AURELIJA TAMULIONIENĖ

Mykolas Romeris University

Research areas: lexicology, morphology.

ADJECTIVES DENOTING AN INDEFINITE DEGREE OF A PROPERTY: THE FORMATION OF DERIVATIVES WITH THE PREFIX PO-

Adjectives denoting an indefinite amount of peculiarity: formation of derivatives with the suffix po-

ABSTRACT

The article analyzes the formation of adjectives denoting an indefinite degree of a property, i.e. derivatives with the prefix po-. The subject of the study is adjectives denoting an indefinite degree of a property, listed in the academic electronic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽe). The article groups all the material according to derivational types and subtypes. Individual sections of the article indicate the base words from which the adjectives under study are derived and analyze the derivational meaning of each.

ANNOTATION

The article analyses the formation of adjectives denoting an indefinite amount of peculiarity, i.e. the derivatives with the suffix po-. The research object is the adjectives denoting an indefinite amount of peculiarity, which are listed in the academic electronic „Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language“ (LKŽ). The article groups the overall material by formation types and sub-types. Individual parts of the article specify the base words from which the adjectives under analysis are formed and analyse the derivational meaning of each of them.

KEYWORDS: base word, derivational meaning, indefinite degree of a property, prefix derivatives, adjective formation.

KEYWORDS: base word, derivational meaning, indefinite amount of peculiarity, prefix derivatives, formation of adjectives.

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Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVIII

Adjectives denoting an indefinite degree of a property: formation of derivatives with the prefix po-

INTRODUCTION

An indefinite, usually incomplete, degree of a property in Lithuanian is expressed by adding various prefixes and suffixes (e.g., apýdailis, baltókas, pógrąžis, pagrąžùs, pagrãžokas, žãlsvas, etc.). This article analyzes adjectives denoting an indefinite degree of a property, more precisely, derivatives with the prefix po- found in the electronic version of the academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (hereafter LKŽe).

In this article, the meaning of the base word is considered to express a definite degree of a property. The Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian gives the second meaning of the verb apibrėžti as follows: “to show the boundaries of a thing or phenomenon.” Indefinite quantity is a familiar concept in grammar when discussing the expression of wholes and parts (indefinite quantities) of a subject or object. When the quantity of an object is unknown or unimportant—that is, indefinite—the genitive of indefinite quantity is used. In this article, the term indefinite is used only to describe the indefiniteness of the degree of a property; other categories characteristic of adjectives that relate to definiteness/indefiniteness (whether semantic or grammatical, for example, the pronominal forms of adjectives associated with definiteness (see DLKG 1996: 174–177)) are not discussed here¹.

Very little has been written in the linguistic literature about the adjectives under consideration that denote an indefinite degree of a property; to date, they have not been examined separately (see Tamulionienė 2010, 2011)². The adjectives analyzed in this article constitute only a part of all derivatives belonging to the same derivational category. In Lithuanian, such adjectives are also formed with other derivational affixes. With prefixes: ap- (apdailùs: dailùs), apy- (apýdailis: dailùs), apie- (apiétirščias: tir̃štas), ato- (atóretis: rėtas), pa- (pa-grąžùs: gražùs), pra- (pražãlias: žãlias), pri- (prìšlubas: šlùbas), prie- (prìežalias: žãlias), pro- (próskersas: 2 sker̃sas), są- (sãpilkas: pìlkas); with suffixes: -okas (gražókas: gražùs), -svAs (žãlsvas: žãlias), -vas (pal̃švas: 2 pal̃šas), -avotas (×paikavótas: paĩkas); with several derivational affixes: the prefix prie- and suffix –(i)okas (prìekurčiokas: kur̃čias), the prefix pra- and suffix -ilis (praši̇̀rvilis: šìrvas), the prefix pa- and suffix -otas (pagirtótas: gìrtas), etc.

¹ Definitions of adjectives denoting an indefinite degree of a property vary. These words are called adjectives of the intensifying degree (Skardžius 1934: 134), adjectives denoting approximation (Skardžius 1934: 456), adjectives with a meaning of similarity (Otrębski 1956: 332–336), adjectives expressing intensification of a property and quantity (DLKG 1996: 191–238), diminutives (with a derivational meaning close to that of diminutives) (Ambrazas 2011: 56), and so on.

² Bendrinės kalbos būdvardžių darybą išsamiai aprašė Adelė Valeckienė (DLKG 1996: 191–238). Čia jau būdvardžiai klasifikuojami ne pagal darybos afiksus, kaip buvo daroma iki šiol (Prano Skardžiaus, Janio Otrębskio ir kt.), bet pagal darybos reikšmes. Kalbininkė išskyrė 6 išvestinių būdvardžių kategorijas: 1) ypatybės stiprinimo bei kiekio būdvardžiai; 2) vidinės ypatybės būdvardžiai; 3) išorinės ypatybės būdvardžiai; 4) panašios bei būdingos ypatybės būdvardžiai; 5) išskiriamieji rūšiniai būdvardžiai; 6) rezultatinės ypatybės būdvardžiai (žr. DLKG 1996: 191–238; LKG I: 550–601). Būdvardžių darybos istorija nuo seniausių laikų iki dabarties išnagrinėta Sauliaus Ambrazo (Ambrazas 2008: 2011).

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DERIVATIVES WITH THE PREFIX PO-

A total of 214 derivatives with the prefix po- denoting an indefinite degree of a property were found in LKŽe. All derivatives with the prefix po- examined in this article belong to the same derivational type³. All the words under consideration are derivatives that are based on a base word both formally and semantically. Every derivative is “two-part—it has a derivational base and a formant” (Urbutis 2009: 212). A derivative denotes a particular thing or phenomenon not directly, but through an intermediary—a word or several words in the language. That intermediary is the base word (Ambrazas 1993: 8).

Having identified the base word and the derivational means, the article proceeds to analyze the derivational meaning. This is “the meaning that follows from the word’s derivational form, in other words—from the structural components of the derivative and the relationship between them” (Urbutis 2009: 173). Other linguists call it the structural meaning of the derivative (Paulauskienė 2006: 22). In defining the concept of derivational meaning, Aloyzas Gudavičius considers it “a component of lexical meaning, a certain modification or addition to it” (Gudavičius 1994: 11). A distinction is made between an individual derivational meaning, characteristic of a particular derivative, and a group meaning, characteristic of an entire group of derivatives. In this article, on the basis of the semantic structure of a word, or more precisely, the relationship between the lexical meaning of the base word and the derivational formant, the individual derivational meanings of each derivative are identified, along with the general derivational meaning of the sub-type and type, since derivational meaning “is possessed not only by individual derivatives but also by their groups and classes—derivational types and categories. A derivational category is a class of derivatives that has a common derivational meaning and specific derivational affixes” (Ambrazas 1993: 10; cf. Urbutis 2009: 329).

Depending on whether the prefix po- attached to a base word changes its ending, two derivational sub-types are distinguished: póbrangis (: brangùs) and póbran-gus (: brangùs).

Based on the LKŽe material, the first part of this article analyzes the formation and derivational meanings of 166 adjective derivatives of the póbrangis sub-type, 7 nouns assigned to the same sub-type, and one participial derivative. The second part of the article describes, from the same perspectives, 40 adjective derivatives of the póbrangus sub-type.

1. Subtype póbrangis (: brangùs)

1.1. Base words

The LKŽe contains 174 adjectives denoting an indefinite degree of a property that belong to this subtype, whose distinguishing feature is that the addition of the prefix po- to a word is accompanied by a change in its ending. The base word’s ending is changed to -is, e.g., póbal-tis (: báltas), póvėlis (: vėlùs), and in one word to -ys, e.g., póbrauzgỹs (: bráuzga).

³ A word-formation type encompasses “three main features of word formation: 1) the derivational meaning [...] 2) the lexical and grammatical nature of the base word (derivational base), and 3) the derivational formant” (Urbutis 2009: 293–294).

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Adjectives denoting an indefinite degree of a property: formation of derivatives with the prefix po-

According to the part of speech of the base word, all the adjectives examined in this subsection can be divided into derivatives of adjectives, nouns, and participles.

According to the ending of the base word, adjectival derivatives (166 words) can be divided into two groups: base words with the ending –(i)as ((a); 95 words) and adjectives whose base words end in -us ((b); 71 words).

(a) Derivatives with the ending –(i)as:

pónankštis (: ankštas), 2 póaukštis (: 2 áukštas), póbaltis (: báltas), póbasis (: bãsas), pó-bėris (: bėras), póblogis (: blõgas), póbukis (: 3 bùkas), pó didokis⁴, pó dievotis (: dievótas), pódykis (: 1 dỹkas), pódrėgnis (: drėgnas), pódrungnis (: drungnas), pódrūtis (: drūtas), pógeltis (: 3 gẽltas), póg eltonis (: geltónas), pógeris (: 1 gẽras), pó giedris (: giẽ dras), pó glioris (: gliõras), pógreitis (: greĩtas), pógrynis (: grýnas), póilgis (: 1 ìl-gas), 2 pójaunis (: 1 jáunas), pójuodis (: júodas), pókarštis (: kárštas), pókeistis (: keĩstas), pó kietis (: kíetas), póklienis (: klíenas), pókreivis (: kreĩvas), ×pókūdis (: ×kūd as), pókur-čis (: kurčias), pó kurtis (: kurčias), pókvailis (: kvailas), pólaibis (: láibas), 2 pólaisvis (: laĩsvas), pólengvis (: lẽngvas), ×pólentis (: ×lent as), pólednus (: lẽdnas), póletis (: lẽtas), póliesis (: liẽsas), póliū dnis (: liūdnas), pómažis (: 1 mãžas), pómelynis (: mėlynas), pómen-kis (: mẽnkas), pó minkštis (: mìnkštas), pómitris (: mìtras), pónaujis (: naũjas), pó nedoris (: nedõras), pónekis (: 3 nẽkas), pópaikšis (: paĩkšas), pó palaidis (: paláidas), pó piktis (: 1 pìktas), pópilkis (: pìlkas), pópilnis (: 1 pìlnas), póplikis (: plìkas), pópliuškis (: pliùškas), póplonis (: 2 plónas), póprastis (: pràstas), 2 pó rainis (: 2 ráinas), póraišis (: rá išas), pó-raudis (: raũdas), póraudonis (: 1 raudónas), póresvis (: rẽsvas), póretis (: rėtas), pórudis (: rùdas), 2 pós ausis (: 2 saũsas), pósenis (: sėnas), pósiauris (: 1 siaũras), pósilpnis (: sìlp-nas), póskystis (: skýstas), póskriauznis (: skriaũznas), ×póskrum nis (: ×skrum̃nas), pó-stipris (: stìpras), póstor is (: stóras), póstriukis (: 2 striùkas), pósveikis (: 1 sveĩkas), pó-šaltis (: šáltas), póšiltis (: 2 šìltas), póširmis (: šìrmas), póšiurkštis (: šiurkštas), póšlapis (: šlãpias), póšveplis (: švẽplas), pótekinis (: 1 tẽkinas), 2 pótyris (: týras), pó tirštis (: tirš-tas), pó trumpis (: 2 trumpas), pótuštis (: tùščias), pó tvirtis (: tvìrtas), póvienodis (: vie-nó das), póvilgšnis (: vìlgšnas), póžalis (: žãlias), 2 póžemis (: žẽmas), póžydris (: žýdras), póžilis (: 1 žìlas), póžioplis (: žiõplas), póžvairis (: žvaĩras).

(b) Derivatives with the ending –us:

pónankštis (: ankštùs), póaštris (: aštrùs), póbaisis (: baisùs), pó baugis (: baugùs), póbjau-ris (: bjaurùs), póbrangis (: brangùs), póbudris (: budrùs), pódukslis (: dukslùs), 2 pógar-sis (: garsùs), pógausis (: gausùs), pó gil is (: gilùs), pó gražis (: gražùs), pó įvairis (: įvairùs), pókartis (: kartùs), pókimis (: kimùs), pókl aikis (: klaikùs), 2 pólaiškis (: laĩškùs), pó lauks-tis (: laukstùs), 2 pólyg is (: 1 lýgus), pó lomis (: lomùs), pómaršis (: maršùs), pómulkis (: 5 mùlkus), pónašis (: našùs), pó pigis (: pigùs), póplatis (: platùs), póplepis (: plepùs), póplokštis (: plokštùs), pópuikis (: puikùs), pó rambis (: rambùs), póramis (: ramùs), 2 pó-rūgštis (: rūgštùs), pórupis (: rupùs), pórūstis (: rūstùs), pósald is (: saldùs), póskau dis

⁴ For further discussion of how the base word of the derivative pódidokis is identified, see subsection 2.1.

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(: painful), ×póskūpis (: ×skūpùs), 2 póslėnis (: slėnùs), póslidis (: slidùs), 2 póslvdis (: slvdùs / slidùs), pósmagis (: smagùs), pósmailis (: smailùs), pósmulkis (: smùlkus), 2 pósnūdis (: snūdùs), pósraunis (: sraunùs), póštambis (: stambùs), póštatis (: statùs), pósunkis (: sunkùs), pósūris (: sūrùs), póšykštis (: šykštùs), póšiurpis (: šiurpùs), póšviesis (: šviesùs), pótaikis (: taikùs), pótampris (: tamprùs), pótamsis (: tamsùs), pótankis (: 2 tánkus), póteisìs (: teisùs), 2 pótykis (: tykùs), 2 pótylis (: tylùs), 2 pótingis (: tingùs), pótìžis (: tižùs), 2 pótolis (: tolùs), pótrankis (: trankùs), 2 pótròškis (: troškùs), póūmis (: ūmùs), 2 póveikis (: vėikùs), póvėlis (: velùs), póvėsis (: vesùs), póverksnis (: verksnùs), póverksmis (: verksnùs), 2 póžiaudris (: žiaudrùs), póžvalis (: žvalùs).

By the ending of the base word, noun derivatives (7 words) can be divided into three groups: those formed from nouns ending in –a ((c); 3 words), those formed from nouns ending in –as ((d); 3 words), and those formed from nouns ending in –ys ((e); 1 word).

(c) pobraužgỹs (: bráuzga), póraganis (: rãgana), pótumpis (: 2 tùmpa).

(d) pómukšis (: mùkšas), póvaŕgšis (: vaŕgšas), póvilkis (: viìlkas).

(e) pótinginis (: 2 tinginỹs).

The identification of the base words of derivatives from several nouns should be discussed separately. It might seem that these derivatives could have two possible base words; for example, the derivative póraganis could be formed from the nouns rãgana or ragãnius; póvaŕgšis from vaŕgšas or vaŕgšis; póvilkis from viìlkas or viìlkė; pótumpis from tùmpa or tùmpis. An analysis of the meanings of the derivatives and possible base words revealed which word each derivative was formed from, e.g.: póraganis ‘somewhat witch-like’, rãganiškas ‘characteristic of, belonging to a witch’ (not ‘...or to a male witch’). Thus it is clear that word formation is based on the more common word (ragãnius itself is derived from rãgana and has an additional seme, ‘male’, which is entirely irrelevant in forming the adjective póraganis). The choice of base words for the other derivatives could be explained in the same way. It can be argued that the simpler words in terms of derivation should be regarded as the base words: ragana, tumpa, vargšas, vilkas.

Determining the area of usage recorded in LKŽe helped resolve the choice of another possible, uncertain base word. The derivative pótinginis, recorded in LKŽe in the districts of Radviliškis and Kelmė, could be derived from the adjective tinginus⁵ or the noun tinginỹs. The former is attested in the districts of Molėtai and Utena, while the latter is recorded throughout Lithuania. The frequency of the word’s use suggests that the derivative pótinginis is derived from the noun tinginỹs.

One past active participle derivative was found (f), formed from the variant of the shorter stem of the masculine singular nominative (in other cases, it is additionally expanded with the suffix –us–): derivative of a participle.

(f) pópasuìtis (: pasùitęs).

⁵ Unaccented in LKŽe.

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Neapibrėžtą ypatybės kiekį žymintys būdvardžiai: priešdėlio po- vedinių daryba

Derivatives of the subtype under consideration vary in the dialects⁶. They exhibit phonetic variation (1 instance) and morphological variation (8 instances). One example of phonetic variation, involving the distinction between the vowels i and y in the stem (g), inherited from the corresponding variants of the base word, is: slydūs see slidūs’ = slidūs. Another example shows variation in the consonants n and m of morphological origin (h), arising because the adjectival derivative póverksnis (: verksnùs) seems to have undergone the secondary (analogical) influence of the noun vèrksmas, which gave rise to the form póverksmis see poverksnis’. The meanings of both adjectives are the same in LKŽe: the derivative póverksmis is defined by reference to the derivative póverksnis. Most common are variants of the endings -is and -ys that have the same lexical meaning but differ in stress ((i); 7 instances).

(g) póslidis (: slidùs) Ėr. – 2 póslydis (: slydūs. see slidūs) Užv.

(h) póverksnis (: verksnùs) Jnšk, Ps – póverksmis (: verksnùs) Srv.

(i) pójuodis Gd, Slm – pojuodýs Jn; 2 pósausis Erž, Ėr, Grš, Ktk, Slm, Srv, Vn, Žr – posausýs Žr; ×póskūpis Ds – poskūpýs Šll; póstoris Ėr, Rs, Sb, Sld, Trs – postorýs Grg; pósūris Dr,], Rm, Sb – posūrýs Kv, Jn; pósūviesis BŽ506, Rm – pošviesýs Tl; pótumpis M.Unt – potumpýs Tv⁷.

⁶ In the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms, a variant is defined as “a difference between forms of the same linguistic unit. [...] Variants generally perform the same function and differ only in expression; for this reason, they are often said to be distinct realizations of the same individual linguistic unit” (Gaivenis, Keinys 1990: 225). Kazimieras Župerka also supports this understanding of variants. He distinguishes three types of variants: phonetic, derivational, and accentual. Word variants (especially phonetic and derivational ones) are close to lexical and derivational synonyms with a shared root, but most differ in stylistic nuance and spheres of use. Thus, variants are characteristic of all levels of language (Župerka 1997: 28). The linguist Juozas Pikčilingis (1988: 46) defines a variant as “another form of the same word, form, or syntactic construction.” In her monograph “Variants in the Usage of Contemporary Lithuanian,” Rita Miliūnaitė identifies four key dimensions for classifying variation: lexical, grammatical, phonetic, and graphic variation (Miliūnaitė 2009: 164–177). Writing about derivational synonyms, Jolanta Vaskelienė notes that “word variants are its forms, differing in non-essential phonetic or morphological features that do not change its meaning” (2000: 13).

⁷ The distribution area of group (i) variants, based on the illustrative material in LKŽe, shows that derivatives with the ending -is are recorded in the dictionary mainly from the Aukštaitian (eastern and western) and Samogitian (southern and northern) dialects. These adjectives are recorded in Ėriškiai, Panevėžys district: 2 pósausis, póostoris, póšūris, póšviesis; in Ramygala: pósūris, póšviesis; in Surviliškis, Kėdainiai district: 2 pósausis; in Truskava: póstoris; in Salamiesytė, Kupiškis district: pójuodis; in Subačius: pósūris, póstoris; in Kuktiškės, Utena district: 2 pósausis. In Saldutiškis: póstoris; in Žarėnai, Telšiai district: 2 pósausis, in Gadūnavas: pójuodis; in Eržvilkas, Jurbarkas district: 2 pósausis; in Darbėnai, Kretinga district: pósūris; in Raseiniai: póstoris; in Griškabūdis, Šakiai district: 2 pósausis; in Vainutas, Šilutė district: 2 pósausis; in Dusetos, Zarasai district: ×póskūpis. Derivatives with the ending -is are also recorded by A. Juška (pósūris), J. Baron (póšviesis), and M. Untulis (pótumpis). Derivatives with the ending -ys are recorded in LKŽe only in the southern and northern subdialects of Samogitian. In LKŽe, such derivatives are recorded in Telšiai district: in Telšiai pošviesýs, in Varniai pobrauzgýs, in Žarėnai posausýs; in Šilalė district: in Šilalė poskūpýs, in Kvėdarna posūrýs; in Gargždai, Klaipėda district postorýs; in Tverai, Plungė district potumpýs. Two derivatives with this ending, pojuodýs and posūrýs, are recorded in LKŽe from the writings of Kazimieras Jaunius.

The material presented in LKŽe does not show the actual distribution area of the derivatives. A word may not be recorded in the dictionary, but this does not mean that it is not used in that area; therefore, the geographical distribution of the derivatives analyzed in this article should be regarded as approximate. In the article, the locations indicated alongside the derivatives, whose-

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Not only the derivatives but also their base words vary. Most of the variants are morphological (34 instances); phonetic variation is almost absent from the base words (1 instance). Analysis of the morphological variants showed that in some cases the adjectives of the subtype under consideration are formed from a base word ending in -us (although a variant ending in -as also exists), for example: póbjauris: bjaurùs (2 bjaūras); in other cases, conversely, the adjectives are formed from a base word ending in -as (although a variant ending in -us also exists), for example: pólaibis: láibas (laibus). In describing the variants of base words, their distribution was analyzed using only LKŽe data. It is often difficult to determine which word variant the base word derives from. A base word is considered to be the word whose geographical distribution is close to that of the derivative. There are words for which both variants are recorded in the same dialects as their derivatives; in such cases, the base word recorded geographically closer to the location where the derivative was recorded is considered. If a derivative is recorded only in dialects, while one of its variants is found only in written sources, it is more likely that the derivative was formed from the variant used in the dialects. There are cases where a derivative is recorded only in written sources, while its variants are recorded in dialects. In such cases, the written source in which the word was recorded is considered—that is, who the author was and where they came from. On the basis of these criteria, derivatives from the -as ending variant are distinguished ((i); 18 instances), as are derivatives from the -us ending variant ((k); 16 instances). Locations where both derivatives and their base words were recorded are underlined in the text.

(g) derivatives from the variant with the -as ending:

póankštis Skr (ańkštas Arm, Dkš, Yl – 1 ankštùs Rm); pódregnis Rm (drégnas Dkš, Kv, Plt, Rdm, Slnt – drėgnùs Vvr); pódrungnis Všk (drung̃nas Alvt, Ds, Lkv, Up, Vb – drungnùs Ldk, Skdt); pókurtis Krs (kurčias Arm, Brt, Dkš, Drsk, Ds, Dv, Jrb, Grz, Kt, Lbv, Ml, Mrj, Plv, Pmp, Pnd, Rod, Sln, Šr, Žln – 2 kùrtas Yl, Kv, Rsn – kurtùs (written sources only)); pólaibis Sb (láibas Ad, Aps, Asv, Brs, Ds, Kbr, Ktk, Pc, Pn, Prng, Sb, Skr, Smn, Šd – laibus (written sources only)); pólaísvis Vdžg (laìsvas Als, Btr, Klvr, Plk – laisvùs (written sources only)); pólengvis Erž (leñgvas Alk, Brb, Dkš, Ds, Gs, Jnš, Jnšk, Kal, Ml, Mrj, Mžk, Pc, Plt, Plv, Prng, Ps, Pš, Rm, Sdk, Šts, Vb, Vlk, Zt – lengvùs Ad, Brs Brž, Ėr, Jnš, Krg, Krš, Nmk, Pkl, Plm, Rd, Rdn, Sg, Vdžg); pólentis Kb, Sb (×leñtas Ad, An, Dl, Ktk, Ldk, PnmR, Svn, Švnč, Tr, Vb – ×lentùs Bsg, Pc, Rm, Šmn); pómitris Šts (mìtras Krok, Snt, Vlk – mitrùs Ds, Grž, Krg, Vlk, Lp, Mrs, Mrj, Mžk, Prn, Sd, Skd, Škn); póskriauznis Tgn (skriaužnas Klt, Ktk, Lkm, Mlt, Plš, Sld, Švnč, Trgn – skriauznùs (written sources only)); póskrum̃nis Nmk (×skrum̃nas Jrb, Vl, Vv – ×skrum̃nùs Brs, Jdr, Krs, Mžk, Skd, Slnt, Šv, Vkš); póstipris Ktk, Sld, Všv (stipras Adm, Alks, Aln, Antr, Antz, Bt, Dgč, Dgl, Dgp, Dkk, Ds, Ėr, Imb, Grd, Jd, Jrb, Km, Kp, Krns, Krs, Krš, Ktk, KzR,

they are recorded in LKŽe. The abbreviations of locations correspond to those used in LKŽe. The description of the dialects follows the dialect classification of Aleksejus Girdenis and Zigmas Zinkevičius in the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language (LKA I; map no. 1).

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Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXVIII

Adjectives denoting an indefinite degree of a quality: formation of derivatives with the prefix po-

Lel, Lkv, Ln, Lpl, Mlt, Mžš, Pb, Pnd, Pnm, Ps, Rdn, Sb, Sdk, Slk, Skdt, Slm, Sml, Snt, Sug, Strn, Trgn, Tršk, Vl, Vn, Vžns, Žl, Žln – stiprùs Antr, Aps, Bsg, Btrm, Dbč, Dgp, Dkk, Dkš, Ds, Dv, Yl, Ėr, Jdr, Jrb, Jz, Gd, Gršl, Grz, Kal, Kb, Klt, Krč, Krkl, Krš, Krž, KzR, Kž, Lnkv, Lz, Lž, Ml, Mlk, Mšg, Mšk, Nč, Nt, Ob, Pkr, Plng, Plšk, Plt, Pn, Pst, Rm, Rod, Rsn, Sk, Skrb, Slnt, Str, Švnč, Upn, Upt, Ut, Tl, Trk, Trs, Vdk, Vrn, Vvr, Žeml, Žl, Žsl, Pgg); póšiurkštis Ds, Rm (3 šiùrkštas Ds, Dv, Kvr, Ml – šiurkštùs Aln, Eiš, Ėr, Kai, Kb, Klt, Klvr, Krs, Pls, Pmp, PnmŽ, Prng, Pt, Sk, Skrb, Slm, Vdn, Vdžg – šiùrkščias Psn); póšveplis Rm (šveplas Alz, Bgt, Dkš, Drsk, Ds, Dsn, Gdr, Jnk, Krn, Lkm – šveplùs (in written sources only)); pótyris (in written sources only) (týras Akm, Brž, Bs, Dgp, Gršl, Plng, Prn, Sln – tyrùs Grd, Gdr, Pč, Pl, Smn, Svn, Sz); pótūstis (in written sources only) (tùščias Al, Bsg, Čk, Drsk, Eiš, Yl, Gršl, Grv, JnšM, Jrb, Lš, Klm, Klt, KlvK, Km, Kpč, Krš, Kv, Mšk, Mrj, Nv, Pč, Pln, Plv, Pv, Rdn, Rod, Skdv, Skr, Smn, Srj, Škt, Šll, Šmk, Tl, Trg, Trk, Vdk, Vlkv, VšR, Žgč, Žl – tùštas Krg); póvilgsnis Krkl (vilgsnas Lkv, Plt, Slnt, Vkš – vilgšnùs Gd, Grg, Kl, Kv, Žr); póžvairis Ėr (žvairas Brž, Btrm, Dglš, Dkš, Drsk, Ds, Grv, Jrb, Jsv, Kli, Klp, Klt, Lkš, Lp, Ob, Pl, Pls, Plšk, Prng, Rmš, Skp, Slk, Smln, Svn, Šd, Šlvn, Trak, Trg, Vlk, Vv, Žl – žvairùs Jnš, Kair, Kpč, Lnkv, Lp, Lš, Pšl, Rk, Sur).

(h) derivatives from the -us ending variant:

póankstis Slm (ankštas Dglš, Dkš, Ds, Grž, Prng, Skr – ankštùs Ig, Klp, Lnkv, Pls); póbjauris Rm (bjau­rùs Alk, Dkš, Ėr, Grg, Gs, Lkš, Lž, Mrj, Pn, Rm, Sdk, Vv – 2 bjãūras bjãūras Lkm, Ppr, Slk, Vln); póbudris Jd (budrùs Btg, Dkš, Dov, Kp, Nmn, Skr, Švnč, Zp – budras (in written sources only)); pódūkslis Pnd (dukslùs Apt, Bsg, Čk, Lnkv, Pg, Ps, Psn, Rk, Slm, Užp, Vb, Zr, Žg – dùkslas (in written sources only)); pólomis Jd (lomùs Pš, Šl, Vb – 4 lõmas Paį); póplokštis (in written sources only) (plokštùs (in written sources only) – 3 plókštas Kv – plókščias Šlč, Šts); 2 pórugštis Upt (rùgštùs Dgč, Ėr, Jnš, Krš, Lš, Mrj, Mžš, Ob, Pb, Rdm, Skp, Smn, Šauk, Vdžg – rū́gštas Bt, End, Imb, Jnšk, Krš, Lk, Lkv, Lz, Ms, Mžš, Nmč, Pgg, Pvn, Rdn, Šts, Šv, Užv, Vn); ×póškupis Ds, Šll (×skupùs Akm, An, Brt, Grk, Jrb, Jž, Kp, Klk, Krsn, Krš, Kt, Kv, Mrs, Ob, Pnd, Ppl, Pšl, Šl, Ut, Trgn, Vj, Vs, Žg, Žml – ×skū́pas Als, Arm, Erž, Gr, Grg, Pls, Sd, Slnt, Tl, Žr); 2 póslėnis Rm (slėnùs Brž, Ds, Krs, Krš, Ln, Mžš, Rd, Sdb, Vlž – 2 slėnas Rd); pósmailis (in written sources only; recorded in J. Elisonas’s writings, who was from Kupiškis district) (smailùs Akm, Als, Eig, Yl, Jnš, Jrb, Kal, Klp, Krš, Nv, Ms, Plš, Plt, Rd, Rdn, Sd, Skdv, Slnt, Šv, Tl, Trk, Vdžg, Vrn, Všv, Žln – smailas Dbk, Ds, Lp, Lt, Mrk, Ppr, Rmš); pósūris Dr, Kv, Sb (sūrùs Db, Dr, Grv, Grž, Klt, Ktk, Lt, Pšl, Rmč, Šl, Ut, Žg – sūras Dglš, End, Erž, Grd, Gršl, Lkv, Pj, Rdn, Šv, Vn); póšykštis Ds, Slm (šykštùs Alz, Jnšk, Jž, Klk, Km, Kri, Lnkv, Mžk, Ob, On, Pnd, Ps, Rmš, Slč, Slm, Smn, Šd, Škn, Vad, Vb, Vgr, Žml – šýkštas Dov, Jn, Krs, Kv, Ms, Pmp, Prk, Sb, Skrb, Slnt, Tlž, Vb, Žml); pótampris Vdžg (tamprùs Jrb, Jnš, Grd, Kl, Krp, Ms, Pln, Plv, Ppr, Skdv, Skr, Sl, Šmk, Varn, Všv, Vd, Vdk, Vdžg – taṃpras (in written sources only)); 2 pótykis Slm, Trgn (tykùs Ad, An, Dglš, Drsk, Dv, Igl, Yl, Lb, Klt, Kp, Kpr, Lnk, Lš, Mlk, Mrj, Mžš, Nm, Pč, Prng, Pv, Rk, Slm, Sln, Smal, Srj, Sug, Stak, Svn, Švnč, Užp, Trg, Trgn, Tv, Vrn, Vs, Žln –

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tÿkas Dg, Dv, Grdm, Klp, Krg, Mrj, Plng, Prk, Pst, Rg, Rod, Rsn, Sd, Šv, Tlž, Vlk, Vrn); póvelis Užv (vėlùs Dkš, Erž, Iz, Ob, Zp – 2 vėlas Klt, Pb, Rtn, Slm, Smal, Vgr); 2 póvesis (in written sources only) (vesùs Dg, Dkk, Drsk, Eig, End, Grk, Klt, Krš, Lp, Lš, Ml, Mlk, Mš, Nm, Plv, Prn, Pšš, Rdn, Mš, Svn, Šlu, Šts, Trkn, Tvr, Vd, Žml2 – vė-sas (in written sources only)); póžiaudris (in written sources only: recorded in Laurynas Ivinskis’s writings, who was from Užventis) (žiaudrùs Rt, Sd, Šts, Užv, Varn, Vkš, Všv – žiaudras Lkv).

The material from the dialects in LKŽe (and, in individual cases, from written sources) shows that derivatives with the -as ending variant of group (j) are recorded in all Aukštaitian and Samogitian dialects, while the -us variants are more characteristic of the Northern and Southern Samogitian dialects. In the other group of ending variants (k), derivatives with the -us ending are recorded in the Aukštaitian and Samogitian subdialects, while the -as variants occur in the Eastern and Western Aukštaitian subdialects.

Most adjectives of the póbrangis subtype are formed from disyllabic adjectives; a few are formed from polysyllabic (derived) adjectives, e.g.: pógeltonis (: geltónas: gẽltas), pómėlynis (: mėlynas: mėlas), pónedoris (: nedõras: dõras), póraudonis (: 1 raudónas: raũdas).

1.2. Derivational meaning

All the derivatives discussed in the article denote a certain degree of the quality expressed by their base words; only the shade of that quality differs⁸. The general derivational meaning of the póbrangis subtype can be described as follows: ‘something that has some degree of the quality denoted by the base word.’ To determine how many and what kinds of nuances of meaning can be expressed by adjectives of the subtype under discussion, the individual derivational meanings of all the derivatives were analyzed. The lexical meaning of each derivative, as defined in LKŽe, was examined. Nag-

⁸ Adjectives with the prefix po- “are used mainly to denote approximative meaning” (Skardžius 1934: 456). Such adjectives denote “a different degree of the same quality, usually a weaker one” (Ambraška ir kt. 1946: 173–174). In Jano Otrębskis’s “Grammar of the Lithuanian Language (Gramatyka języka litewskiego),” derivatives with the prefix po-, polaisvis and porūgštis, are considered to express similarity (Otrębski 1956: 332–336). In her article “Degrees and Meanings of Adjectives in Contemporary Standard Lithuanian,” Adelė Valeckienė states that derivatives with this prefix generally denote a quality that is not entirely full” (Valeckienė 1961: 49). “Adjectives with the prefix po- also indicate that the degree of the quality expressed by the base words is not entirely full [...]. In Eastern Aukštaitian dialects [...] they indicate a very small degree of the quality expressed by the base word, which can be conveyed by the words a little, a little more” (LKG I 588). The prefix po- is also mentioned among the prefixes denoting lower intensity in Evalda Jakaitienė, Adelė Laigonaitė, and Aldona Paulauskienė’s Lithuanian Morphology (Jakaitienė 1976: 263–265). In Aldona Paulauskienė’s Outline of Lithuanian Morphology, derivatives with the prefix po- are classified as adjectives denoting lower intensity (Paulauskienė 1983: 69–79; 100–103). “Adjectives with the prefix po- [...] denote a degree of the quality expressed by the base word that is not entirely full. [...] Certain adjectives with the prefix po- denote a degree of the quality expressed by the base word that is slightly excessive, exceeding the norm [...]. Adjectives with the prefix po- also denote a slightly deficient degree of a quality” (DLKG 1996: 225). In Ambrazas’s view, these prefixed adjectives are close in meaning to diminutives (Ambrazas 2011: 56).

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Neapibrėžtą ypatybės kiekį žymintys būdvardžiai: priešdėlio po- vedinių daryba

The derivational meanings of the words under discussion are expressed by the adverb a little (truputį ‘at least somewhat, a little’ (LKŽe)), the particle quite (ganà ‘2. considerably’ (LKŽe)), the particle almost (beveik ‘1. nearly, almost’ (LKŽe)), and the particle too (4 pèr ‘usually with adverbs or adjectives, denoting an amount greater or smaller than necessary, or describing a state or property exceeding the norm’ (LKŽe)).

On the basis of the individual derivational meanings of the derivatives, all the adjectives are divided into groups according to the degree of the property expressed by the base word: adjectives denoting a lesser degree of the property than that expressed by the base word, and adjectives denoting a greater degree of the property than that expressed by the base word. According to the degree of that property, adjectives denoting a lesser degree are divided into those denoting an average, below-average, and near-to-the-degree expressed by the base word.

Most adjectives of the subtype under discussion denote an average degree of the property expressed by the base word (122 words). The general derivational meaning of this group is expressed as ‘such that it is fairly...’ (a). Fewer derivatives have a general derivational meaning that can be expressed as ‘such that it is a little...’ (b), i.e. they all denote a below-average degree of the property expressed by the base word ((b); 35 words). The derivational meaning of adjectives denoting a degree close to that expressed by the base word is expressed as ‘such that it is almost...’ ((c); 7 words). The general derivational meaning of the small group denoting a degree somewhat greater than that expressed by the base word is expressed as ‘such that it is somewhat too...’ ((d); 4 words).

(a) ‘such that it is fairly...’:

póankstis Slm ‘fairly early, somewhat early’, póástris Sdk ‘1. fairly sharp, somewhat sharp, rather sharp’. ‘2. rather strong’. ‘3. rather strict, somewhat angry’, 2 póaukštis (only in written sources) ‘fairly tall, somewhat tall’, póbau gis Varn ‘1. fairly frightening’ ‘2. somewhat fear-inducing’, póbjauris Rm ‘fairly ugly, somewhat ugly’, póbrangis Rm ‘fairly expensive, somewhat expensive’, póbudris Jd ‘fairly alert, waking up rather quickly’, póbukis Erž ‘fairly blunt, somewhat blunt’, pódidokis Kln, Užv see podidis 3’ = pódidis ‘3. grown, no longer small’, pódievotis Kltn ‘fairly devout’, pódregnis Rm ‘somewhat damp’, pód ukslis Pnd ‘fairly loose, somewhat loose’, 2 pógarsis (no data) ‘somewhat famous’, pógausis (only in written sources) ‘somewhat abundant’, pógeris Rm, Sdk ‘1. fairly good, fairly pleasant, not angry’ ‘2. fairly suitable, satisfactory, not too bad’, pógiedris Grž ‘somewhat bright’, pógilis (only in written sources) ‘somewhat deep’, póglioris Grd ‘quite drunk, inebriated, intoxicated’, pógražis Rm ‘1. somewhat beautiful, somewhat pretty’ ‘2. fairly clear’ ‘3. somewhat beautiful, somewhat plump’ ‘4. somewhat clean’, pógreitis (only in written sources) ‘fairly fast’, pógrynis (only in written sources) ‘somewhat pure, fairly good’, póilgis Erž, Vdk ‘1. somewhat long’ ‘2. lasting fairly long’, pójvairis Vr ‘fairly varied’, 2 pójaunis Klt, Nmk, Vj, Žlp ‘1. fairly young, somewhat young’ ‘2. almost unripe’, pójuodis Gd, Jn ‘1. somewhat black’ ‘2. fairly dirty’, pókarštis Er ‘somewhat hot’, pókartis Rm ‘somewhat bitter’, pókeitis (only in written sources) ‘somewhat changed’, pókietis Erž, Užv ‘1. somewhat hard’ ‘2. rather strong’ ‘3. fairly difficult to overcome’ ‘4. rather chilly’, póklienis Vn ‘fairly lean, somewhat thin’, ×pókūdis (only in written sources) ‘fairly lean, rather thin’, pókurčis Er see pokurtis’ = pókurtis ‘quite deaf, rather hard of hearing’, pókurtis Krs

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‘quite deaf, rather hard of hearing’, 2 pólaišvis (only in written sources) ‘1. fairly loose, not tight’ 2. not very busy, somewhat free’, 2 pólaiškis (only in written sources) ‘quite sharp, pungent’, pólengvis (only in written sources) ‘1. fairly light, rather light’ 2. not strict, lenient’, ×pólentis Km, Sb ‘somewhat slow, rather lenient’, pólėtis (only in written sources) ‘somewhat slow, rather sluggish, not vigorous’, póliesis Krš ‘1. somewhat lean’ 2. almost fat-free’, 2 pólygìs (only in written sources) ‘fairly even, somewhat even’, póliūdnis (only in written sources) ‘somewhat sad’, pólomis Jd ‘fairly low, low-lying’, pómenkis Grd, Sb, Skdv, Stl ‘fairly small, somewhat small, rather weak’, pómin kštis Bsg, Rm, Vn ‘1. fairly soft, rather soft’ 2. almost free of lime admixtures’ 3. fairly easy to chew’ 4. rather foolish’, pómitris (only in written sources) ‘fairly nimble, agile’, pómulkis (only in written sources) ‘rather foolish, silly’, pónašis (only in written sources) ‘fairly fast’, pópaikšis (only in written sources) ‘fairly silly, somewhat foolish’, pópal aidis (only in written sources) ‘fairly idle, lightly burdened with work’, pópasiautis Skdv ‘fairly unruly, angry’, pópiktis Klt, Rt, Trgn ‘fairly angry, rather cross, somewhat angry’, póplepis Skdv ‘fairly talkative, loquacious’, póplokštis (only in written sources) ‘rather flat’, póplonis Slm ‘fairly thin, rather lean’, póprastis Ėr, Mrj, Plt, Sb ‘1. fairly poor, inferior’ 2. rather shabby’ 3. somewhat unimpressive in appearance, not much to look at’ 4. fairly simple, unassuming’, pópuikis Sb ‘rather proud’, pórambis Sdk ‘somewhat bold, not timid’, póramis Sb ‘fairly calm’, póresus Bsg ‘see poretis 1’ = póretis ‘1. somewhat porous, not dense’, póretis Blnk, Ėr, Snt ‘1. somewhat porous, not dense’ 2. infrequent’ 3. somewhat slow’, pórudis (only in written sources) ‘somewhat rusty’, 2 pórūgštis Upt ‘rather sour’, pórūpis Sb ‘somewhat ripe’, pósaldis Ėr ‘somewhat sweet’, 2 pósausis Erž, Grš, Ktk, Slm, Srv, Vn ‘1. fairly dry, somewhat dry’ 2. somewhat fatty’, pósenis Grd, Krd, Mžš, Vb, Vlkš ‘somewhat old’, pósilpnis Erž, Skdv, Vdk ‘somewhat weak, rather weak’, póskaudis (only in written sources) ‘fairly painful, severe, intense’, póskriauznis Trgn ‘having a somewhat lean, sunken face’, ×póskrum nis (only in written sources) ‘fairly meager’, ×póskūpis Ds, Šll ‘fairly stingy, rather miserly’, 2 póslėnis Rm ‘fairly low-lying, low’, póslidis (only in written sources) ‘fairly slippery, somewhat slippery’, 2 póslydis Užv ‘see posl idis 1’ = póslidis ‘fairly slippery, somewhat slippery’, pósmagis Ds, Trgn ‘fairly enjoyable, rather cheerful’, pósmailis (only in written sources) ‘somewhat pointed’, pósmulkis Ktk ‘somewhat fine-grained, not coarse’, 2 pósnūdis (only in written sources) ‘1. sleepy, drowsy’ 2. quite slow, lazy’, pósraunis Sb ‘fairly swift-flowing, somewhat swift-flowing’, póstambis Al, Nmk ‘1. fairly coarse, somewhat coarse, rather rough’ 2. fairly large’, póstatis (only in written sources) ‘fairly steep’, póstipris Ktk, Sld, Všv ‘1. having considerable strength, fairly strong, somewhat strong’ 2. rather sturdy, not easily torn or broken’ 3. fairly intense’, póstoris Rs, Sb ‘1. having a rather large diameter or width’ 2. having a rather large circumference, rather bulky’, pósunkis (only in written sources) ‘1. fairly heavy, rather weighty’ 2. fairly clumsy, not quick’ 3. fairly awkward, troublesome’ 4. rather intense, rather strong’ 5. fairly difficult and complicated to understand’, pósūris Jn, Kv, Rm, Sb ‘somewhat salty’, pósveikis Jd ‘fairly healthy’, póšaltis Užv ‘fairly cold, somewhat cold’, póšykštis Ds, Slm ‘1. somewhat stingy’ 2. fairly hard to split because it is malleable’, póšiltis Rm ‘somewhat warm, rather warm’, póšiurkštis Rm ‘somewhat rough’, póšiurpis Grd ‘fairly chilling, rather cold’, póšlapis Rm, Užv ‘fairly wet, damp’, pót aikus (only in written sources) ‘fairly peaceful’, pótampris Vdžg ‘fairly elastic’, pótamsis Bsg ‘somewhat dark’, pótankis Rm ‘1. somewhat dense’ 2. fairly frequent’, póteis is (only in written sources) ‘fairly correct, somewhat correct’, 2 pótykis Trgn ‘1. fairly slow, calm, quiet’ 2. fairly still’, 2 pótylis (only in written sources) ‘fairly quiet, not loud’, pótinginis Bsg, Užv ‘somewhat idle, somewhat lazy’, 2 pótingis And, Mrj ‘somewhat lazy’, 2 pótyris (only in written sources) ‘fairly pure, clear’, pót irštis (only in written sources) ‘fairly thick, somewhat thick’, pótižis Lkv ‘fairly sluggish,’

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2 pó-tolis Dbk ‘fairly distant, rather far’, pótrankis (only in written sources) ‘fairly noisy, loud’, 2 pó-troškis (only in written sources) ‘rather stuffy, close’, pótumpis Tv ‘not fast, not damp’, pótus-tis (only in written sources) ‘fairly empty’, pótvirtis (only in written sources) ‘fairly firm’, póvargšis (only in written sources) ‘fairly meagre, poor, destitute’, 2 póveikis (only in written sources) ‘acting, responding fairly quickly’, póvelis Užv ‘rather late, fairly late’, 2 póvisis (only in written sources) ‘fairly cool, somewhat cool’, póvienodis (only in written sources) ‘somewhat uniform’, póvilgšnis Krkl ‘fairly damp’, póvilkis (only in written sources) ‘fairly unpleasant, unkind, wolfish’, 2 póżemis Er ‘1. fairly low’ 2. ‘fairly hollow’, póžiaudris (only in written sources) ‘fairly rough, coarse’, póžydris (only in written sources) ‘fairly azure, bluish’, póžioplis Kt, Pl ‘fairly foolish, rather foolish’, póžvalis Sb ‘fairly alert’.

(b) ‘one that is a little…’:

póbaisis Sb ‘a little frightening, somewhat frightening’, póbaltis (only in written sources) ‘a little white, somewhat white’, póberis Varn ‘somewhat bay-coloured, rather bay’, póblogis Bsg, Mlt, Nj, Pgr ‘1. somewhat bad, rather poor’ 2. ‘somewhat diluted’, pobrauzgýs Varn ‘not very handsome, rather large, heavy-boned’, pódykis Er, Sb ‘somewhat sweet, somewhat sweetish’, pódrungnis Všk ‘somewhat lukewarm’, pókvailis (only in written sources) ‘a little stupid, somewhat foolish, rather silly’, pógeltis (only in written sources) ‘somewhat yellow’, pógeltonis Sdk ‘somewhat yellow, slightly yellowed’, pók imis (only in written sources) ‘somewhat hoarse’, pó klaikis (only in written sources) ‘somewhat eerie’, pókreivis Rm ‘somewhat crooked’, pól aukštis Trgn ‘somewhat timid, rather cowardly’, pólėdnus Varn ‘not strong, rather weak (of drinks)’, pómaršis Sb ‘somewhat musty’, pómėlynis Grž ‘somewhat blue, bluish’, pómukšis (only in written sources) ‘see pamukšys’ = pamukšys ‘somewhat timid, apprehensive’, pónedoris Erž ‘somewhat immoral, angry’, pónekis Lkv ‘middling, average, tolerable, not entirely bad’, póp il kis Grg ‘somewhat grey, rather grey, greyish’, póplikis Ds, PnmR ‘1. somewhat naked’ 2. fairly pure, somewhat bare’, pópliuškis (only in written sources) ‘not very serious, frivolous’, 2 pó rainis (only in written sources) ‘somewhat spotted, somewhat brindled’, póraišis (only in written sources) ‘somewhat lame’, póraganis (only in written sources) ‘somewhat witch-like’, póraudis (only in written sources) ‘somewhat reddish-brown’, póra udonis(only in written sources) ‘somewhat reddish’, pórūstis (only in written sources) ‘somewhat stern, rather severe’, pósirmis An ‘somewhat aged’, póšveplis ‘somewhat lisping’, póumis Sb ‘1. somewhat sudden, rapid’ ‘2. manifesting or occurring not very suddenly’, póžalis Ds, Ėr, Kp, Trgn ‘1. a little green, greenish’ ‘2. not fully ripe, unripe’ ‘3. not fully cooked’, póžilis Kvr ‘grey-haired, somewhat grey-haired’, póžvairis Er ‘somewhat cross-eyed’.

(c) ‘one that is almost…’:

póbasis Er ‘almost barefoot, somewhat bare’, pónaujis Sb ‘almost new, nearly new’, pópilnis Krs ‘almost full, nearly full’, póšviesis Tl ‘almost bright’, pótekinis Ps, Rm ‘almost fit for running, somewhat fit for running’, póverksmis Srv see poverksnis’ = póverksnis ‘on the verge of crying’, póverksnis Jnšk, Ps ‘on the verge of crying’.

(d) ‘one that is somewhat too…’:

póankštis Skr ‘somewhat too cramped, rather cramped’, pólaibis Sb ‘somewhat too lean, rather lean, rather thin’, pómažis Pnd, Rm ‘1. a little too small, rather small’ ‘2. too small in quantity, scarce’, pósiauris Ėr, Lnkv ‘somewhat too narrow, rather narrow’.

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When individual derivational meanings were identified, it became clear that some derivatives have lexemes with different derivational meanings: in one case, a lexeme denotes an average degree of the property expressed by the base word; in another, a degree of the property somewhat greater than that expressed by the base word. The derivational meanings of these derivatives can be described as ‘one that is fairly…’ and ‘one that is somewhat too…’ ((e); 6 words).⁹

(a) ‘one that is fairly…’ and ‘one that is (somewhat) too…’:

pópgis (only in written sources) ‘1. fairly cheap’ ‘2. somewhat too cheap’, pód­rūtis Bsg, Erž ‘1. too thick’ ‘2. fairly thick’ ‘3. fairly strong’, póplatis Ėr, Jnšk ‘1. fairly wide, somewhat wide’ ‘2. somewhat too wide’, póskystis (only in written sources) ‘1. fairly liquid’ ‘2. somewhat too liquid, rather runny’, póstriu-kis Bsg, Krs, Pc, Vb ‘1. somewhat short, rather short’ ‘2. somewhat too short’, pótrumpis Bsg, Žr ‘1. lasting a fairly short time’ ‘2. fairly short’ ‘3. somewhat too short’.

Analysis of the individual derivational meanings of each derivative belonging to the subtype showed that, by derivational meaning, all the derivatives can be divided into two groups: those denoting a lesser degree of the property than that expressed by the base word ((a), (b), (c)), and those denoting a greater degree than that expressed by the base word (d). Analysis of the available material showed that this lesser degree of the property can occur at three levels: an average degree of the property expressed by the base word (a), a degree somewhat lower than that expressed by the base word (b), and a degree close to that expressed by the base word (c). As can be seen, most derivatives of the subtype under consideration denote a lesser degree of the property than that expressed by the base word (92%). Of these, 70% of the derivatives denote an average degree of the property expressed by the base word; considerably fewer denote a degree below the average degree expressed by the base word (20%), and the fewest denote a degree very close to that expressed by the base word (2%). A somewhat greater degree of the property than that expressed by the base word is denoted by 3% of the derivatives. A small proportion of derivatives consists of words with several derivational meanings (5%). These adjectives have several derivational meanings that also differ in their group meanings (e).

Thus, the subtype póbrangis has two derivational meanings and denotes: 1) a lesser degree of the property (average, below average, or almost the full degree) than that expressed by the base word; 2) a somewhat greater degree of the property than that expressed by the base word¹⁰.

⁹ In this article, a lexeme is understood as a word taken in one of its meanings.

¹⁰ Adjectives denoting a lesser degree of the property (92%) are recorded in LKŽe predominantly in the Aukštaitian dialect. Of these, derivatives recorded in the Eastern Aukštaitian subdialect (35%), the Southern Samogitian subdialect (22%), the Western Aukštaitian subdialect (6%), and the Northern Samogitian subdialect (5%) denote an average degree of the property expressed by the base word. A degree below the average degree of the property expressed by the base word is denoted mainly by words from the Eastern Aukštaitian subdialect (12%), the Northern Samogitian subdialect (3%), and the Southern Samogitian subdialect (2%). Adjectives denoting a degree close to that expressed by the base word are recorded in the Eastern Aukštaitian subdialect (5%), and in equal proportions in the Western Aukštaitian and Northern Samogitian subdialects (1% each). Adjectives denoting a greater degree of the property (3%) are recorded in LKŽe mostly in the Eastern Aukštaitian subdialect (2%), and less often in the Western Aukštaitian subdialect (1%). Derivatives with several derivational meanings (5%) are recorded in LKŽe in the Eastern Aukštaitian subdialect (3%), and in the Southern and Northern Samogitian subdialects (1% each).

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2. Subtype póbrangus (: brangùs)

2.1. Base words

The LKŽe yielded 40 adjectives denoting an indefinite degree of a property that belong to this subtype. In the derivational process, the prefix po- attached to the derivative does not change the ending of the base word, e.g.: póšiltas (: 2 šìltas), póvėsus (: vėsùs).

All derivatives of the póbrangus subtype are formed from adjectives by adding the prefix po- and retaining the ending of the base word. According to the endings of the base words and derivatives, all the adjectives under consideration are divided into three groups. Most base words have the ending -as ((a); 28 words); fewer have base words ending in -us ((b); 8 words) and -is ((c); 4 words).

(a) Derivatives with the ending -as:

póankštokas (: ankštókas), pódidokas (: didókas), pódrungnas (: druñgnas), pógeras (: 1 gẽras), póilgas (: 1 ìlgas), pójaunas (: 1 jáunas), pókalnotas (: kálnotas), pókarštas (: 1 kárštas), pókarštokas (: karštókas), pókeistas (: keĩstas), pókreivas (: kreĩvas), pómažokas (: mažókas), popilkas (: pìlkas), póplikas (: plìkas), póresvas (: rẽsvas), póretokas (: retókas), pórūgštas (: rū́gštas), pórūgštokas (: rūgštókas), pósiaurokas (: siaurókas), póskystokas (: 2 skystókas), póšilvas (: šìlvas), póšiltas (: 2 šìltas), póšiltokas (: šiltókas), póšykštas (: šýkštas), pótamsokas (: tamsókas), pótrumpokas (: trumpókas), póvelniškas (: vėlniškas), póvyriškas (: 2 výriškas).

(b) Derivatives with the ending -us:

póbrangus (: brangùs), póbugštus (: bugštùs), pódailus (: dailùs), pósaldus (: saldùs), póstangus (: 1 stangùs), pósūdrus (: sū́drus), pósukrus (: sukrùs), póvėsus (: vėsùs).

(c) Derivatives with the ending -is:

pódidelis (: dìdelis), pódidis (: dìdis), pópalakis (: 1 pãlakis), póvidutinis (: vidùtinis).

As can be seen, group (a) includes derivatives formed with two derivational affixes of equivalent meaning, the prefix po- and the suffix -ok-, e.g.: póankštokas, pódidokas, *pódi-dokis¹¹, pókarštokas, pómažokas, póretokas, pórūgštokas, pósiaurokas, póskystokas, póšiltokas, pótamsokas, pótrumpokas. The base word of these words may be a primary adjective (pómažokas: mažas), its prefixed derivative (pómažokas: pómažis), or its suffixed derivative (pómažokas: mažókas). To determine the base words of these derivatives, the meanings of each derivative and its possible base words in LKŽe were analyzed. In this respect, analyzing the base words of the derivatives raised some doubts, because most of the deriv-

¹¹ The derivative pódidokis is the only word belonging to the póbrangis subtype formed with two derivational affixes of the same meaning (the prefix po- and the suffix -ok-); therefore, when identifying the base word of this derivative, the same aspects were analyzed as for derivatives of the analogous derivational subtype póbrangus.

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In LKŽe, these derivatives are explained by giving a reference to a prefixed working synonym¹². Stress helped identify the base words of these derivatives. All derivatives of the póbrangus subtype are stressed on the prefix. From the perspective of stress, the prefix po- is strong and dominant; once attached, it receives the stress¹³. The suffix -ok- is also a strengthening, dominant suffix, and in the derivational process it too always receives the stress, i.e., it is stressed. All derivatives analyzed in this subsection are stressed on the prefix, which means that the prefix was attached to a suffixed base word; therefore, all these derivatives are considered prefixal derivatives.

The endings of base words vary in the language. Analysis of the variants showed that in some cases the adjectives of the subtype under consideration are derived from a base word with the ending -as (although a variant of this base word with the ending -us exists), e.g., pódrungnas (drungnas – drungnus), while others, conversely, are derived from a base word with the ending -us (although a variant of this base word with the ending -as exists), e.g., pósūdrus (sūdrus – sūdras). All derivatives are divided into two groups according to the ending of the base word: derivatives from the -as ending variant (c) and derivatives from the -us ending variant (d); the localities in which these words were recorded in LKŽe were analyzed. Localities in which both the derivatives and their base words were recorded are underlined in the text.

(c) derivatives from the -as ending variant:

pódrungnas Plt (drungnas Alyt, Ds, Lkv, Up, Vb – drungnus An, Jnš, Ldk, Skdt); pórūgštas Als, Šts (rūgštas Bt, End, Imb, Jnšk, Krš, Lk, Lkv, Lz, Ms, Mžš, Nmč, Pgg, Pvn, Rdn, Šts, Šv, Užv, Vn – rūgštus Dgč, Er, Jnš, Krš, Lš, Mrj, Mžš, Ob, Pb, Rdm, Skp, Smn, Sut, Šauk, Vdžg); póšvkštas only in written sources (švkštas Dov, Krs, Kv, Ms, Pmp, Prk, Rtr, Sb, Skrb, Slnt, Tlž, Vb, Žml – švkštus Alz, Jnšk, Jž, Klk, Km, Krj, Lnkv, Mžk, Pnd, Ps, Ob, On, Rmš, Rtr, Slč, Slm, Smn, Šd, Škn, Vad, Vb, Vgr, Žml).

(d) derivatives from the -us ending variant:

pósūdrus Ds (sūdrus Ds, Grdm, Grg, Kl, Klp, Kv, Lkm, Lnk, Lš, Msn, Plng, Rtr, Slnt, Šv, Užp – sūdras Gmž, Lp, Vj); pósukrus Up (sukrus Azr, Dbk, Dl, Ds, Eiš, Er, Grd, Klp, Krkl, Krš, Krtv, Kur, Ln, Lž, Nmč, Plt, Prng, Rdm, Trg, Všv, Sut, Škn, Švnc, Lnkv, Užv, Vkš, Vvr – sukras Pst).

The illustrative material in LKŽe shows that the derivatives in the group (c) with the ending -as are recorded in all Aukštaitian and Samogitian subdialects, whereas variants with the ending -us are characteristic only of the Eastern and Western Aukštaitian subdialect varieties of the Aukštaitian dialect. Other

¹² Working synonyms are defined as “derivatives belonging to the same derivational category and having the same root.” (Vaskelienė 2000: 75).

¹³ According to their effect on base stems, prefixes and suffixes of derivatives are divided into dominant strengthening and dominant weakening affixes. Dominant strengthening affixes are those that “strengthen or preserve a strong base stem” (Stundžia 1995: 9–10).

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The endings of group (d) — derivatives with the ending –us — are recorded in the Aukštaitian and Samogitian dialects, whereas variants with the ending –as occur only in the eastern and southern subdialects of Aukštaitian. Two derivatives, pórūgštas and pósūdrus, were recorded in the same localities as their base words.

Most adjectives of the póbrangus subtype are formed from two-syllable adjectives, and a few from polysyllabic (derived) adjectives, for example: pók alnotas (: kálnotas: kálnas), póvelniškas (: vélniškas: vélnias), póvyriškas (: výriškas: výras).

2.2. Derivational meaning

All the derivatives analyzed in this subsection denote an indefinite degree of a quality; they differ only in the nuance of that quality. The general derivational meaning of adjectives of the póbrangus subtype can be stated as ‘having to some degree the quality expressed by the base word’. In analyzing individual derivational meanings, we examined how the lexical meaning of each derivative is defined in LKŽe. The meaning of some derivatives is defined using the adverb truputį (truputį ‘at least a little, somewhat’ (LKŽe)), and that of others using the adverb gana (ganà ‘2. considerably’ (LKŽe)). On the basis of their individual derivational meanings, all the adjectives were divided into several groups: adjectives denoting a moderate degree of the quality expressed by the base word, whose derivational meaning is defined as ‘such that is fairly...’ ((a); 26 words); and adjectives denoting a less-than-moderate degree of the quality expressed by the base word, whose derivational meaning is defined as ‘such that is a little...’ ((b); 9 words). Some derivatives denote a somewhat greater degree of the quality ((c); 3 words). Depending on the context, two derivatives can have two derivational meanings: a moderate degree of the quality and a somewhat greater degree than that expressed by the base word. Both derivational meanings are defined as ‘such that is fairly...’ and ‘such that is somewhat too...’ (d).

(a) ‘such that is fairly...’:

póbrangus Gd ‘see pobrangis’ = póbrangis ‘fairly expensive, somewhat expensive’, pódailus Dr ‘fairly pretty’, póilgas Lz ‘see poilgis 1’ = póilgis ‘1. somewhat long’, pódidelis Gršl, Vdk, Žlb ‘1. see podidis 1’ ‘2. see podidis 3’ ‘3. fairly abundant’ = pódidis ‘1. fairly large, somewhat large, rather big’, pógeras Als ‘see pogeris’ = pógeris ‘1. fairly good-natured, fairly pleasant, not angry’ ‘2. fairly suitable, satisfactory, not entirely bad’, pój aunus Lz ‘see 2 pojaunis 1’ = 2 pój aunis ‘1. fairly young, somewhat young’, pók alnotas Lk ‘fairly mountainous’, pókarštas Šts ‘see pokaŕštis’ = pókaŕštis ‘somewhat hot’, pókaŕštokas Šts ‘fairly hot, temperamental, passionate’, pópal aikis Užv ‘not very suitable, mediocre, somewhat poor’, póretokas (only in writing) ‘somewhat sparse’, pókeistas KlvrŽ, Šts ‘see pokeistis’ = pókeistis ‘somewhat strange’, póresvas Als = poresvis ‘see poretis 1’ = póretis ‘1. somewhat sparse, not dense’, pórūgštas Als, LzP, Šts ‘see 2 porūgštis’ = 2 pórūgštis ‘somewhat sour’, pórūgštokas Lp ‘see 2 porūgštis’ = 2 pórūgštis ‘somewhat sour’, pósaldus Als ‘see posaldis’ = pósaldis ‘somewhat sweet’, pósiaurokas Lp ‘somewhat narrow, fairly narrow’, póskystokas Lp ‘fairly liquid’, pósūdrus Ds ‘somewhat thick, rather thick’, póstangus Als ‘fairly thick, sturdy’, póšilvas (only in writing)

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) ‘somewhat warm’, póšiltas Plt ‘see pošiltis’ = póšil tis ‘somewhat warm, rather warm’, pótamsokas (only in writing) ‘somewhat dark’, póvėsus Dr see 2 povėsis’ = 2 póvėsis ‘fairly cool, rather cool’, póvi-dutinis (only in writing) see pavidutinis’ = pavidutinis ‘somewhat average’, póvyriškas (only in writing) ‘fairly masculine’.

(b) ‘such that is a little...’:

póbugštus (only in writing) ‘somewhat timid, rather timid’, pód rungnas Plt ‘see podrungnis’ = pód rungnis ‘somewhat sour’, pók reivas Lp see pokreivis’ = pókreivis ‘somewhat crooked’, popilkas Nč see popilkis’ = póp ilkis ‘a little gray, rather gray, somewhat gray’, póplikas Šts see poplikis 2’ = pópli-kis 2. fairly pure, somewhat naked’, pósukrus Up ‘somewhat stocky’, póšiltokas Lp ‘a little warm, somewhat warm’, póšykštas (only in writing) see pošykštis 1’ = póšykštis ‘1. somewhat stingy’, póvelniškas (only in writing) see povelniš’ = póvelnis ‘a little devilish’.

(c) ‘such that it is somewhat too...’:

póankštokas Arm ‘see poankštis’ = póankštis ‘somewhat too tight, somewhat tight’, pómažokas Arm ‘see pomažis 1’ = pómažis ‘1. slightly too small, rather small’, pótrumpokas Lp, Lš, Srj ‘somewhat too short’.

(d) ‘such that it is fairly...’ and ‘such that it is somewhat too...’:

pódidis Als, Gd, Krž, Rs, Sdk, Vdk ‘1. fairly large, somewhat large, rather large’ ‘2. somewhat too large’ ‘3. grown, no longer small’ ‘4. fairly strong’, pódidokas Pgg, Rud = pódidis ‘1. fairly large, somewhat large, rather large’ ‘2. somewhat too large’ ‘3. grown, no longer small’ ‘4. fairly strong’.

As can be seen, all the derivatives of the subtype under examination denote a lesser or greater degree of a property (in rare cases, they have two derivational meanings, denoting a lesser and a greater degree of the property). Most adjectives (88%) describe a lesser degree of the property than that expressed by the base word; fewer denote a greater degree of the property (9%), and some have multiple derivational meanings (3%). The lesser degree of the property may vary. Most frequently, derivatives denoting an intermediate degree of the property expressed by the base word were found (62%). Fewer adjectives (26%) denoting a degree of the property below the intermediate degree expressed by the base word were found¹⁴.

14 Most adjectives denoting a lesser degree of a property (88%) are recorded in the Northern Samogitian subdialect. Adjectives denoting an intermediate degree of a property are recorded in the Northern Samogitian subdialect (49%) and the Southern and Eastern Aukštaitian subdialects (9% each). Adjectives denoting a degree of a property below the intermediate degree are recorded in the Northern Samogitian, Southern Aukštaitian and Eastern Aukštaitian subdialects (7% each). Adjectives denoting a greater degree of a property (9%) are cited in LKŽe only from the Aukštaitian dialect: the Southern Aukštaitian subdialect (6%) and the Eastern Aukštaitian subdialect (3%). Derivatives with two derivational meanings (3%) are recorded in the Western and Southern Aukštaitian subdialects (1.5% each). To summarize the distribution of the derivational meanings of the derivatives under examination as recorded in LKŽe, the meaning of a lesser degree of a property is more characteristic of the Samogitian dialect; the meaning of a greater degree of a property is recorded only in the subdialects of the Aukštaitian dialect.

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3. CONCLUSIONS

All the adjectives under examination are derivatives with the prefix po-, derived from adjectives (98%) and, less frequently, from other parts of speech (2%). Derivatives formed with two affixes of the same meaning are prefixal derivatives. The prefix po-, attached to the base word, weakens the property expressed by the base word with the suffix -ok-.

The words under examination belong to the same derivational category; its general derivational meaning can be stated as follows: ‘one that denotes an indefinite degree of the property expressed by the base word’.

Derivatives of both derivational subtypes are distinguished according to degree of the property into those denoting a somewhat lesser degree and those denoting a somewhat greater degree than that expressed by the base word. All derivatives characteristically denote a lesser degree of the property than that expressed by the base word (91%). The lesser degree of the property has various nuances. The ratio of the derivational meanings of derivatives with the prefix po- is presented in Table 1.

T A B L E 1. Ratio of the derivational meanings of derivatives with the prefix po- denoting an indefinite degree of a property

Type | Subtype | Lesser degree of property | Greater degree of property | Two derivational meanings | Intermediate | Below intermediate | Close to | PO- (214 words) | pób rangis (174 words) | 70% | 20% | 2% | 3% | 5% | pób rangus (40 words) | 62% | 26% | – | 9% | 3%

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Adjectives denoting an indefinite degree of a property: formation of derivatives with the prefix po-

Adjectives denoting an indefinite amount of peculiarity: formation of derivatives with the suffix po-

SUMMARY

The article analyses the formation of adjectives denoting an indefinite amount of peculiarity, i.e. the derivatives with the suffix po-. The research object is the adjectives denoting an indefinite amount of peculiarity, which are listed in the academic electronic „Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language“ (LKŽ). The article groups the overall material by formation types and sub-types. Individual parts of the article specify the base words from which the adjectives under analysis are formed and analyse the derivational meaning of each of them.

Received on 15 March 2013.

AURELIJA TAMULIONIENĖ

Mykolas Romeris University

20 Ateities St., LT-08303 Vilnius, Lithuania

[email protected]

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