92 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVIII
esMiniai ŽodŽiai: y ų aukš aičiai ilniškiai, ilia y as laukan, laukuosun, ilia y o seman i-
I 's a e y e ec i e ea men .
keywo ds: subdialec s o he eas e n highland o Vilnius, illa i e laukan,
laukuosun, illa i e seman ics, illa i e ad e bializa ion.
daiVa ka deLy ė-g ineVičienė
Ins i u e o Li huanian Language
Resea ch a eas: dialec ology, mo phology and seman ics o
wo ds.
In his a icle, based on he heo e ical p inciples o e e ence linguis ics, he ields o lexemes
a e discussed in he seman ics o illa i e ields in he subdialec s o he eas e n highlands o
Vilnius. he ollowing ques ions a ise: (a) he ex en o which he lexical ields used in he
di e en con ex s di e illici ly om he unc ion o he de ined o m; and b) Whe he he
meaning o he iliac as a pa adigma ic pleasan di e s om he meanings o he main lexical
ields. he ques ion o he uni o m applica ion o he ield is also discussed.
Based on he heo e ical p inciples o e e ence linguis ics, he a icle discusses he seman ic
peculia i ies o he lexemes o he illa i e o ms o Laukan, Laukanos, and Laukanos in he
subdialec s o he Eas e n Tu kic language o Vilnius. i b ings o wa d se e al ques ions: (a) how
he illa i es o he lexeme used in di e en con ex s di e om he de ined unc ion o his
o m; and b) whe he he meaning o he illa i e, being a pa adigma ic case, di e s om he
p incipal meanings o he lexeme. I also discusses he issue o ad e bializa ion o he singula
illa i e space.
dėl ilia y ų laukan, laukuosun seman ikos
y ų aukš aičių ilniškių šnek ose
93 a icles by a icle
O he ou pos posi ional Li huanian language p onouns (inesy o, o in e nal esamojo,
ilia y o, o in e nal einamojo, adesy o, o pašalio esamojo, and alia y o, o pašalio
einamojo) in he cu en e minology, inesy as and ilia y as a e used. Ines is ypical o
all dialec s, ilia ic is ali e in he sou he n and eas e n highland a eas, and alia ic o ms
(ž . See also Lk iii 48:56; 72:78, oo no e. 44, 45, 46, 1. Ques ions o he o ma ion and
47, 48, 67, 68, 69, 70).
de elopmen o pos -posi ional ep esen a i es o he Li huanian language a e
discussed in de ail, mo e han one linguis has w i en abou his. Zygmas Zinke ičius
analiza o adelė Laigonai ė (1957a: 21–39). kalbamųjų o mų susida ymą i unk-
(1966: 200[…]203; 1980: 253[…]263; 1982: 21[…]38) has desc ibed he subs i u ion o he common
language in speech. on he basis o su names and old w i ing ma e ial, he o igin and
spelling o he pos -posi ional su names was in es iga ed by albe as osinas (1995: 53
[…] 76; 2000: 272 […] 273; 2001a: 173 […] 183; 2001b: 136 .). pos posi ional ep esen a i es o
old w i ings a e ex ensi ely s udied (see gelumbeckai ė 1997: 179202, ka aliūnai ė 2003:
3349, Žilinskai ės 2010 and o he wo ks by hese speake s). Howe e , he seman ic
analysis o hese o ms has so a been ocused solely on indi idual linguis s (see
Žilinskai ė 2010 and o he wo ks, whe e he loca o s o old w i ings a e analyzed in an
inno a i e way). This a icle also ies o ollow he pa h o seman ic subs i u ion
analysis. Mo e p ecisely, he speci ics and issues o he use o he lexema ield in he
eas e n high-al i ude Vilnius slang a e discussed he e. I' e al eady desc ibed some o
he speake s. The main ocus is on he p oblem o p ocessing o he a o emen ioned
o m (Laigonai ė 1957b: 35 , Mikulskas 2003: 71[…]96, Lipa ė 2000: 144[…]152). In he
mas e 's hesis, Jus ina gi es a b ie o e iew o he seman ic aspec s o he use o
in es iga i e idioms in eas e n high school s uden s.
Pe kely ė (2010: 17-20) was bo n in he illage o Pe kely ė.
2. he desc ip ion o he objec o s udy is based on he p inciples o e e ence linguis ics. he e e ence
a ea is he ela ionship o he linguis ic exp ession o eali y. Re e ence mechanisms allow linguis ic
ep esen a ions and hei componen s o be linked o non- e bal objec s, si ua ions, e en s, ac s, hings
in he eal wo ld. In e ms o he de ini ion, e e ence is a ela ionship wi h indi iduals, wi h new objec s,
wi h new si ua ions. The e o e, he e e ence is no ocused on wo ds and linguis ic exp essions, bu on
hei use in language […] con ex s, hei componen s (Paduče a 2001: 7[…]8). One o he a eas o e e ence
linguis ics is he s udy o space and place. The spa ial e e ence is conce ned wi h he ela ionship o a
linguis ic exp ession o spa ial ela ions. In he case o he i s -pe son p onoun, one singula o m o he
p onoun is used: laukan. The plu al o m o he e b a ies, he e a e a ian s laukuosun, laukuosan,
laukuosna. he plu al o m o he plu al o m o he plu al o m o he plu al o m o he plu al o m o he
plu al o m o he plu al o m. mo phological a ian s a e no ele an o seman ic analysis, so hey will no
be discussed in mo e de ail in his a icle. o he same eason, phone ic a ian s a e no analysed.
94 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVIII e encia co e s he place o depa u e (in he
daiVa ka deLy ė-g ineVičienė
na ow sense) o a hing o si ua ion, he di ec ion o e e ence (i.e. mo emen
om one place o ano he ) and he ela ionship wi h he poin o depa u e (i.e. x
a i es om y). he posi ioning and he dynamic (di ec ionalisa ion) o he space
e e ence (see VATER 1996: 41; 2005: 71; 113 […] 130). In he i s case, he posi ion (place,
loca ion) o he e e en is analyzed, in he second […] i s mo emen om one place
o ano he . In Li huanian, he place o he e e en is ep esen ed by inesy o, and
i s mo emen by he ship: I climbed in o he ship, I climbed he ship and k .
e d ėje k yp į – ilia y o linksnis i p ielinksninės kons ukcijos, p z.: esu miške :
einu į mišką, einu miškan; gy enu mies e : ažiuoju į mies ą, ažiuoju mies an; sėdžiu
3. in o de o show mo e clea ly he unc ioning o he lexeme ields in he eas e n highland
ilniškių šnek os, he main meanings o he lexeme used he e a e p esen ed i s . In limi ing
hei explana ions, he o mula ions se ou in LkŽ shall be used, bu hey shall be adjus ed o
ake accoun o he a ailable e minological ma e ial. (1) cul i a ed land, a ea o c ops: nù āi
pa .sa i.jåu kàp in .k a.u. I 's he beginning o he end. I 's he end o he end. I 's he end o
he end. I 's mine. I'm going o gi e i o you. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no
su e wha you' e alking abou . I 's all igh . I 's all igh . I 's all igh . I 's no like i 's going o
happen. I 's going o happen. I'm no su e i I'm going o be able o do i , bu I'm going o do i .
(2) The open le el is usually an emp y place: [knock] gaidaba àškāp nes u.sågi laukā.s ainežinåũ. I
don' know. […] e. […] was gi en. I 's a small b.a.m. I 's a small b.a.m. I 's all igh . The Commission
shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his
Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. I 's no like I don'
know wha I'm doing. I don' know wha you' e alking abou . I don' know wha you' e alking
abou . […] b[…]. […]. […] Wha a e you doing? […] […] […]s ield […]. […]gi b[…]. […]å. This is he i s ime
I' e seen his. I 's called he coun yside. I 's called he coun yside. I 's called he coun yside. I don' know wha you' e alking abou . I don' know wha you' e alking abou . I don' know wha you' e alking abou . […] (Z: α[…].s a) is he cu en α[…].s a. Whe e a e you going? I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing. I don' know wha you' e alking abou . I don' know wha you' e alking abou . […] ield […] The ield.
This is a lis o people who ha e been awa ded he Nobel P ize in Physiology o Medicine, so ed by he yea o hei dea h.
(3) Place in he open ai ; he wea he : b[…]. I 's a good sound. I 's no like I'm going o be able o do
i . I'm going o wai o you. I'm going o wai o you. I'm wi h you. The e's no hing w ong wi h
ha . […]a and […]a I don' know wha you' e alking abou . I don' know wha you' e alking abou .
They we e you buye s, we en' hey? wi h each o he . e.m.s lun---| wai ing b.a.m all he ime
(bo n 1927, Maldenėnai). Thus, he lexeme ield in he eas e n highland ilniški šnek os has h ee
main meanings. All o ms o pa adigma ic esea ch lexemes a e ali e, including he iliac.
The wo ansla ions a e ansc ibed acco ding o he p inciples o dynamic synch oniza ion, i.e. as he
in o man says, no as i should be.
3 Below he example, in b acke s, a e he i s le e s o he applican 's i s and las name, yea o
bi h and place o esidence.
dėl ilia y ų laukan, laukuosun seman ikos
y ų aukš aičių ilniškių šnek ose
95 a icles by
4. he discussion o he ields o eas e n high-le el Vilnius lexemes in he o m o illici is
based on he ecen p e ailing iew in linguis ics ha con ex ual in o ma ion is
ex emely impo an in he analysis o indi idual g amma ical o lexical uni s (see
Kleinas 1990: 9 , Mikulskas 2003: 71[…]96 and k ). Acco ding o Wol gang Kleine (1990), a
ep esen a i e o e e ence linguis ics, he e a e many sayings in speech whose
con en ional meaning seems like an emp y space (sis emos p aga), which can only be
kon eks u. au o ius kalba apie kon eks inę in eg aciją: kalbė ojas i klausy ojas
illed in on he basis ha he meaning o indi idual sayings mus be p ope ly linked o
he con ex in o de o achie e he goal o con eying in o ma ion. he con ex
modi ies he e e ence en i onmen o he lexemes. When we look a lexical ields, he
seman ics o e bs, he con ex ual in o ma ion also undoub edly de e mines a lo .
Ano he impo an aspec o he analysis o he in es iga ional o m is he unc ion
o he iliac join s. The e a e no uni o m de ini ions o i in he scien i ic li e a u e. In
one desc ip ion i is s a ed ha he e b indica es he di ec ion o he ac ion o he
mo emen o he ac ion (Zinke ičius: 1966, 200), in ano he […] ha his o m is used o
indica e he di ec ion o he ac ion in o he in e io o he hing, o a ce ain place
(Lke: 1999, 250). I can be seen om he explana ions o he ields o meaning gi en ha
he di ec ion o he ac ion indica ed by he ioly ic o his lexeme is no necessa ily
wi hin he objec o in a ce ain place. Thus, he e b can indica e he di ec ion o
ac ion bo h inside he objec and in he open space. In summa y, i can be said ha he
iliac has only one unc ion […] indica es mo emen in one di ec ion o ano he . Con ex s
in which he illici o m is used may in one way o ano he modi y i s meaning, gi ing i a
single o di e en shade. This a icle will y o discuss: (a) he ex en o which he
lexical ields used in he di e en con ex s di e illici ly om he unc ion o he
de ined o m; and b) Whe he he meaning o he iliac as a pa adigma ic pleasan di e s om he meanings o he main lexical ields.
A e analyzing he ansla ional ma e ial o eas e n highland illages aken om he
eas e n highland illages da abase ( aVdb) and o he unpublished ansc ibed sou ces
and eco ds4, se e al a ia ions in he meaning o he illici o ms o he lexeme unde
s udy s and ou , eme ging om speci ic con ex s.
5.1 The i s g oup o examples o be conside ed:
(4) e[…]c[…] gi. ẽ·nå. This is he name o he game. I 's no like I'm going o be able o do i . I 's no like
I'm going o be able o do i . I 's been a long ime since I' e been he e. I 's been a long ime since I' e
been he e. […] e[…]m[…] e is liẽkα namiẽ […] (k. č., 1934, he new one);
(5) I'm going o ake a nap. I'm going o ake a nap. I'm going o ake a nap. I'm going o ell you wha I'm
going o do. I'm going o ell you wha I'm going o do. I'm going back o my home own. I'm going back o
my home own. I'm going back o my home own. I'm going o ge some b ead. 4 Since no all he
eco dings ha e been lis ened o, i is assumed ha he conclusions d awn can be accu a e.
96 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVIII piŋũ .landu. This is he i s ime ha he
daiVa ka deLy ė-g ineVičienė
Li huanian language has been used in he Eu opean Union. The Commission shall be
empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his
Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
(6) he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: I 's been dele ed. I 's in he back. […] e. aig[…] linùs only.
I'm going o ake a showe . I 's no me. I'm going o go. I don' know wha you' e alking abou .
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion. All samples ha e
he same e e en […] single-syllable syllable ield. In hese con ex s, he e e ence
en i onmen di e s, indica ing wha is speci ically e e ed o in he o m unde
in es iga ion in each case. (4) and (5) in sen ences, he e e ence en i onmen de ines he
wo d house, he e bs go ou and come ou (4), cu and b ing in (5). he subjec mo es om an
enclosed space (house) o an open space ( ield) o he pu pose o pe o ming a ce ain
physical wo k (sha ing, cu ing, ca ying some hing). (6) in he example, he place om which
he mo emen is made is no named, bu he e e ence en i onmen indica es ha he open
space is also mo ed o he pu pose o […] olling he line. he con ex ual in o ma ion shows
ha in he examples men ioned, he o m o he ield is unde s ood as he a ea o land
cul i a ed in one way o ano he . So he e, he iliac is no di e en in meaning om he ield
meaning o he i s lexeme in he hi d sec ion. F om examples o his ype, i can be seen
ha he unc ion o he iliac he e is o ma k mo emen om a closed o assumed space in o an open space.
he con ex also highligh s he opposi ion desc ibing he signi icance o he
in es iga i e appo eu :
+ conc e e: - abs ac - wi hou bounda ies: + wi h a ce ain bounda y - closed:
+ open + cha ac e is ic o a speci ic a ge ac i i y ela ed o i : - no
cha ac e is ic o a speci ic a ge ac i i y ela ed o i .
i should be no ed once again ha hese ea u es a e cha ac e is ic o he
singula o m o he e b. 5.2 The o m unde conside a ion akes on a sligh ly
di e en seman ic conno a ion in he ollowing con ex s:
(7) he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: I don' know wha you' e alking abou . I'm looking o wa d o i . I'm looking o wa d o i .
This Regula ion
5
shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
(8) […].be.su[…]. […]. […]. […]. […]. […]. […]. […]. […]. […]. […]. […]. […]. […]. […]. […] Wha is he meaning o he wo d […]?
Wha is he meaning o he wo d […]? I 's a pleasu e. I 's no like I don' know wha I'm alking abou . I don'
know. I don' know. I don' know. I don' know. and […]pl[…]še […] (bo n in 1918, dindos). In hese examples, he
e e en is he polynomial e b laukuosan laukuosna. he e e ence en i onmen is indica ed by he
name o he illage and he ac ion wo ds a e aised (7), we le (8). The unc ion o he o mal iliac is he
same as in he examples discussed abo e […] 5 he e i is also possible o men ion he example gi en by LkŽ
In he pas we li ed in he illage, only hen we wen ou o he ields […] ( o he one illage) (Veliu Jauona)
and in Zie elo I wan ed o go ou in he ield.

dėl ilia y ų laukan, laukuosun seman ikos
y ų aukš aičių ilniškių šnek ose
97-page a icles a e assumed subjec s a e mo ing in o he open space. Howe e , he
loca ion om which i is mo ing is no a closed objec . i is a geog aphical egion,
ma ked by a daik a a džiu illage ((7) an example o a o mally open space o ano he .
dyje, (8) – numanomas). Šiuose pa yzdžiuose subjek ų slink ies k yp is y a iš ie-
Leksema ield, ma king he emp y space, is opposed he e wi h he se led, se led
space […] illage. Lipa ė also alks abou such a case o use o he o m unde
in es iga ion in he a icle […]ilia y o o […]p e eiksmio laukan eikšmės i galimi
sinonimi lie u ių a mėse[…] (2000: 145 […] 146). The au ho assigns examples o he
men ioned ype o a speci ic loca ion o he ac ion unde he open sky wi h an
unspeci ied pu pose. Acco ding o he esea ch, in his case, he main ield o he
lexeme and i s o m unc ion is dis inc i e: he ield is opposi e he o es , he
se lemen o (mo e o en in he plu al o m) he ci y o he illage. In he con ex
o he se ice- ype o eas e n high- ise illas, he e b "coun yside" no only
indica es he di ec ion o ac ion in an open space, bu also acqui es a dis inc i e
cha ac e is ic. I should be no ed ha his is cha ac e is ic o he plu al o m o
he lexeme unde conside a ion.
The i h meaning o he wo d ield is illage, sodus (di e en om ci y). The lexeme
ienkiemio men ioned in he eas e n highland ilniškių šnek os acqui es i s meaning
only in i s modi ied plu al o m and by ma king he p esence o mo emen o he
desi ed place. he examples discussed highligh he same opposi ion as he e b
laukan, which indica es mo emen in he a ea o cul i a ed land, only one mo e is added
o indica e he dis inc i e ea u e ([…] buil space: + unbuil space). and di e s om
he ac i i y ca ied ou by he e e en in he place named, pobūdis […] in he i s
case i is physical wo k (sha ing, cu ing, e c.), […] unde ined ac i i y (which could be
called wo king o li e).
5.3 The lexeme ield is also used in he eas e n highland ilniški šnek os in ano he
ype o con ex :
(9) i […].nα(s) s[…].ka. This is no he case. I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing. […] om […]jå. […]
(j. k., 1926, Šileikiškė);
(10) jé.igu j iš·ja. laukαñ. ǀ iška. gȓũ·nα ǀ a‿jẹ.gu iš‿låũ.kå. a ẹ.nα kamba iñ. ǀ i ‿ ·l gȓũ·-
j[…] p[…]ki[…] is he beginning o […]å. He is laughing. I'm ou o he e. I don' know wha you' e alking
abou . I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing. O he , o a a con en , by weigh , in he d y
ma e : (11) o speak in ongues. Wha 's he ma e wi h you? I don' know. I'm going o go. I'm going o go. I don' know wha I'm doing. I don' know wha I'm doing. . I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing.
In he abo e con ex s, he e e ence en i onmen o he o m unde conside a ion (e.g. came ou )
indica es ha he subjec is mo ing om a closed ou is space. In examples 9 and 11, i is assumed o
be a oom whe e some hing was ea en o ac ed upon.
98 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVIII dyje oom) in o he open space. he pu pose o open space is no ele an in
daiVa ka deLy ė-g ineVičienė
hese con ex s. The mos impo an hing he e is he mo emen o he subjec in o spaces o di e en
dimensions. he dis inguishing ea u es o he iliac ield eme ge, in his case naming he in e nal and ex e nal
opposi ion. i is pa icula ly clea (10) in he example ( oom ( ield): ield (ou side). This was no he case in he
illici use cases discussed abo e. I is also no ewo hy ha in his ype o con ex , only he singula o m o he
e b is eco ded. In he con ex o a simila ype o use o he illici o m laukan is inclined o be conside ed a
p e equisi e. Mikulskas (2003: 85) e e s o he mo i es o he illici laukan ope a ion based on he da a o he
no he n Li huanian snacks8 and LkŽ. Acco ding o him, he mos likely cause o he spa an o m in ques ion
was he abs ac ion o he seman ic s uc u e o he wo d ields. The mos abs ac meanings o his wo d,
place unde he open sky and ou side, usually e e only o he space o he opposi ion be ween: ou side one
side. The au ho a gues ha such a lexeme loses i s objec i e meaning, only abs ac ly indica es a di ec ion in
space ( om he inside o he ou side) and is in ac al eady an ac ion. i should be conside ed whe he he
eas e n highland ilniškių šnek os is also used in he a o emen ioned con ex s. As al eady men ioned, he e he
iliac is used i idly, pa adigma ically, chee ully. And like all Iliadis s, he o m o he ield is no de ached om
he pa adigm. In he mean ime, he o ms o he p e ix a e usually dis an om i . Acco ding o Mikulsko
(2003:85), he lexema ield is used in he sense o a place unde an open sky; he ex e io , losing i s objec i e
meaning and showing he di ec ion o space only abs ac ly, would like o pay a en ion o he p agma ic aspec
o he ac o language. Linguis ic p agma ics is he s udy o how he ansmission o meaning depends on he
con ex o speech, knowledge o he s a us o he pa icipan s in he con e sa ion, he in en ions o he
in e locu o , he manne o speech, he place o ime, e c. Wi h his in mind, i is possible o disag ee wi h he
idea ha he o m used in he abo e-men ioned meaning loses i s objec i e meaning. In a pa icula con ex , he
add essee, when ansmi ing ce ain in o ma ion o he add essee (in ou case, i is an indica ion ha he
subjec is mo ing om a closed space o an open one), associa es i wi h many linguis ic and non-linguis ic
places, bu also as a speci ic place. he add essee, when saying […]einu laukan[…], may be used in such con ex s in
he eas e n highland illages and he lexemos o as ilia i e o m, plg. o as he second meaning […]place unde he
open sky, ield[…]: his is a[…].nam[…]e al eady o· añ. […]c[…] […] whe e […] l[…].s (Pad a es) I'm no su e i I'm going o
be able o do i , bu I'm going o be able o do i .
ak o ių. konk ečiuose kon eks uose o ma laukan su okiama ne ik kaip abs ak-
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen
his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. In his a icle, we will
no discuss he lexemes o he ai in a b oade way. In a icle 8, he au ho e e s o he a icle by Aleks Gi deni and Genu ė Kačiuškienė "Pa allel phenomena in La ian and no he n Li huanian ope a ional sys ems" (2000: 307 […] 314).
dėl ilia y ų laukan, laukuosun seman ikos
y ų aukš aičių ilniškių šnek ose
The 99-s o y a icles oje also has a speci ic loca ion ha you can go o when you lea e he
locked oom. In he examples (9) and (10), I hink i 's going o be a ya d, (11) […] a ya d o an open
space in on o he house. He e's ano he example: (12) I'm going o say some hing. No
u he wo ked han ho - olled, in coils I' e ne e had a b o he . I' e ne e had a b o he . I
don' know wha you' e alking abou . I don' know wha you' e alking abou . I'm no going o
be able o do i . I'm no going o be able o do i . F om. I'm no going o lie o you. gi l.you om
.jå. I 's a ield. I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing. I 's you call. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
In his con ex , he e b laukan, used wi h he e b go, akes on ano he seman ic
conno a ion […] meaning o emp y[…]9. he in e p e a ion o he singula o m o
he p onoun used in he eas e n high-pi ched ilniški šnek os wi h slan ed e bs is
no sepa a ed om he con ex and p agma ic in o ma ion. only hese ac o s
can help o de ine he meaning o he o m used in a pa icula case, as well as i s
g amma ical s a us. Since in he schemes unde conside a ion, he iliac, as al eady
men ioned, is pa adigma ically mo e chee ul, and he o ms o he ield, used in he
sense o a place unde he open sky; ex e nally, we canno conside he whole
abs ac , i can be concluded ha he eas e n high- ise illas' shadows a e no
supe imposed on he ield. I 's conside ed one o he happies hings in he wo ld.
Ano he , inal, g oup o examples illus a ing he o m o in es iga ion is
discussed sepa a ely:
(13) Whe e e he e is a hunde s o m, he e will be a hunde s o m. […] This ield […] […] (bo n in 1916, Mileikiškiai);
(14) he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: I'm no going o lie o you. I 's all igh . I 's all igh . This is you. ‖ . […] he j[…]. I don' hink my wi e's going o be able o handle i .
The ield is e. . I'll gi e i o you. Tha 's i . I don' know wha i is. I 's called he "Tzadi" o he
"Tzadi" o he "Tzadi" o he "Tzadi" o he "Tzadi" o he "Tzadi" o he "Tzadi" o he
"Tzadi". ou o e e y hing. This one. […] (bo n in 1936, bėčionys); I 's no a ield. I 's no a ield.
I 's no a ield.
in he con ex s indica ed, he e e ence en i onmen is e e ed o as ac ion
wo ds o be ca ied and h own. They a e classi ied unde he meaning o
sepa a ion (see, o example, Mikulskas 2003: 84).
(15) pa yzdyje nusakomo eiksmo k yp is y a iš užda o objek o („namai“) į
a i ą e d ę. (13) i (14) pa yzdžiuose k yp is konk ečiai nenu ody a, ačiau nu-
I hink she's he same. Thus, in hese con ex s, he opposi ion o he middle: he
ou side again eme ges, bu he e i is o a di e en na u e han in he examples
desc ibed in (9) […] (11). Lipa ė (2000: 149150) also men ions simila ypes o cases and
discusses pa icle ac ions when desc ibing hem. because o he pa icle e bs
o med one o he ca ego ies o he e na y e b sys em […] pe icien […] is
iewed gi 9 Mo e abou he ph aseology go o he ield. Lipa ė 2000: 150 […] 151. I is also known as Lipa ė 2000.
100 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVIII denis and kačiuškienė (2000: 307[…]314; see also
daiVa ka deLy ė-g ineVičienė
kaika y ė, 2011). The pe ec i e is o med wi h ce ain […]nublukusios[…] seman ic
p e ixes […] pos e bs, which a e close in meaning and unc ion o he p e ixes o he
pe ec i e e b. In he case o so-called annihila o y e bs, hese pos e bs indica e
ha he ac ion is nea ing an end o a ce ain limi . Acco ding o he au ho s o he
a o emen ioned a icle, his phenomenon is unique o he no he n egions ( he
no he n lowlands, he no he n lowlands and he pan-La ian slopes) and is due o he
in luence o he neighbo ing La ian language10 (gi denis, kačiuškienė 2000: 311). Lipa ė
a gues ha his phenomenon is no only a ea u e o he a o emen ioned e ms, and
he e o e i canno be claimed ha i a ose due o he in luence o he La ian
language. Acco ding o i , indi idual examples a e also eco ded om he wes e n,
middle highlands and he Li huanian-speaking islands (Zie elos, Lazūnai, Ramaškonių)
beyond he bo de s o Li huania (Bal a usija).
Mikulskas (2003: 75), no es ha Lipa e's examples show only a local meaning, and he
so-called pa icles, like hei an eceden coun e pa s, do no pe o m he unc ion o
he e b indica o . he au ho also poin s ou ha he o m ield(n), especially ollowing
he slink o he e bs, can o en be unde s ood in wo ways. The eason o his
unce ain y is he seman ic de elopmen owa ds abs ac ion o he […] nouns om
which such o ms a ise. he esea che a gues ha […] gene ally e e ing o he
di ec ion o he ac ion om he cen e o he pe iphe y, his o m o he iliac is mo e
likely o be used and is less sui able o e e o he pe iphe al unc ion impo an o
he su e e . Since he o m ield (and local a ian s) and he side a e widely used
h oughou Li huania as a o m o enc yp ion, i is mo e di icul o ecognize cases o
hei pos - e bal usage due o he possible wo-way in e p e a ion. In sol ing he
ques ion o he lexicological p esen a ion o hese o ms in unclea cases, i is
necessa y o e e o he geog aphical ex en o he p e alence o pe ec ionis
cons uc ions, which in he no he n Li huanian dialec s is eliably explained by he popula pos e b land(n) (and i s local a ian s) a osena
I is also impo an o no e ha he Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o p opo ionali y.
The o m laukan used in he examples o eas e n highland ilniškių šnek ų is no a pos e b. in he con ex s
unde conside a ion, he di ec ion o mo emen o he ilia ic ield emains he same as in he p e ious
examples […] om he inside ou . This is a clea in e nal: he ex e nal opposi ion, he iliac laukan o en less
emphasizes he objec i e meaning, 10 Plg. I don' know wha o do. I don' know wha o do. Cē i is abou o
o eiškia abs akčią ie ą išo ėje ((18) i (20) pa yzdžiai). Šis ilia y as sa o eikšme
die, ha old man has al eady los his mind (Ša ės) = la. The eins a e al eady sliding, he Malkas don' ha e any
- hey' e pou ing in o he papillae. Makas màn nà you know I can hea you (gi denis, kačiuškienė 2000: 308309).
On he basis o he LkŽ a chi es, Roland Mikulskas calcula es he exac dis ibu ion line o pe meable
cons uc ions used in he no he n sec ions. I also includes no he n buye s and enan s in he a ea o
p e alence o pe iphe al cons uc ions (Mikulskas 2003: 76).