Dėl iliatyvų „laukan“, „laukuosun“ semantikos rytų aukštaičių vilniškių šnektose

92 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVIII esMiniai ŽodŽiai: y ų aukš aičiai ilniškiai, ilia y as laukan, laukuosun, ilia y o seman i- I 's a e y e ec i e ea men . keywo ds: subdialec s o he eas e n highland o Vilnius, illa i e laukan, laukuosun, illa i e seman ics, illa i e ad e bializa ion. daiVa ka deLy ė-g ineVičienė Ins i u e o Li huanian Language Resea ch a eas: dialec ology, mo phology and seman ics o wo ds. In his a icle, based on he heo e ical p inciples o e e ence linguis ics, he ields o lexemes a e discussed in he seman ics o illa i e ields in he subdialec s o he eas e n highlands o Vilnius. he ollowing ques ions a ise: (a) he ex en o which he lexical ields used in he di e en con ex s di e illici ly om he unc ion o he de ined o m; and b) Whe he he meaning o he iliac as a pa adigma ic pleasan di e s om he meanings o he main lexical ields. he ques ion o he uni o m applica ion o he ield is also discussed. Based on he heo e ical p inciples o e e ence linguis ics, he a icle discusses he seman ic peculia i ies o he lexemes o he illa i e o ms o Laukan, Laukanos, and Laukanos in he subdialec s o he Eas e n Tu kic language o Vilnius. i b ings o wa d se e al ques ions: (a) how he illa i es o he lexeme used in di e en con ex s di e om he de ined unc ion o his o m; and b) whe he he meaning o he illa i e, being a pa adigma ic case, di e s om he p incipal meanings o he lexeme. I also discusses he issue o ad e bializa ion o he singula illa i e space. dėl ilia y ų laukan, laukuosun seman ikos y ų aukš aičių ilniškių šnek ose 93 a icles by a icle O he ou pos posi ional Li huanian language p onouns (inesy o, o in e nal esamojo, ilia y o, o in e nal einamojo, adesy o, o pašalio esamojo, and alia y o, o pašalio einamojo) in he cu en e minology, inesy as and ilia y as a e used. Ines is ypical o all dialec s, ilia ic is ali e in he sou he n and eas e n highland a eas, and alia ic o ms (ž . See also Lk iii 48:56; 72:78, oo no e. 44, 45, 46, 1. Ques ions o he o ma ion and 47, 48, 67, 68, 69, 70). de elopmen o pos -posi ional ep esen a i es o he Li huanian language a e discussed in de ail, mo e han one linguis has w i en abou his. Zygmas Zinke ičius analiza o adelė Laigonai ė (1957a: 21–39). kalbamųjų o mų susida ymą i unk- (1966: 200[…]203; 1980: 253[…]263; 1982: 21[…]38) has desc ibed he subs i u ion o he common language in speech. on he basis o su names and old w i ing ma e ial, he o igin and spelling o he pos -posi ional su names was in es iga ed by albe as osinas (1995: 53 […] 76; 2000: 272 […] 273; 2001a: 173 […] 183; 2001b: 136 .). pos posi ional ep esen a i es o old w i ings a e ex ensi ely s udied (see gelumbeckai ė 1997: 179202, ka aliūnai ė 2003: 3349, Žilinskai ės 2010 and o he wo ks by hese speake s). Howe e , he seman ic analysis o hese o ms has so a been ocused solely on indi idual linguis s (see Žilinskai ė 2010 and o he wo ks, whe e he loca o s o old w i ings a e analyzed in an inno a i e way). This a icle also ies o ollow he pa h o seman ic subs i u ion analysis. Mo e p ecisely, he speci ics and issues o he use o he lexema ield in he eas e n high-al i ude Vilnius slang a e discussed he e. I' e al eady desc ibed some o he speake s. The main ocus is on he p oblem o p ocessing o he a o emen ioned o m (Laigonai ė 1957b: 35 , Mikulskas 2003: 71[…]96, Lipa ė 2000: 144[…]152). In he mas e 's hesis, Jus ina gi es a b ie o e iew o he seman ic aspec s o he use o in es iga i e idioms in eas e n high school s uden s. Pe kely ė (2010: 17-20) was bo n in he illage o Pe kely ė. 2. he desc ip ion o he objec o s udy is based on he p inciples o e e ence linguis ics. he e e ence a ea is he ela ionship o he linguis ic exp ession o eali y. Re e ence mechanisms allow linguis ic ep esen a ions and hei componen s o be linked o non- e bal objec s, si ua ions, e en s, ac s, hings in he eal wo ld. In e ms o he de ini ion, e e ence is a ela ionship wi h indi iduals, wi h new objec s, wi h new si ua ions. The e o e, he e e ence is no ocused on wo ds and linguis ic exp essions, bu on hei use in language […] con ex s, hei componen s (Paduče a 2001: 7[…]8). One o he a eas o e e ence linguis ics is he s udy o space and place. The spa ial e e ence is conce ned wi h he ela ionship o a linguis ic exp ession o spa ial ela ions. In he case o he i s -pe son p onoun, one singula o m o he p onoun is used: laukan. The plu al o m o he e b a ies, he e a e a ian s laukuosun, laukuosan, laukuosna. he plu al o m o he plu al o m o he plu al o m o he plu al o m o he plu al o m o he plu al o m o he plu al o m. mo phological a ian s a e no ele an o seman ic analysis, so hey will no be discussed in mo e de ail in his a icle. o he same eason, phone ic a ian s a e no analysed. 94 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVIII e encia co e s he place o depa u e (in he daiVa ka deLy ė-g ineVičienė na ow sense) o a hing o si ua ion, he di ec ion o e e ence (i.e. mo emen om one place o ano he ) and he ela ionship wi h he poin o depa u e (i.e. x a i es om y). he posi ioning and he dynamic (di ec ionalisa ion) o he space e e ence (see VATER 1996: 41; 2005: 71; 113 […] 130). In he i s case, he posi ion (place, loca ion) o he e e en is analyzed, in he second […] i s mo emen om one place o ano he . In Li huanian, he place o he e e en is ep esen ed by inesy o, and i s mo emen by he ship: I climbed in o he ship, I climbed he ship and k . e d ėje k yp į – ilia y o linksnis i p ielinksninės kons ukcijos, p z.: esu miške : einu į mišką, einu miškan; gy enu mies e : ažiuoju į mies ą, ažiuoju mies an; sėdžiu 3. in o de o show mo e clea ly he unc ioning o he lexeme ields in he eas e n highland ilniškių šnek os, he main meanings o he lexeme used he e a e p esen ed i s . In limi ing hei explana ions, he o mula ions se ou in LkŽ shall be used, bu hey shall be adjus ed o ake accoun o he a ailable e minological ma e ial. (1) cul i a ed land, a ea o c ops: nù āi pa .sa i.jåu kàp in .k a.u. I 's he beginning o he end. I 's he end o he end. I 's he end o he end. I 's mine. I'm going o gi e i o you. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I 's all igh . I 's all igh . I 's all igh . I 's no like i 's going o happen. I 's going o happen. I'm no su e i I'm going o be able o do i , bu I'm going o do i . (2) The open le el is usually an emp y place: [knock] gaidaba àškāp nes u.sågi laukā.s ainežinåũ. I don' know. […] e. […] was gi en. I 's a small b.a.m. I 's a small b.a.m. I 's all igh . The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing. I don' know wha you' e alking abou . I don' know wha you' e alking abou . […] b[…]. […]. […] Wha a e you doing? […] […] […]s ield […]. […]gi b[…]. […]å. This is he i s ime I' e seen his. I 's called he coun yside. I 's called he coun yside. I 's called he coun yside. I don' know wha you' e alking abou . I don' know wha you' e alking abou . I don' know wha you' e alking abou . […] (Z: α[…].s a) is he cu en α[…].s a. Whe e a e you going? I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing. I don' know wha you' e alking abou . I don' know wha you' e alking abou . […] ield […] The ield. This is a lis o people who ha e been awa ded he Nobel P ize in Physiology o Medicine, so ed by he yea o hei dea h. (3) Place in he open ai ; he wea he : b[…]. I 's a good sound. I 's no like I'm going o be able o do i . I'm going o wai o you. I'm going o wai o you. I'm wi h you. The e's no hing w ong wi h ha . […]a and […]a I don' know wha you' e alking abou . I don' know wha you' e alking abou . They we e you buye s, we en' hey? wi h each o he . e.m.s lun---| wai ing b.a.m all he ime (bo n 1927, Maldenėnai). Thus, he lexeme ield in he eas e n highland ilniški šnek os has h ee main meanings. All o ms o pa adigma ic esea ch lexemes a e ali e, including he iliac. The wo ansla ions a e ansc ibed acco ding o he p inciples o dynamic synch oniza ion, i.e. as he in o man says, no as i should be. 3 Below he example, in b acke s, a e he i s le e s o he applican 's i s and las name, yea o bi h and place o esidence. dėl ilia y ų laukan, laukuosun seman ikos y ų aukš aičių ilniškių šnek ose 95 a icles by 4. he discussion o he ields o eas e n high-le el Vilnius lexemes in he o m o illici is based on he ecen p e ailing iew in linguis ics ha con ex ual in o ma ion is ex emely impo an in he analysis o indi idual g amma ical o lexical uni s (see Kleinas 1990: 9 , Mikulskas 2003: 71[…]96 and k ). Acco ding o Wol gang Kleine (1990), a ep esen a i e o e e ence linguis ics, he e a e many sayings in speech whose con en ional meaning seems like an emp y space (sis emos p aga), which can only be kon eks u. au o ius kalba apie kon eks inę in eg aciją: kalbė ojas i klausy ojas illed in on he basis ha he meaning o indi idual sayings mus be p ope ly linked o he con ex in o de o achie e he goal o con eying in o ma ion. he con ex modi ies he e e ence en i onmen o he lexemes. When we look a lexical ields, he seman ics o e bs, he con ex ual in o ma ion also undoub edly de e mines a lo . Ano he impo an aspec o he analysis o he in es iga ional o m is he unc ion o he iliac join s. The e a e no uni o m de ini ions o i in he scien i ic li e a u e. In one desc ip ion i is s a ed ha he e b indica es he di ec ion o he ac ion o he mo emen o he ac ion (Zinke ičius: 1966, 200), in ano he […] ha his o m is used o indica e he di ec ion o he ac ion in o he in e io o he hing, o a ce ain place (Lke: 1999, 250). I can be seen om he explana ions o he ields o meaning gi en ha he di ec ion o he ac ion indica ed by he ioly ic o his lexeme is no necessa ily wi hin he objec o in a ce ain place. Thus, he e b can indica e he di ec ion o ac ion bo h inside he objec and in he open space. In summa y, i can be said ha he iliac has only one unc ion […] indica es mo emen in one di ec ion o ano he . Con ex s in which he illici o m is used may in one way o ano he modi y i s meaning, gi ing i a single o di e en shade. This a icle will y o discuss: (a) he ex en o which he lexical ields used in he di e en con ex s di e illici ly om he unc ion o he de ined o m; and b) Whe he he meaning o he iliac as a pa adigma ic pleasan di e s om he meanings o he main lexical ields. A e analyzing he ansla ional ma e ial o eas e n highland illages aken om he eas e n highland illages da abase ( aVdb) and o he unpublished ansc ibed sou ces and eco ds4, se e al a ia ions in he meaning o he illici o ms o he lexeme unde s udy s and ou , eme ging om speci ic con ex s. 5.1 The i s g oup o examples o be conside ed: (4) e[…]c[…] gi. ẽ·nå. This is he name o he game. I 's no like I'm going o be able o do i . I 's no like I'm going o be able o do i . I 's been a long ime since I' e been he e. I 's been a long ime since I' e been he e. […] e[…]m[…] e is liẽkα namiẽ […] (k. č., 1934, he new one); (5) I'm going o ake a nap. I'm going o ake a nap. I'm going o ake a nap. I'm going o ell you wha I'm going o do. I'm going o ell you wha I'm going o do. I'm going back o my home own. I'm going back o my home own. I'm going back o my home own. I'm going o ge some b ead. 4 Since no all he eco dings ha e been lis ened o, i is assumed ha he conclusions d awn can be accu a e. 96 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVIII piŋũ .landu. This is he i s ime ha he daiVa ka deLy ė-g ineVičienė Li huanian language has been used in he Eu opean Union. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. (6) he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: I 's been dele ed. I 's in he back. […] e. aig[…] linùs only. I'm going o ake a showe . I 's no me. I'm going o go. I don' know wha you' e alking abou . This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion. All samples ha e he same e e en […] single-syllable syllable ield. In hese con ex s, he e e ence en i onmen di e s, indica ing wha is speci ically e e ed o in he o m unde in es iga ion in each case. (4) and (5) in sen ences, he e e ence en i onmen de ines he wo d house, he e bs go ou and come ou (4), cu and b ing in (5). he subjec mo es om an enclosed space (house) o an open space ( ield) o he pu pose o pe o ming a ce ain physical wo k (sha ing, cu ing, ca ying some hing). (6) in he example, he place om which he mo emen is made is no named, bu he e e ence en i onmen indica es ha he open space is also mo ed o he pu pose o […] olling he line. he con ex ual in o ma ion shows ha in he examples men ioned, he o m o he ield is unde s ood as he a ea o land cul i a ed in one way o ano he . So he e, he iliac is no di e en in meaning om he ield meaning o he i s lexeme in he hi d sec ion. F om examples o his ype, i can be seen ha he unc ion o he iliac he e is o ma k mo emen om a closed o assumed space in o an open space. he con ex also highligh s he opposi ion desc ibing he signi icance o he in es iga i e appo eu : + conc e e: - abs ac - wi hou bounda ies: + wi h a ce ain bounda y - closed: + open + cha ac e is ic o a speci ic a ge ac i i y ela ed o i : - no cha ac e is ic o a speci ic a ge ac i i y ela ed o i . i should be no ed once again ha hese ea u es a e cha ac e is ic o he singula o m o he e b. 5.2 The o m unde conside a ion akes on a sligh ly di e en seman ic conno a ion in he ollowing con ex s: (7) he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: I don' know wha you' e alking abou . I'm looking o wa d o i . I'm looking o wa d o i . This Regula ion 5 shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. (8) […].be.su[…]. […]. […]. […]. […]. […]. […]. […]. […]. […]. […]. […]. […]. […]. […]. […] Wha is he meaning o he wo d […]? Wha is he meaning o he wo d […]? I 's a pleasu e. I 's no like I don' know wha I'm alking abou . I don' know. I don' know. I don' know. I don' know. and […]pl[…]še […] (bo n in 1918, dindos). In hese examples, he e e en is he polynomial e b laukuosan laukuosna. he e e ence en i onmen is indica ed by he name o he illage and he ac ion wo ds a e aised (7), we le (8). The unc ion o he o mal iliac is he same as in he examples discussed abo e […] 5 he e i is also possible o men ion he example gi en by LkŽ In he pas we li ed in he illage, only hen we wen ou o he ields […] ( o he one illage) (Veliu Jauona) and in Zie elo I wan ed o go ou in he ield. dėl ilia y ų laukan, laukuosun seman ikos y ų aukš aičių ilniškių šnek ose 97-page a icles a e assumed subjec s a e mo ing in o he open space. Howe e , he loca ion om which i is mo ing is no a closed objec . i is a geog aphical egion, ma ked by a daik a a džiu illage ((7) an example o a o mally open space o ano he . dyje, (8) – numanomas). Šiuose pa yzdžiuose subjek ų slink ies k yp is y a iš ie- Leksema ield, ma king he emp y space, is opposed he e wi h he se led, se led space […] illage. Lipa ė also alks abou such a case o use o he o m unde in es iga ion in he a icle […]ilia y o o […]p e eiksmio laukan eikšmės i galimi sinonimi lie u ių a mėse[…] (2000: 145 […] 146). The au ho assigns examples o he men ioned ype o a speci ic loca ion o he ac ion unde he open sky wi h an unspeci ied pu pose. Acco ding o he esea ch, in his case, he main ield o he lexeme and i s o m unc ion is dis inc i e: he ield is opposi e he o es , he se lemen o (mo e o en in he plu al o m) he ci y o he illage. In he con ex o he se ice- ype o eas e n high- ise illas, he e b "coun yside" no only indica es he di ec ion o ac ion in an open space, bu also acqui es a dis inc i e cha ac e is ic. I should be no ed ha his is cha ac e is ic o he plu al o m o he lexeme unde conside a ion. The i h meaning o he wo d ield is illage, sodus (di e en om ci y). The lexeme ienkiemio men ioned in he eas e n highland ilniškių šnek os acqui es i s meaning only in i s modi ied plu al o m and by ma king he p esence o mo emen o he desi ed place. he examples discussed highligh he same opposi ion as he e b laukan, which indica es mo emen in he a ea o cul i a ed land, only one mo e is added o indica e he dis inc i e ea u e ([…] buil space: + unbuil space). and di e s om he ac i i y ca ied ou by he e e en in he place named, pobūdis […] in he i s case i is physical wo k (sha ing, cu ing, e c.), […] unde ined ac i i y (which could be called wo king o li e). 5.3 The lexeme ield is also used in he eas e n highland ilniški šnek os in ano he ype o con ex : (9) i […].nα(s) s[…].ka. This is no he case. I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing. […] om […]jå. […] (j. k., 1926, Šileikiškė); (10) jé.igu j iš·ja. laukαñ. ǀ iška. gȓũ·nα ǀ a‿jẹ.gu iš‿låũ.kå. a ẹ.nα kamba iñ. ǀ i ‿ ·l gȓũ·- j[…] p[…]ki[…] is he beginning o […]å. He is laughing. I'm ou o he e. I don' know wha you' e alking abou . I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing. O he , o a a con en , by weigh , in he d y ma e : (11) o speak in ongues. Wha 's he ma e wi h you? I don' know. I'm going o go. I'm going o go. I don' know wha I'm doing. I don' know wha I'm doing. . I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing. In he abo e con ex s, he e e ence en i onmen o he o m unde conside a ion (e.g. came ou ) indica es ha he subjec is mo ing om a closed ou is space. In examples 9 and 11, i is assumed o be a oom whe e some hing was ea en o ac ed upon. 98 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVIII dyje oom) in o he open space. he pu pose o open space is no ele an in daiVa ka deLy ė-g ineVičienė hese con ex s. The mos impo an hing he e is he mo emen o he subjec in o spaces o di e en dimensions. he dis inguishing ea u es o he iliac ield eme ge, in his case naming he in e nal and ex e nal opposi ion. i is pa icula ly clea (10) in he example ( oom ( ield): ield (ou side). This was no he case in he illici use cases discussed abo e. I is also no ewo hy ha in his ype o con ex , only he singula o m o he e b is eco ded. In he con ex o a simila ype o use o he illici o m laukan is inclined o be conside ed a p e equisi e. Mikulskas (2003: 85) e e s o he mo i es o he illici laukan ope a ion based on he da a o he no he n Li huanian snacks8 and LkŽ. Acco ding o him, he mos likely cause o he spa an o m in ques ion was he abs ac ion o he seman ic s uc u e o he wo d ields. The mos abs ac meanings o his wo d, place unde he open sky and ou side, usually e e only o he space o he opposi ion be ween: ou side one side. The au ho a gues ha such a lexeme loses i s objec i e meaning, only abs ac ly indica es a di ec ion in space ( om he inside o he ou side) and is in ac al eady an ac ion. i should be conside ed whe he he eas e n highland ilniškių šnek os is also used in he a o emen ioned con ex s. As al eady men ioned, he e he iliac is used i idly, pa adigma ically, chee ully. And like all Iliadis s, he o m o he ield is no de ached om he pa adigm. In he mean ime, he o ms o he p e ix a e usually dis an om i . Acco ding o Mikulsko (2003:85), he lexema ield is used in he sense o a place unde an open sky; he ex e io , losing i s objec i e meaning and showing he di ec ion o space only abs ac ly, would like o pay a en ion o he p agma ic aspec o he ac o language. Linguis ic p agma ics is he s udy o how he ansmission o meaning depends on he con ex o speech, knowledge o he s a us o he pa icipan s in he con e sa ion, he in en ions o he in e locu o , he manne o speech, he place o ime, e c. Wi h his in mind, i is possible o disag ee wi h he idea ha he o m used in he abo e-men ioned meaning loses i s objec i e meaning. In a pa icula con ex , he add essee, when ansmi ing ce ain in o ma ion o he add essee (in ou case, i is an indica ion ha he subjec is mo ing om a closed space o an open one), associa es i wi h many linguis ic and non-linguis ic places, bu also as a speci ic place. he add essee, when saying […]einu laukan[…], may be used in such con ex s in he eas e n highland illages and he lexemos o as ilia i e o m, plg. o as he second meaning […]place unde he open sky, ield[…]: his is a[…].nam[…]e al eady o· añ. […]c[…] […] whe e […] l[…].s (Pad a es) I'm no su e i I'm going o be able o do i , bu I'm going o be able o do i . ak o ių. konk ečiuose kon eks uose o ma laukan su okiama ne ik kaip abs ak- The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. In his a icle, we will no discuss he lexemes o he ai in a b oade way. In a icle 8, he au ho e e s o he a icle by Aleks Gi deni and Genu ė Kačiuškienė "Pa allel phenomena in La ian and no he n Li huanian ope a ional sys ems" (2000: 307 […] 314). dėl ilia y ų laukan, laukuosun seman ikos y ų aukš aičių ilniškių šnek ose The 99-s o y a icles oje also has a speci ic loca ion ha you can go o when you lea e he locked oom. In he examples (9) and (10), I hink i 's going o be a ya d, (11) […] a ya d o an open space in on o he house. He e's ano he example: (12) I'm going o say some hing. No u he wo ked han ho - olled, in coils I' e ne e had a b o he . I' e ne e had a b o he . I don' know wha you' e alking abou . I don' know wha you' e alking abou . I'm no going o be able o do i . I'm no going o be able o do i . F om. I'm no going o lie o you. gi l.you om .jå. I 's a ield. I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing. I 's you call. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. In his con ex , he e b laukan, used wi h he e b go, akes on ano he seman ic conno a ion […] meaning o emp y[…]9. he in e p e a ion o he singula o m o he p onoun used in he eas e n high-pi ched ilniški šnek os wi h slan ed e bs is no sepa a ed om he con ex and p agma ic in o ma ion. only hese ac o s can help o de ine he meaning o he o m used in a pa icula case, as well as i s g amma ical s a us. Since in he schemes unde conside a ion, he iliac, as al eady men ioned, is pa adigma ically mo e chee ul, and he o ms o he ield, used in he sense o a place unde he open sky; ex e nally, we canno conside he whole abs ac , i can be concluded ha he eas e n high- ise illas' shadows a e no supe imposed on he ield. I 's conside ed one o he happies hings in he wo ld. Ano he , inal, g oup o examples illus a ing he o m o in es iga ion is discussed sepa a ely: (13) Whe e e he e is a hunde s o m, he e will be a hunde s o m. […] This ield […] […] (bo n in 1916, Mileikiškiai); (14) he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: I'm no going o lie o you. I 's all igh . I 's all igh . This is you. ‖ . […] he j[…]. I don' hink my wi e's going o be able o handle i . The ield is e. . I'll gi e i o you. Tha 's i . I don' know wha i is. I 's called he "Tzadi" o he "Tzadi" o he "Tzadi" o he "Tzadi" o he "Tzadi" o he "Tzadi" o he "Tzadi" o he "Tzadi". ou o e e y hing. This one. […] (bo n in 1936, bėčionys); I 's no a ield. I 's no a ield. I 's no a ield. in he con ex s indica ed, he e e ence en i onmen is e e ed o as ac ion wo ds o be ca ied and h own. They a e classi ied unde he meaning o sepa a ion (see, o example, Mikulskas 2003: 84). (15) pa yzdyje nusakomo eiksmo k yp is y a iš užda o objek o („namai“) į a i ą e d ę. (13) i (14) pa yzdžiuose k yp is konk ečiai nenu ody a, ačiau nu- I hink she's he same. Thus, in hese con ex s, he opposi ion o he middle: he ou side again eme ges, bu he e i is o a di e en na u e han in he examples desc ibed in (9) […] (11). Lipa ė (2000: 149150) also men ions simila ypes o cases and discusses pa icle ac ions when desc ibing hem. because o he pa icle e bs o med one o he ca ego ies o he e na y e b sys em […] pe icien […] is iewed gi 9 Mo e abou he ph aseology go o he ield. Lipa ė 2000: 150 […] 151. I is also known as Lipa ė 2000. 100 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVIII denis and kačiuškienė (2000: 307[…]314; see also daiVa ka deLy ė-g ineVičienė kaika y ė, 2011). The pe ec i e is o med wi h ce ain […]nublukusios[…] seman ic p e ixes […] pos e bs, which a e close in meaning and unc ion o he p e ixes o he pe ec i e e b. In he case o so-called annihila o y e bs, hese pos e bs indica e ha he ac ion is nea ing an end o a ce ain limi . Acco ding o he au ho s o he a o emen ioned a icle, his phenomenon is unique o he no he n egions ( he no he n lowlands, he no he n lowlands and he pan-La ian slopes) and is due o he in luence o he neighbo ing La ian language10 (gi denis, kačiuškienė 2000: 311). Lipa ė a gues ha his phenomenon is no only a ea u e o he a o emen ioned e ms, and he e o e i canno be claimed ha i a ose due o he in luence o he La ian language. Acco ding o i , indi idual examples a e also eco ded om he wes e n, middle highlands and he Li huanian-speaking islands (Zie elos, Lazūnai, Ramaškonių) beyond he bo de s o Li huania (Bal a usija). Mikulskas (2003: 75), no es ha Lipa e's examples show only a local meaning, and he so-called pa icles, like hei an eceden coun e pa s, do no pe o m he unc ion o he e b indica o . he au ho also poin s ou ha he o m ield(n), especially ollowing he slink o he e bs, can o en be unde s ood in wo ways. The eason o his unce ain y is he seman ic de elopmen owa ds abs ac ion o he […] nouns om which such o ms a ise. he esea che a gues ha […] gene ally e e ing o he di ec ion o he ac ion om he cen e o he pe iphe y, his o m o he iliac is mo e likely o be used and is less sui able o e e o he pe iphe al unc ion impo an o he su e e . Since he o m ield (and local a ian s) and he side a e widely used h oughou Li huania as a o m o enc yp ion, i is mo e di icul o ecognize cases o hei pos - e bal usage due o he possible wo-way in e p e a ion. In sol ing he ques ion o he lexicological p esen a ion o hese o ms in unclea cases, i is necessa y o e e o he geog aphical ex en o he p e alence o pe ec ionis cons uc ions, which in he no he n Li huanian dialec s is eliably explained by he popula pos e b land(n) (and i s local a ian s) a osena I is also impo an o no e ha he Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o p opo ionali y. The o m laukan used in he examples o eas e n highland ilniškių šnek ų is no a pos e b. in he con ex s unde conside a ion, he di ec ion o mo emen o he ilia ic ield emains he same as in he p e ious examples […] om he inside ou . This is a clea in e nal: he ex e nal opposi ion, he iliac laukan o en less emphasizes he objec i e meaning, 10 Plg. I don' know wha o do. I don' know wha o do. Cē i is abou o o eiškia abs akčią ie ą išo ėje ((18) i (20) pa yzdžiai). Šis ilia y as sa o eikšme die, ha old man has al eady los his mind (Ša ės) = la. The eins a e al eady sliding, he Malkas don' ha e any - hey' e pou ing in o he papillae. Makas màn nà you know I can hea you (gi denis, kačiuškienė 2000: 308309). On he basis o he LkŽ a chi es, Roland Mikulskas calcula es he exac dis ibu ion line o pe meable cons uc ions used in he no he n sec ions. I also includes no he n buye s and enan s in he a ea o p e alence o pe iphe al cons uc ions (Mikulskas 2003: 76).