LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI, III LIETUVOS TSR MOKSLŲ AKADEMIJA

NOUN IN THE DIALECT OF THE MITUVA RIVER BASIN¹

E. GRINAVECKIENĖ

I. Gender, number, case²

II. Stem

The noun stems in the dialect are the same as in standard Lithuanian, but they are somewhat mixed among themselves. Some stems (i, u, iu, consonant stems) have, alongside their own stem endings, especially in the plural, endings of other stems as well, or pass completely into other stems; see pp. 165, 167. In the a, io stems, only individual cases have acquired endings of other stems, and this occurs rarely; see pp. 171–174.

In addition, stems in the dialect may change when the number of a noun changes, for example:

a) All male surnames with o-, io- stems have shifted to the a, ia stem in the plural, e.g.: Byla, Petraūvytė, Riaubà, Stanėvytė, Vadeišà, but: Bylai, Petraūvyčei, Riaubai, Stanevyčei, Vadeišai.

b) All u- stem nouns with a pejorative meaning have shifted in the plural not to the a stem, as might be expected (cf. p. 172), but to the ia stem, e.g.: lipkus (someone all stuck together), pliūrpkus (hothead), smìrškus (a poor deceased person), but: lipkei, pliūrpkėi, smìrškei. Possibly this is because all pejorative nouns formed in a similar way are not of the u, but of the iu stem, and in the plural they all shift to the ia stem; cf. miegalìus, nuogālùs and miegalèi, nuogālèi. Thus these u- stem nouns, being unproductive in the dialect, could have shifted in the plural to the ia stem by analogy with the iu stem. The shift of o-, io- stem surnames to the a, ia stem in the plural could be explained in the same way.

c) The masculine noun petys, an i- stem noun, has shifted in the singular nominative and throughout the plural to the ia- stem: pečèi, pečių, pečiàms, pečès...

¹The article printed here is the morphology section of Part II of “The Mituva River Basin Dialect.” See E. Grinaveckienė, The Mituva River Basin Dialect (hereafter Mut), doctoral dissertation in philology, typescript, 531, Vilnius, 1955, manuscript collection of Vilnius State V. Kapsukas University. Dialect examples in this article are written using standard Lithuanian orthography, following the meanings of the general orthographic symbols indicated in Lithuanian Linguistic Questions (hereafter LKK) 1, 119–120.

²The characteristic gender, number, and case forms of nouns in the Mituva River Basin dialect are discussed in LKK, 2, 177–185, Vilnius, 1959.

11. Kalbotyros klausimai, III

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III. Accentuation

The dialect’s nouns are divided into four accent paradigms (with subgroups). The accent paradigms are the same as in 1k³, except that some individual words occur with an accent paradigm different from that in 1k, and some words have two possible accentuations.

1. The dialect has nouns that are accented in parallel ways:

a) according to accent paradigm I and III, e.g.: brūkšnìs — brūkšmỹs, gréblis — grėblỹs, inkštai — inkštaĩ, kanai — kalnaĩ, pė́da — pėdà, siūlai — suolaĩ.

b) in the singular according to accent paradigm I and III (more often), and in the plural, as in 1k, according to I, e.g.: ašara — ašarù — ašarų, čerpė — čerpė̃ — čerpių, kráutuvė — krautuvė̃ — krautuvių, leñtpjuvė — lentpjū̃vė — lentpjūvių, náginė — naginė̃ — naginių, pãmoka — pamokà — pamokų, pirštinė — pirštinė̃ — pirštinių.

c) in the singular according to I, and in the plural in parallel according to I and III; e.g.: brólis — brolẽi — brolẽ.

d) according to accent paradigm II and IV, e.g.: ãslas — aslõs, bãlas — balõs, diržai — diržaĩ, dúdas — dúdos, ievõs, ievų — ievų, glėbis — glėbỹs, krantai — krantaĩ, kuolai — kuolaĩ, vam̃plas (small, of the mouth) — vamplõs.

e) in the singular according to II and IV (more often), and in the plural according to II (a few may also follow IV), e.g.: Ágnė (Agnietė) — Agnė̃ — Agnių, ẽglė — eglė̃ — eglių, Elzė (Elžbieta) — Elzė̃ — Elzių, lãpė — lapė̃ — lapių, kir̃ptė (a woman with closely cropped hair) — kirptė̃ — kirpčių, kū̃prė — kuprė̃ — kuprių, Mãgde — Magdė̃ — Magdžių, mẽntė — mentė̃ — menčių, Marė̃ — Mãrių — Marių, musė̃ — musių — musių, rùpkė (toad) — rupkė̃ — rupkių — rupkių, virvė̃ (but virvės — virvės) — virvių — virvių.

The root accentuation of these words is characteristic of older people.

f) in the singular according to I, and in the plural according to IV. All men’s surnames (with and without suffixes) are accented this way, e.g.: Adomaitis, Adomaičių (~ Adomaitis, Adomaičių) — Adomaičėn, Adomaičius, Bagdánckis, Bagdánckiu — Bagdánckei, Bagdánckius, Balčytis, Balčyčiu — Balčyčei, Balčyčius, Dúoba — Duobai, Duobės, Jõnelis, Jõneliu — Jonelė, Joneliai, Lazdáuckas, Lazdáucku — Lazdauckai, Lazdauckius, Miliūnč, Miliūniu — Miliūnai, Miliūnius, Várna — Varnai, Varnės, Viršìls, Viršìlu — Viršilai, Viršilius, and also uošvis, uošviu — uošvei, uošvius.

It should be assumed that originally this accentuation (with accent paradigm IV in the plural) applied only to the surname of a husband and wife—that is, a family surname—whereas the plural surname of several brothers, like the singular, had fixed accentuation, e.g.: Adomãčei could refer to several brothers, while Adomaičė̃ referred to their parents (father and mother). Thus, the different accentuation of surnames in the plural may originally have helped distinguish the surname of several brothers from that of their parents (father and mother), or from the surname of a brother and his wife. Over time, the accentuation used for parents’—that is, families’—surnames may have become generalized and come to denote men bearing the same surname. This is apparently not an old phenomenon, since the dialect contains examples showing that the same words may be accented in two ways in the plural depending on their different meanings: when denoting a family, they follow accent paradigm IV, whereas when denoting several men in the same profession, they have the same accentuation as in the singular, e.g.: pirmininkai (a chairman and his wife) and pirmininkai (men serving as chairmen), mokytoję (a teacher and his wife) and

³ Žr. Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (toliau DLKŽ), XI—XIV, Vilnius, 1954.

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teachers (male teachers), foresters (a forester and his wife) and foresters (several forestry specialists), parson’s wife (a Protestant clergyman and his wife) and parson’s wife (several clergymen), uncle (an uncle and his wife) and uncle (several uncles).

The plural of the surnames of young children does not change its accent pattern, e.g.: Butk- bytis (Butkus’s son) and Butkyčei (Butkus’s sons), mačiai Ramanauckytyčūs į Butkyčius.

The plural of place names that are similar in formation to these personal names likewise has fixed accentuation—retaining the same accent pattern as the singular, e.g.: laukinaitis (a country dweller; one who speaks a different dialect and lives in the lowlands. The western Aukštaitians who retract the accent are called by this name.) — laukinaičei, Butkāčei (name of a village), Jobūbāčei (name of a village), Mikutāčei (name of a village), Šimkāčei (name of a small town), Žindāčei (name of a village).

g) The singular of the noun žmogus ‘person’ is accented according to accent paradigm II in the dialect, while the plural follows accent paradigm III: žmogus, žmogaus,… žmogum,… žmonys, žmonių,… žmonis…

IV. Declension

a) a- and ia-stems

All a-, ia-stem nouns are masculine. A few are also of common gender⁴.

Accent paradigm I

Singular

V. pūoc, arūoc, mōlis, augītinis K. pūoda, arūoda, mōle, augītine N. pūodui, arūodui, mōliui, augītiniui G. pūoda, arūoda, mōli, augītini Įn. pūodu, arūodu, mōliu, augītiniu Vt. pūode, arūode, mōly, viršūgalvy Š. vyrē, apūoke, bēri, augītini

Plural

V. pūodai, arūodai, bērei, augītinei K. pūodu, arūodu, bēriu, augītiniu N. pūodam(s), arūodam(s), bēriam(s), augītiniam(s) G. pūodus, arūodus, bērius, augītinius Įn. pūodais, arūodais, bēreis, augītinēs Vt. pūoduos, arūoduos, mōliuos, viršūgalvūos

II, III, and IV accent classes

a-, ia- stems. Nouns of accent classes II, III, and IV are accented as in class I, while the case endings are as in the dialect’s class I nouns; see the paradigm:

⁴ See LKK, 2, 177–179.

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Examples of nouns with a-, ia- stems

Accent class I. a) Disyllabic: bálkis, brėdis, dúms, káilis, kálc, kálbis, káuls, krúms, kúgis (hammer and stack), kúrrmis, nórs (desire), pántis, párkai (scabies, mange), plėnc, pjūklas, sieksnis (a measure of length, the span of both outstretched arms. A long strip of land of that width in common meadows), stúls, sáris, sviestas, pláokštas (a bundle, a heap), šáukštas, šáolis, t árps, tilc, tvárc, vėjis, žirmis, žvórblis, žvýnė, etc. b) Polysyllabic: ántakis, ántkaklis (a burden, a heavy load), ántkiauštis (a duck’s egg), atškaras, blakstienc, galąstuvs, gėrims, gyvenims (also means ‘homestead, farm’), gyvastis (life), gyvuolis, gyvuonis (a livestock thief), ižgąstis, kúpetis, pakaušis, pavasaris, patáls, púsyns, perėjims, prákraic, rūpestis, skiltuvs, vardininks (an old term for a sorcerer, an enchanter), vieškelaitis (a small highway), várjymas (work involving many operations: brewing beer or homemade spirits, washing, milling, etc.), and many others.

Accent class II. a) Disyllabic: aũkšlis (a folded piece of birch bark used for gathering berries), aũkštas (and taũkštas), aũc, bìc (a tool), čėpkis (a knitted slipper), ẽntis (duck), ẽlksnis (alder), dalgis, dãntis, giñčas (also means a person who argues), glõbis (a miser and wealth itself), grãibštas (a landing net, a triangular net on a long pole, used for catching fish from the bank), grìžis, kãrčiai (the hair on a horse’s nape), kãršis, kañštis, kẽlis (part of the leg), kẽltis (part of the leg on the side opposite the heel), kõžync (caraway), lãps, liẽpc (a footbridge, a plank or log across a river), mẽc (a year), mẽdžis, miẽstas, mìls (coarse woollen cloth), mìlkc (a sip), mùšis (a beating), miẽžis, naščeì, pãc (sole), paũkštis, pelìs, pìrštas, plaũčiai, plõtis, pìžris, rãc, rãkc, rẽtis, sõc (orchard), skẽrac (lap), šáltis, sẽnis, sỹris, skỹščei, slẽnkstis, šũzis, tìškas (a splash or the act of splashing), vãgis (a hinge), vãrtai, žãptai (jaws), žãrdis, žõdis, žiñksnis, žiùpsnis, etc.

b) Polysyllabic. 1) Derivatives with more frequently used suffixes: -(i)ukas — gaidùks, girãuks; -imas — ejìms, gaudìms; -umas — saldùms (sweet foods), sūrùms (usually smoked boiled ham or sausage); -ininkas — kaklinìnks, pakabnìnks and other derivatives from nouns with ending stress; -ikas — kūrìks, vežìks; -elis — karvẽlis, puodẽlis; -ėlis — vakarẽlis, vežimẽlis, etc., nominal derivatives; -inis — kiaušìnis, panaktìnis (a night watchman), skrandìnis (a coat lined with fulled woollen cloth); -uris — mentùris; -utis — kelùtis, lytùtis, lakùtis, -uvai — karštùvai, mestùvai and other derivatives from short and circumflex roots; -uvis — koštùvis, liežùvis; 2) Some derivatives with the prefixes pa-, pra-: pavãdis, pagrėpstai, pavỹc, padùr-kai, praskẽps, etc.

Accent class III. a) Disyllabic: arklỹs, bérnas, dárps, dáikc, dìeks (a germ), drìežas (lizard), grùc, béržas, ožỹs, kẽlmas, kõc, lopšỹs, slìeks, kũoc, láiškas, lãnks (window), lùops (bark), mẽšlas, õrs, pẽc (footprint), pláuks, ránc (shore), rỹc, sárks, spìrks, sriẽks (a fish-skin glue, slime), stóks, súols, šármas, šiáuc (straw), špóks (starling), taũkai, úoc (mosquito), vėic (face), vórs, vẽlnes, vežỹs, váistas, žánc (cheek), žénc, žìec, etc.

b) Polysyllabic: akiõc, ábdiegs (an aquatic worm with a bristly covering), apmatãt, ataudãt, ąžuõls, avìlẏs, ávinė, bùrbuls, gaĩgals, ešerỹs, garlaivỹs, dóbilis, kamuolỹs, kosulỹs, kãminc, kẽvals, kibìris (a small twig used for kindling), marškinėi, nebylỹs,

⁵For more examples of individual suffixes, see Mut, §§226, 130, 208, 121, 120, 227, 228, 265, 234, 138, etc.

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best man, helper, frost, splinter (a splinter), fat, rag, strong man, speech (speech, talking), stew (a kind of food), cover, beetle, shoe, interior, draft, twig, firefly (glowworm), and others.

IV accentuation pattern. a) Disyllabic: saddle, voice, troop, garden, dragonfly, mercy, perch, heron, woodpecker, fishbone (a fishbone and a small slippery stream fish), crop (craw), javas (grain), neck, corner, honeycomb, block, joke, ice, tear, ice, flax (flax), animal, food, nose, house, horn (horn), rye, connection, seeds, dream, smoke, table, stupid, beetle, boar, hay, grasshopper, wall, stain (spot, speck), stalk (awl), shashas, horn, tick, lid, gate, furrow, ear, ox, hare (hare), and others.

b) There are no polysyllabic nouns in the dialect, except for the plural of surnames (see p. 162).

Features of the case endings of nouns with a- and ia-stems

As the paradigm shows, most nouns with a- and ia- stems have retained their stem endings, affected by the dialect's phonetic word-final rules; only diminutive a-stem nouns in the singular locative consistently use the ending of ia-stem nouns, -y ~-yje: daržūky, mazgūky, šulinūky, tvartūky. This is probably because this is the only diminutive suffix in the dialect that is a-stem, whereas all other diminutive nouns are ia-stem. Thus, it is possible that individual case forms of the suffix -(i)ukas are influenced by analogy with other diminutive nouns. Moreover, unlike in 1k, all disyllabic nouns of the III accentuation pattern are always stressed on the root in the singular locative: dā́kte, lā́nge, ōre, stōge, vēide. The vocative singular of a-stem nouns has two forms⁷. The dialect also uses two forms of the plural dative, with and without the ending -s: arklēm(s), medžēm(s), nagām(s), although the form with the ending -s is more common. The same applies to the plural dative of masculine nouns of all other stems and to the plural dative and instrumental of all feminine nouns.

b) o- and io-stems

All nouns with o- and io- stems are feminine. A few personal names of these stems (Dūoba, Byla, Engelėka) are masculine; a few o-stem nouns are also common gender⁸.

I accentuation pattern

Singular

V. Š. gēlda, lentȳna, sāuje, užvējē K. gēldas, lentȳnas, sāujes, užvējēs N. gēldai, lentȳnai, sāujei užvējēi G., Įn. gēlda, lentȳna, sāuje, užvējē Vt. gēldo, lentȳno, sāujo, užvējō

⁶ See LKK, 1, 151–159, 161–162. The same source also discusses the vocalism of the case endings of other stems in the dialect.

⁷ See LKK, 2, 183.

⁸ See LKK 2, 177.

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Plural

V., G., Š. gėldas, lentynas, sąjes, pakobės

K. gėldų, lentynų, sąjų, pakobijų

N. In. gėldom(s) || gėldum(s), lentynom(s) || lentynum(s), sąjom(s) || sąjum(s), pakobijom(s) || pakobijum(s)

Vt. gėldos(e), lentynos(e), sąjos(e), pakobijos(e)

Second accent paradigm

o-, io- stems. The accent of nouns in the second accent paradigm is as in the first, while the case endings are as in the dialect’s first accent paradigm nouns; see the paradigm.

Third accent paradigm

Singular

V. skiedrà, skepetà, apačė

K. skiedrõs, skepetõs, apačiõs

N. skiedrai, skepetai, āpačei

G., In., Š. skiedra, skepeta, āpačė

Vt. skiedrõ, skepetõ, apačiõ

Plural

V., G., Š. skiedras, skepetas, āpačės

K. skiedrų, skepetų, apačių

N. skiedróm(s), skepetóm(s), apačiom(s)

In. skiedróm(s), skepetóm(s), apačiom(s)

Vt. skiedrõs(ė), skepetõs(ė), apačiõs(ė)

IVth accentuation class

o-, io- stems. The accentuation of nouns in the IVth accentuation class is like that of class I, while the case endings are like those of nouns in the dialect’s IIIrd accentuation class; see the paradigm.

Examples of nouns with o- and io-stems

First accentuation pattern. a) Disyllabic: dėlna, girnas, grūoba, gėda, grįova, gūra, jāujė, juōsta, yla, kilpa, kóje, knirva (a person who does not speak clearly and dislikes company) kūosa, kūmščė (fist), kvėša, liepa, mälka, pieva, plūmsna (feather), smilga, stirna, strėnas, siena, sėkla, šārka, ūoga, vārpa, vīlna, etc. b) Polysyllabic: akiplėša, išdėvas, išvarta (a tree blown down), Mituva, motina, nūgara, pākulas, pārsmauga (the thinner part of a thread or intestine), pelėda, pagėlba, stīpena (someone very thin, staggering), sānkrýža, šeimyna, šērybas, trāiškanas, užūomirša, vāsara, etc.

Second accentuation pattern. a) Disyllabic: brastà, gijė, girė, griščė (a handful of combed-out flax), kaktà, kruopà, kulkà, kuprà, kvietkà, lūbas, plytà, plutà, pradžė, pupà, putà, rankà, rujė, ruknà, skujė (cone), šlājes (sleigh), šūkas, vādzės, valė, viėčà, viztā, vyšnė, vyžā, etc.

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b) Polysyllabic: badijė (a wound), ganykla, kamarà, lydekà, sveikatà, uošvė (the home of a husband's or wife's parents), žarijė, etc.

Third accentuation pattern. a) Disyllabic: burnà, galvà, naudà, oškà, triobà, žarnà; io-stem nouns were not encountered in the dialect.

b) Polysyllabic: avizà, ašakà, adatà, anhėstarà (a stye), gilumà, pava jė (paper or cloth around which a ball of yarn is wound), pabaigà, plaštakà, pašukas, pavažas, prapersà, raganà, šilumà, uodegà, vedegà, etc.

Fourth accentuation pattern. a) Disyllabic: Alsà (a stream in the dialect area), aušrà, bangà, bandà, barzà (beard), bla usà, dainà, gaujė, dešrà, dienà, džióvà, jiegà (strength), kamšà (a blockage), kasà, kriaūnas, krūvà, mešà, mamà, lankà, lazà (stick), lentà, ligà, liuobà, luomà (a social class), mergà, marti, meškà, naudà, noglà (devil, a swearword), rasà, salà, sausà, spragà, sriubà, sėjė, sulà, skolà, šakà, šalnà, šeivà, tamsà, tvorà, tetà, vielà, žiemà, žinè, žveję (fishing), etc.

There are no polysyllabic forms.

Features of the inflectional endings of o- and io-stem nouns

As the paradigm shows, most o- and io-stem nouns have retained their stem endings, influenced by the dialect’s phonetic word-final laws; only in the singular locative do some io-stem nouns with root stress, alongside their own stem ending, also have the ē-stem noun ending -ē ~ ejė (which is less common in the dialect): girė (in the forest), griūšė (in the pear), vyš nė (in the cherry). The singular nominative usually does not differ in form from the vocative (except for the words pati: pačė, marti: marčė): oška, višta, ragana; however, the stress of all these is most often on the root (polysyllabic nouns of the second accentuation class have stress on the suffix: lydekà, aguõna).

In the dialect, root-stressed nouns in the plural dative and instrumental occur with two endings used in parallel: with -om(s) and with -um(s): rankom(s) || rankum(s), vištom(s) || vištum(s), varnom(s) || varnum(s). Nouns with ending stress here have only their own ending: avižom(s), mergom(s), šakom(s); avižom(s), mergom(s), šakom(s).

The plural locative ending in the dialect is also variable. Older dialect speakers use the phonetically shortened plural locative: pakulos, strėnos, šakos, vištėsios (this ending is generally less common), whereas among all other dialect speakers it is the same as in standard Lithuanian: avižose, šakose.

c) ē-stem

ē-stem nouns are generally all feminine, though a few of them (memė, lojynė⁸) are common gender.

First accentuation class

Vienaskaita

Nom., Gen., Instr., Voc. žylė, mergàtė; Acc. žylės, mergàtės; Dat. žylei, mergàtei; Loc. dróbė, al kūnė

• See LKK, 2, 177.

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Plural

Nom., Gen., Acc. žylės, mergatės

Gen. žylių, mergaičių

Dat., Inst. žylem(s) || žyliom(s) || žylium(s), alkūnem(s) || alkūniom(s) || alkūnium(s)

Loc. dróbėse(e), alkūnėse(e)

II accentuation

ė-stem. The accent of nouns of the II accentuation is like that of 1k, while the case endings are like those of dialect nouns of the I accentuation; see the paradigm.

III accentuation

Singular

Nominative, locative throat, barn

Genitive of the throat, of the barn

Dative to the throat, to the barn

Accusative, instrumental, vocative throat, barn

Plural

Nominative, genitive, vocative throats, barns

Accusative of the throats, of the barns

Dative to the throats || to throats, to the barns || to barns

Instrumental with throats || with throats, with barns || with barns

Locative in the throats, in the barns

Accent paradigm IV

N-stem. Nouns of accent paradigm IV have stress like those of paradigm 1, while their case endings are like those of dialectal nouns of accent paradigm III; see the paradigm.

Examples of N-stem nouns

Accent paradigm I. a) Disyllabic: báimė, bùožė, dírsė, dúlkė, dúmplės, gérvė, ímsrė (a left-bank tributary of the Mituva), kárvė, kérpė, kùrpė (clog), láimė, láisvė, léndrė (reed), lénkė (hollow, valley), lýsvė || lýse, pélkė, pémpė, rýkštė, rópė, sáulė, séikė, smárvė, žìrklės, žiùrke, etc.

b) Polysyllabic: 1) Derivatives with more commonly used suffixes: -ienė (in personal names) — Jonėnė (Jono’s wife), Kasiulienė (Kasiulio’s wife), Mýko-lienė (Mykolo’s wife), Petrienė (Petro’s wife); -uvienė — kūdliu vienė (a woman whose hair is tangled and matted), šeiliuvienė (a woman who drools), smiliuvienė (a glutton), Vaitkuvienė (Vaitkus’s wife); -aitė — kumelátė, vėgėlátė¹⁰

¹⁰ For more examples of individual suffixes, see Mut, §§ 158, 159, 232.

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2) Various other nouns: gyvasnė, lygybė, pakalnė, paklėtė (a place by the granary), spanguolė, sausakė, staltiesė, šilovės (pine forest), žėmuogė, etc.

Accent paradigm II. a) Disyllabic: bigė (a hand with fingers cut off; a blunt object; a broken-off knife), blakė, braškė, brūknė, bōpšė (woman, derog.), bōbė (woman, derog.), draugė, gilė, kiaulė, košė, kūdlė, krėgždė, lipkė (a person who is all stuck together), ližė, pienė, pliūržė (muddy place, mire), pōdė (archaic, godmother), pūsė, rāgė (proud, as if with horns), rėplės, rōgės, rōžė, sėne, smalkės, sprāgė, skērse (a skirt with diagonal stripes), šilke, smilė (a sweet-tooth, glutton), skraistė, stāklės, šiurlės (poor-quality grain), šliūrė, šūkė, šventė, veislė, žāgrė, žēmė, žėbrė (a dirty, disheveled woman), žūržė (a crybaby), žvāke, etc.

b) Polysyllabic. 1) Derivatives with more commonly used suffixes: -ybė — galūbybė, neteisybė, tamšybė; -yklė — pustyklė, šaudykėlė; -anė — kamānė, samānė; -ynė — pempynė (a marsh where lapwings breed), klampynė; -inė — krūtinė, penkinė (five rubles), šimtinė (one hundred); -(i)ukė — peliūkė, kačiūkė; -ikė — riškė (a woman who ties), vėlikės (wool used for felting, generally short lamb’s wool); -elė — ausėlė (the ear of a winnowing machine through which grain falls), bobėlė (a device for peening a scythe); -utė — ausūtė, eglūtė; -ytė — mažytė, lūpytės¹¹, etc.

2) Individual words: drobūlė, gyvātė, kalādė, kelionė, kepūrė, padraikės, pleškataine (a chatterbox), perėklė (a broody hen), vienbōrės (those having identical things or names), etc.

Accent paradigm III. a) Disyllabic: varškė, versmė.

b) Polysyllabic: Antvardė (a tributary of the Mituva), deder v inė, eketė, giminė, kultuvė, malkinė, meškerė, pamergė, panagės, pikvotė, rupūžė, tinginė, vėgelė, etc.

Accent paradigm IV. a) Disyllabic: budė (a whetstone and bread baked together, a loaf), dielė (leech), duobė, eilė, ežė, garbė, gelė, gelmė, kabė, kalė, katė, kalvė, kedė, knyslė, kremzlė, kuislė (someone who takes a long time getting ready), kvailė, kvieslė, laumė, mėnė, pelė, pynė, pislė, rauplė, rėksnė (a crybaby), riūglė (a crybaby), siūlė, skylė, sterblė, šliūžė, šnervė, viežė, žievė, žvyg lė (someone who squeals), etc.

Declension ending features of ė-stem nouns

The paradigm shows that most ē-stem nouns have retained their stem endings, as affected by the dialect’s phonetic word-final sound laws; in the plural dative and instrumental, alongside their stem endings, they are also found with other endings. In these cases, ē-stem nouns with ending stress have two types of endings: the phonetically altered ē-stem ending -em(s) and, alongside it, possibly the io-stem ending -iom(s) (which is sometimes even more common in the dialect): pelėm(s) || peliōm(s), giminėm(s) || gimin iōm(s); žievėm(s) || žiev iōm(s). In these cases, ē-stem nouns with root stress are used in parallel with three types of endings: the ē-stem -em(s) (which is relatively rare in the dialect): drōbėm(s), žāgrėm(s); the io-stem -iom(s) (the most common): kūrpiom(s), pūsiom(s); and the ending -ium(s): bōžium(s), žiūrki um(s).

The presence of the ending -ium(s) in the plural dative and instrumental of o-, io- and ē-stem nouns with root stress, as well as of adjectives, numerals and pronouns¹², and its use alongside the endings customary for these cases in individual stems, is characteristic not only of the dialect described here. Above all, this feature is widespread

¹¹For more examples of individual suffixes, see Mut, §§ 207, 144, 169, 153, 265, 226, 120. 227, 234, 233.

¹²See Mut, §§ 382, 389k, 397, 401, 419, 427, 433, 434d.

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is also found in the corresponding cases among the Veliuona speakers, the eastern neighbors of the dialect under investigation: bób(u)m(s), gírim(s). The dialectological material collected for the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language shows that this feature is also characteristic of almost all Northwestern Aukštaitian and neighboring Southeastern Samogitian dialects¹³. Thus, this feature occupies a fairly large area of Lithuanian dialects in which other features of the Veliuona dialect are not found; consequently, this phenomenon cannot be explained by the present-day phonetic characteristics of the aforementioned dialects, and is now a morphological feature.

All ē-stem nouns whose stems end in the consonants t, d also have three types of endings in the plural dative and instrumental: the ē-stem ending -em(s): katēm(s), katēm(s), krēgždēm(s), žvaigždēm(s), žvaigždēm(s); the i-stem ending -im(s) (rare, but more frequent in words with root stress): katìm(s), katìm(s), krēgždìm(s); or the ending -iem(s) (possibly explicable as the influence of the Dūnininkai Samogitian dialects to the west): krēgždìem(s), katìem(s), katìem(s).

The plural locative ending in the dialect is variable: it may be phonetically shortened: šliūžės, panagės (used consistently by older dialect speakers, though less frequently), or may be like in the standard language: pradalgės, padrakėse.

d) i-stem

Most i-stem nouns are feminine; only a few words (dantìs, geluonìs, gyvuonìs, grobuonìs, vagìs, žvėrìs) are masculine.

Accentuation paradigm III

Singular

V.

širdìs,

pažastìs,

žvėrìs

K.

širdìes,

pažastìes,

žvėrìės || žvėrė

N.

širdžei,

pažąščei,

žvėriui

G.

širdì,

pažastì,

žvėrì

Įn.

širdže || širdìm,

pažąščė || pažastìm,

žvėriu || žvėrìm

Vl.

širdy,

pažasty,

danty

Š.

širdìe,

pažastìe,

žvėrìe

Plural

V., Š.

hearts,

armpits,

beasts || beast

K.

of hearts,

of armpits,

of beasts

N.

with hearts,

with armpits,

with beasts || with beasts

G.

hearts,

armpits,

beast || beasts

Ill.

heart(s),

armpit(s),

beast(s) || beasts

Loc.

in the heart,

in the armpit,

in the teeth

¹³ See the responses to questions 288 and 289 of the “Program for Collecting Materials for the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language” from settlements 363, 491, 327a, 24a, 260a, 390, 393, 429, 464, 326, 359, 360, 361, 362, 325, 327, 391, 463, 466, 398, 389, 259, 328, 295, 294, 225, 21, 49, 292, 257, 265, and 396, in the Department of Language History and Dialectology of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language and Literature.

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Accentuation classes I, II, IV

i-stem. Nouns in accentuation classes I, II, and IV have stress as in 1k, while their inflectional endings are as in nouns of the dialect’s accentuation class III; see the paradigm.

Examples of i-stem nouns

Accentuation class I. a) Disyllabic: ántis, ánkštis, kártis, kùlsis, nósis, nýtis, pìntis (a tree fungus), plókštis (an immature pea pod), skìltis, širšìs (hornet), plėnis (a burning splinter from a burning object), šìuys (a multitude), tóšis, vàltis, etc.

b) There are no polysyllabic forms.

Accentuation class II. a) Disyllabic: bitìs (bee), dùrys, karšìs (a kind of fish), plūdìs (fish bladder), ùpis (river), usnìs, etc.

b) There are no polysyllabic forms.

Accentuation class III. a) Disyllabic: biržìs (a broad field ridge, usually in ploughed land, e.g. grain fields), smiltìs, švirtìs, šerdìs, viltìs, etc.

b) Polysyllabic: debesìs, geležìs, gaišatìs, geluonìs, kamšatìs, grobuonìs (the latter is declined like žvėris), etc.

IV-oji kirčiuotė. a) Dviskiemeniai: akìs, ašìs, ausìs, anglìs, avìs, dalìs, kulnìs (kulnas), lýtis (ledo gabalas), naktìs, pusnìs, pušìs, rūšìs, saktìs, svėrìs (svėrė), šaknìs, šalìs, tulžìs, ugnìs, vilnìs, žąsìs, žuvìs, dantìs, vagìs (pastarųjų dviejų žodžių linksnių galūnės kaip žvėris) ir kt.

b) There are no polysyllabic forms.

Declension ending features of i-stem nouns

Most i-stem nouns have retained their stem endings, which have been affected by the dialect’s phonetic laws governing word-final position. The singular nominative ending -is now coincides with the ending of ia-stem nouns, but its origin is different; moreover, it is stressed in root-stressed words. In the singular genitive, masculine nouns occur both without their stem ending (dantìes, vagìes) and, alongside these forms, with the ia-stem ending -e ~ -io: dančè, vàge.

In the singular instrumental, endings of other stems are also found alongside the usual one: masculine words take the ia-stem ending vagiù (alongside it, but less often, vagìm); feminine words take the io-stem ending: avè (less often avìm).

In the singular vocative, masculine nouns sometimes occur with the grobuonìe, dantìe stem ending and also with the ia-stem ending -y: grobuoný, dantý, while the feminine gender is sometimes also found with the ending -e characteristic of the ė-stem: ave, ánte. This is most likely due to the influence of the western neighboring Samogitian dialect, where most i-stem nouns have entirely shifted to the ė-stem.

In the plural nominative, the masculine gender occurs not only without its stem ending (dañys, grobuõnys), but also, alongside it, with the ia-stem ending -ei ~ -iai: vagėi, dančēi (this form seems to be less common).

There are i-stem nouns that in the plural genitive have retained the old ending, characteristic of consonant stems, with a hard final consonant. There are quite a few such nouns in the dialect, for example: ašų, ausų, dantų, debesų, durų, geležų, kūlių, kulnų, nosų, naktų, pažastų, pušų, šaknų, šlaunų, sąsų. All other i-stem nouns in this case have a palatalized consonant before the ending, for example: ankščių, anglių, akių, avių, bičių, karčių, pinčių, smilčių, sakčių, žuvų and others.

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The plural dative and instrumental ending is -im(s): akim(s), akim(s); the masculine plural

The instrumental also has the ending -eis ~ -iais: dančės, vagės (though it is less common).

The masculine plural genitive also has the ending -ius: dančius (though this form is less common).

All i-stem nouns in the plural locative have an ending with a short i vowel: -ise— akise, ausise, nosise. An ending with long y is beginning to be used by the younger generation of the dialect under the influence of standard Lithuanian. The origin of the ending -ise is not entirely clear. Most likely, it may have arisen through contamination from the old plural locative ending -isu and the written form -yse¹⁴.

e) u, iu stems

All u-, iu- stem nouns are masculine. In the dialect they are not as numerous as the other stems examined so far; moreover, they are rapidly shifting to other, much more productive stems (to a, ia).

Second accentuation pattern

Singular

Nom. turgus, kurpius, miegalius || miegalis Gen. turgaus, kurpiaus, miegaliaus || miegale Dat. turgui, kurpiui, miegaliui Acc. turgu, kurpiu, miegaliu || miegali Ins. turgum, kurpium, miegali um || miegaliu Loc. turguj, spiečiuj, aliejųj || aliejų Voc. lipkau, kurpiau, miegaliau || miegalį

Plural

V., Š. turgai, kurpėi, miegalėi K. turgų, kurpių, miegal(i)ų N. turgam(s), kurpėm(s), miegalėm(s) G. turgus, kurpius, miegalius Įn. turgais, kurpėis, miegalėis Vt. turguos, spiečiuos

First, third, and fourth accentuation patterns

u-, iu- stem nouns with the first, third, and fourth accentuation patterns are accented as in Ik, while their inflectional endings are as in the dialect’s nouns with the second accentuation pattern; see the paradigm.

Examples of nouns with u-, iu- stems

Accentuation pattern I. a) Disyllabic: amžius, oblius, stalčius.

b) Polysyllabic: ātrajus, rytōjus, vasarōjus.

Accentuation pattern II. a) Disyllabic: būčius, būlius, kápčius, Márgius (a dog's name), Mūrz(i)us (a dog's name), klijus (glue), kryžius, lipkus (a sticky fellow), midus, pikčius (a grump), pliūrp(k)us (a hothead), pūodžius, ráčius, rág(i)us (one who is proud, like someone with horns), slánkius (a mountain slope or riverbank sliding downward), seilius, smilčius (a glutton,

¹⁴ Plg. J. Endzelīns, Latviesu valodas gramatika, § 285, Rīga, 1951.

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second toe), stalius, šveplius, zurzius (one who whines and grumbles), žėbrius (a dirty person); personal names: Bėnius (Benediktas), Gėnius (Eugenijus), Prūnius (Pranas), Sėlius (Saliamonas), Saulius, Stasius (Stasys), etc.

b) Polysyllabic: aliejus, Elėnius (Elenos husband, colloquial), nuogalius, pampalius (a ragged person, dressed in patched clothes), skarmalius, utėlius.

Accentuation pattern III. a) Disyllabic: lytus, sūnūs.

b) Polysyllabic: atlagus (diversion of water from a larger river into a smaller one).

Accentuation pattern IV. a) Disyllabic: alus, dangus, medus, viršus, vidus, pietus.

b) There are no polysyllabic examples.

u-, iu- stem noun case-ending characteristics

As can be seen from the paradigm, u-, iu--stem nouns have retained their stem endings only in the singular, where these are affected by the dialect’s phonetic word-final rules; however, here too, polysyllabic nouns in all cases may also have (though, of course, less often) ia-stem endings.

In the plural, all u-, iu--stem nouns have entirely shifted to the a-, ia- stem, but the dialect still has words with the u-stem that have retained their stem endings throughout all plural cases, e.g.: lytùs, pietùs, vidùs, viršùs, pietùm(s), viršùm(s), pietùm(s), viršùm(s), pietusė, vidusė. The plural locative ending of these nouns is -use, which, like the i--stem -ise, is most likely also a blend form; cf. p. 172.

f) Consonant stems

Almost all nouns with consonant stems are masculine; only sister, daughter, squirrel, apple tree are feminine. Words with these stems are scarce in the dialect, so they tend strongly to shift into other stems, especially ia, ė. Most are accented according to the rules of accentuation class III, while no examples of accentuation class II are found in the dialect at all.

IIIrd accentuation pattern

Vienaskaita

V. water, daughter, male squirrel || female squirrel K. water, female water, daughters || daughter’s, daughters, squirrels || female squirrels N. to water, to a daughter, to a squirrel G. water, daughter, male squirrel In. with water, with a daughter || with a daughter, with a squirrel || with a squirrel Vt in water, in an apple tree Š shepherdess || shepherds, daughter, squirrel || squirrel || squirrel

Plural

Nom., Acc. vandene || vandenys || vandenai || vandenei, dukters || dukterys, vóders || vóverys || vóveres Gen. vandenų, dukterų, voverių

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Nom. vandénim(s) || vandénam(s) || vandéném(s), dukterím(s) || dukteróm(s), voverím(s)

Acc. vándenis || vándenius, dúkteris, vóveris || vóveres

Ins. vandenim(s) || vandenaũs || vandeneĩs, dukterim(s) || dukteróm(s), voverim(s)

Loc. vandenisè || vandenuõs || vandeniuõs, obelisè || obelẽs(ẽ)

I and IV accent classes

Nouns with consonant stems in accent classes I and IV inflect like lk, while their case endings are like those of nouns in the dialect’s accent class III; see the paradigm.

Examples of nouns with consonant stems

First accentuation pattern: mėnuo.

Third accentuation pattern: akmenũo (akmuo), juosmuõ, kėpenys (kepenys), krėkenys (krekenys), liemuo, pageluo (a damp cold that seeps into the bones), raũmuo, riemuo (rėmuo), ruduo, sėmenys (sėmenys), skiemenys (skiemenys), sesuõ, smėgenys (smegenys), tešmuõ, stuomuo, želmenys (želmenys), žiõmenys (žiomenys).

Fourth accentuation pattern: šuo.

Characteristics of the case endings of nouns with consonant stems

As can be seen from the paradigm, the cases of nouns with consonant stems in the dialect occur with several endings belonging to different stems. The first of the forms presented in the paradigm is the one most commonly encountered in the dialect. In the singular, masculine nouns—except in the instrumental, which consistently takes the ia-stem ending (only alongside šunių, the form šunim is also used, but less often)—more often occur with endings of their own stem. However, alongside these, the genitive also has a parallel ia-stem ending (perhaps somewhat less often), while the vocative has an i-stem ending. Moreover, the word piemuo can sometimes also be pronounced piemenys, in which case it acquires the pejorative meaning ‘adolescent.’

The noun mėnuo consistently has the endings of ia-stem nouns in all cases. In the singular nominative, alongside the consonant-stem form, the ia-stem form may also occur: mėnesis.

In the plural, consonant-stem endings have been preserved only in the nominative, genitive, and accusative, while all the other cases use endings characteristic of i-, a-, and ia-stems. It should be noted that the plural nominative nevertheless has a more characteristic, living, and most commonly used phonologically shortened consonant-stem ending, for example: obels, piemens, raũmens, rūdens, skiemens, smėgens, žiõmens, vóvers; only the word šuo has two plural nominative forms in use: the intact old consonant-stem form—šunes (usually)—and the i-stem form—šunys. Moreover, i-, a-, and ia-stem endings are already gaining ground in parallel in the nominative, genitive, and accusative (they are, of course, somewhat less common in the dialect).

The feminine gender has preserved considerably fewer distinct case endings characteristic of its stem, both in the singular and in the plural. Here, alongside the consonant-stem

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of the stem, and more often its place has been taken by endings characteristic of i- and ē-stems. The singular instrumental form of the first feminine declension dūkterė ~ dūkteria is not an ē-stem form but an io-stem form, like all other i-stem nouns in this case (cf. p. 171); the form vōvere ~ vōveria, vōvere, alongside the io-stem form, may also be understood as an ē-stem form (cf. singular nominative vōverē). The singular nominative and plural nominative form of the third feminine declension vōverē, vōveres ~ vōverēs has ē-stem endings; the plural genitive form of the second feminine declension also has an ē-stem ending.

THE NOUN IN THE DIALECTS OF THE MITUVA RIVER BASIN

Е. И. ГРИНАВЕЦКЕНЕ

Abstract

A characteristic feature of noun declension is the mixing of stems. Stems in a, ia, o, io, ē are the most stable, but individual cases may have endings belonging to other stems. Nouns with the suffix -(i)ukas in the singular locative always have an ending of the ia-stem (daržiūkuje ‘in the little garden’). Some nouns with an io-stem in the singular locative have an ē-stem ending (girēje ‘in the forest’). Nouns with an ē-stem in the plural dative and instrumental, alongside the ending -ēms (drōbēms ‘to/with linens’, vēžēms ‘to/with ruts’), also have the io-stem ending -ioms (drōbioms, vēžioms). Nouns in ē with root stress sometimes take the ending -iūms (giriūms ‘to forests’), while nouns with t or d before the ending most often take -ims (krēždims ‘to/with swallows’) or -iems (kātiems ‘to/with cats’).

Stems in i, u, iu, and consonants are unstable. In almost all cases, masculine nouns with an i-stem have, alongside endings of their own stem (danties ‘of a tooth’, dantim ‘with a tooth’, žvėrys ‘beasts’), endings of the ia-stem as well (dančio, dančių, žvėriai). Among feminine nouns with the same stem, only forms with the io-stem ending occur in the singular instrumental (akià ‘with an eye’), while in the vocative, alongside an ending of their own stem (aviē ‘sheep’), they also have an ē-stem ending (ave). Most nouns with an i-stem in the plural genitive most often have a consonant-stem ending (kūlsų ‘of thighs’). Some nouns with u- and iu-stems in the singular instrumental and locative, alongside endings of their own stems (aliējūm ‘with oil’, vasarōjuje ‘in the spring-sown field’), also have ia-stem endings (alieju, vasarōjuje). In the plural, nouns of these stems most often decline like a- and ia-stems (nuogāliai ‘bare ones’, stālčiais ‘with little tables’), but viršus, pietūs, vidūs, rytūs, sūnūs more often have forms of their own stem here (viršūs ‘tops’, vidūms ‘to middles’, pietusē ‘in the south’). Consonant stems have retained their own endings in only some cases (piemenį ‘herdsman’ [acc. sg.], piēmēns ‘herdsmen’ [nom. pl.], piemenų ‘of herdsmen’ [gen. pl.]); in all other cases they have endings

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of nouns with ia- and i-stems (ia, i (píemeniu ‘with a herdsman’, sėscia ‘with a sister’). In our dialects there are instances in which a single case of nouns with consonant stems has endings from several stem types (vándens, vándenys, vandenai, vandeniai ‘waters’; vandenisė, vandenuoš(ė), vandeniuòs(ė) ‘in the waters’).

The stem changes in the dialect when the number changes. All surnames with an o-stem (o (Byla)) in the plural decline like a-stems (a (Bylai)). Some pejorative nouns with a u-stem (u (Įpkus ‘messy person’)) shift to an ia-stem in the plural (ia (Įpkiai ‘messy people’)).

Some nouns in the dialect follow the first and third stress paradigms in parallel (grėblis and grėblỹs ‘rake’), others the second and fourth (glėbis and glėbỹs ‘grip’). Unlike in the literary language, some nouns with an ė-stem have stress on the ending in the singular nominative (eglė ‘fir’, musė ‘fly’, pirštinė ‘glove’). The stress of plural surnames referring to a married couple always follows the fourth paradigm (fourth paradigm) (Adomaičiai, Onušaičius, Balčyčiais).