Bendrinė kalba / Standard Language 2025, Nr. 98, p. 1–11 Turinio nuoroda / Contents link ISSN 2351-7204 (elektroninis / online)

THE USE OF THE LOANWORD PARKINGAS AND ITS EQUIVALENTS IN REAL ESTATE ADVERTISEMENTS

The Usage of the Loanword Parkingas and Its Equivalents in Real Estate Ads

AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ-DAVIDAVIČIENĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language Email: [email protected] ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3755-7406 Research interests: neology, stylistics, word formation, internet linguistics.

https://doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2025.98.02

ANNOTATION

In the Language Recommendations, the loanword parkingas is considered a word to be avoided in standard Lithuanian, with the phrase (car) park given as the normative equivalent. Of course, codification does not always align with usage trends; moreover, the public has also proposed Lithuanian equivalents for this Anglicism (for example, Algis Ramanauskas suggested using the neologism parkvietė). This prompted an examination of the relationship between the loanword parkingas and its equivalents in actual usage, namely in real estate (hereafter RE) advertisements on the portal Aruodas.lt. The subject of this study is 500 instances of the loanword parkingas and its equivalents in RE advertisements on the portal Aruodas.lt, collected from January 4 to September 5, 2024.

KEYWORDS: parkingas, codification, actual usage, real estate advertisements.

ABSTRACT

Kalbos Patarimai (Language Recommendations) classifies parkingas ('parking') as a loanword that should be avoided in standard Lithuanian. Instead, it recommends using the phrase (automobilių) aikštelė ('(car) park') as the normative equivalent. However, language codification does not always align with actual usage trends. Additionally, the general public has proposed alternative translations of this anglicism, with Algis Ramanauskas suggesting the neologism parkvietė as a potential substitute. This study was motivated by examining the relationship between the loanword parkingas and its equivalents in real-world usage, specifically in real estate (RE) advertisements on the portal Aruodas.lt. The study examines 500 instances in which the loanword parkingas and its equivalents appeared in RE advertisements on Aruodas.lt, collected between January 4, 2024, and September 5, 2024.

KEYWORDS: parking, codification, real-world usage, real estate ads.

INTRODUCTION

The Consultations Bank of the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language (hereafter VLKK) provides a link to the Language Recommendations, in which the loanword parkingas is considered a word to be avoided in standard Lithuanian, with the phrase (car) park given as the normative variant (see https://vlkk.lt/konsultacijos/2098-parkingas). In the digitized Language Recommendations (hereafter eKP), we can see how the codification of the loanword parkingas has changed over time (see Fig. 1). The 2013 edition of the Language Recommendations (Lexicon: The Use of Loanwords) states that the foreign word parkingas is to be avoided in standard Lithuanian;

Copyright © 2025 Agnė Aleksaitė-Davidavičienė. Published by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. // Published by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. This article is open access and is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permit unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction of the content in any medium, provided that the author and source are acknowledged.

Received: / Received: 2025-02-05. Accepted: / Accepted: 2025-02-18.

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Earlier sources assessed this loanword even more strictly—as a word not to be used in standard language, giving the phrase (car) park¹ as the normative equivalent.

Ankstesni šaltiniai 2013: Kalbos patarimai: parkingas svet. vngt. – (automobilių) aikštelė. 2005: Kalbos patarimai: parkingas svet. ntk. = (automobilių) aikštelė. 1997: Didžiųjų kalbos klaidų sąrašas: parkingas nauj. ntk. = (automobilių) aikštelė.

Fig. 1 Codification of the loanword parkingas in the sources provided by eKP

The public also proposed one-word Lithuanian equivalents for this Anglicism. The neologism parkvietė, meaning “a parking area for motor vehicles,” was included in the Database of Lithuanian Neologisms (hereafter ND); as the usage examples collected in ND show, Algis Ramanauskas proposed using it instead of the loanword parkingas:

1. Algis Ramanauskas: Okay, but what should we do with a car park, when the word parkas has long been legitimate in Lithuanian? Antanas Smetona: You mean parkingas here... Algis Ramanauskas: I would say parkvietė. Let it be parkvietė in Lithuanian. Antanas Smetona: Parkvietė? Even more interesting... Yes, quite a normal word. Algis Ramanauskas: Well, you see, people often tell me, “You only criticize; you never suggest anything.” I do make suggestions. I make lots of them. Antanas Smetona: A perfectly normal word. There, we’ve heard parkvietė, and if it catches on with the people, so be it. (LRT program “Everyone Talks,” 2020-01-31)

2. Instead of parkingas, one could use "parkvietė", as A. Ramanauskas once suggested. As long as the equivalents are phrases of two or three words, or evoke unpleasant associations, nothing will come of it. (miestai.net 2017-11-05)

3. Ramanauskas is justified in raising the question of linguists’ competence. Does the person who tells us to say “car park” instead of “parkingas” or “parkvietė” really understand how language works? (alchemija.tv 2015-07-12)

The relevance of the research problem—the gap between codified norms and actual usage—is evident from the usage examples of parkingas presented above. The statements formulated in these examples suggest that the codified standard-language norm does not meet the linguistic needs of the public, and that language users therefore seek other, more acceptable alternatives.

¹ By the way, on the “Greiti pietūs” (“Quick Lunch”) program on Žinių radijas (GP), linguist Antanas Smetona described parkingas, a word corrected in standard language, as an error made by standard-language codifiers, that is, language correctors (see further from 31 min.: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPIBkIIOBNo).

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The aim of this article is to identify the tendencies and prevalence of real-world usage of the loanword parkingas and its equivalents in real estate (hereinafter RE) advertisements. To achieve this aim, the following objectives are set: a) to reveal the competition between the loanword parkingas and its equivalents in real-world usage; b) to describe the quantitative relationships between the loanword and its equivalents; c) to compare the equivalents of the loanword parkingas with the codified standard of the standard language; and d) to assess the relationship between codification and real-world usage.

The research object comprises 500 instances of the loanword parkingas and its equivalents in RE advertisements on the portal Aruodas.lt (hereinafter ARD), collected from January 4 to September 5, 2024. Other specialized or general-purpose advertising portals (domoplius.lt, kampas.lt, skelbiu.lt, etc.) contain relatively few RE advertisements compared with ARD and often duplicate advertisements posted on ARD (Aleksaitė 2022: 27); ARD is therefore a convenient source for various quantitative language studies. It is assumed that this portal, where, unlike online media and similar texts, the language is not edited, presents actual usage that reflects the current state of the language.

The principal concepts used in this study are defined below:

• codification is understood as “an expression of individual, group, or institutional normative will: the written validation, in normative language works (dictionaries, grammars, and compilations of language recommendations), of linguistic phenomena and their relationships as conveyed through descriptions of norms and rules. Codification applies only to the standard-language variety and is the result of normative activity” (Miliūnaitė 2022: 36);

• actual usage reflects current usage tendencies in RE advertisements on the ARD portal;

• collocation is defined in the 2012 “Dictionary of Linguodidactics Terms” (hereinafter LTŽ) as “a meaningful, grammatically connected, conventional word combination.”

The study was conducted using analytical-descriptive and comparative methods. Quantitative analysis was employed to identify usage tendencies.

ANALYSIS OF THE RESEARCH RESULTS

As noted, codification is understood as “the written validation of standard-language norms in various normative works” (Miliūnaitė 2006a: 50), whereas “[c]odified, i.e. validated in writing, standard-language norms do not always coincide, for various reasons (the most important of which is the constant change and renewal of language), with what is actually in use” (Miliūnaitė 2006b: 9). This prompted an examination of the relationship between the loanword parkingas and its equivalents in actual usage, i.e. in RE advertisements on the ARD portal.

Data analysis revealed that advertisements feature various collocations, whose most important characteristic is “the conventional co-occurrence of certain lexemes” (Marcinkevičienė 2010: 90; see also Melnikienė, Jankauskaitė 2012: 81; see Fig. 2).

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Fig. 2. Frequency of the loanword parkingas and its equivalents on the ARD real estate listings portal (absolute numbers)

Figure 2 shows that on the real estate listings portal, most examples were found of the two-word collocation parking space and its reflexive form, which tends to be extended into three- or four-word collocations (130; 26%; see also Table 1).

Table 1. Variants of the collocation parking space on the real estate listings portal

Collocations absolute no. percent Parking space 72 55.4 Underground parking space 29 22.3 Car parking space 17 13.1 Parking place 9 6.9 Underground car parking space 3 2.3 Total 130 100

The following examples were found²: Parking space for 1 car; The apartment is sold together with a parking space next to the house; Don’t worry about where to safely park your car—the apartment comes with a parking space in an underground car park, which you can purchase for an additional price; The apartment is allocated a parking space; There is an option to purchase a parking space; An underground parking space is for sale at an additional cost; The apartment includes an underground parking space; Car parking space – in the house’s yard; 2 car parking

²The language of the usage examples has not been edited, except for typographical errors.

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space in front of the cottage; The apartment also includes 1 parking space; Underground car parking space for an additional EUR 50,000.

Slightly fewer fixed expressions car parking lot / space and their variants were found (97; 19.4%; see Table 2).

Table 2. Variants of the collocations car park / parking space on the real estate listings portal

Collocations

absolute no.

percent

Car park

63

65,0

Car parking space

11

11,3

Underground car park

11

11,3

Car park

7

7,2

Underground car parking space

5

5,2

Total

97

100

As can be seen from Table 2, there is a tendency to use the three-word collocation car parking lot, thus the normative form recommended by eKP (car) park is expanded by one additional word³, while the normative form is not widespread in actual usage: There is a car parking lot next to the house; Friendly and quiet neighbors, a spacious car parking lot; A large car parking lot; Next to the house there is a gated/lockable car parking lot, for residents of the house only; There is a car parking lot on the underground level – the space is sold for an additional fee; Well-maintained grounds around the house, with a car park; There is a large car park next to the house. The ARD property listings portal also sometimes uses the collocation car parking space, e.g.: Possibility of renting a car parking space in an underground lot; Private car parking spaces. Four-word collocation variants were also recorded on this portal: Underground car parking lot, monitored by video cameras; Underground car parking space (at an additional cost); If needed, you can additionally purchase underground car parking spaces in the enclosed parking area beneath the house.

Property listings also predominantly use the hybrid form⁴ parking and its collocations (79; 15.8%; see Table 3).

Table 3. The hybrid form parking and its collocational variants on a property listings portal

Hybrid form and its collocations

No.

percent

Parking

39

49,4

Car parking

22

27,9

There is / enough space for car parking

14

17,7

Underground car parking

2

2,5

Underground parking

2

2,5

Total

79

100

The following are some examples illustrating the data in Table 3: Parking available both on the street and in the yard; Parking – shared; Parking: in a gated inner courtyard; There are possible parking alternatives: Rent a space next to the Maxima shopping centre or

³ The examples presented here and below show that the principle of linguistic economy is not at work in written property listings.

⁴“Derivatives of this type arise by combining part of a word from a foreign language with word elements from one’s own language” (Jakaitienė 2010: 255).

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parkavimas ilgalaikio stovėjimo aikštelėje – <...>; Laiptinėj tik po 2 butus, puikūs kaimynai, sutvarkyta aplinka, kiemas, parkavimas; Nebūna problemų dėl automobilių parkavimo; Automobilio parkavimas kieme, bendroje aikštelėje; Kieme visuomet yra vietos automobilio parkavimui, <...>; Pakankamai vietos automobilių parkavimui; Požeminis automobilių parkavimas po namu; Požeminis parkavimas.

Collocation “constituents usually occur together, but <...>, they can be inflected or their order changed” (Bėjotint 2000: 213; cited in Melnikienė, Jankauskaitė 2012: 81). This claim by the researchers is also borne out by examples of the collocation (always) you will find / there is a place for a car recorded in real estate advertisements on the ARD portal (71; 14.2%): In the courtyard, you will always find a place for your car; There is always a place for a car by the house; Staircase doors with a coded lock, tidy neighbors, there is always a place for a car; A barrier has been installed in the courtyard, so there is always a place for a car; There is a place for a car.

Numerous instances were also found of the English loanword⁵ parking and its collocational variants (69; 13.8%; see Table 4).

Table 4. The loanword parking and its collocational variants in real estate advertisements

Loanword and its collocations

absolute number

percent

Parking

29

42,1

Underground parking

18

26,1

Parking space

12

17,4

Parking lot

4

5,8

Car parking

3

4,3

Underground parking space

3

4,3

Total

69

100

The following sentences can be given as examples: Free parking next to the house; Parking for an additional fee; PARKING; - A place for a car in the shared courtyard; No problems with parking, large lot; Parking – available for purchase; Underground parking⁶ plus EUR 20,000; Option to purchase an underground parking space; Underground parking and the staircase are monitored by security cameras 24/7; Option to purchase a parking space or a storage room under the building; Purchased parking space for one car; There is a fairly large parking lot next to the house; Private courtyard for parking cars; There is an underground parking space.

The fewest examples of use were found for the collocation parkavimo aikštelė, its extensions, and its reflexive form (43; 8.6%; see Table 5).

Table 5. Variants of the collocation parkavimo aikštelė on the real estate listings portal

Collocations

absolute number

percent

Parking lot

18

41,8

Car parking lot

15

34,9

Parking area

8

18,6

Underground parking lot

2

4,7

Total

43

100

⁵ The Online Etymology Dictionary (hereafter ED) states that the English noun parking, meaning “parking (a car),” derives from the verb to park, meaning “to park a car.” The noun came into use around 1915, and further terms arose from it, for example, parking lot—“car park” (from 1920), parking ticket—“notice of a parking violation” (from 1925), parking brake—“handbrake” (from 1927), and parking meter—“parking meter” (from 1935) (for more on the etymology of this word, see also the Oxford English Dictionary (hereafter OED).

⁶ Apie tokius junginius, kai vienas žodis implikuoja kitą, žr. Banuševičienė 2016: 16.

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The following collocations are used in the advertisements on the real estate portal ARD: parking lot variants, counting forms with the reflexive suffix: Shared parking lot outdoors; Next to the house parking lot; Parking lot with a barrier gate⁷ is for the residents of the building; Large parking lots; The apartment windows (south-facing) overlook a quiet inner courtyard, where a secure parking lot has been set up; Spacious parking lot in the courtyard, where you will always find a space; Expanded parking lot, the building is set farther back from the street; Car parking lot – next to the house; In the courtyard you will find a free car parking lot; Option to additionally purchase a private garage in an underground parking lot. It is worth noting that the collocations parking space and parking lot, the hybrid parking, and their variants compete with one another. These related forms, derived from the verb to park ‘to place (a car)’, which the VLKK Consultation Bank and eKP assess as a secondary variant of the norm, account for 50.4% of all examples.

A small number of instances of individual usage (11; 2.2%) were also found, e.g.: Car parking in a closed courtyard; Parking a car next to the house; It is possible to park a car in the nearby lot; There is a courtyard where residents can park their cars; There is an inner courtyard where a car can be kept, etc. During the study period, only one instance of the neologism parkuotė was found on the ARD real estate portal; however, as internet usage shows, there are more examples of this hybrid: Parking by the shop (apklausa.lt 2007–06–10); <...> Akropolis parking lot is packed... (atviraklaipeda.lt 2024–02–08); Convenient parking; quiet neighborhood (booking.com 2024–08–31); Parking on the island for a car – NO TICKETS LEFT (mjr.lt 2024 September (no later than); The car park is enclosed. One free parking space is available (livingpalanga.lt 2024 September (no later than). At present, the neologism parkuotė is not widespread in usage.

As mentioned earlier in the article, when writing about (cars) parking lots on the real estate portal, the principle of linguistic economy is disregarded (for more on this principle in the standardization of language phenomena, see Miliūnaitė 2003: 286; see Table 6 for the ratio of one-word and multiword collocations⁸).

Table 6. Ratio of one-word and multiword collocations on the ARD real estate advertisements portal (absolute numbers)

Collocation type

absolute number

percent

Collocation examples

One-word

68

13,9

parking, parkingas

Two-word

175

35,8

parking space, car parking, underground parkingas, parking lot, parkingas space, parking space, parking lot, car park, parkingas lot, car parkingas, underground parking

Three-word

142

29,0

car parking lot, underground parking space, car parking space, car parking lot, car parking space, underground parkingas space, underground car parking, underground parking lot

Four-word

104

21,3

(always) find / there is space for a car, there is / enough space for parking a car (cars), underground car park, underground parking space for a car (cars), underground parking space for a car (cars)

Total

489

100

⁷ eKP indicates that the foreignism šlagbaumas is not recommended in standard language; the word užkardas should be used.

⁸ The table does not include the few isolated instances of usage.

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The data presented in Table 6 show that multiword collocations predominate in RE advertisements (their ratio to single-word collocations is approximately 86:14); thus, more economical means of expression are rarely used.

The following isolated examples show that sometimes constructions conveying even redundant information are chosen on the RE portal ARD—it is probably not necessary to insert the adjective antžeminis, -ė⁹ into a sentence when writing about (automobilių) aikštelės in courtyards: Antžeminė parkavimo vieta vidiniame kieme (+8000 eur.); Antžeminė automobilio parkingo vieta kieme +10.000 Eur; Antžeminis arba požeminis parkingas, etc.

To summarize the study results, it can be stated that the loanword parkingas and various equivalents of it are currently in use, and this variety of forms suggests that, as yet, there is no single established Lithuanian equivalent of the loanword parkingas that is acceptable to the public.

CONCLUSIONS

1. The analysis of the data showed that usage of the loanword parkingas and its equivalents is not established (various forms are in use) on the RE advertisements portal Aruodas.lt. The most notable competition is between the following forms: parkavimo vieta (72; 14.4%), (visada) rasite / yra vietos automobiliui (71; 14.2%), automobilių stovėjimo aikštelė (63; 12.6%), parkavimas (39; 7.8%), parkingas (29; 5.8%), požeminė parkavimo vieta (29; 5.8%), and automobilio (-ių) parkavimas (22; 4.4%). Less frequently selected word combinations include požeminis parkingas (18; 3.6%), parkavimo aikštelė (18; 3.6%), automobilio (-ių) parkavimo vieta (17; 3.4%), automobilių parkavimo aikštelė (15; 3%), yra / pakankamai vietos automobilio (-ių) parkavimui (14; 2.8%), parkingo vieta (12; 2.4%), automobilio (-ių) stovėjimo vieta (11; 2.2%), požeminė automobilių stovėjimo aikštelė (11; 2.2%), and other isolated instances of usage (11; 2.2%). The following collocations are used very infrequently: parkavimosi vieta (9; 1.8%), parkavimosi aikštelė (8; 1.6%), automobilių aikštelė (7; 1.4%), požeminė automobilio (-ių) stovėjimo vieta (5; 1%), parkingo aikštelė (4; 0.8%), požeminė automobilio (-ių) parkavimo vieta (3; 0.6%), automobilių parkingas (3; 0.6%), požeminio parkingo vieta (3; 0.6%), požeminis automobilio parkavimas (2; 0.4%), požeminis parkavimas (2; 0.4%), and požeminio parkavimo aikštelė (2; 0.4%).

2. The most widespread collocation on the RE advertisements portal Aruodas.lt is parkavimo vieta and its variants (130; 26%); word combinations automobilio (-ių) stovėjimo aikštelė / vieta and their variants also predominate (97; 19.4%). Numerous instances were found of the hybrid parkavimas and other fossilized compounds with the same root (79; 15.8%), as well as the collocation (visada) rasite / yra vietos automobiliui (71; 14.2%) and the loanword parkingas with its collocational variants (69; 13.8%). The fewest variants were found for the collocation parkavimo aikštelė (43; 8.6%).

3. An assessment of the relationship between codification and actual usage shows that, as yet, there is no single established Lithuanian equivalent of the loanword parkingas that is acceptable to the public, and that the normative variant recommended in Kalbos patarimuose, (automobilių) aikštelė (7; 1.4%), was not widespread on the RE advertisements portal Aruodas.lt during the period studied. To obtain more representative data and make recommendations concerning whether codification should be changed, further studies of the loanword parkingas and its equivalents should be conducted. On the other hand, the data from this study alone indicate a fairly large gap between the codified norm and actual usage; therefore, reconsideration of the codification of the loanword parkingas is recommended if data from other studies show similar usage tendencies.

4. The material collected for the study suggests that written RE advertisements, when referring to (automobilių) aikšteles, disregard the principle of linguistic economy: two-, three-, and four-word collocations predominate (their ratio to single-word collocations is approximately 86:14). Furthermore

⁹In the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” (LKŽ), the adjective antžeminis, -ė is defined as “situated on the earth’s surface” (with the nuance of meaning given as “situated above ground”).

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instead of the codified standard-language norm (car) park (7; 1.4%), the extended variant car parking area is more often chosen (63; 12.6%).

5. Such competition between usage variants is determined by the heterogeneous group of addressers and individual expression. If the normative variant is unacceptable for various reasons and does not meet the linguistic needs of society, it is natural that the authors of RE advertisements look for other variants that are more acceptable to them. Depending on the addresser’s age, education, worldview, linguistic competence, etc., preference is given either to Lithuanian equivalents or to loanwords, hybrids, and their collocations. RE advertisements aim to describe the object as precisely as possible and to highlight different aspects of the (car) park, so sometimes the choice of a particular variant is motivated and can be justified: for example, underground parking space, underground parking and similar expressions indicate a specific type of infrastructure, where vehicles are kept in underground car parks, while (you will) always find / there is a space for a car emphasizes convenience and vacant, available parking spaces, but does not provide more detailed information about the property itself.

ŠALTINIAI

ARD: Aruodas.lt [Aruodas.lt]. Prieiga internete: https://www.aruodas.lt/ [žiūrėta 2024 m. sausio 4 d.–rugsėjo 5 d.].

ED: Online Etymology Dictionary. Prieiga internete: http://www.etymonline.com/ [žiūrėta 2024 m. lapkričio mėn.].

eKP 2022: Kalbos patarimai [Language Recommendations]. Kalbos rekomendacijų žinynas, sud. R. Miliūnaitė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: https://ekalba.lt/kalbos-patarimai, https://doi.org/10.35321/db.1.kp [žiūrėta 2024 m. lapkričio mėn.].

GP: Greiti pietūs: Tai kaip ten su priešdėliu „da“? [Quick Lunch: So What’s the Deal with the Prefix “da”?] Algio Ramanausko interviu su kalbininku Antanu Smetona, 2021–09-04. Prieiga internete: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPlBkIIOBNo [žiūrėta 2024 m. spalio mėn.].

LKŽe: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language] 1–20 (1941–2002), el. variantas, red. kolegija: G. Naktinienė (vyr. redaktorė), J. Paulauskas, R. Petrokienė, V. Vitkauskas, J. Zabarskaitė, programuotojai E. Ožeraitis, V. Zinkevičius, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, atnaujinta versija, 2018. Prieiga internete: https://ekalba.lt/lietuviu-kalbos-zodynas/ [žiūrėta 2024 m. lapkričio mėn.].

LTŽ 2012: Lingvodidaktikos terminų žodynas [Dictionary of Language Didactics Terms], sudarė M. Ramonienė, J. Brazauskienė, N. Burneikaitė, J. Daugmaudytė, E. Kontutytė, J. Pribušauskaitė, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla.

ND: Lietuvių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas [The Database of Lithuanian Neologisms]. Tęstinis internetinis žinynas nuo 2011 m., sud. R. Miliūnaitė; rengia A. Aleksaitė, R. Miliūnaitė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: https://ekalba.lt/naujazodziai/ [žiūrėta 2024 m. spalio mėn.].

OED: Oxford English Dictionary. Prieiga internete: https://www.oed.com/ [žiūrėta 2024 m. lapkričio mėn.].

VLKK: Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos Konsultacijų banko įrašas Kaip vertinamas žodis „parkingas“? [An entry in the Consultation Database of the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language: “How Is the Word parkingas Evaluated?”]. Prieiga internete: https://vlkk.lt/konsultacijos/2098-parkingas [žiūrėta 2025 m. balandžio mėn.].

Vartosėnos pavyzdžių ieškota interneto paieškos sistema Google.

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Miliūnaitė Rita 2006a: Kodifikacijos ir vartosenos santykiai dabartinėje lietuvių kalboje [The Relation Between Codification and Actual Usage in Modern Lithuanian]. – Lituanistica 3(67), 50–59.

Miliūnaitė Rita 2006b: Kodifikacijos ir vartosenos santykių modelis [A Model of Relationships Between Codification and Language Use]. – Kalbos kultūra 79, 9–28.

Miliūnaitė Rita 2022: Įvairuojantys ir nauji lietuvių kalbos reiškiniai XXI a. pradžioje: sistematika ir pokyčių kryptys [Variable and New Phenomena of Contemporary Lithuanian at the Start of the 21st Century: Systemization and Trends of Change]: monografija, el. išteklius, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://lki.lt/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Miliunaite_Ivairuojantys_ir_nauji_kalbos-reiskiniai.pdf.

AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ

THE USAGE OF THE LOANWORD PARKINGAS AND ITS EQUIVALENTS IN REAL ESTATE ADS

Summary

The main issue of this study is the discrepancy between the codified norm and its actual usage. The primary objective of the research is to determine the prevalence and usage patterns of parkingas and its equivalents in real estate (RE) advertisements. To achieve this goal, the following specific objectives were established: (a) to analyze the competition between parkingas and its equivalents in actual usage; (b) to quantify the distribution of the loanword and its substitutes; (c) to compare these equivalents with the codified norm of standard Lithuanian; and (d) to evaluate the relationship between linguistic codification and real-world language use. The study examines 500 instances in which the loanword parkingas and its equivalents appeared in RE advertisements on Aruodas.lt, collected between January

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4, 2024, and September 5, 2024. The analysis employs descriptive, comparative, and quantitative methods to identify and interpret usage trends.

The analysis of 500 instances in which the loanword parkingas and its equivalents appeared on the RE advertisement portal Aruodas.lt (ARD) revealed that the use of the loanword parkingas and its equivalents in RE advertisements lacks a standardized norm, with multiple variants in circulation.

The most frequently occurring collocation on the ARD portal for RE ads was parkavimo vieta and its variants (130; 26%), followed by word combinations automobilio (-ių) stovėjimo aikštelė / vieta and their variants (97; 19.4%). A considerable number of instances of the hybrid parkavimas and other fossilized expressions sharing the same root were identified (79; 15.8%), as well as variants of the collocation (visada) rasite / yra vietos automobiliui (71; 14.2%). The loanword parkingas and its collocations appeared in 69 cases (13.8%), while variants of parkavimo aikštelė were the least prevalent (43; 8.6%).

Regarding the relationship between codification and real-world usage, no single standardized Lithuanian equivalent of the loanword parkingas has been widely accepted by the general public. The standard variant (automobilių) aikštelė, as recommended by Kalbos Patarimai (Language Recommendations), had minimal presence (7; 1.4%) on the ARD portal for RE ads during the study period.

The collected data suggests that written RE advertisements do not adhere to the principle of linguistic economy regarding (car) parks, with collocations consisting of two, three, or even four words being significantly more common than their single-word counterparts at a ratio of approximately 86 to 14. Furthermore, the codified standard-language version (automobilių) aikštelė (‘(car) park’) (7; 1.4%) was often replaced by its extended variant automobilių stovėjimo aikštelė (‘car parking lot’) (63; 12.6%).

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