54 The Li huanian Language Ac LXXIV
DALIUS JARMALAVIČIUS
Vilniaus uni e si e as
Resea ch di ec ions: synch onous and diach onic
wo d-making, his o ical mo phology o Ge manic
languages, esea ch on he making o handw i en wo ds in bilingual whi es.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The mo ning wo d.
LEXICON LITHUANICUM ( o me ly known as LEXICON LITHUANICUM)
SURPRISE Ge man
Linguis ic wo ke s
Ge man Nominal Compounds in Manusc ip
Anonymous Ge man-Li huanian Dic iona y
Lexicon Li huanicum om he 17 h Cen u y
ANOTATION This a icle discusses he 17 h-cen u y anonymous manusc ip o he lexicon
o he Ge man-Li huanian languages, he Lexicon Li huanicum o he Li huanian wo ds. The
da a o he s udy a e p esen ed in he ollowing o de : i s , he models o he du s a e
desc ibed acco ding o he pa o he language o hei i s du s, he na u e o hei
connec ion is discussed, hen he compound nouns a e analyzed acco ding o he
seman ic-syn ac ic ela ionship o hei du s, dis inguishing de e mina i e, possessi e,
copula i e and con olling du s. Finally, he cons uc ion s uc u e o he emb oide ed
ga men s is e iewed.
ESMINIAI WORDS: wo d p oduc ion, handw i en dic iona y, cu a ed wo ds,
de e mina i e, possessi e and con olled wo ds.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
This a icle analyzes he compounding o Ge man nouns in he manusc ip anonymous
Ge man-Li huanian dic iona y Lexicon Li huanicum om he 17 h cen u y. The esul s a e
p esen ed as ollows: i s , he ypes o Ge man nouns based on hei le -hand membe s
con aining a linking elemen a e discussed; Then, ano he classi ica ion o compounds
A icles by A icles 55
XVII a. anoniminio ank aš inio žodyno Lexicon Li huanicum
sudu iniai okiečių kalbos daik a a džiai
acco ding o he seman ic and syn ac ic in e p e a ion o hei cons i uen s, including
de e mina i e, possessi e, copula i e, and de- e bal compounds, is analyzed. Finally, he
s uc u e o compound wo ds om he pe spec i e o wo d- o ma ion o hei uni s is
desc ibed in de ail.
KEYWORDS: wo d- o ma ion, manusc ip dic iona y, nominal compounding,
de e mina i e, possessi e and de e bal compounds.
This a icle discusses he da a o he anonymous handw i en dic iona y o he
Li huanian-Ge manic languages, Lexicon Li huanicum, which is conside ed he i s
dic iona y o hese languages. I should be no ed ha un il now, schola s ha e no
Mažojoje Lie u oje, okiškų daik a a džių dū iniai. P ieš pa eikian sudu i-
been able o de e mine he au ho o he manusc ip o he exac da e o i s
w i ing. Howe e , o a long ime i was assumed ha he au ho o his
dic iona y mus ha e been Daniel Klein, and he suppo e s o his hypo hesis
a gued ha Klein, in addi ion o he g amma o he Li huanian language, had also
p epa ed a wo-wo d dic iona y ha had no been published, so ha he Lexicon
Li huanianicum could be a copy o he la e (see Ci a ičiū ė 2008: 266, 2009: 32 […] 33;
D o inas 1987: 10). This in e p e a ion o au ho ship is no sha ed by Vincen
D o in, who poin s ou ha he spelling o he same wo ds di e s in bo h he
dic iona y and Klein's wo ks. I i was Klein's handw i ing, he spelling o he wo ds
in bo h s o es would be much mo e consis en . Al hough, judging om he
handw i ing ma ks o he Lexicon Li huanicum, he dic iona y could ha e been
w i en be ween 1632 and 1658, i.e. p epa ed a a ime simila o Klein's g amma ,
he analysis o he handw i ing sugges s ha i should a he be a wo k p epa ed
by se e al people (D o inas 1987: 12-15, 18). On he o he hand, Vincas U bu is is no
so ca ego ical abou he au ho ship o he handw i en dic iona y, since Klein's
own wo ds a e w i en di e en ly, so he inconsis ency o sepa a e cases o
double- oicing does no ye mean di e en au ho ship. On he o he hand, U bu is
no es ha he Lexicon Li haunicum is me ely a manusc ip compiled by mo e han
one pe son (U bu is 1990: 184). Since he au ho ship o his manusc ip has no been
es ablished, acco ding o D o ino (1987: 23), i is app op ia e o conside his
dic iona y as an anonymous, independen eminde o he P ussian Li huanian
sc ip o he middle o he 17 h cen u y, aluable o he abundance o li ing wo ds
in he language o he ime, as well as o he a ious synonyms o he wo d lexicon
and ocabula y.
DALIUS JARMALAVIČIUS
56 The Li huanian Language Ac LXXIV
The Lexicon Li huanicum, whose ex consis s o 225 pages (113 pages), and he
egis e […] 9200 Ge man wo ds and 7200 Li huanian equi alen s, he wo d-making
aspec is no widely s udied bo h in he wo ld and in Li huania, and he
Ge man-language dic iona ies, o which no so ew (1170 wo ds) ha e been eco ded,
a e no e en, so his manusc ip has been chosen as a sou ce o he analysis o
dic iona y dic iona ies. A handw i en dic iona y is also used o esea ch because
he ex o his na u e is ich in eloquen , co ec and unal e ed ocabula y,
p o iding a g ea deal o in o ma ion abou he sub le ies o he language used in a
gi en pe iod, i s au hen ici y. Ano he ac ha indica es he ele ance o his
kalbos dū inių da ybos sis emiško y imo s oka, ypač pasigendama y imų apie
XVII a. sudu inių žodžių y aujančius ipus. An ai E a-Ma ia Heinle (2000:
a icle is ha he his o ical Ge man 1911-1912 desc ibes he du ians o his cen u y
e y gene ally, i.e. i s ly, ha hey played an impo an ole in he p oduc ion o
wo ds, and secondly, ha a ha ime he e was al eady a s ong endency o
compose he du ians o he daik a a ds om mo e han wo componen s. As we will
no ice, hese s a emen s a e no in o ma i e and do no allow o o m a gene al
pic u e o he models ha domina ed he 17 h cen u y du ian wo ks, he
peculia i ies o he s uc u e o he pieces. Thus, based on he da a o he analysis,
he aim is no only o desc ibe he p e ailing c ea i e models o he
Ge man-language objec -wo d composi es eco ded in he dic iona y, he
syn ac ic-seman ic s uc u e o he i ems and o e iew he na u e o he
combina ion o componen s o hei c ea i e s uc u e, bu also o assess he
c ea i e po en ial o he wo ds ep esen ing he mul i-complex i ems. In he
a icle, he da a o he s udy a e p esen ed in he ollowing o de : i s , he e bs
a e discussed acco ding o he pa o he language o he i s e b, in o de o
de e mine he p e ailing e b models and he na u e o he connec ion o he componen s, hen hey a e desc ibed acco ding o he seman ic-syn ac ic ela ionship o he e bs. Finally, he s uc u e o he cons uc ion o he Ge manic wo ds o objec s is e iewed.
The ollowing dic iona ies a e used o co ec ce ain ac s abou he
cons uc ion o Ge man wo d combina ions: He manno F ischbie o (1971),
Richa d Pie scho (1991), an elec onic e sion o he dic iona y by Jacobo and
Wilhelm G imm (URL: www.woe e buchne z.de/DWB), and he DUDEN e ymological dic iona y (2001).
1. DŪRINIŲ DĖMENŲ SANDARA PAGAL PIR-
The wo d is domina ed by he du ian model, bo h o which a e
daik a a dines. These wo ds make up 75.7% o all compound wo ds (see
diag am 1). :
A icles o he 57 h
XVII a. anoniminio ank aš inio žodyno Lexicon Li huanicum
sudu iniai okiečių kalbos daik a a džiai
The ollowing species a e included in he Annex o his Regula ion: he species lis ed in Annex I o
Regula ion (EU) No 10796; he species lis ed in Annex I o Regula ion (EU) No 10796; he species lis ed
in Annex I o Regula ion (EU) No 10796; he species lis ed in Annex I o Regula ion (EU) No 10796; and
he species lis ed in Annex I o Regula ion (EU) No 10797. This is DIAGRAM 1. The i s -pe son
p onouns in he i s -pe son p onoun pa o he dic iona y a e much less common han he
i s -pe son p onouns in he second-pe son p onoun pa o he dic iona y, which make up 13.6%
o all compound nouns, o example. Fo he pu poses o his Annex, he ollowing de ini ions
shall apply: In he single pa ag aphs, wo ds a e p esen ed whose meaning di e s in he mode n
language o may be incomp ehensible o he eade .
2 Plg. o he This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
DALIUS JARMALAVIČIUS
58 Ac o Linguis ic Li huanian LXXIV
The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin
he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. Compa ed o dualis ic ones, whose
i s owel is a e b, he numbe o adjec i es and ad e bs in he model wo ds is
almos wice as low (~6.9%), e.g. The ollowing a e included in he lis o bene icia ies
o he aid: Geld Penigai ‘monigai Lex 12 (ba ‘g ynas + Geld ‘monigai), Flach eld Lyguma
Lex 36a ( lach ‘plokščias + ‘ eldlaukas), G aup e d Szi mas ‘ho mas a klys Lex 44a
(g au ‘pilkas + P ‘ e d ‘a klys), Neumond jaunas ‘jauna is Lex 64a (neu ‘naujas +
‘mėnulis), Saue eig Raugas Lex 73 (saue Teig ‘gas as + Teig Lex e), Weiß B od
Pi py na, and Bal a 104a (weiß B od +
he b ead).
The e a e e y ew wo ds in he dic iona y ha ha e a i s owel ha can be a
p e ix o a nume al, and hey make up only 3.8% o all he objec wo ds analyzed,
e.g. Fo he pu poses o his Decision, he ollowing de ini ions shall apply:
The wo d combina ions wi h he i s noun and he e b combina ion may be
wi h o wi hou he conjunc i e elemen s. In he Nag inje o manusc ip , 196
compound wo ds a e cha ac e ized by in e ixa ion, hey make up abou 16.8%
o all compound wo ds. Connec ing elemen s can be ei he lexible o
non-connec i e (see able 1). One LENTEL. Lexicon Li huanicum Combina ion o
he wo ds "dū iniai" and "dū iniai" wi h he i s noun and e b
1045 (100 %)
Wi hou a connec ing elemen wi h a connec ing elemen
849 (81,2 %)
196 (18,8 %)
Linked connec o s
Non-linked connec o s
174 (16,7 %) 22 (2,1 %)
The junc ions o mos o he du s wi h he wo objec s in he cu ain ma k
he le mos o m o he i s cu ain (see able 2). The e bs a e combined
wi h hese un in e aces:

A icles by A icles 59
XVII a. anoniminio ank aš inio žodyno Lexicon Li huanicum
sudu iniai okiečių kalbos daik a a džiai
Two slowly. O he , o ci cula
c oss-sec ion, o s ainless s eel
(e)s(e)n e e ens
The name o he p oduc + he name o
he p oduc 58 103 10 10 2 The name o he p oduc + he name o he p oduc - - 13 - -
P opo ion o 29.6 52.6 11.7 5.1 1 a) -(e)n-, wi h which he e a e mos ly wo ds, e.g.
The ollowing species a e included in he lis o endange ed species:
Augenliede Akkiu Wokkai Lex 10 (gen. pl. Augen ‘eyes + nom. pl. Liede ‘ oices),
Bi ckenoel Degu as Lex 18 (gen. pl. Bi cken ‘be ges + nom. sg. Oel ‘aliejus),
Fliegen Schwa m Mussuma ai ‘musium spie (gen. pl. Fliegen ‘musium + nom. sg.
Schwa m. ‘spiečius), Ge s ens oh Miezenmiei ‘s g ass (gen. Ge s en […] o he ci ies […] + name. he ollowing able is added:
S oh […] he sheep); b) -(e)s-, wi h which ewe du s a e eco ded han wi h he
connec ing elemen -(e)n-, e.g. Bocksho n Ozo ho ns […] ho n ho ns […] Lex 19 (gen. sg.
Bocks […] ho ns […]), B äu igams Mu e Anczy a […] any a […] Lex 19a (gen. sg.
B äu igams […] younges […] + nom. sg. Mo he […] mo he […]), Hauß Baßnyczia […]
Baßnia […] Lex […] (gen. sg. Die […] […] […] nom. […]), Kind Kind Kind Kind wai s, Kind wai s,
Annuks […] (gen. […] names […] Kind wai s, Kind wai s, e c.); c) -e-, which is much a e
han -(e)ni -(e)s-, o example. The ollowing de ini ions shall apply: E nd ezei
Pju es Czesas […]pjū is[…] Lex 32 (su name: E nd e […]pjū is[…] + name: Zei
[…]laikas[…]), Ganses all Zasinyczia […]žąsidė[…] Lex 39 (su name: Ganse [Gänse] […]žų[…]
+ name: S all […] a as[…]), Kuhe Kalb Telicze […] Telicai ė […] Lex 56 (su name: Kuhe
[Kühe] […] o he ca iages […] + name.
he ollowing able is added: The language is " eliukas"); d) -e -, which has 10
compounds, e.g. Eye Kla Bal inys […]bal ymas[…] Lex 33a (gen. pl. Eye
[…]kiaušinių[…] + Kla […]bal ymas[…]), Hüne s all Laks a […] iš idė[…] Lex 51a (gen.
pl. Hüne [Hühne ] […] iš ų[…] + nom. sg. S all […] a as[…]), Kleide bü s
D apano Szepe ys […] Lex 54a (gen. pl. The Kleide o clo hes + name. he ollowing able is added:
Bü s [e] ‘šepe ys’);
e) -ens-, ku iuo sujung a os po a žodžių, p z.: Glaubensgenoß Wienos Wie-
Lex 43 (gen. sg. Glaubens ‘belie + nom. sg. Genoß [Genosse] iend, membe ),
He zens eund iendship wi h a close iend Lex 48a (gen. sg. He zens iendship wi h
a close iend + nom. sg. He zens iend). The noun and he adjec i e a e a ely
combined wi h non-linked elemen s, e.g. Fo he pu poses o his Annex, he ollowing
de ini ions shall apply:
DALIUS JARMALAVIČIUS
60 The Li huanian Language Ac LXXIV
The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal
ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. Mos o he e bs
wi h he p e ix a e used wi hou a conjunc ion. Wi h he conjunc i e non-linking
in e ix -ežodyne, 13 wo ds we e ound, hey make up 8.1% o his ype o dū inių,
e.g. The ollowing is a summa y o he main p o isions o he T ea y on he
Func ioning o he Eu opean Union:
B ie […] is emp y […].
By compa ing he da a om his s udy wi h o he wo ks on his o ical wo d
o ma ion, we can see ce ain endencies in he combina ion o du ian and
Ge manic wo ds in 17 h-cen u y sou ces. Fo example, Danielis Solling ound
ha in se en een h-cen u y se mon ex s, he mos common conjuga ions o
compound nouns a e -(e)n- (54.1%) and -(e)s- (38.4%), while o he conjuga ions a e
much a e (see Solling 2012: 1478). […]14 The in e ixa ion pa e ns men ioned
a e also cha ac e is ic o Lang's manusc ip dic iona y, and he conjunc i e
elemen s -(e)ni -(e)ssuda o accoun o 45.4% and 41.3% o all in e ixes, espec i ely (see Ja mala ičius 2014: 125).
3. Ag icul u al paymen s o cemen companies
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
G upuojan dū inius pagal jų dėmenų seman inį–sin aksinį yšį, pasi em a
Helen La sson (2010: 13 pp.) gi es a classi ica ion ha dis inguishes be ween
de e mina i e, possessi e, con olling and copula i e du ies. The Lexicon
Li huanicum o de e mina i e cas les is eco ded in 1116, o possessi e ones
20, o uling ones 34, and o copula i e ones none (see diag am 2).
3.1. De e mina i e du ies
The analysis o he wo d-making o he Lexicon Li huanicum shows ha he
mos p oduc i e a e he de e mina i e Ge manic wo ds (see diag am 2). This
ype o compound wo d was eco ded in 1116 (abou 95.4% o all du s). Mos ly
ound de e mina i e du s, bo h o which a e simple wo ds (simplicia), hey o m
A icles by A icles 61
XVII a. anoniminio ank aš inio žodyno Lexicon Li huanicum
sudu iniai okiečių kalbos daik a a džiai
The ollowing able summa ises he main cha ac e is ics o he p oduc : (i) he
p oduc is cha ac e ised by a low a con en , (ii) he p oduc is cha ac e ised by a
low a con en , (iii) he p oduc is cha ac e ised by a high a con en , (i ) he
p oduc is cha ac e ised by a low a con en , ( ) he p oduc is cha ac e ised by
a low a con en , ( i) he p oduc is cha ac e ised by a low a con en .
Manu ac u e in which he alue o all he ma e ials used does no exceed 50% o he
ex-wo ks p ice o he p oduc
O dina y
Da inys +
name +
Da inys +
O dina y
O dina y
name +
name da inys O dina y name da inys
Numbe s 948 115 49 4
Pe cen age o 84.9 by 10.3 by 4.4 by 0.4
The i s o second le e o he noun de e mina i e p onouns can be a noun.
This s uc u e is ep esen ed by 168 wo ds (15.1% o he dic iona y). The i s
g oup o wo ds in a sen ence has a second owel, and he second g oup o wo ds
has a second owel, and he hi d g oup o wo ds has a second owel, and he
hi d g oup o wo ds has a second owel. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on
he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This is DIAGRAM 2. Vocabula y acco ding o he seman ic-syn ac ic na u e o he wo ds3
DALIUS JARMALAVIČIUS
62 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIV in espec o he clea s one. The e a e 115
such wo ds (see able 3). The ollowing is a summa y o he main indings o he
e iew: (i) he Commission conside s ha he con es ed ax uling does no
cons i u e S a e aid wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (1) o he T ea y. (ii) he
Lex 44 (Gö ze ‘s abas’ + Dien-e ‘ a nau ojas’ ← dienen ‘ a nau i’), Ehe e -
bindnüß De ybos ‘san uokos pa i inimas’ Lex 26a (Ehe ‘san uoka’ + Ve -
Commission conside s ha he con es ed ax uling does no cons i u e S a e aid
wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (1) o he T ea y. I is a yellowish-g een (E d(e)
[…]zemė[…] + Wey auch [Weih auch] […]smilkalai[…] → weihen […]sanc i y[…] + Rauch
[…]dūmai[…]).
The o he , mo e han wice as small, g oup o de e mina i e compounds consis s o
wo ds whose i s owel can be a e b, a e b o a e b, and he second a simple
wo d. This ype o s uc u e is cha ac e is ic o 49 du s (see able 3). The ollowing
is a summa y o he main indings o he e iew: (i) The Commission conside s ha
he con es ed ax uling does no cons i u e S a e aid wi hin he meaning o A icle
51a (Jag-e [Jäge ] ‘medžio ojas’ ← jagen ‘medžio i’ + Ga n ‘ inklas, kilpos’),
107 (1) o he T ea y. (ii) The Commission conside s ha he con es ed ax uling
does no cons i u e S a e aid wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (1) o he T ea y.
In a e cases, bina y nouns can also be he i s syllable o de e mina i e nouns, e.g.
Kachelo en uß Pûdmen as […] ounda ion (s one on which he koklinė k osnis is buil )
[…] Lex 52a (Kachelo en […] koklinė k osnis[…] ← (Kachel […] koklis[…] + O en […]
k osnis[…]) + Fußpėda[…]), Mannsb weib Zen e […], žen ė […] Lex 60a (Mannsb ude […]
owe […] […] […] […] Weib […] Lex […]), Mu e Te enas […] 63 (Mu e […] mo he […] […]
mo he […] + Schwes e […] […] mo he […]) […] I is impo an o no e ha wo ds
consis ing o mo e han wo owels,