126 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVIII
esMiniai ŽodŽiai: pama inis žodis, da ybos eikšmė, neapib ėž as ypa ybės kiekis, p ieš-
he p epa a ion o spells, adjec i es.
keywo ds: base wo d, de i a ional meaning, inde ini e amoun o peculia i y,
p e ix de i a i es, o ma ion o adjec i es.
au eLija aMuLionienė
Mykolo ome io uni e si e as
Resea ch a eas include lexicology, mo phology.
he numbe o non-Pa en
holde s in he numbe o egis e ed companies:
The a icle analyzes he inde ini e amoun o cha ac e is ics o he p e ixed adjec i es, i.e. he
p e ixed ad e bs. he subjec o he wo k is adjec i es indica ing an inde ini e amoun o
adjec i es deno ing an inde ini e amoun
o peculia i y: o ma ion o de i a i es
wi h he su ix po-
cha ac e is ics, gi en in he Academic Elec onic Dic iona y o he Li huanian Language (LkŽe).
all ma e ial in he a icle is g ouped by ype and by ype o wo k. in sepa a e pa s o he a icle
i is w i en om which basic wo ds he adjec i es o be s udied a e made, he meaning o each
o hei ac ions is analyzed.
anno a ion
he a icle analyses he o ma ion o adjec i es deno ing an inde ini e amoun o peculia -
i y, i.e. he de i a i es wi h he su ix po-. he esea ch objec is he adjec i es deno ing an
inde ini e amoun o peculia i y, which a e lis ed in he academic elec onic „dic iona y o he
Li huanian Language“ (LkŽ). he a icle g oups he o e all ma e ial by o ma ion ypes and
sub- ypes. indi idual pa s o he a icle speci y he base wo ds om which he adjec i es un-
de analysis a e o med and analyse he de i a ional meaning o each o hem.
neapib ėž ą ypa ybės kiekį žymin ys būd a džiai:
p iešdėlio po- edinių da yba
127 A icles The wo d is unde ined, usually no all, he amoun o ea u es in Li huanian is exp essed by
adding a ious p e ixes and su ixes (e.g. apýdailis, bal ókas, póg ažis, pag ažùs, pãg ažokas, žas as,
e c.). he unde ined amoun o adjec i es, mo e p ecisely he p e ixed ad e bs, in he elec onic
e sion o he Academic Li huanian Language Dic iona y (LkŽe) is analyzed in he a icle. he amoun o
cha ac e is ics de ined in he a icle is he meaning o he base wo d. I e e s o he exp ession o
he whole and pa (unde ined quan i y) o a subjec o objec . when he quan i y o he objec is
unknown o unimpo an , i.e. unde ined, an inde ini e quan i y o he con aine is used. he e m
unde ined in he a icle is used only o indica e he unde ined quan i y o he p ope y; O he
ba inės lie u ių kalbos žodyne eiksmažodžio apib ėž i an a eikšmė pa eikiama
okia: „pa ody i dalyko a eiškinio ibas“. neapib ėž as kiekis įp as as g ama ikoje,
ca ego ies o adjec i es ela ed o inde ini eness o inde ini eness (seman ic o g amma ical, e.g.
he de ini e o ms o adjec i es ela ed o inde ini eness) a e e y ew in he linguis ic li e a u e.
So a , hey ha e no been examined sepa a ely (see amulionienė 2010, 2011)2. he adjec i es analysed
in he a icle a e only pa o all he e bs belonging o he same ca ego y o ac ion. such adjec i es
in he Li huanian language a e also o med wi h o he cons uc ion a ixes. Fo he pu poses o his
Annex, he ollowing de ini ions shall apply: The ollowing de ini ions a e used: - de ini e (g ažókas),
1996: 174–177)) čia nekalbama1 .
-s as (žas as), - as (paš as: 2 pálšas), -a o as (×paika ó as: pakas), wi h a numbe o cons uc ion
a ixes: be o e he p e ix -(i) - (p eku čiokas: kudėčias), be o e he p ai p e ix - (p aši ilis: š as),
be o e he p e ix - (pagi ó as: g as) and be o e he p e ix - (pai as: g as). These wo ds a e called
adjec i es o ein o cing deg ee (ska džius 1934: 134), adjec i es o ma king p oxima e meaning
(ska džius 1934: 456), adjec i es o simila i y meaning (o ębski 1956: 332[…]336), adjec i es o
s eng hening cha ac e is ics and quan i y (dL 1996: 191[…]23kg), deminu y ais ( he meaning o in ima e
deminu i es) (amb azas 2011: 56) and so on.
2 The de elopmen o common language adjec i es is desc ibed in de ail by Adèle Valeckienée (dLkg 1996:
191[…]238). He e, adjec i es a e classi ied no acco ding o he a ixes o he e b, as was done un il
now (P ano ska dž, janio o ębskio, e c.), bu acco ding o he meanings o he e b. The e a e six
dis inc ca ego ies o adjec i es: (1) adjec i es o in ensi ica ion o cha ac e is ics and (2)
adjec i es o quan i y. (2) adjec i es o in e nal cha ac e is ics; (3) adjec i es o ex e nal
cha ac e is ics; (4) adjec i es o simila and dis inc i e cha ac e is ics; (5) dis inc i e species
adjec i es; 6) adjec i es o he esul ing p ope ies (see dLkg 1996: 191[…]238; Lkg i: 550−601). The his o y o he making o adjec i es om he ea lies imes o he p esen has been s udied by he sun amb as (amb as 2008: 2011).
128 o he Ac on
au eLija aMuLionienė
Li huanian Linguis ics LXVIII
Added by POVEDINI
In o al, 214 p eposi ions indica ing an unde ined quan i y o he ea u e we e ound.
All he p e ixes discussed in his a icle belong o he same ype o ac ion3. All he
wo ds unde conside a ion a e de i a i es ha a e bo h o mally and seman ically
based on he base wo d. each wo d is […]d ina is […] has a basis and a o man o
ac ion[…] (u bu is 2009: 212). he e b deno es a ce ain hing o phenomenon no
di ec ly, bu h ough an in e media y, ano he wo d o a ew wo ds o ha language.
a pininkas y a pama inis žodis (amb azas 1993: 8).
A e es ablishing he basic wo d and he means o making, he meaning o making is
analyzed in he ollowing a icle. i is a "wo d, de i ed om he e b o m, in o he
wo ds […] om he e b s uc u al ela ions and hei ela ionship[…] (u bu is 2009:
173). In o he languages i is called a s uc u al de i a i e (Paulauskienė 2006: 22).
desc ibing he concep o he meaning o he e b aloyzas guda ičius conside s i o
dalimi, am ik a jos modi ikacija, papildymu“ (guda ičius 1994: 11). ski iama in-
di iduali, a ski am da iniui būdinga da ybos eikšmė, i g upinė, būdinga isai da-
be a cons i uen g oup o he lexical meaning. In he a icle, based on he seman ic
s uc u e o he wo d, and mo e p ecisely on he ela ionship be ween he lexical
meaning o he base wo d […] and he o man o he e b, he indi idual meanings o
he e b o each e b and he gene al meaning o he e b o he ype and ype a e
de e mined, since he meaning o he e b […] is no only held by indi idual e bs, bu
also by hei g oups and classes […]. The ca ego y o wo ks is a class o wo ks wi h a
gene al meaning o wo ks and speci ic wo ks' a ixes (amb azas 1993: 10; plg. u bu is
2009: 329). Acco ding o whe he he p e ix pokeičia is a ached o he oo wo d
galūnė o no , wo ypes o ac ions a e dis inguished: pób angis (b angùs) and pób angus (b angùs).
On he basis o his ma e ial, he i s pa o his a icle analyses 166 ypes o
polysyllabic adjec i es, 7 wo ds o objec s belonging o he same ype, and he
meaning and meaning o he adjec i e o one pa icipan . The second pa o he
a icle deals wi h he same aspec s o he 40 ypes o expensi e su names.
1 . O a
hickness no exceeding 0,2 mm bu no exceeding 0,2 mm
1 .1 . Key wo ds
The e a e 174 inde ini e-numbe adjec i es belonging o his ype, he dis inguishing ea u e o which
is he p e ix pop iding o he wo d accompanied by a change o ending. The end o a oo wo d is
changed o -is, e.g. póbal is (: bál as), pó ėlis (: ėlùs), o a single wo d o -ys, e.g. pob auzgỹs (: b áuzga).
3 The ype o wo d o ma ion includes […] h ee main ea u es o o ma ion: 1) he meaning o he
o ma ion [...] 2) he lexical g amma ical na u e o he base wo d ( he basis o he o ma ion) and 3)
he o m o he o ma ion[…] (u bu is 2009: 293[…]294).
neapib ėž ą ypa ybės kiekį žymin ys būd a džiai:
p iešdėlio po- edinių da yba
129 a icles by a icles
All he adjec i es discussed in his subsec ion can be di ided in o adjec i es,
nouns, and pa iciple e bs acco ding o he pa o he base wo d. Acco ding o
he oo wo d, he e bs can be di ided in o wo g oups: - (i) he endings o he
base wo ds (a); 95 wo ds) and adjec i es wi h base wo ds ending in -us (b); (See
also oo no e 71).
(a) - (i) he galle ies o he galle ies o he galle ies o he galle ies o he galle ies o he
galle ies o he galle ies o he galle ies o he galle ies o he galle ies o he galle ies
o he galle ies o he galle ies
(: die ó as), pódykis (: 1 dỹkas), pód ėgnis (: d gnas), pód ungnis (: d uñgnas), pód ū is
(: d  as), pógel is (: 3 ge as), pógel onis (: gel ónas), póge is (: 1 gẽ as), pó gied is
gas), 2 pójaunis (: 1 jáunas), pójuodis (: júodas), póka š is (: ká š as), pókeis is (: kes as),
pókie is (: ke as), póklienis (: klenas), pók ei is (: k e as), ×pókūdis (: ×k das), póku -
čis (: kučias), póku is (: kučias), pók ailis (: k alas), pólaibis (: láibas), 2 pólais is
pó liesis (: lesas), póliūdnis (: lidnas), pómažis (: 1 mãžas), pómėlynis (: m lynas), pómen-
kis (: meñkas), póminkš is (: mnkš as), pómi is (: m as), pónaujis (: naũjas), pónedo is
(: nedõ as), pónėkis (: 3 nkas), pópaikšis (: pakšas), pópalaidis (: paláidas), pópik is
(: 1 pk as), pópilkis (: plkas), pópilnis (: 1 plnas), póplikis (: plkas), pópliuškis (: pliùškas),
póplonis (: 2 plónas), póp as is (: p ãs as), 2 pó ainis (: 2 áinas), pó aišis (: áišas), pó-
audis (: aũdas), pó audonis (: 1 audónas), pó es is (: ẽs as), pó e is (: ẽ as), pó udis
The ollowing species a e included in his ca ego y: 1. (A) Whi e- ailed dee , 2. (B)
nas), pó skys is (: skýs as), pósk iauznis (: sk iaũznas), ×pósk umnis (: ×sk unas), pó-
s ip is (: s p as), pós o is (: s ó as), pós iukis (: 2 s iùkas), pós eikis (: 1 s ekas), pó-
Whi e- ailed dee , 3. (C) Blue- ailed dee , 3. (D) Blue- ailed dee , 3. (E) Blue- ailed dee , 4. (F)
Blue- ailed dee , 4. (G) Blue- ailed dee , 5. (G) Blue- ailed dee , 5. (G) Blue- ailed dee , 6. (G)
Blue- ailed dee , 6. (H) Blue- ailed dee , 6. (H) Red- ailed dee , 6. (H) Red- ailed dee , 6.
Also y: coal a o he deepe s dea u u e 2011 08 31, dea u u e coal a o he
deepe s a , coal a o he deepe s he b eas oke ii zip, coal a o he deepe s he
b eas oke ii zip, coal a o he deepe s he b eas oke ii,
130 ac a
au eLija aMuLionienė
Linguis ica Li huanica LXVIII
Also y: coal a o he deepe s dea u u e 2011 08 31, dea u u e coal a o he deepe s
a , coal a o he deepe s he b eas oke ii zip, coal a o he deepe s he b eas oke ii
zip, coal a o he deepe s he b eas oke ii, Acco ding o he oo wo d galūnė, he
wo ds o objec s can be di ided in o h ee g oups: in o made om objec s con aining
galūnė (c); 3 wo ds) made om wo ds con aining he end (d); 3 wo ds) and made om wo ds
con aining a owel (e); 1 wo d (c) he b ide- o-be (b áuzga), he g oom- o-be ( ãgana), he
g oom- o-be ( wo ùmpa). I is also known as he "pómuksis" (mùkšas), he "pó a gšis"
( agšas), and he "pó ilkis" ( ikas).
(e) he seconda y (: 2 conside a ions).
he iden i ica ion o a numbe o basic Vedic nouns should be discussed sepa a ely. I would
seem ha he wo possible base wo ds o hese Vedas, o example: edinys, he meaning
ganis gali bū i pada y as iš daik a a džių ãgana a ba agãnius, pó a gšis iš agšas
a ba agšis, pó ilkis iš ikas a ba lkė, pó umpis iš ùmpa a ba ùmpis. išanaliza us
o he possible base wo ds o he po a edins and he meaning o he possible base wo ds,
explained om which he wo d edinys is de i ed, o example: pó aganis […]kiek
aganiškasʼ, ãganiškas […]būdingas, belonging o aganaiʼ (no […]...a aganiʼ). So i 's
ob ious ha he wo k is based on a mo e common wo d ( agãnius i sel is de i ed om he
wo d ãgana and has he addi ional semă y asʼ, which doesn' ma e a all when gi ing
he adjec i e pó aganis). I would also be possible o explain he choice o o he Vedic base
wo ds. I can be said ha he basic wo ds a e he simples wo ds: wi ch, umou , w e ch,
wol . The choice o ano he ques ionable possible base wo d was acili a ed by he
de e mina ion o he a ea o consump ion ixed in LkŽ. Vedinys pó inginis, LkŽ eco ded in
he ad iliškio and kelmės dis ic s, could be de i ed om he adjec i e inginus5 o he
noun inginijs. The i s is w i en om Molė ų and U enos dis ic s, while he second is
eco ded h oughou Li huania. The equency o use o he wo d sugges s ha he wo d
edinys pó inginis is de i ed om he wo d inginis. ound one o he pa icipan s o he
ca d ime o he ac i e species ( ), made om he le sho e s one a ian o he
su name o he male lineage (in o he jokes i is addi ionally enla ged by he su ix -us-).
( ) he puppe .
5 LkŽ is no cu .

neapib ėž ą ypa ybės kiekį žymin ys būd a džiai:
p iešdėlio po- edinių da yba
The a icles o he ype in ques ion a y in e ms o con en . hey a e cha ac e ised
by phone ic a ia ion (one case) and mo phological a ia ion (eigh cases). One example
o phone ic a ia ion, he o igin o he noun n and m a ia ion (h), a ose om he ac
šaknyje u in is balsių i i y ski ybių (g), pe im ų iš a i inkamų pama inio žodžio
a ian ų, p z.: slydùs ʽž . slid󰅧sʼ = slidùs. ki am pa yzdžiui būdingas mo ologinės
ha he ad e b edinys pó e ksnis ( e ksnùs) would ha e unde gone he seconda y
(analogical) in luence o he noun, esul ing in he o m pó e ksmis ž . I 's going o
wo k. LkŽ does no dis inguish be ween he meanings o he wo adjec i es: when
explaining a ma ied couple, a ma ied couple is e e ed o as a ma ied couple. mos ly
ound wi h he same lexical meaning bu spelled di e en ly ga- (i) pójuodis gd, slm −
lūnių -is i -ys galūnių a ian ų ((i); 7 a ejai).
(g) póslidis (: slidùs) ė . − 2 póslydis (: slydùs . ž . slidùs) už .
(h) pó e ksnis (: e ksnùs) jnšk, Ps − pó e ksmis (: e ksnùs) s .
pojuodỹs jn; This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha
o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The Commission shall be
empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his
Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. he b igh ness bZ506, m − he b igh ness l; This is a lis o ilms p oduced by he Bollywood ilm indus y based in Bollywood, India in he s.
6 A a ian o he ocabula y o he e minology is called he di e ence o he uni o he same language. [...]
a ian s usually ha e he same unc ion and di e only in exp ession, which is why i is o en said ha hey
a e di e en implemen a ions o he same sepa a e language uni " (gai enis, keinys 1990: 225). Kazimie
Zupe ka also ag ees wi h his iew o he possibili ies. I dis inguishes h ee ypes o a ian s: phone ic,
(ypač one iniai i da ybiniai) y a a imi bend ašakniams leksiniams bei da ybiniams sinonimams, ačiau
dauguma ski iasi s ilis iniais a spal iais bei a ojimo s e omis. aigi a ian ai y a būdingi isiems
kalbos lygmenims (Župe ka 1997: 28). kalbininkas juozas Pikčilingis (1988: 46) a ian u adina „ o
pa ies žodžio, o mos a sin aksinės kons ukcijos ki ą pa idalą.“ i a Miliūnai ė monog a ijoje „da-
ba inės lie u ių kalbos a osenos a ian ai“ ski ia ke u is a aminius a ija imo klasi ikacijos aškus:
leksinį, g ama inį, ga sinį i g a inį a ija imą (Miliūnai ė 2009: 164–177). ašydama apie da ybinius
sinonimus jolan a Vaskelienė nu odo, kad „žodžio a ian ai – ai jo a mainos, besiski iančios neesmi-
niais one iniais, mo ologiniais požymiais, ku ie nekeičia eikšmės“ (2000: 13).
de i a i e, and accen ua i e. The ange o use o he g oup 7 (i) a ian s o he wo d based on he LkŽe
ilius acine ma e ial indica es ha he -is ends o he ediniai a e mainly w i en in he ocabula y om he
uppe (eas e n and wes e n) and lowe (sou he n and no he n) enses. These adjec i es a e eco ded in
Pane ėžys . ė išky − 2 poseusis, pós o is, amygaloje − pósū is, póš iesis; The wo-headed su ily, he
wo-headed, he wo-headed, he wo-headed, he wo-headed, he wo-headed, he wo-headed, he
wo-headed, he wo-headed, he wo-headed, he wo-headed, he wo-headed, he wo-headed, he
wo-headed, he wo-headed, he wo-headed, he wo-headed. In he case o a shipw eck, he essel shall be
equipped wi h a means o na iga ion such as a ishing essel, a awle , a awle , a awle , a awle , a
galūnės -ys ediniai LkŽe iksuojami ik žemaičių a mės pie ų i šiau ės pa a mėse. okių edinių LkŽe
už ašy a elšių .: elšiuose poš iesỹs, Va niuose pob auzgỹs, Ža ėnuose posausỹs; Šilalės .: Šilalėje
awle , a awle , a awle , a awle , a awle , a awle , a awle , a awle , a awle , a awle , a
awle , a awle , a awle , a awle , a awle , a awle , a awle , a awle , he ollowing able is
inse ed in Annex I: In he case o a ehicle equipped wi h an au oma ic b aking sys em, he b aking sys em
shall be so designed and cons uc ed as o enable: he ollowing able is inse ed: In he case o c e ingos .
da bėnuose − pos -wo m; in aces − pos e s; he ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I: he ollowing able is inse ed: In he dus o he Za as . − ×póskūpis. The ma iage o he gallows is also eco ded as a. juškos (pósū is), j. ba ono (póš iesis), M. un ulio (pó umpis). I 's called a quickie. I 's called a quickie. he pos o ice in he illage o Klaipėda; Plunges . in he con aine s o he po . Two o hese ends, he owels and he consonan s, a e w i en om he handw i ing o Kazimie he Younge . The ma e ial p esen ed he e does no e lec he ac ual a ea o he Vedic dis ibu ion. A wo d may no be ixed in a dic iona y, bu his does no mean ha i is no used in he same a ea, so he geog aphical sp ead o knowledge analyzed in his a icle should be conside ed as an app oxima ion. he ollowing pa ag aph is added:
132 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVIII no only he Vedas, bu also hei base wo ds a y.
au eLija aMuLionienė
Mos ly mo phological a ian s (34 cases) we e ound, wi h almos no phone ic a ia ion
o basic wo ds (1 case). analyzing he mo phological a ian s, i u ned ou ha in
some cases he adjec i es o he ype in ques ion a e made om he oo wo d
con aining he end (al hough he e is also a a ian wi h he end -as), e.g. póbjau is:
bjau ùs (2 bjaũ as), in o he cases he adjec i es a e made om he oo wo d
con aining he end (al hough he e is also a a ian wi h he end -as), e.g. pólaibus: láibas
(laibus). in desc ibing he a ian s o he basic wo ds, he ange o use o hese wo ds
has been analysed on he basis o LkŽ da a only. I is o en no easy o de e mine om
which wo d a ian he oo wo d is de i ed. A keywo d is a wo d whose geog aphical
sp ead is close o he geog aphical sp ead o he Vedic. a e wo ds whose bo h a ian s
a e eco ded in he same dic iona y as hei cogna es; in his case, he e e ence wo d
is conside ed o be geog aphically close o he place whe e he documen is w i en. I
he Vedas a e eco ded only in ansla ions, and one o i s a ian s is only in w i ing, i
is mo e likely ha he Vedas a e de i ed om he a ian used in ansla ions. The e
a e cases when he Vedas a e w i en only om w i en sou ces, and i s a ian s a e
eco ded om dic iona ies. Then you look a wha w i ing sou ces he wo d is w i en
om, i.e. who he au ho is, whe e i came om. on he basis o hese c i e ia, he
awa d o he p ize om he end o he a ian (j); 18), ma ied om he end o he
a ian (k); 16 cases). The places whe e he Vedas and hei basic wo ds a e w i en a e
punc ua ed in he ex .
(g) he Vedas om he a ian o -as galūnės: póankš is sk (añkš as a m, dkš, yl − 1 anks ùs m); In
he case o a ehicle equipped wi h an au oma ic eme gency b aking sys em, he b aking sys em
shall be so designed and cons uc ed as o enable he ehicle o mo e eely be ween wo o mo e
sea s in pa allel. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. O he , o ci cula c oss-sec ion, o
aš uose)); pólaibis sb (láibas ad, aps, as , b s, ds, kb , k k, Pc, Pn, P ng, sb, sk ,
s ainless s eel Polish Vdžg (las as als, b , kl , Plk […] ee (only in w i ing)); O he , o ci cula
c oss-sec ion, o i on o s eel In he case o a ehicle equipped wi h an au oma ic eme gency
b aking sys em, he b aking sys em shall be so designed and cons uc ed as o enable he b aking
sys em o ope a e in a sa e and e icien manne and o ensu e ha he b aking sys em is
ope a ed in a sa e and e icien manne . This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day
ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This Regula ion shall
en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he
( ik aš uose)); pósk umnis nmk (×sk unas j b, Vl, V − ×sk umnùs b s, jd , k s,
Eu opean Union. I is also known by he names o he ollowing species: C. aculea a, C. aculea a, C.
aculea a, C. aculea a, C. aculea a, C. aculea a, C. aculea a, C. aculea a, C. aculea a, C. aculea a, C.
aculea a, C. aculea a, C. aculea a, C. aculea a, C. The abb e ia ions o places co espond o he
abb e ia ions p o ided by LkŽe. he classi ica ion o he Li huanian language in he a las o he Li huanian language is based on he classi ica ion o he Li huanian language by Aleks Gi denius and Zigmas Zinke ičius
(See also no e 1).
neapib ėž ą ypa ybės kiekį žymin ys būd a džiai:
p iešdėlio po- edinių da yba
133 a icles by a icle
O he , o ci cula c oss-sec ion, no u he wo ked han ho - olled, in coils, o
ci cula c oss-sec ion, o ci cula c oss-sec ion, o ci cula c oss-sec ion, o
ci cula c oss-sec ion, o ci cula c oss-sec ion, o ci cula c oss-sec ion, o
ci cula c oss-sec ion, o ci cula c oss-sec ion, o ci cula c oss-sec ion, o
ci cula c oss-sec ion, o ci cula c oss-sec ion, o ci cula c oss-sec ion, o
ci cula c oss-sec ion, o ci cula c oss-sec ion Fo he pu poses o his Annex,
he ollowing de ini ions shall apply: In he case o a Membe S a e, he Commission
shall, by means o implemen ing ac s, adop implemen ing ac s laying down de ailed
ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce
on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he
Eu opean Union. O he , o ci cula c oss-sec ion, no u he wo ked han
ho - olled, in coils In he case o a Membe S a e, he compe en au ho i y o he
Membe S a e in which he es ablishmen o he es ablishmen is si ua ed, he
compe en au ho i y o he Membe S a e in which he es ablishmen is si ua ed
shall: O he , o ci cula c oss-sec ion, no u he wo ked han ho - olled, in coils
(h) he a ian s o he -us galūnės: póanks is slm (añks as dglš, dkš, ds, g ž, P ng,
sk anks ùs ig, klp, Lnk , Pls); O he , o ci cula c oss-sec ion, o s ainless s eel The
Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle
bjaũ as bjaũ as Lkm, Pp , slk, Vln); póbud is jd (bud ùs b g, dkš, do , kp, nmn,
sk , Š nč, Zp – bud as ( ik aš uose)); pódukslis Pnd (dukslùs ap , bsg, čk, Lnk ,
26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o
his Regula ion. In addi ion, he Commission shall adop implemen ing ac s laying
down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion and laying down de ailed
ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. Fo he pu poses o his Annex, he
ollowing de ini ions shall apply: Fo he pu poses o his Annex, he ollowing
de ini ions shall apply: This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day
ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The
ollowing de ini ions shall apply: (a) in he case o a ehicle equipped wi h an
au oma ic eme gency b aking sys em; (b) in he case o a ehicle equipped wi h an
eig, yl, jnš, j b, kal, klp, k š, n , Ms, Plš, Pl , d, dn, sd, skd , sln , Š , l, k,
Vdžg, V n, Vš , Žln – smalas dbk, ds, Lp, L , M k, Pp , mš); pósū is d , k , sb
au oma ic eme gency b aking sys em: (a) in he case o a ehicle equipped wi h an
g d, g šl, Lk , Pj, dn, Š , Vn); póšykš is ds, slm (šykš ùs alz ,jnšk, jž, klk, km,
k i, Lnk , Mžk, ob, on, Pnd, Ps, mš, slč, slm, smn, Šd, Škn, Vad, Vb, Vg , Žml –
šýkš as do , jn, k s, k , Ms, Pmp, P k, sb, sk b, sln , lž, Vb, Žml); pó amp is
au oma ic eme gency b aking sys em; (b) in he case o a ehicle equipped wi h an au oma ic eme gency b aking sys em:
Vš , Vd, Vdk, Vdžg – ap as ( ik aš uose)); 2 pó ykis slm, gn ( ykùs ad, an,
dglš, d sk, d , igl, yl, Lb, kl , kp, kp , Lnk, Lš, Mlk, M j, Mžš, nm, Pč, P ng, P ,
k, slm, sln, smal, s j, sug, s ak, s n, Š nč, užp, g, gn, , V n, Vs, Žln –
134
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ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVIII
ỹkas dg, d , g dm, klp, k g, M j, Plng, P k, Ps , g, od, sn, sd, Š , lž, Vlk,
V n ); and Fo he pu poses o his Annex, he ollowing de ini ions shall apply: póžiaud is
Vg ); 2 pó ėsis ( ik aš uose) ( ėsùs dg, dkk, d sk, eig, end, g k, kl , k š, Lp, Lš,
Ml, Mlk, Mš, nm, Pl , P n, Pšš, dn, Mš, s n, Šlu, Š s, kn, , Vd, Žml2 − ė-
(only in w i ing; w i en by Lau yna I inski in w i ing, which is de i ed om he o ewo d)
(žiaud ùs , sd, Š s, za , Va n, Vkš, Vš žiaúd as Lk ). F om he ma e ial in he LkZs (in
some cases also om w i en sou ces) i can be seen ha he g oup (j) a ian s o he
ends o he Vedas a e w i en in all he high and low slopes, and he ends o he a ian s
a e mo e cha ac e is ic o he no he n and sou he n low slopes. he o he a ian s o
he g oup (k) a e ixed in he uppe and lowe ele a ions, and he uppe and lowe
ele a ions a e ixed in he uppe and lowe ele a ions. Mos o he ypes o polysyllabic
adjec i es a e made up o wo-syllable adjec i es, some o which a e made up o
polysyllabic (excluding) adjec i es, e.g. pógel onis (yellow: ge as), pómélynis (yellow: mlas),
pónedo is (yellow: dõ as), pó audonis (yellow: audas).
1.2. he signi icance o he wo k
All he Vedas discussed in his a icle e e o a ce ain quan i y o he a ibu e exp essed by he
base wo d, di e ing only in he shade o ha a ibu e. The gene al meaning o he Po ipio b and is
desc ibed as ollows: some hing ha has some o he cha ac e is ics men ioned in he basic wo d. o
de e mine how much and wha hose shades o meaning can e eal. See how he Vedic lexical meaning is
saky i nag inėjamo po ipio būd a džiai, analizuo os isų edinių indi idualios
de ined in LkŽ. nag8 P e-de e mina i e p onouns a e mainly used in he adjec i e meaning o ma k
(ska džius 1934: 456). such adjec i es mean "a di e en deg ee o he same cha ac e is ic, usually
weake " (amb aška and o he s 1946: 173 […] 174). In he g amma o he Li huanian language (g amma ical
language o Li huania) o Jano O ębski, he p e ixed wo ds polais is, po ūgš is a e conside ed o ha e
a simila meaning (o ębski 1956: 332[…]336). Adelė Valeckienė in he a icle "The deg ees o adjec i es in
con empo a y Li huanian li e a y language and hei meanings" a gues ha he adjec i es o his
p e ix gene ally do no mean he ull amoun o he ea u e" (Valeckienė 1961: 49). […]The na u e o he
p e ix also shows he incomple e quan i y o he cha ac e is ics exp essed by he main wo d [...]. In he
eas e n highland dialec s [...] hey he e indica e a e y small amoun o he ea u e deno ed by he main
wo d, which can be exp essed in he wo ds "a li le", "a li le mo e" (Lkg i 588). In he mo phology o he
Li huanian language, he diminu i e and he p e ix indica ing a lowe in ensi y a e men ioned (jakai ienė
1976: 263265). Paula aldonosuskienė Li huanian mo phological ou line o he p e ix po- ediniai is conside ed
o be a lowe in ensi y o adjec i es (Paulauskienė 1983: 69[…]79; 100[…]103). The noun wi h he p e ix po-
[...] indica es no qui e he ull amoun o he cha ac e is ic exp essed by he base wo d. ... he na u e
o ce ain p e ixes implies a sligh ly excessi e, excessi e amoun o he cha ac e is ic exp essed by
he base wo d ... P eposi ional adjec i es also indica e a sligh ly missing amoun o ea u e […] (dLkg
1996: 225). Acco ding o amb azzo, hese p eposi ional adjec i es a e close in meaning o deminu i es
(amb azzo 2011: 56).
neapib ėž ą ypa ybės kiekį žymin ys būd a džiai:
p iešdėlio po- edinių da yba
The a icles o he g oup (d) o he galle ies a e eco ded in he uppe and lowe
le els, and he a ian s o he galle ies a e eco ded only in he uppe and lowe
le els o he uppe and lowe le els o he uppe and lowe le els. wo Vedic -
pó ūgš as and pósūd us - o be w i en in he same places whe e hei base wo ds
a e eco ded.
Mos o he ypes o polysyllabic adjec i es a e made om wo-syllable, some
om polysyllabic (excluding) adjec i es, e.g. pókalno as (: kálno as: kálnas),
pó elniškas (: élniškas: élnias), pó y iškas (: ý iškas: ý as).
2.2. The Meaning o he Wo k
All he Vedas analyzed in his subsec ion indica e an inde ini e amoun o a ea u e,
only he shade o ha ea u e di e s. The gene al meaning o he Po ipio's p ecious
wo k is exp essed as ollows: some hing ha has some o he cha ac e is ics
men ioned in he basic wo d. When analyzing he indi idual meanings o he wo k, i was
obse ed ha he meaning o he Vedic lexicon is exp essed as LkŽe. The meaning o
one o he weddings is said o ha e been in luenced by a li le bi (a li le bi )
[…] a leas a li le, a li le, […] (LkJ)), he o he […] will be added o he gana (ganà […] 2.
good, […] (LkJ). based on he indi idual meanings o he e bs, all adjec i es a e
di ided in o se e al g oups: he adjec i es indica ing he amoun o he p ope y
exp essed by he a e age base wo d, he meaning o he e b in his g oup is
w i en as […] oks, which is qui e... ((a); 26 wo ds); and less han he a e age numbe
o adjec i es indica ing he quan i y o he ea u e exp essed by he base wo d,
he meaning o he ac ion o his g oup is exp essed as […] oks, which is sligh ly...[…]
((b) 9 wo ds). is he numbe o conduc o s indica ing a highe quan i y o
cha ac e is ic ((c); 3 wo ds) Depending on he con ex , wo e bs can ha e wo
meanings: he a e age quan i y o a ea u e and he quan i y o a ea u e ha is
g ea e han he base wo d. bo h meanings o his e b a e de ined as […] oks ha
is enough...[…] and […] oks ha is how much h ough...[…] (d).
(a) […]Toks, which is qui e...[…]: expensi e gd […]ž . I is also known as he "Golden T iangle" o he
"Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle". leng h 1' = leng h […]1. I is
also known as apyilgisʼ,
sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-
-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-su-
b-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-sub-s-
ub-sub-sub-sub-sub. See also subdi ision 1 […] 2. see subsec ion 3 […] […]3. I 's a lo o un. I 's a lo
o un. I 's a big one, i 's a li le one, i 's a li le one, i 's a li le one, i 's a li le one. The podge is
he podge […]1. He's a nice guy, bu he's no a nice guy. ai ly adequa e, esponsi e, no en i ely
bad, yellow Lz […]ž . 2 squa es o 1' is equal o 2 squa es o […]1. qui e young, well-g oomed,
well-g oomed Lk […]gana moun ainous, well-g oomed Sh s […]ž . I 's no like I don' know wha I'm
alking abou . I don' know wha I'm alking abou . I don' know wha I'm alking abou . he po es 1'
= he po es […]1. I 's called a ank, i 's called a ank, i 's called a ank, i 's called a ank, i 's called a
ank. 2 po uchis […] = 2 po uchis […] ūgš okas[…], pó ūgš okas Lp […]ž . This is he i s ime I' e seen his. 2 po ugs is = 2 pó ugs is ūgs okas, which is p onounced as ž . I is also known as he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle".

142
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ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVIII
In you, swea , swea Pl . ž . I 's called "poshil is" o "poshil is" o "poshil is" o "poshil is"
o "poshil is" o "poshil is" o "poshil is" o "poshil is" o "poshil is" o "poshil is". 2 poems
[…] = 2 poems […]gana ēsus, ēsokas[…], poems (only in w i ing) […]ž . I 's called a pa ilion. I 's
se) ʽgana y iškasʼ.
(b) ʽ oks, ku is upu į ...ʼ:
called a pa ilion. I 's called a pa ilion. I 's called a pa ilion. I 's called a pod ungnis. I 's called a
pod ungnis. I 's called a pod ungnis. I 's called a pok ei is. I 's called a pok ei is. I 's called a
popilkas. I 's a li le g ay, i 's g ay, i 's a li le g ay, i 's a li le g ay, i 's a li le g ay. he
umbilical co d 2' = he umbilical co d […]2. I is also known as he "swee po a o", he "swee
po a o", he "swee po a o", he "swee po a o", he "swee po a o", he "swee po a o", he "swee po a o", he "swee po a o", he "swee po a o", he "swee po a o". he i s digi […] = he las digi […]1. I 's called a slingsho . I 's called a slingsho .
uose) ʽž . po elnisʼ = pó elnis ʽ upu į elniškasʼ.
(c) ʽ oks, ku is kiek pe ...ʼ:
póankš okas a m ʽž . poankš isʼ = póankš is ʽkiek pe ankš as, apyankš isʼ, pómažokas
The a m. The i s s ep is he i s s ep. sligh ly o e small, small, unca ed Lp, Lš, s j
I 's oo sho .
(d) […] oks which is enough...[…] and […] oks which is how much pe ...[…]: pódidis als, gd, k ž, s, sdk, Vdk
[…]1. a he la ge, apydidis, didokasʼ […]2. how big is […]3. When you' e a eenage , you' e no a kid
anymo e. e y s ong, he podidokas Pgg, ud = he podidys […]1. a he la ge, apydidis, didokasʼ […]2.
how big is […]3. When you' e a eenage , you' e no a kid anymo e. I 's p e y s ong. As can be seen, all
he po ions o he ype unde conside a ion ha e a lowe o highe con en o he subs ance (in a e
cases he e a e wo (lowe and highe con en o he subs ance) in he high-g ade po ions o he
eikšmes). Mažesnį ypa ybės kiekį, nei pasaky a pama iniu žodžiu, apibūdina dau-
guma būd a džių (88 %), mažiau − žyminčių didesnį ypa ybės kiekį (9 %) i kelias
da ybos eikšmes u inčių žodžių (3 %). as mažesnis ypa ybės kiekis gali bū i
ski ingas. daugiausia as a idu inį pama iniu žodžiu pasaky os ypa ybės kiekį
žyminčių edinių (62 %). Žyminčių mažiau nei idu inį pama iniu žodžiu pasaky-
os ypa ybės kiekio eikšmę būd a džių ap ik a mažiau (26 %)14 .
14 dauguma mažesnį ypa ybės kiekį žyminčių būd a džių (88 %) už ašy i šiau ės žemaičių pa a mėje.
Vidu inį ypa ybės kiekį žymin ys būd a džiai už ašy i šiau ės žemaičių pa a mėje (49 %), pie ų i y ų
p oduc ion (by 9%). Adjec i es indica ing a lowe - han-a e age amoun o ea u es a e eco ded in he
no he n lowlands, sou he n highlands and eas e n highlands (by 7%). Adjec i es wi h a highe
pe cen age o ea u es (9%) LkŽe a e gi en only om he uppe pa , he sou he n uppe pa (6%),
he eas e n uppe pa (3%). ma iages wi h wo ma i al meanings (3%) a e eco ded in e ening and
a e noon high- ise ecommenda ions (1,5%)
In summa y, he dis ibu ion o he meanings o he Vedic wo ks unde conside a ion eco ded in
LkŽ is ha he lowe he amoun o cha ac e is ic, he mo e cha ac e is ic he meaning o he
lowe e m. he signi icance o a highe quan i y o he ea u e is eco ded only in he ad ice o he highe au ho i ies.
neapib ėž ą ypa ybės kiekį žymin ys būd a džiai:
p iešdėlio po- edinių da yba
143 pages o a icles
This is no he case in he Uni ed Kingdom.
All he adjec i es unde conside a ion a e p e ixes de i ed om adjec i es (98%)
and less o en om o he pa s o he language (2%). The Vedas, composed o wo
a ixes o he same meaning, a e he p edecesso Vedas. The p e ix a ached o
he oo wo d weakens he special ea u e o he oo wo d wi h he p e ix
nag inėjami žodžiai p iklauso ai pačiai da ybos ka ego ijai, bend a ka ego ijos
-okpasaky as. he meaning o he e b can be exp essed as ollows: some hing
ha indica es an inde ini e amoun o he cha ac e is ic exp essed by he base wo d.
he wo ypes o goods a e assigned acco ding o he deg ee o he quan i y o he
cha ac e is ic o he indica o as much less and o he indica o as much mo e han
he quan i y o he cha ac e is ic as s a ed in he basic wo d. All ma iages a e
cha ac e ised by a lowe amoun o cha ac e han is exp essed in he base wo d
(91%). The amoun o smalle ea u es has di e en shades. The a io o he meanings
o he p e ixed e bs is gi en in able 1. This is Len e. he a io o he meanings o he
p e ixed e bs indica ing he amoun o he inde ini e ea u e ype Po ipis
The smalle he amoun
g ea e he amoun o
manu ac u ing ea u es.
o ea u e, he
meaning o he wo
Vidu-Less
ma e
han he
a e age
app oxi-
mass
O-
o wo ds)
cos ly (214 wo ds)
(a) 70 pe cen , 20 pe cen , 2 pe
cen , 3 pe cen , 5 pe cen , o mo e;
o wo ds) 62 % 26 % […]9 % 3 % (40
Li e a Ū a and ŠaL iniai amb aška ju gis, Žiugžda juozas 1946: Li huanian
language g amma 1. s u ga e. This is he i s ime ha he Li huanian
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species o he genus Amb osia in he amily As e aceae. - "Amb osia - Wikipedia, he ee encyclopedia," Vilnius: Science and encyclopedia publishing house.
amb azas sau li us 2008: Lie u ių kalbos būd a džių da ybos y imai. – Kalbos is o i-
i s p oblems and dialec ology 2. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e, 99127. Amb iz Saulius:
The de elopmen o he a o he Būd a di. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. The
cu en Li huanian language dic iona y: elec onic a ian , ed. Vilnius: Ins i u e o he
Li huanian Language, 2011. Access o he In e ne : h p://dz.lki.l dLkg - G amma o he
cu en Li huanian language. he second amended au ho isa ion. Vilnius: Publishing house o
Science and Encyclopedias, 1996
Linguis ica Li huaniana LXVIII gai enis kazimie as, keinys s asys 1990: A
au eLija aMuLionienė
dic iona y o e ms used in he Li huanian language. The ligh .
In he ea ly 1990s, he published a book en i led Leksikon Seman ika (Seman ics o
he Vocabula y, Vocabula y, and S uc u es). Šiauliai: The pedagogical ins i u e o Šiauliai.
I is also known as he "Laigonai ė adelė", Paulauskienė aldona 1976: Li huanian
kalbos mo ologija. Vilnius: Mokslas.
Lka i − Lie u ių kalbos a lasas 1: Leksika. a s. ed. kazys Mo kūnas. Vilnius: Mokslas, 1977.
Lkg i − G amma o he Li huanian language 1. Vilnius: The Min , 1965. LkŽe […] Li huanian
language dic iona y (i[…]xx, 1941[…]2002): an elec onic e sion. The commi ee o edi o s is
composed o : Ge uda Nach inienė (edi o ), Jonas Paulauskas, Ri u ė Pe okienė,
Vy au as Vi kauskas, and Jolan a Zaba skai ė. The commi ee o edi o s is composed o :
Vilnius: Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language, 2005. Access o he In e ne : www.lkz.l .
Milenė Ri a (Li huanian: Milenė Ri a) is a Li huanian language ele ision se ies. Vilnius:
Li huanian Language Ins i u e.
o ębski janua y 1956: G amma o he Li huanian language 3. wa zszawa: Published by
he publishing house.
Paulauskienė Aldona (bo n 1983) is a Li huanian linguis and linguis . The ligh .
Paulauskienė Aldona, The ounda ions o he mo phology o he Li huanian
language, 2006. he ci y: echnology.
Pikkin' Up is a 1988 ilm ha was eleased in he Uni ed S a es. Language igu es: a acul y cou se o he ele en h g ade.
The ligh .
P ana's Scandals 1934: The making o wo ds in Li huanian language. Vilnius: Li huanian
Academy o Sciences, Li huanian Language Ins i u e. The sys em o he Li huanian
language o he Li huanian communi y. Vilnius: o se o Pe o.
The e m 'Au el' is used in he English language o e e o a speci ic ype o
adjec i e, such as 'au el'. […] Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 62[…]63, 82[…]96. This is
amulionienė au elija 2011: e as nepilną ypa ybės kiekį žyminčių būd a džių
da ybos ipas: PÃjuodis i Pasasis. – Lie u ių kalba. P ieiga in e ne e:
he i s ime ha he Ac has been amended. This is a e y impo an poin .
The heo y o wo d p oduc ion. second edi ion. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Science and
.
Encyclopedia Publishing
Valky ie Adelė (1961): G ades o adjec i es and hei meanings in con empo a y
Li huanian li e a y language. […] Ques ions 4, 49 in he Li huanian language Vasilie a
Jol ino a is he au ho o se e al bes selle s. Šiauliai: The Uni e si y o Šiauliai.
Zsuzsa Menzel is he au ho o he book "S ilis ika: Mokomoji Knjiga" (1997). Šiauliai: The Uni e si y o Šiauliai.
neapib ėž ą ypa ybės kiekį žymin ys būd a džiai:
p iešdėlio po- edinių da yba
145-page a icles by
adjec i es deno ing an inde ini e amoun
o peculia i y: o ma ion o de i a i es
wi h he su ix po-
Ma y
he a icle analyses he o ma ion o adjec i es deno ing an inde ini e amoun o peculia -
i y, i.e. he de i a i es wi h he su ix po-. he esea ch objec is he adjec i es deno ing an
inde ini e amoun o peculia i y, which a e lis ed in he academic elec onic „dic iona y o he
Li huanian Language“ (LkŽ). he a icle g oups he o e all ma e ial by o ma ion ypes and
sub- ypes. indi idual pa s o he a icle speci y he base wo ds om which he adjec i es un-
de analysis a e o med and analyse he de i a ional meaning o each o hem.
Deli e ed on 15 Ma ch 2013
au eLija aMuLionienė
Mykolo Rome io uni e si e as
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
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