Skolinio „parkingas“ ir jo atitikmenų vartosena nekilnojamojo turto skelbimuose

Standard Language 2025, No. 98, pp. 1–11 Contents link ISSN 2351-7204 (electronic / online) Copyright © 2025 Agnė Aleksaitė-Davidavičienė. Published by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. // Published by the Lithuanian Language Institute. This article is open access, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which allows unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction of the content in any media, provided that the author and source are acknowledged. Received: / Gauta: 2025-02-05. Accepted: / Priimta: 2025-02-18. 1 DEBTOR PARKING AND USE OF ITS Equivalents REAL ESTATE ADVERTISING The Usage of the Loanword Parkingas and Its Equivalents in Real Estate Ads AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ-DAVIDAVIČIENĖ Institute of Lithuanian Language El. email: [email protected] ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3755-7406 Research areas: neology, stylistics, word formation, Internet linguistics. https://doi.org/10.35321/bkalba.2025.98.02 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ANNOTATION In English, the word "parking" is used to describe a parking lot, although the word "parking" is used to refer to a car park. Of course, codification does not always coincide with usage tendencies, moreover, Lithuanian equivalents for this anglicism were also proposed by the public (e.g., Algis Ramanauskas proposed to use novadarė parkvietė). This prompted us to investigate the relationship between debt parking and its equivalents in real consumption, i.e. real estate (hereinafter – REAL ESTATE) ads portal Aruodas.lt. The object of this study is 500 cases of use of the loan parking and its equivalents in the real estate ads portal Aruodas.lt, collected from January 4 to September 5, 2024. KEY WORDS: parking, codification, actual use, real estate ads. ABSTRACT Kalbos Patarimai (Language Recommendations) classifies parkingas ('parking') as a loanword that should be avoided in standard Lithuanian. Instead, it recommends using the phrase (automobilių) aikštelė ('(car) park') as the normative equivalent. However, language codification does not always align with actual usage trends. Additionally, the general public has proposed alternative translations of this anglicism, with Algis Ramanauskas suggesting the neologism parkvietė as a potential substitute. This study was motivated by examining the relationship between the loanword parkingas and its equivalents in real-world usage, specifically in real estate (RE) advertisements on the portal Aruodas.lt. The study examines 500 instances in which the loanword parkingas and its equivalents appeared in RE advertisements on Aruodas.lt, collected between January 4, 2024, and September 5, 2024. KEYWORDS: parking, codification, real-world usage, real estate ads. INTRODUCTION The State Lithuanian Language Commission’s (hereinafter – VLKK) Consultation Bank provides a link to Language Advices, in which the borrowed word parkingas is assessed as an avoidable word in common language, with the normative variant indicating the word combination (car) parking (see https://vlkk.lt/konsultacijos/2098-parkingas). The digitized Language Tips (hereinafter – eKP) show how the codification of the debt parking has changed over time (see Figure 1). The 2013 Language Advice Booklet (Lexica: Borrowing Use) states that the foreign word parkingas should be avoided in common language; Earlier sources considered this loan even 2 more strictly – as a word not to be used in common language, indicating the word combination (car) parking lot as a normative variant. 1 Figure 1. Skolinio parkingas codification in eKP sources The public has also proposed Lithuanian equivalents for this anglicism. In the Lithuanian language new words database (hereinafter – ND) is included the newly created prefix „motorizuotų transporto priemonių stovėjimo aikštelė“, which, as shown by the accumulated examples of usage in ND, Algis Ramanauskas proposed to use instead of the borrowed parkingas: 1. Algis Ramanauskas: Well, what to do with the parking lot, when the word park in Lithuanian is legal for a long time? Antanas Smetona: Parking You mean... Algis Ramanauskas: I would say parking lot. Let it be parkvietė in Lithuanian. Antanas Smetona: A parking lot? Even more interesting... yes, quite a normal word. Algis Ramanauskas: You see, I am often told, you are only criticizing here, you are not proposing anything. I'm proposing. And I offer a lot. Antanas Smetona: Very normal word. Well, we've heard about the park and if the people get it, please. (LRT program „Visi kalba“ 2020-01-31) 2. Instead of parking could be a "parking lot", as A. Ramanauskas once suggested. As long as the analogues are words composed of two or three words, or have no associations, nothing will happen. (miestai.net 2017-11-05) 3. Ramanauskas raises the question of the competence of linguists rightly. Does someone who tells you to say “parking lot” instead of “parking lot” really understand how language works? (alchemija.tv 2015-07-12) The relevance of the research problem – the difference between the codified norm and the actual use – is evident from the examples of parking use. The statements formulated in these examples lead to the assumption that the codified general language norm does not meet the linguistic needs of the society, and therefore language users are looking for other, more acceptable variants. 1 By the way, in the “Žinių radijo” program “Fast lunch” (GP) linguist Antanas Smetona in common language žodį parkingas įvertino kaip bendrinės kalbos normintojų, t. y. taisytojų, klaidą (plačiau žr. nuo 31 min.: corrected the https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPlBkIIOBNo). 3 The aim of this article is to determine the real consumption trends and prevalence of debt parking and its equivalents in real estate (hereinafter – REAL ESTATE) ads. The objectives are as follows: a) to reveal the competition of the debt parking and its counterparts in real consumption; (b) describe the quantitative relationship between the debt and its counterparts; c) compare the equivalents of the borrowed parking with the codified common language norm and (d) assess the relationship between codification and actual use. The object of the study is 500 cases of use of the loan word parking and its equivalents in the real estate ads portal Aruodas.lt (hereinafter – ARD), collected from January 4 to September 5, 2024. Other specialized or general ads portals (domoplius.lt, kampas.lt, skelbiu.lt and others) provide, compared to ARD, few real estate ads, in addition, often duplicate the ads provided by ARD (Aleksaitė 2022: 27), so ARD is a handy source for various quantitative language studies. It is assumed that this portal, whose language, unlike texts in online media etc., is not edited, presents real usage, reflecting the current state of the language. The following definitions apply to the main terms used in this work: • Codification is understood as “the expression of individual or group, or institutional normative will: the legalization of linguistic phenomena and their relations, expressed by descriptions of norms and rules, in written normative works of language (dictionaries, grammar, language recommendations). Codification applies only to common language variants and is the result of normative activity” (Miliūnaitė 2022: 36); • actual usage reflects the current usage trends in the real estate ads portal ARD; • in the “Dictionary of Linguistics Terms” (hereinafter – LTZ) published in 2012, collocation is defined as “a meaningful, grammatically related ordinary combination of words”. The study was carried out based on analytical descriptive and comparative methods. Quantitative analysis was used to highlight consumer behaviour tendencies. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS Codification, as mentioned, is understood as “the legalization of general language norms in writing in various normative works” (Miliūnaitė 2006a: 50), while “[c]odified, i.e. legalized in writing, general language norms for various reasons (the most important of which is the constant change and renewal of language) do not always coincide with what functions in usage” (Miliūnaitė 2006b: 9). This prompted us to investigate the relationship between the debt parking and its equivalents in real consumption, i.e. NT ads portal ARD. The analysis of the data revealed that various collocations predominate in the advertisements, the most important characteristic of which is “the usual use of some lexical elements together” (Marcinkevičienė 2010: 90; see also Melnikienė, Jankauskaitė 2012: 81; see Figure 2). 4 Figure 2. The frequency of the term parking lot and its equivalents in the ARD real estate ads portal (abstract) Figure 2 shows that in the ARD real estate ads portal the most examples of parking lot with two-word collocation and its return form, which tends to be extended to threeor four-word collocations (130; 26 %; see also table 1), were found. Table 1. Colocation parking space options on the real estate ads portal Colocation abs. sk. proc. Parking space 72 55,4 Parking space 9 6,9 Underground parking space 3 2,3 Total 130 100 Underground parking space 29 22,3 Car parking space 17 13,1 The following examples were found: Parking space for 1 car; The apartment is sold together with a 2 parking place, next to the house; Do not worry about where to park your car safely – the apartment has a parking space in the underground car park, which you can purchase for an additional price; The apartment has a parking space; There is a possibility to purchase a parking space; Underground parking space for sale for an additional price; The apartment has an underground parking space; Parking space – in the yard of the house; 2 Car Parking 2 The language of the usage examples has not been corrected, except for proofreading errors. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Parking space (Always) find / there is space for a car Parking lot Parking Parking Underground parking space Parking of car(s) Underground car park The parking lot Automobilio (-ių) parkavimo vieta Car Parking There is/ample space for parking car(s) Parking space Parking for car(s) Underground car park Cases of single use Parking space The parking lot The car park Underground parking (free) The parking lot Underground car (s) parking space in front of the cottage; The apartment also has 1 Parking for cars Underground parking space Underground car parking Underground parking garage Underground parking 5 parking space; Underground parking space for an additional 50000 EUR. Slightly fewer were found for the static word combinations car(s) parking lot/place and their variants (97; 19.4 %; see Table 2). Table 2. Colocation parking lot / place options on the real estate ads portal Collocation abs. per cent Parking lot 63 65.0 Parking space for car(s) 11 11.3 Total 97 100 Hybrid and its co-location abs. Parking 39 49.4 for parking Underground car parking 2 2.5 Underground car park 11 11.3 Car park 7 7.2 Underground car park 5 5.2 Car park 22 27.9 Underground car park 2 2.5 Total 79 100 As it can be seen from table 2, the three-word collocation car park is used, so the standard variant (car) park provided by eKP is extended by one more, additional word, and the standard variant is not widespread in real use: There is a car park at the house; Friendly and quiet neighbors, spacious parking; Large parking lot; Close to the house – closed / lockable parking lot, only for residents of the house; There is a parking lot on the underground floor – a place is sold for an additional fee; Maintained house environment, there is a parking lot; At the house there is a 3 4 15,8 %; Table 3). Table 3. Hybrid parking and its collocation options in the real estate ads portal large parking lot. In the ARD real estate portal, the term co-location is sometimes used as a parking space for a car (s), e.g. : Possibility to rent a parking space in the underground car park; Private parking spaces. This portal also contains four-word collocation variants: Underground car park, monitored by video cameras; Underground car park (for an additional fee); If necessary, you can additionally purchase underground parking spaces in the closed parking lot under the house. In real estate ads also predominate hybrid parking and There is / collocations of this word (79; sufficient space for car(s) 14 17.7 The following are some examples illustrating the data in Table 3: Parking available both on the street and in the yard; Parking – shared; Parking: in the enclosed inner courtyard; There are possible parking alternatives: Rent a place near the Maxima supermarket or The examples given here and below show 3 that the principle of language economy does not work in written real estate ads. 4 This type of constructions arise when a word part of a foreign language is combined with a word part of one’s own language (Jakaitienė 2010: 255). 6 parking in a long-term parking lot: <...>; Staircase only after 2 apartments, great neighbors, well-kept environment, yard, parking; There are no problems with parking; Parking in the yard, common parking; In the yard there is always a place for parking, <...>; Enough space for parking; Underground parking under the house; Underground parking. The collocations “are usually combined, but, <...>, they can be read or the order of the elements can be changed” (Béjoint 2000: 213; cited from Melnikienė, Jankauskaitė 2012: 81). This statement of the researchers is supported by examples of collocations (always) you will find / there is a place for a car (71; 14.2 %) recorded in the real estate ads portal ARD: You will always find a place for a car near the house; Staircase door with code lock, neat neighbors, there is always room for a car; The yard is equipped with firewall, so there is always a place for a car; There is space for a car. There was also a high number of 5 English-language loanwords parking and their collocation variants (69; 13.8 %; see Table 4). Table 4. The parking of the borrower and its collocation options in the real estate ads portal Skolinys and its collocations abs. sk. proc. Parking 29 42,1 Car parking 3 4,3 Underground parking space 3 4,3 Car parking 15 34,9 Parking 8 18,6 Underground parking space 2 4,7 Underground parking 18 26,1 Parking space 12 17,4 Parking 4 5,8 Total 69 100 Colocation abs. Parking lot 18 41,8 Total 43 100 As examples, the following sentences can be given: Near the house free parking; Parking for an additional fee; PARKING: - Parking space in the common yard; There are no problems with parking, large parking lot; Parking – there is a possibility to purchase; Underground parking plus 20000 EUR; Possibility to purchase underground parking; Underground parking and staircase are monitored by security cameras 24/7; There is a possibility to purchase a parking space or a storage room under the house; Purchased parking space for one car; At the house there is a large parking lot; Own yard for parking; There is an underground parking place. The least number of examples of co-location parking lot, its extensions and the reversive form (43; 8.6 %; see Table 5). Table 5. Colocation parking lot 6 options on the NT ads portal 5 The Online Etymology Dictionary (ED) states that the English noun parking is derived from the verb to park, which means to park a car. This noun came into use around 1915, and with it came more terms, such as parking lot (from 1920), parking ticket (from 1925), parking brake (from 1927) and parking meter (from 1935) (for the etymology of this word, see also Parking meter). Oxford English Dictionary (toliau – OED). 6 For example, when one word implies the other, it is called a subjunctive. 2016: 16. 7 The following variants of co-location parking lot are used in ARD ads, calculated with the return form: Common parking lot outside; Parking lot next to the house; Parking lot with a ramp for the residents of the house; Large parking lots; The windows of the apartment (south side) are 7 oriented to the quiet inner courtyard, where there is a closed parking lot; Spacious parking lot in the yard, where you will always find a place; Increased parking lot, the house stands further from the street; Parking lot – next to the house; In the yard you will find free parking; Possibility to additionally purchase a closed garage in the underground parking lot. It should be noted that co-location parking space and parking lot, hybrid parking and their variants compete with each other. Such common root variants, made from the verb park „park (car)“, which in VLKK Konsultacijų bankas and eKP is assessed as a secondary variant of the norm, account for 50.4% of all examples. There were also few cases of single use (11; 2.2%), e.g. : Car parking in the closed yard; Parking near the house; There is a possibility to park the car in the nearby parking lot; There is a yard for residents to park their cars; There is an inner courtyard where you can store a car and so on. During the investigation period, the ARD portal found only one case of the use of parkuotė, but, as can be seen from the internet usage, there are more examples of this hybrid: Parkuotė prie parduotuvės (apklausa.lt 2007-06-10); <...> Acropolis parking lot is crowded… (atviraklaipeda.lt 2024-02-08); Convenient parking; quiet area (booking.com 2024-08-31); Parking on the island – NO TICKETS (mjr.lt September 2024 (no later); The parking lot is closed. There is 1 free parking (livingpalanga.lt September 2024 (no later). At the moment, the newly built parking lot in Vartosen is not widespread. In the article it has already been mentioned that the principle of language economics is not respected in the Real Estate portal when writing about (car) parking lots (for more on this principle, see Miliūnaitė 2003: 286; for the ratio of single-word and polyword collocations, see table 6). 8 Table 6. Ratio of single-word and multiple-word collocations in the ARD real estate ads portal (abs. sk.) Examples of collocations car park, parking lot, car underground parking place, underground car type incl. Single words 68 13,9 parking, parkingas parking, underground parking lot Double words 175 35,8 parking space, car(s) parking, Triad words 142 29,0 parking space, underground parking lot underground parking lot, parking lot, parking space, car(s) parking lot, car(s) parking lot, parking lot, parking lot, parking lot, parking lot, car(s) parking lot, parking lot, underground parking lot Total 489 100 104 21.3 (always) you will find / there is a place for a car, there is / enough space for parking a car (s), underground car park, underground car (s) parking space, underground eKP it is indicated that the foreignness šlagbaumas should not be presented in common language; the word to be used is firewall. automobilio (-ių) parkavimo vieta 7 8 The table does not include small cases of single use. 8 The data presented in Table 6 shows that the real estate ads are dominated by multi-word collocations (their ratio to single-word collocations is about 86:14), so that more economical means of expression are rarely used. The following individual examples show that sometimes the ARD NT portal chooses even constructions that provide excessive information – probably it is not necessary to insert the adjective antžeminis, -ė into the sentence if it is written about (car) parking lots in 9 courtyards: Underground parking space in the inner courtyard (+8000 eur.); Ground parking space in the yard +10.000 Eur; Above ground or underground parking etc. Summarizing the results of the research, it can be stated that at present in the usage functions the debt parking and various equivalents, and such variety of variants allows to say that there is not yet one established, acceptable to the public Lithuanian debt parking equivalent. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of the data showed that the use of debt parking and its counterparts in the real estate ads portal Aruodas.lt is not established (various variants function). The strongest competition between the following options: parking space (72; 14.4 %), (always) you will find / there is a place for a car (71; 14.2 %), car park (63; 12.6 %), parking (39; 7.8 %), parking (29; 5.8 %), underground parking (29; 5.8 %) and car (-s) parking (22; 4.4 %). Less frequently chosen word combinations are: underground parking (18; 3.6 %), parking lot (18; 3.6 %), car(s) parking space (17; 3.4 %), car(s) parking space (15; 3 %), there is/is enough space for car(s) parking (14; 2.8 %), parking lot (12; 2.4 %), car(s) parking space (11; 2.2 %), underground car park (11; 2.2 %) and other cases of single use (11; 2.2 %). The following co-locations are used quite rarely: parking space (9; 1.8 %), parking lot (8; 1.6 %), car park (7; 1.4 %), underground car park (5; 1 %), parking lot (4; 0.8 %), underground car park (3; 0.6 %), car park (3; 0.6 %), underground car park (3; 0.6 %), underground car park (2; 0.4 %), underground parking (2; 0.4 %) and underground car park (2; 0.4 %). 2. in the real estate ads portal Aruodas.lt the most common co-location is parking place and its variants (130; 26 %), as well as the combination of words car (s) parking lot / place and their variants (97; 19.4 %); a considerable number of hybrid parking and other conjugated, co-rooted word combinations (79; 15.8 %), as well as collocations (always) will find / there is room for a car (71; 14.2 %) and borrowed parking and its collocation variants (69; 13.8 %) were detected; the least number of co-location parking options found (43; 8.6 %). 3.Evaluating the relationship between codification and actual usage, it is clear that there is not yet one established, acceptable to the public equivalent of the Lithuanian loanword parkingas, and the normative variant (car) parking lot (7; 1.4 %) provided in the Language Tips is not widespread in the investigated period on the real estate ads portal Aruodas.lt. In order to obtain more representative data and to make recommendations for (non-)changes in the codification, additional studies of the loan parking and its equivalents should be carried out. On the other hand, based on the data of this study alone, there is a fairly large gap between the codified rate and the actual consumption, therefore it is recommended to consider the codification of debt parking if the data of other studies show similar consumption tendencies. 4.The collected research material allows us to say that in written real estate advertisements, when writing about (car) parking lots, the principle of language economy is not observed: two-word, three-word and four-word collocations predominate here (their ratio to single-word collocations is approximately 86:14). Be 9 In the Lithuanian Language Dictionary (LKŽe), the adjective antžeminis, -ė is defined as "on the surface of the earth" (the shade of meaning is indicated - "above the ground"). 9 Therefore, instead of the codified general language norm (car) parking lot (7; 1.4 %), the extended variant – car park (63; 12.6 %) is more frequently used. 5. This competition of variants of use is determined by the heterogeneous group of addressees and individual expression. If the normative version is unacceptable for various reasons, does not reflect the linguistic needs of the public, it is natural that the authors of real estate ads look for other, more acceptable options. Depending on the addressee’s age, education, worldview, linguistic competence, etc., preference is given to either Lithuanian equivalents or borrowed words, hybrids and their collocations. Real estate advertisements aim to describe the described object as accurately as possible and emphasize different aspects of the (car) konkretaus varianto pasirinkimas – motyvuotas, jį galima pagrįsti, pvz., požeminė parkavimo parking lot, so sometimes location, underground parking etc. indicate a specific type of infrastructure, when vehicles are kept in underground car parks, and (always) you will find / there is space for a car emphasizes convenience and unoccupied, performed parking spaces in the parking lots, but does not provide more detailed information about the object itself. ŠALTINIAI ARD: Aruodas.lt [Aruodas.lt]. Prieiga internete: https://www.aruodas.lt/ [žiūrėta 2024 m. sausio 4 d.–rugsėjo 5 d.]. ED: Online Etymology Dictionary. Prieiga internete: http://www.etymonline.com/ [žiūrėta 2024 m. lapkričio mėn.]. eKP 2022: Kalbos patarimai [Language Recommendations]. Kalbos rekomendacijų žinynas, sud. R. Miliūnaitė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. 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