabrėža explains how genus names should be created so that they accord with the spirit of the Samogitian language: 1) a name should indicate the characteristic features of the species in a genus; 2) a name may be a calque of the Latin taxonomic term; 3) a Latin taxonomic genus name may be adapted so that its ending and sound accord with the spirit of the Samogitian language; 4) a name may be formed from the root of a characteristic word and the suffix –iškės (Elisonas 1923: 291). It is worth emphasizing the important principles for creating plant names highlighted by J. A. Pabrėža in the article: he regards colloquial speech as the primary source of plant names, and, knowing that the same plant may be called different things in different places, proposes choosing what in modern terminology would be called a motivated name—that is, assigning the plant the name that reveals its most salient

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features. J. A. Pabrėža repeatedly stresses that a name should indicate a plant’s characteristic features. He suggests a calque of the Latin name as one possible option, but it should be noted that today it is sometimes difficult to determine whether a plant name is a calque or a Lithuanian formation, since most Latin names are motivated in Latin and reflect the characteristic features of the plant.

In 1843, J. A. Pabrėža completed his most important scholarly work, Tayslós augumyynis kóremy taalpynas augimys ligsziot raastosys teyp muusosys kayp nekórios swetszaalys só prijungymó abladny prajoowa weykala yr sór aaśźima waarduu paprastuuju teyp žemaytyszku, kaypo pruuszyszku, łaatwyszku, yr waarduu tayslyyniu žemaytyszku só lotiinyzskays. Par kónyga Ambroziejó Paabrezá bówósiy kozndyiy yr mookitojii Kretingos moksllynićžioy, tercyorió Z. Sz. T. Prączyszkaus yszdóuts meetusy 1843 (~ Taislius augyminis, which contains plants found to date both in our lands and in some foreign countries, together with a detailed description of the work and a list of their common names, both Samogitian and Prussian and Latvian, and of the taxonomic names in Samogitian with their Latin equivalents. By the priest Ambrozijus Pabrėža, formerly a preacher and teacher at the Kretinga school, a tertiary of St. Francis; issued in 1843). Hereafter, this work will be referred to in abbreviated form as Taislius augyminis¹. “J. A. Pabrėža worked on the manuscript itself, which comprises 1,042 pages (LXII pages of preface and 980 pages of text), for about eight years (1835–1843)” (Subačius 2009: 10). The title of the work itself makes clear that it presents a system of plants encompassing not only plants growing in our lands but also some foreign ones, and gives their Samogitian, Latin, Prussian, and Latvian names.

As botanist Jonas Dagys observes, botanical “terminology consists of two parts: morphological and taxonomic. The first is needed to describe plants, the second to name them. Botanical writing begins with morphology. J. A. Pabrėža did the same: the introductory part of his Taisliaus is plant morphology, or organography” (Dagys 1972: 16).

The second part of the 980-page manuscript is devoted to plant taxonomy; it describes 643 genera of flowering plants and 158 genera of spore-bearing plants and fungi. The names of the flowering-plant genera presented in Taisliuje augyminiame were examined by Robertas Gedrimas. He analyzed in considerable detail the work’s compound and prefixal names for flowering-plant genera (Gedrimas 2004: 182–196; 2005: 81–92).

¹ Rankraščio pavadinime, kuris užrašytas ne J. A. Pabrėžos ranka (Šepetytė 2009: 7), įsivėlė klaida, ją pirmas pastebėjo Giedrius Subačius. Biudvaržio augyminis pamatinis žodis yra J. A. Pabrėžos vartota augymė. Apie J. A. Pabrėžos kalbą ir rašybą plačiau žr. G. Subačiaus (1996: 10–113; 2009: 9–28) straipsnius.

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J. A. Pabrėža divided flowering plants into 23 groups (classes), and in the 24th group he described flowerless plants, i.e. spore-bearing plants and fungi.

J. A. Pabrėža relied on three main methods of term formation: 1) terminologization, 2) coinage of neologisms, 3) borrowing from other languages. More than 28 percent of all flowering-plant genus names are terminologized ordinary words from the spoken language of the time and plant names used in everyday speech. The main method J. A. Pabrėža used to create plant names was the coinage of neologisms (see Gedrimas 2004: 185). This article examines those flowering-plant genus names in Taislius augyminis that J. A. Pabrėža created by terminologizing ordinary spoken-language words, i.e. words from his dialect. Very few plant genus names were created in this way in Taisliuje augyminiame; the article analyzes only 20 genus names. Most of J. A. Pabrėža’s terminologized genus names are folk plant names used in spoken language, which are not the subject of this article. No separate study of J. A. Pabrėža’s plant names created through terminologization has been conducted to date; the novelty of this article, therefore, lies in examining the plant names J. A. Pabrėža created by terminologizing ordinary words. It should be mentioned that only R. Gedrimas, in analyzing the terminology in J. A. Pabrėža’s geography textbooks, discussed the terminologization of ordinary words to designate various geographical concepts (Gedrimas 2003: 121–126).

The aim of this article is to identify which flowering-plant genus names J. A. Pabrėža created by terminologizing ordinary words from the spoken language of the time. To achieve this aim, the following tasks are set: to clarify the motivation of the plant genus names under examination; to compare the plant genus names analyzed with the names given in Povilas Matulionis’s Žolynas, Lietuviškas botanikos žodynas, Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Botanikos vardų žodynas; and to determine which names presented in J. A. Pabrėža’s work, and in what form, have become established in current usage. The plant names are examined using descriptive, comparative, and semantic-analysis methods.

1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

The international standard Terminology work – principles and methods (Terminology Work – Principles and Methods) identifies the use of existing linguistic forms as one of the methods of term formation; existing forms may be used to create new terms through such methods as conversion, terminologization, semantic transfer, and borrowing.

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methods such as conversion, terminologization, semantic transfer, and borrowing. Terminologization is the process by which an expression from general language is transformed into a term (ISO 704; 2022: 67–68). Terminologization is defined similarly by other foreign authors, who state that in this process a word or phrase from general language is turned into a term denoting a concept in a special language (see Valeontis, Mantzari 2006: 7; GT; Eurotermbank).

In Lithuanian terminology, the concept of terminologization is defined more broadly than in the works of the foreign authors mentioned above: descriptions of terminologization address not only the conversion of ordinary words from the standard language into terms, but also that of dialect words and expressions; the process encompasses all the usual ways of changing a word’s meaning (the formation of figurative meaning, and the broadening or narrowing of meaning) (see: Keinys 1980: 64; Klimavičius 1996: 4–7; 2006: 55–56; Kaulakienė 2001: 28; Gedrimas 2003: 121–126; Kvašytė 2005: 76; Jakaitienė 2010: 191; Gaivenis 2014[1983]: 131–135; 2014[1996]: 26–27; 2014[1997]: 4–7; 2002: 51–53).

Already in the first theoretical work on Lithuanian terminology, the philosopher Stasys Šalkauskis’s Terminologijos teorija ir lietuviškoji filosofijos terminija (1925, 1927, 1934), which he published in four issues of the Kaunas University scholarly journal Logos, terminologization is discussed, although S. Šalkauskis does not use this term. In discussing the three main sources of terms, he identifies as the first the adaptation of words from everyday language for terminological purposes, and distinguishes four ways in which such words are introduced into scientific terminology: “a) refining the meaning of a word from everyday language; b) broadening a word’s meaning; c) narrowing a word’s meaning; d) transferring a word’s meaning by analogy” (Šalkauskis 1927: 12).

It should be noted, however, that since the 1970s terminologists, unlike S. Šalkauskis, have distinguished only three ways of changing word meanings. This distinction can be explained by the fact that both broadening and narrowing a word’s meaning during terminologization amount to refining its meaning. “In any case, ordinary words entering a system of terms acquire a special, defined meaning” (Keinys 1980: 64).

In the works of Lithuanian terminologists, the terms used to name the process under discussion, in which an ordinary word is converted into a term, vary: terminologizacija (Keinys 1980; Gaivenis 2002), terminologizavimas (Gaivenis 1983, 2002), terminizacija (Gaivenis 1997, 1996; Kaulakienė 2001; Klimavičius 2006; Stunžinas 2007, 2018), terminizavimas (Klimavičius 1996; Gedrimas 2003; Kvašytė 2005; LTB; Jakaitienė 2010). In Regina Kvašytė’s view, “when speaking about the conversion of words into terms, it would be more appropriate to rely on the concept of termi

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nija, i.e. the totality of terms, so the logical and brevity-compliant form is terminization (or the hybrid form with the Lithuanian suffix terminizavimas)” (Kvašytė 2013: 134). I think that the mentioned term variants terminization² and terminizavimas are more systematic; one can say that a tradition of their use has already taken shape, so in this article I use the term terminizavimas, while quotations give the terms used by the authors.

As Kazimieras Gaivenis observes, “terminologization more often narrows than broadens a word’s extension, making it more specific” (Gaivenis 2002: 29). We observe this as well when analyzing the plant names presented in J. A. Pabrėža’s work, since J. A. Pabrėža assigns a specific special meaning to ordinary words that he terminizes: on the basis of similarity or some other feature, he uses them to name a particular plant genus.

When investigating how and by what means a term was created, one generally looks for the motives behind its naming, which raises the question of motivation. Views on term motivation and its importance differ in terminology³. Some terminologists particularly emphasize the importance of motivation. For example, Sabela Fernández-Silva, Judit Freixa, and Maria Teresa Cabré note that motivated terms appear to be the most suitable type of term, because they not only represent a concept broadly but also indicate part of its content through their form (Fernández-Silva et al. 2009: 21); motivated terms open the door to understanding concepts because they allow a concept to be identified quickly and efficiently (Fernández-Silva et al. 2009: 24).

Sergiusz Grinev-Griniewicz believes that motivation helps people understand and learn a given concept more easily. According to him, structural and semantic motivation are the most widely used approaches in creating new terms. Structural motivation is evident in words composed of already familiar meaningful parts, whose structure indicates their meaning. Semantic motivation occurs in words with a secondary meaning that can be predicted on the basis of the primary meaning (Grinev-Griniewicz 2011: 34).

Terms created through terminization are not characterized by structural or word-formation motivation, since they did not become terms through word formation and therefore have no word-formation features. In this case, we can speak only of semantic motivation,

² Jonas Klimavičius writes that he brought the terms terminografija, terminizacija, tranterminizacija, determinizacija back from Kyiv in the autumn of 1970 (Klimavičius 2002: 133).

³ In his works, Johan Myking analyzed in considerable detail the concept of motivation as one of the important issues in term creation, examining theoretical models and aspects of term creation proposed by various authors (Myking 2009: 39–53; 2020: 6–30). For reviews of classifications of motivation, see also: Gaivenytė 2000: 19–25; Gritėnienė 2006: 24–29; Lubienė 2015.

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and we have it when a word is used figuratively: something is named not directly, but by drawing on an existing word; no new word is formed, only a new (metaphorical or metonymic) meaning arises (Urbutis 2009: 73).

K. Gaivenis does not attach much importance to term motivation. According to him, “motivated terms are easier to remember, and their place in terminology microsystems can be determined more quickly. In general, however, motivation does not play a decisive role in terminology, since wholly unmotivated terms are also used quite successfully, as are foreign words whose motivation is entirely incomprehensible to us. <…> motivation is more important for specific terms than for generic ones” (Gaivenis 1998: 91).

In my view, motivation is important in terminology because a motivated term is easy to understand even without a definition. However, it must be acknowledged that the motivation of not all terminized terms is clear or comprehensible to us. Sometimes it is difficult to trace the motives behind the naming of certain concepts because of the individual perspective of their creators or analogies known only to them, on the basis of which they choose to terminize an ordinary word.

In her study of the motivation of plant names in the Northern Panevėžiškiai subdialect, Aurelija Gritėnienė emphasizes that the motivation of a name is often determined by the thing being named: “plants have a particularly large number of distinguishing features, and consequently the motivation of their names is highly varied. Yet even in this case, when the category itself allows for diverse motivation, it is often not only an essential distinguishing feature of the plant that determines the choice of name, but also chance associations, and the vivid imagination and creativity of language users” (Gritėnienė 2006: 27). This observation by the scholar should be endorsed, since an examination of the plant names created by J. A. Pabrėža allows us not only to trace the motives behind their creation through characteristic features, but also to see the author’s imagination and creativity.

“The content of ordinary terminologized words can change considerably. A term acquires special semes that the ordinary word does not have” (Gaivenis 2002: 53). Despite one of the requirements of traditional terminology—stylistic neutrality—such terms are often expressive and classified as metaphorical terms. K. Gaivenis emphasizes that figurativeness is generally avoided in terminology when the aim is to highlight the distinctive function of terms. Expressive terms are often created in systematic terminology, since, in order to distinguish one plant or animal species or genus from another, figurative comparison is often resorted to. Figurativeness is also unavoidable when the distinguishing feature is considered to be the impression made on the researcher by

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the plant or animal is named, or certain characteristics of a plant or animal are subjectively evaluated (Gaivenis 2002: 45–46)⁴.

Przemysław Dębowiak and Jadwiga Waniakowa, in their analysis of the semantic motivation of plant names, emphasize that metaphorical plant names, which are abundant in botanical nomenclature, are secondary names; therefore, in each case the basis of the metaphor, i.e. the primary motivation, should be deciphered. They identify four main factors determining the semantic classification of plant names: 1) the appearance of plants; 2) plant properties; 3) the places where plants occur; 4) the use of plants (Dębowiak, Waniakowa 2019: 175–176).

2. PLANT GENUS NAMES CREATED BY TERMINOLOGIZING COMMON WORDS

Plant genus names coined by J. A. Pabrėža through the terminologization of common words are metaphorical terms, because, on the basis of a plant’s characteristics or a certain resemblance to an object possessing that feature, the name of the object is transferred to the plant. In examining the motives for naming the plant genera under study, attention was first given to what distinguishes each genus, which meaning of the common word J. A. Pabrėža adopted, which characteristic features of the plant he highlighted, and whether this motivation can be substantiated by information in published plant-name dictionaries and other botanical literature.

J. A. Pabrėža terminologized common words to name plant genera according to the plants’ appearance, uses, and properties.

2.1. Names based on the appearance of the plant

To name the largest share of the plants discussed—no fewer than fifteen of the twenty—J. A. Pabrėža adopted common words, which he used metaphorically to name plants on the basis of similarities in the appearance of their flowers, inflorescences, fruits, seeds, and leaves. Names motivated by the appearance of flowers and inflorescences. This is the largest group of plant genera. J. A. Pabrėža coined their names on the basis of the shape and color of flowers and inflorescences. Most common words were terminologized according to the shape of flowers and inflorescences:

⁴ Lithuanian metaphorical terms in various fields have already been discussed extensively; see: Baltrūnaitė 1998: 36–47; Gaivenytė 2000: 19–25; Stunžinas 2006: 62–73; 2018: 56–92; Vladarskienė 2012: 83–92, among others.

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baydikla (~baidykla [haunted house]). – Himantoglossum. – (Zungenorchis. Willd.) (TA 639/ II 461⁵). This is a genus of the orchid family whose flower lip consists of three parts, the middle one being considerably longer than the others and twisted, so that the flower looks quite strange. Evidently it seemed ugly to J. A. Pabrėža, which is why he named the plant so; see MNE; cf. 2 baidykla see baidyklė: 4. P bot. Himantoglossum LKŽ⁶; Himantoglossum see Aceras (Gudžinskas 1999: 80), Aceras – hornless (Gudžinskas 1999: 21);

bóórbóls (~burbulas [bubble]). – Trollius. – (Kugleranunkel. Bluff.) (TA 389/ II 211). J. A. Pabrėža chose the word burbulas to name this plant because of the resemblance in the shape of its flowers; this is also confirmed by the Lithuanian Botanical Dictionary (LBŽ): Tróllius europaeus (Lat. trulleum – a round vessel; the ancient Germans called this plant Rolla, Goldrolla, so roundness is emphasized in every case, since the plant’s flowers are round, spherical) – European globeflower (Mln), syn. burbulas (F⁶) LBŽ 355; burbulas 6. Rs bot. “burbulis, potvinkis (Trollius europaeus)”: Krp⁷ LKŽ; see also Gritėnienė 2006: 64–65;

koóčžėls (~kočėlas [rolling pin]). – Alopecúrus (TA 51/ I 185), cf. Alopecúrus (Gr. alopex – fox, ura – tail; the inflorescence resembles a fox’s tail) – foxtail (Mln), syn. kočėlas (P) LBŽ 16; kočėlas (Belarusian качала) [K], J, R 3. LBŽ bot. “a plant of the grass family, foxtail (Alopecurus)”: P LKŽ. A Slavicism used in colloquial speech was adopted to name this genus. It is worth noting that J. A. Pabrėža chose it without following the motivation of the Latin term; cf. Aloperus (35), named kočėlas because of the appearance of its inflorescence (the current standard genus name is pašiaušėlis [foxtail]) (Jankevičienė 2009: 35);

kraamy (~kramė). – Échium (TA 143/ I 279). The motivation of this genus name, created by turning a dialect word into a term, coincides with the motivation of the Latin plant name; cf. Échium vulgáre (Gr. echis – snake, grass snake; Gr. echion was the name given to various plants of the Borraginaceae family

⁵ After the source abbreviation TA, the manuscript page number is given, and after the slash, the volume and page of the published work.

⁶ F = J. Fiedorowicz. Catalogue of wild-growing and certain cultivated plants observed and identified around Ilłuszta by Rev. Józef Fiedorowicz from 1818 up to the present, written in 1851 according to the Linnaean system. Plant names in Latin, Polish and Lithuanian (manuscript).

⁷ After the colon are given abbreviations of the localities from which examples in the dictionary are drawn.

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plants, probably because their flowers resemble the jaws of an open-mouthed snake) – common viper’s bugloss (Iv, Mln), syn. kramė (P) LBŽ 127; cf. kramė 6. P, Mt, LBŽ bot. “viper’s bugloss” LKŽₑ. The first meaning of the word kramė given in LKŽₑ is “the head of a snake, toad, frog, or herring,” and all the examples are from the Samogitian dialect, so it is clear that the Samogitian word was chosen because the flowers resemble a body part of a living creature. The appearance of the flowers of this genus has also been described by botanist Ramunėlė Jankevičienė: “<...> the rim of the [flower’s] corolla is funnel-shaped, with five uneven lobes, almost bilabiate, somewhat resembling the jaws of a reptile” (Jankevičienė 1987: 238); cf. Echium – viper’s bugloss BVŽ 119;

kaaruna (~crown). – Fritillária – Polish Korona (TA 242/ II 64). J. A. Pabrėža also listed the word karūna in his work as a plant morphology term, which he transferred to name a plant genus. The inflorescence of one species of the plant under discussion—imperial fritillary (Fritillaria imperialis)—resembles a crown: above the flowers rises a tuft of elongated upper leaves arranged in a whorl on the stem; the flowers are bell-shaped and hang in clusters, VLEe; cf. karūna (Lith. koruna) 8. LBŽ, P bot. ‘plant genus, fritillary (Fritillaria)’ LKŽₑ; see also Karuuna (Corolla.) is a part of the flower, composed of delicate, small, always coloured leaves turned upward in a tuft, a part of the plant's reproductive organs directly surrounding it (~the crown is a part of the flower, composed of delicate, small, always coloured leaves turned upward in a tuft) (TA XLV/ I 97); Fritillária (Latin fritillus – a chessboard; the plant received this name because of the variegation of its flowers), Polish Korona – fritillary (P), synonym karūna (P) LBŽ 146–147. It should be noted that botanist R. Jankevičienė writes: „<...> it seems that Pabrėža heard the name karūna from people, since he cites a Samogitian name—‘the emperor’s crown’ (Jankevičienė 2009: 10); however, neither LKŽₑ nor LBŽ data show that in the Samogitian dialect the plant under discussion was called karūnos;

pėtyns (~pentinas [spur]). – Delphínium (TA 374/ II 196). J. A. Pabrėža presents the spur, like the terminologized word discussed above, as a term in plant morphology in his work; cf. Pėtyns. (Calcar.): ira prasy-vylgynyms terbeliets karuunas, kóremy atsyrad mydótis (~spur: there is an elongated, pouch-like projection of the crown, in which the honey appears) (XLVIII/ I 100). The plant genus was named because the shape of its petals resembles a spur; cf.: “The flowers are colorful and irregular; the upper sepal and two upper petals have spurs. The fruit is an aggregate of leaflets.

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Most larkspurs contain large quantities of alkaloids and are poisonous VLEe; pentinas 2. MŽ250, Į a sharp hornlike projection at the rear of a bird (usually a rooster); 4. P, Mt, LBŽ see pentinius 2. 5. bot. “a bag-shaped outgrowth of the perianth containing nectar”: The spur is shorter than the ovary LFII598 LKŽₑ; cf. also Delphínium (Gk. delphinion – the name of this plant, derived from Gk. delphis, delphinos – dolphin; because the flower buds resemble the shape of a dolphin) – larkspur (Mln, Bar), syn. pentinas (P, N) LBŽ 116–117.

Two plant genera are named for the color of their flowers: gaysra (~gaisra). – Lychnis (TA 312/ II 134). The word gaisra was terminologized to name this genus because of the similarity in flower color; cf. goštautinė gaisrena “The flowers are clustered at the top of the stem in corymbose, many-flowered corymbs. Petals 5, bright red, each divided into two parts approximately halfway” (Gudžinskas 2010: 58); Lychnis (Gk. lychnos – lamp, lantern; the flowers are brightly colored and shine like lanterns) – gaisrana (Mln) LBŽ 205; gaisrena BVŽ185; gaisra 1. R163, KGr88 “fire, aurora.” 2. P see gaisrana LKŽe. As A. Gritėnienė observes, “not only in the standard language but also in dialects and other languages, the motivation for this plant’s names is associated with the color of its flowers. The bright red flowers of campions are most often compared to fire” (Gritėnienė 2006: 90–91).

žiudra (~žydra). – Muscari (TA 244/ II 66), cf. Muscári L. (Lat. muscus – musk; the flowers smell of musk) – grape hyacinth, syn. žydra (P) LBŽ 226; žydrė – Muscari Mill. “The flowers are blue, with a narrow white margin at the tip, clustered in large numbers in a short terminal raceme and drooping” (Lekavičius 1989: 350); žydra NdŽ, BŽ200 1. “blue expanse, blue place”: DŽ, Vd. 2. Rtr, LBŽ, NdŽ, LFII538, KŽ see žydrė 3: Mt, Čiuprynuo-toji žydra (M. comosum) P. Balsvoji žydra (M. pallescens) P LKŽₑ. J. A. Pabrėža named this plant for its most conspicuous feature—the color of its flowers—rather than its scent, which is what the Latin name refers to.

Another metaphorical name belongs to this group of plant genus names, one that J. A. Pabrėža created based on his individual impression of the color and shape of the inflorescences: kazooks (~kazokas). – Amará़nthus (TA 214/ I 352). The botanist Jonas Dagys explained very well the reason why J. A. Pabrėža terminologized a Slavism used in spoken language: “<...> the genus Amaranthus, whose

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ornamental species are distinguished by their bright red inflorescences and resemble the cockades on military caps, he called kazokas. However, since he felt no sympathy for the Cossacks and had a sense of humor, he named one species that was not notable for its appearance, namely Amaranthus blitum, Kazokas mulkis (Dagys 1972: 24); cf. Amarántus (Gk. a – not, maraino – to wither; the plant’s perianth does not wither because it is papery in texture) – amaranth (Gr, Mln), syn. kazokas (P) LBŽ 19, 3 kazokas (Russian казак) 3. Mt, P, LBŽ bot. “amaranth (Amarantus)” LKŽ_e. That dictionary indicates that three other plants are also called by this name in LBŽ: 4. LBŽ bot. “yarrow (Achillea cartilaginea)”; 5. LBŽ bot. “willowherb (Epilobium)”; 6. P, LBŽ “orache (Atriplex)” LKŽ_e. It should be noted that LBŽ lists the plant name kazokas neither for Achillea cartilaginea nor for Atriplex; synonyms are given only for two Epilobium species: Epilobium angustifolium – narrow-leaved willowherb, syn. kazokai (Ak, St), and Epilobium montanum – mountain willowherb, syn. krūmų kazokas (PHr) LBŽ 131. The LKŽ editors were apparently misled by the erroneous cross-references in LBŽ’s Lithuanian name index; see LBŽ 435.

Names motivated by the appearance of fruits or seeds.

Five genus names belong to this group, created by J. A. Pabrėža through the terminologization of words referring to the appearance of fruits and seeds:

blaaky (~blakė). – Corispérmum (TA 4/ I 138); the name of a creature was terminologized to name the plant under discussion, as is also suggested by the Latin equivalent of the plant name; cf. Corispérmum hyssopifólium (Gk. koris – bedbug, sperma – seed; the fruits resemble bedbugs) – winged-seed saltwort (Bak, Mln) LBŽ 103; blakė 5. P bot. “a plant of the amaranth family, winged-seed saltwort (Corispermum)” LKŽ_e; Corispermum (Gk. koris – bedbug, sperma – seed) – winged-seed saltwort BVŽ 95; the plant may have been named following its Latin equivalent, but the name may also have been motivated by the fruits’ resemblance to bedbugs;

blyzgy (~blizgė). – Lunária (TA 451/ II 273), cf. Lunária L (Lat. luna – moon; the fruits are round like the moon) – honesty (P) LBŽ 204; “honesty (Lunaria), a genus of annual and perennial herbs in the cabbage family (Brassicaceae). <...> The fruit is a large, elongated or almost round silicle. Once its valves fall away, a shining partition remains” VLEe; blizgė 2. Ki447 “glitter, shiny thing.” 4. P, Skd bot. “a plant of the mustard family” (Lunaria) LKŽ_e. This genus is named for a feature other than the one reflected in its Latin name: the fruit’s color was chosen rather than its shape.

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sraygy (~snail). – Medicágo (TA 539/ II 361), this name was given to the plant because its pods resemble a snail shell; cf. the lucerne’s “pods coiled spirally 2–4 times” (Lekavičius 1989: 176); cf. Medicágo (Greek medike, Latin medica is an ancient name for lucerne) – lucerne (Iv), synonym sraigė (P) LBŽ 215; sraigė 3. P, LL79, Rtr, LBŽ, NdŽ, KŽ bot. “lucerne (Medicago)”: S. Dauk, I, Mt LKŽₑ. As indicated in LKŽₑ, the plant is called by the name of a snail in the writings of both Simonas Daukantas and Laurynas Ivinskis, so it is possible that J. A. Pabrėža did not himself give the plant the name of the mollusc, but adopted a plant name already used in spoken language;

tómsa (~darkness). – Morus. – (: Maulberbaum, Bluff) (TA 107/ I 243), cf. Mórus L. (Greek moron, Latin morum – the name of these trees and their fruits) – mulberry; M. nigra L. – black mulberry BVŽ 199; tamsa 8. LBŽ bot. “mulberry (Morus)”: Black tamsa (M. nigra) P. White tamsa (M. alba) P. LKŽₑ. Mulberry species have names whose specific epithets indicate the colour of the berries; thus J. A. Pabrėža metaphorically named the genus tamsa after the black berries of one species of this plant;

žyly (~grey-haired). – Senecio (TA 600/ II 422), the plant was named for one of its characteristic features—the colour of the capitulum after flowering—so one can only endorse the motivation given in LBŽ: Senécio (Latin senex – old man, grey-haired; these plants quickly finish flowering and age, and their white seed tufts adorn their tops like grey hair) – groundsel (P) LBŽ 320; cf. groundsel (Senecio), a genus of plants in the aster family (Asteraceae). About 1,200 species are known. Groundsel is distributed worldwide, except in Antarctica VLEe; žilė 1. Š, DŽ, NdŽ “greyness, grey-hairedness”: Krš. 3. P, Mt, NdŽ, LEXXXV340, DŽ bot. “wild and cultivated flower of the daisy family (Senecio)”: LBŽ. LKŽₑ.

Name motivated by the appearance of the leaves. For the terminologized name of one plant assigned to this group, there is some uncertainty as to which word J. A. Pabrėža terminologized to name the plant: LKŽₑ gives the word lelė, but when seeking the motivation for the name, one may conjecture that the plant was named for the appearance of its leaves, based on the spoken-language word liele:

liely (~lėlė or lielė?). – Swértia (TA 187/ I 325); cf. Sweértia perénnis (Em. Sweert – a Dutch gardener who lived in the 17th century) – perennial swertia [Iv], synonym lelė (PR) LBŽ337; 1 lelė Kv, Slnt, OG236, 5. P bot. “swertia (Sweertia)” LKŽₑ; lielė]720, Užv,]1334 pejorative “tongue; throat”: KlvrŽ LKŽₑ; cf. “genus Swertia (162) in Taisliuje

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pavadinta lėlė (lapų pavidalas liežuviškas). Dabar tai patvenis“ (Jan-kevičienė 2009: 43). R. Jankevičienės nurodytas augalo lapų pavida-las akivaizdžiai parodo, kad J. A. Pabrėžos pateiktą vardą reikia sieti ne su žodžiu lėlė, o su lielele „liežuvis“. Šią mintį paremia ir K. Gaive-nio nuomonė, pateikta straipsnyje apie augalų pavadinimus J. A. Pa-brėžos raštuose: „J. Pabrėžos raštuose randame įdomių sudurtinių augalų pavadinimų, pvz.: driežlielė (Ophioglossum), jautlielė (Buglos-sum), šunlielė (Cynoglossum) ir kt. Iš lotyniškų atitikmenų matyti, kad šių lietuviškų sudurtinių terminų antras dėmuo turėtų reikšti „liežuvis“ (graikų glossa – liežuvis). Vadinasi, driežlielė – driežo lie-žuvis, jautlielė – jaučio liežuvis, šunlielė – šuns liežuvis ir t. t. Liežu-vi žodžiu lielis (arba lielė) vadino dar S. Daukantas ir kiti žemaičių rašytojai“ (Gaivenis 2014 [1971]: 259–260).

2.2. Names based on the use of the plant

This group consists of only two plant genus names whose motivation, in my view, is clear and relates to the use of the plants—obtaining dye from parts of the plants, from the leaves of one and the roots of the other:

gelta (~yellow dye). – Serrátula (TA 573/ II 395), the plant was named to indicate the dye colour obtained from its leaves; cf. Serrátula tinctória (Latin serra – saw; the plant’s leaves are saw-toothed) – dyer’s serratula [Mln] <...> the plant’s leaves were formerly used to dye woollen cloth yellow LBŽ 321; serratula (Serratula), a genus of perennial herbs in the aster family (Asteraceae). <...> Yellow dye is obtained from some serratula species. One species occurs in Lithuania, dyer’s serratula (Serratula tinctoria) VLEe; gelta 1. K “yellowness, yellowing.” 3. P see geltė 2: Slk. 4. “yellow dye”: Lš. 5. “yellow threads”: Rdm, J LKŽe;

rauda (~red dye). – Rúbia (TA 101/ I 237), the common word was chosen to name the plant because of the dye colour obtained from its roots; cf. Rúbia tinctorum (Latin ruber – red; the roots yield red dye <...>) – dyer’s madder [P] LBŽ 301; 2 rauda 1. Q420, Lex76, CII331, R, N, K, FrI202, LsB229 “redness, red colour.” 5. see 1 raudė 2: Rauda dažylinė P LKŽe; 1 raudė 2. BŽ215 bot. “a plant of southern regions whose roots are used to dye cloth”: Dyer’s madder (Rubia tinctorum) LBŽ (P) LKŽe; Rubia (Latin plant name; ruber – red; the roots yield red dye) – madder BVŽ 259.

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2.3. Plant names of unclear motivation

Only one plant genus name was found that may be presumed to be motivated by an inherent property of the plant, with an insect name termified to designate the plant: aklis (~aklis). – Galeópsis (TA 421/ II 243), cf. 1 aklis 1. zool. ‘an insect that attacks livestock (Haematopota pluvialis)’: Lp, Brs, UŽv.⁸. 3. P see aklė 3: Brs, Grg LKŽₑ; yellow-flowered aklė, Galeopsis speciosa <...> A widespread crop weed. A poisonous plant, especially to horses (Jankevičienė 1987: 206). It is possible that J. A. Pabrėža named this plant after an insect that most often attacks horses, since the plant is poisonous to horses; cf. also Galeopsis (<...> derived from Greek galea, gale – ‘weasel’ and opsis – ‘appearance’: the two-lipped flowers are compared here to a weasel’s jaws) – aklė (Mln), syn. aklys (P) LBŽ 149–150; Galeopsis – aklė BVŽ 137.

The motivation of two plant names is difficult to determine; to name these plants, J. A. Pabrėža took the common words gaiva and meilė: gayva (~gaiva). – Lápsana (TA 631/ II 453); cf. Lapsana L. (Greek lapsane – plant name) – gaiva BVŽ 171; Lápsana commúnis L. (Greek lapazo – ‘I empty, I cleanse’; used as a medicine to purge the bowels) – common gaiva (P) LBŽ 189; gaiva 1. Kos42 ‘freshness’. 3. P. Snar bot. ‘a plant of the Asteraceae family (Lapsana)’ LKŽₑ. The motivation of the plant name might perhaps be linked to the plant’s use as a medicine, since someone who used it may have felt vigorous and strong, cf. gaivus 2. SD35 ‘vigorous, hardy, strong’ LKŽₑ; meeyly (~meilė). – Vaccinium. – ((Heidelbeere. Bluff.) (TA 268/ II 90), cf. Vaccinium L. (<...> the name probably derives from the word bacca – ‘berry’; baccinium would mean ‘berry-bearing shrub’) – bilberry (F, Rkt), syn. mėle (P) LBŽ 364; Vaccinium L. (Latin plant name, possibly related to Latin bacca – ‘berry’) – bilberry BVŽ 306; 2 meilė bot. ‘a plant of the Ericaceae family, bilberry (Vaccinium)’: Meilė mėlynė (V. myrtillus) P. Meilė bruknė (V. vitis idaea) P. LKŽₑ. The motivation of this genus name is even less clear than that of the name discussed above, unless it can be linked to the borrowed meaning of the word myleti, ‘to like’, since the berries of this genus are edible and liked by people, cf. mylėti x4. (sl.) ‘to like’ LKŽₑ.

⁸The examples indicate that akliai attack horses.

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Comparing the motivation of the genus names for flowering plants created by J. A. Pabrėža discussed here with the motivation of their Latin names, we can observe that the motivations of only six names coincide (see Table 1); however, it cannot be said that J. A. Pabrėža followed the Latin names in these cases, since both the Latin names and the names created by J. A. Pabrėža refer to the plants’ principal characteristic.

TABLE 1. Latin and Lithuanian plant genus names with coinciding motivation

Latin name

Lithuanian name

Naming motivation

Trollius

burbulas

The rounded shape of the flowers.

Échium

kramė

The flowers resemble the head of an animal.

Lýchnis

fire

The vivid color of the flowers.

Corispérmum

bug

The fruits resemble bugs.

Senecio

grayness

The color of the seed tufts on the plant after flowering resembles the color of gray hair.

Rúbia

madder

A red dye is obtained from the plant’s roots.

Of the plant genus names discussed above that J. A. Pabrėža gave in Taislius augyminis, which he created by turning ordinary spoken-language words into terms, half have taken root and are still given as the official names of those genera. Three flowering-plant genus names are used exactly as they were given in J. A. Pabrėža’s work: blizgė, gaiva and žilė. The endings of six genus names have changed, and they are now considered suffixal derivatives: aklė, burbulis, geltė, pentinius, raudė, žydrė; see Table 2. It is worth noting that this form of these plant names, with the exception of one, žydra, was already given in Povilas Matulionis’s plant-name dictionary, Žolynas. Part II. Dictionary of Lithuanian Plants and Plant Key (1906), the first botanical dictionary printed in Lithuania.

In the preface to his dictionary, P. Matulionis listed the sources he had used, with the first being J. A. Pabrėža’s dictionary, printed in America in 1900, Botanika arba Taislius auguminis (see Auksoriūtė 2019 for more detail). However, as Table 2 shows, P. Matulionis modified J. A. Pabrėža’s names slightly.

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TABLE 2. Names of plant genera in terminographic sources

J. A. Pabrėža’s Taislius augyminis

J. A. Pabrėžos Botanika arba Taislius auguminis (1900)

P. Matulionio Žolynas (1906)

Lithuanian Botanical Dictionary (1938)

Dictionary of Botanical Names (1998)

blyzgy (~shiny). – Lunária (TA 451/ II 273)

blizgė 115

blizgė 38

blizgė 204

blizgė 183

gaywa (~freshness). – Lápsana (TA 631/ II 453)

gaiva 124

gaiva 35

gaiva 189

gaiva 171

žyly (~grayish). – Senecio (TA 600/ II 422)

žilė 14

žilė 54

žilė 320

žilė 273

aklis (~aklis). – Galeópsis (421/ II 243)

aklys 110

aklė 29

aklė 149

aklė 137

bóórbóls (~burbulas). – Trollius. – (389/ II 211)

burbulas 116

burbulis 59

burbulis 355

burbulis 302

gelta (~gelta). – Serrátula (573/ II 395)

gelta 125

geltė 54

marigold 321

marigold 274

spur (~a spur). – Delphínium (374/ II 196)

spur 142

spurs 23

spurs 116–117

spurs 109

madder (~madder). – Rúbia (101/ I 237)

madder 146

madder 51

madder 301

madder 259

blue (~blue). – Muscari (244/ II 66)

blue 163

blue 41

blue 226

azure 199

gaysra (~fire). – Lýchnis (TA 312/ II 134)

gaisra 124

gaisrana 205

gaisrana 205

gaisrena 185

Separately, the corresponding genus name gaysra (~gaisra). – Lýchnis (312/ II 134). Today this genus is called gaisrena, a derivative with the suffix -ena; cf. gaisrena BVŽ 185. P. Matulionis gives the name gaisrana in his Žolynas, noting that this name was taken from J. A. Pabrėža’s writings; the same name is also given in the Lithuanian Botanical Dictionary, but with a reference to P. Matulionis, while J. A. Pabrėža’s gaisra is given as a synonym; cf. gaisrana (Mln), syn. gaisra (P) LBŽ 205.

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CONCLUSIONS

1. The terminologization of colloquial words in J. A. Pabrėža’s Taislius augyminis is the second most productive method he used to create plant names. The twenty flowering-plant genus names discussed in this article, created by terminologizing ordinary colloquial words, make up about 12 percent of all terminologized flowering-plant genus names.

2. The plant names examined are semantically motivated and should be classified as metaphorical terms. The motivation for most plant genus names created by terminologizing ordinary words is clear; only the naming motives for two names created by terminologizing abstract nouns (gaiva, meilė) can only be conjectured.

3. J. A. Pabrėža created most plant names on the basis of the plant’s appearance—no fewer than fifteen—and nine of these are motivated by one of the most important plant features, the appearance of flowers and inflorescences: shape (e.g., burbulas, karūna, pentinas) and color (e.g., gaisra, žydra). Five ordinary words were terminologized as plant genus names based on the appearance of fruit or seeds (blakė, blizgė, sraigė, tamsa, žilė), and one based on the appearance of leaves (lelė). The motivation of only two names is clearly related to the use of plants (gelta, rauda). The terminologized ordinary words do not indicate the direct use of a plant, but rather its result—the color obtained from parts of the plant. Analysis of the motivation behind the plant names reveals J. A. Pabrėža’s creativity, especially when plants are named according to the author’s own impression or association (aklis, baidykla, kazokas).

4. It is important to note that most naming motives were chosen on the basis of a characteristic plant feature, without following Latin plant names. Although the motivation for six names created by J. A. Pabrėža coincides with that of their Latin equivalents, some of his terminologized ordinary names do not indicate direct derivation from Latin names (burbulas, kramė, gaisra).

5. Half of the flowering-plant genus names created by J. A. Pabrėža discussed here (10 out of 20) have become established in usage and are officially used in plant nomenclature. It is noteworthy that three names have survived to the present day unchanged, in the form proposed by J. A. Pabrėža: blizgė, gaiva, žilė; the ending suffix of five names given in Taislius augyminis was changed (burbulis, geltė, pentinius, raudė, žydrė), and the suffix -ana (gaisrana, now gaisrena) was added to one name already in the first plant-name list printed in Lithuania in 1906—P. Matulionis’s Žolynas—while the name žydrė, with a modified ending, is recorded in the Lithuanian Botanical Dictionary (LBŽ 1938).

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ŠALTINIAI

LBŽ – Lietuviškas botanikos žodynas, red. J. Dagys. Kaunas, 1938.

LKŽ_e – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (t. 1–20, 1941–2002): elektroninis variantas. Redaktorių kolegija: Gertrūda Naktinienė (vyr. redaktorė), Jonas Paulauskas, Ritutė Petrokienė, Vytautas Vitkauskas, Jolanta Zabarskaitė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2005 (atnaujinta versija, 2008). Prieiga internete: www.lkz.lt.

TA I – J. A. Pabrėža Taislius augyminis. I–223, par. O. Kažukauskaitė, R. Šepetytė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2009.

TA II – J. A. Pabrėža Taislius augyminis. 224–776, par. R. Šepetytė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2014.

TA III – J. A. Pabrėža Taislius augyminis. 777–980, par. R. Šepetytė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2015.

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ALBINA AUKSORIŪTĖ

TERMINOLOGISATION OF COMMON WORDS IN JURGIS AMBRAZIEJUS PABRĖŽA’S TAISLIUS AUGYMINIS

Summary

The article analyses the names of the genera of flowering plants created by Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža in his 1843 work Taislius augyminis (“The System of Plants”), which he coined by way of terminologisation of colloquial words of that time. In Pabrėža’s Taislius augyminis, terminologisation of the words of spoken language is his second most productive way of creating the names of plants. The twenty names of the genera of flowering plants created by way of terminologisation of colloquial words that this paper examined, account for about 12 per cent of all names of the genera of flowering plants created in this way.

Research showed that the plant names analysed are characterised by semantic motivation and can be attributed to metaphorical terms. The motivation for most names of plant genera created by terminologisation of common words is clear. Nine plant names were created by Pabrėža on the basis of the appearance of the plant: the shape and colour of the flowers and inflorescences (e.g., burbulas, karūna, pentinas, gaisra, žydra), five common words were made into terms to designate plant genera by the appearance of their fruits or seeds (blakė, blizgė, sraigė, tamsa, žilė), and one by the appearance of its leaves (lielė); the motivation behind two names is clearly linked to the use of the plants in questions (gelta, rauda), and the motivation for three names can only be guessed (aklis, gaiva, meilė). Half (ten out of twenty) of Pabrėža’s names of the genera of flowering plants discussed in the article have been adopted and are officially used in the nomenclature of plants.

KEYWORDS: Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža, plant genera names, terminologisation, motivation, metaphorical terms.

ALBINA AUKSORIŪTĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius [email protected]

ALBINA AUKSORIŪTĖ. Paprastųjų žodžių terminizavimas Jurgio Ambraziejaus Pabrėžos Taisliuje augyminime

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ALBINA AUKSORIŪTĖ

PAPRASTŲJŲ ŽODŽIŲ TERMINIZAVIMAS JURGIO AMBRAZIEJAUS PABRĖŽOS TAISLIUJE AUGYMINIAME

Santrauka

Straipsnyje analizuojami Jurgio Ambraziejaus Pabrėžos 1843 m. darbe Taislius augyminis pateikti žiedinių augalų genčių vardai, kuriuos jis sukūrė terminizavęs paprastuosius to meto šnekamosios kalbos žodžius. Šnekamosios kalbos žodžių terminizavimas J. A. Pabrėžos Taisliuje augyminiame yra antrasis pagal produktyvumą jo augalų vardų kūrimo būdas. Dvidešimt straipsnyje nagrinėjamų žiedinių augalų genčių vardų, sukurtų terminizuojant paprastuosius šnekamosios kalbos žodžius, sudaro apie 12 procentų visų terminizuotų žiedinių augalų genčių vardų.

Tyrimas parodė, kad nagrinėjamiems augalų vardams būdinga semantinė motyvacija, jie skirtini prie metaforinių terminų. Daugumos augalų genčių vardų, sukurtų terminizuojant paprastuosius kalbos žodžius, motyvacija yra aiški. Devynis augalų vardus J. A. Pabrėža sukūrė remdamasis augalo išvaizda: žiedų ir žiedynų forma ir spalva (pvz.: burbulas, karūna, pentinas, gaisra, žydra), penki paprastieji žodžiai terminizuoti augalų gentims įvardyti pagal vaisių ar sėklų išvaizdą (blakė, blizgė, sraigė, tamsa, žilė) ir vienas – pagal lapų išvaizdą (liele), dviejų vardų motyvacija aiškiai susijusi su augalų naudojimu (gelta, rauda), o trijų vardų motyvacija tik spėtina (aklis, gaiva, meilė). Pusė aptariamų J. A. Pabrėžos sukurtų žiedinių augalų genčių vardų (10 iš 20) vartosenoje prigijo ir yra oficialiai vartojami augalų nomenklatūroje.

ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža, augalų genčių vardai, terminizavimas, motyvacija, metaforiniai terminai.

ALBINA AUKSORIŪTĖ

Lietuvių kalbos institutas

Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius

[email protected]

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