S aipsniai / A icles 173
JÜRGEN UDOLPH
Zen um ü Namen o schung – Leipzig
Academy o Sciences a Gö ingen Scien i ic esea ch
a eas: his o ical linguis ics, wa e names, place names,
amily names.
Hea ing and cooling
In Ge man
S em in he Ligh o he
Name esea ch
Indoeu opean ances o s and pa e ni y and
pa e ni y and pa e ni y and pa e ni y and pa e ni y and pa e ni y and pa e ni y and pa e ni y and pa e ni y
The anno a ion
I you wan o desc ibe he homeland and sp ead o he Indo-Ge mans, you ha e o
nächs no wendig, die u sp ünglichen Siedlungsgebie e de einzelnen indoge manischen
iden i y he ibes. Due o he wa e s and place names and also due o he good and
e ile soils, which allow a con inuous se lemen , he Sla s can be loca ed on he
no he n slope o he Ca pa hians, he Ge mans no h o he Ha a e de ec able
zes und die Kel en am Wes and de Alpen. Gewässe namen, die de Al eu opäischen Hy-
d onymie zuzu echnen sind, zeigen wei e , dass on as allen Siedlungsgebie en aus al e
ela ions o he Bal ics and he Bal ic languages. The Bal ics a e hus he cen e o
Indo-Ge manic names and he e is no hing agains i , o he Caucasus is excluded.
es als Ausgangsbe eich und Heima de indoge manischen Expansionen anzusehen. Eine
Heima auße halb de Al eu opäischen Hyd onymie, sei es in Süd ußland, in Kleinasien
SCHLÜSSELWÖRTER: Indoge manen, Gewässe namen, Sla en, Ge manen, Kel en, Bal-
en, Al eu opäische Hyd onymie, U heima .
The anno a ion
I one wishes o cha ac e ize he home and expansion o he Indo-Eu opean people, i is i s and
o emos essen ial o iden i y he o iginal a eas o se lemen o he speci ic Indo-Eu opean
ibes. On he basis o i e and place names and also because o good and
JÜRGEN UDOLPH
174 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI e ile soils which enabled a con inuous se lemen ,
one can localize Sla ic se lemen on ies and he Bal ic languages can be a es ed. Thus,
he no he n slope o he Ca pa hian Moun ains, Ge manic se lemen no h o he Ha z
and Cel ic se lemen on he wes e n edge o he Alps. In addi ion, i e names which can
be a ibu ed o he Old Eu opean hyd onymy show ha old ela ions o he Bal ic coun-
he Bal ic coun ies a e he cen e
o Indo-Eu opean names and no much opposes he idea o his a ea as he exi a ea and
home o Indo-Eu opean expansion. A home ou side o he Old Eu opean hyd onymy, be
i in Sou he n Russia, in Asiea Mino o in he Caucasus Moun ains, can be uled ou .
KEYWORDS: Indo-Eu opeans, Hyd onyms, Sla s, Ge manic peoples, Cel s,
Bal s, Old Eu opean Hyd onymy, O iginal homelands.
EINLEITUNG
I you ask abou he homeland and sp ead o Indo-Ge manic ibes, you always ask
abou se lemen , se lemen and mig a ion mo emen s. Bo h, se lemen and
mig a ion, ake place on he g ound, on he ea h. A se lemen is by gene al
de ini ion a place whe e people, mos ly in buildings o building-like acili ies, li e
oge he o he pu pose o li ing and wo king. When people li e oge he in
app op ia e ins i u ions, he need a ises ha he o igins o he P op ia a e
olde han hose o he language. F om ano he poin o iew, Go ied Wilhelm
in de Umwel zu o ien ie en, danach, diese zu benennen. Das Benennen e -
üll einen unk ionellen Aspek und es gib beme kenswe e S udien wie e wa
die on Ho s M. Mülle und Ma a Ku as (1997), die zu dem Schluss kommen,
Leibniz and Jacob G imm also ecognized his ea ly on. F om a mo e gene al poin
o iew, J. G imm says: "The e is a mo e i id es imony abou he peoples han
any sou ce o he Ge man language has e e been, yes, he oldes es imonies,
he his o y o ou ances o s" (8: 13), and speci ically o he wa e names
Knochen, Wa en und G äbe , und das sind ih e Sp achen“ (1848: 5) und an
ande e S elle: „Ohne die Eigennamen wü de in ganzen ühen Jah hunde -
pou quoy ils me i e oien une eche che pa iculai e (188: 264). When one asks
die wi übe haup ü diese au zuweisen haben, be uhen ge ade in ihnen […].
Eben deshalb e b ei e ih e E g ündung Lich übe die Sp ache, Si e und Ge-
abou he o igins and b anching ou o he Indo-Ge manic languages, I hink i is
äuße G.W. Leibniz „E je dis en passan que les noms de i ie es, es an o di-
nai emen enus de la plux mieux le ieux langage e les anciens habi ans, c’es
essen ial o ake accoun o geog aphical names. I is mainly he ollowing poin s
ha make up he pa icula signi icance o he names o he issues o ea ly
se lemen s and mig a ions:
S aipsniai / A icles 175
Heima und Ausb ei ung indoge manische
S ämme im Lich e de Namen o schung
1) Place names a ise only h ough longe se lemen s. In gene al, names lead o a
nich momen anes Geschehen ode ein besonde es E eignis zu Fes legung des
g adually g owing, silen ly de eloping and only slowly eme ging ag eemen be ween
he speake s o a dialec (namely he one ha has been ali e in he place a he
ime o he name). This has se e al consequences. 2) Sho - e m conques and
occupa ion o a coun y do no lead o he o ma ion o place names om he
language o he conque o s and occupie s. Conque ing o nomadic peoples such as
he Huns and he Mongols a ely lea e behind names, almos ne e wa e names.
Cologne and Koblenz (Con luen es) a e decla ed, bu La in wa e names a e ha d
o ind.
3) Das gil soga ü die ömische Besa zung und Besiedlung Süd- und
Wes deu schlands. Aus dem La einischen können zwa e liche O snamen wie
4) Wa e names a e long-li ed and ough. Especially in hem one obse es a
phenomenon ha is o he u mos impo ance o he ques ion o which peoples
once li ed in a pa icula a ea: in a popula ion change hey usually do no disappea ,
bu a e changed by he language o he new se le s and adap ed o he new
idiom. They a e o en p ese ed wi h ex ao dina y oughness, whe e i is
signi ican ha i is mos ly he peasan se le s who adi ionally use he
names. 5) Because o hei longe i y, geog aphical names o en con ain
appella i es ha ha e long since disappea ed om li ing languages. This is a
phenomenon known om he his o y o all languages, bu compa ed o he
appella i es, he e idence in he names o decisi e wo ds is much mo e accu a e.
6) I is o be assumed ha , e en a he ime o he eme gence o he
dende Vo eile, denn dadu ch kann das u sp üngliche Ve b ei ungsgebie eines
Indo-Indo-Ge manic indi idual languages, a linguis ically-his o ically as con incing
econs uc ion o an Indo-Ge manic basis should be iden i ied. You s a […] and
manischen und in de Zei de En al ung und de Expansion Gewässe namen
en s anden sind. Diese au zuspü en is eine Au gabe de Indoge manis ik.
Eine wei e e Au gabe de Indoge manis ik is bekann lich de Ve such,
du ch den Ve gleich einande en sp echende Wö e , Fo men und Syn agmen
ha 's no possible o he wise […] om he Indo-Ge manic indi idual languages.
1 Repea edly emphasized by Hans K ahe and Wol gang P. Schmid.
JÜRGEN UDOLPH
176 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI
Genau diesen Weg muss man dann abe auch gehen, wenn man sich au
The sea ch o he supposedly oldes se lemen s o Indo-Ge manic ibes is
o be made: s a ing om a look in o he wa e names o Indo-Ge manic
indi idual languages, i is necessa y o y o ind he way om he e o he
ea lie names. Since geog aphical names can also be used as e idence o
mig a ion (Udolph 2008), his p ocedu e ce ainly p omises o lead o p og ess.
I'll s a wi h Sla ic and hen I'll ake a look a Ge manic,
Bal ische und Kel ische we en.
Sp ead o Indo-Ge manic
EINZELSPRACHEN IM LICHTE DER
NAMEN
1. DAS SLAVISCHE
The e o s o gain close in o ma ion abou he oldes Sla ic se lemen s wi h
he help o geog aphical names a e s ill essen ially based on he "exclusion
me hod" o Max Vasme . He succeeded in limi ing he o iginally Sla ic a ea by
sepa a ing all e i o ies in which an Ug ian, I anian o Bal ic subs a e can be
ound in place names (Vasme 1971: 101202, 203249, 251534), la e supplemen ed by
Vladimi N. Topo o , Oleg N. T ubače (1962) and O. N. T ubače (1968). Thus, M.
Vasme was able o show wi h his me hod o delimi a ion, which is s ill alid
oday, ha he Sla ic language p obably had o ha e o med in he a ea sou h o
he P ipya and wes o he Dniepe . We owe he decisi e p og ess ha goes
beyond his me hod o M. Vasme o he esea ches o H. K ahe, al hough he had
ha dly deal wi h Sla ic name ma e ial. Bu he ecognized he basic p inciples o
he naming o wa e s […] and his knowledge applies no only o hose p e e ably
deal wi h by H. K ahe, bu also o he indi idual names o […] ( lowing) wa e […],
[…] sp ing […], […] s eam […], […] (wa e ) […] ( unning) […], e c., wi h coun less ines
and ines shades o ichness, as hey we e o he ea ly man in his p ecise
sp achlichen Namen, sonde n die Gewässe namen ganz allgemein und in allen
Sp achen: „Hinsich lich de Semasiologie und E ymologie geh die u üm-
liche und zwei ellos äl es e Namenschich on sog. ‘Wasse wö e n’ aus, das
obse a ion o na u e in p ecise measu e [...] […] commandmen s (1964: 34). And in
addi ion o his, H. K ahe says abou he ques ion o how o de e mine he
S aipsniai A icles 177 and 177
Heima und Ausb ei ung indoge manische
S ämme im Lich e de Namen o schung
o me esidences o a people mo e closely: […]Fo whe e he place names o a
pa icula language a e ound in g ea e numbe s, he language i sel mus ha e
been spoken, he e mus ha e li ed membe s o he people speaking his
language[…] (1949 […] 1950: 25) MAP 1. Russia in he las cen u ies B.C. (M. Vasme 2) I
you ansla e hese hough s in o he ques ion o he homeland and expansion o
he Sla ic ibes, you come o cla i y and in my opinion
2 Vasme 1971: 96 and 97.

JÜRGEN UDOLPH
178 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI
eindeu igen An wo en. Die olgenden Aus üh ungen habe ich schon an meh -
I he e o e o e only a selec ion o ex ensi e collec ions and mappings. Fi s , a
ema k on he ques ion o whe he , om an a chaeological poin o iew, he e is
any hing o be gained om he homeland and sp ead o he Sla s. This p oblem is
linked o ano he ques ion, namely, o wha ex en we can speak o Sla ic ibes
o he ime a ound Ch is 's bi h and beyond. How do you ecognize hem, o how
do you de ine "Sla es", "Sla isch" o his ime? I I ha e unde s ood Sebas ian
B a he 's (2004) s udy co ec ly, hen om an a chaeological poin o iew i is
ex emely di icul , i no impossible, o cap u e a ibe o peoples, an e hnic
g oup wi h he help o ma e ial cul u e o hei places o esidence and mig a ion.
This is because be o e he bi h o Ch is , he e was no language ha we would
call "Sla ic" (Indo-Eu opean) dialec a ea, i had o a ise i s . This was a p ocess
gen zu inden ode zu besch eiben. Und auch aus Sich de Sp achwissenscha
ha ce ainly las ed o se e al cen u ies. I he e o e see ha i is possible o
de e mine ha , in he end, i is only wi h he help o language ha one can de ine
he app oach o linguis ic, linguis ic and, abo e all, naming a gumen s. In o he
nen könn en. Das „Sla ische“, d.h. die gemeinsamen sp achlichen Züge eine
Sp achgemeinscha , die sich aus einem e mu lich indoge manischen (ode
wo ds, he homeland o Sla ic ibes is o be sough whe e in a dialec a ea o
Indo-Ge manic speake s in a cen u ies-long p ocess linguis ic co espondences
mi g oße Skepsis au Ve suche, aus a chäologische Sich , mi Hil e de Gen-
o schung, de Volkskunde ode de Geschich swissenscha e was ü ein Volk
wi h an old iew o M. Vasme who was con inced ha " he Sla ic homeland
kann. Ku z gesag : aus meine Sich weise he aus kann man sich e ag eich
de F age nach Heima und Expansion sla ische S ämme nu un e Be ück-
ques ion in he i s place [...] by ho ough loanwo d ound
en wickel haben, die nu diesem Dialek gebie eigen wa en. Und ich olge da-
O snamen o schungen und möglichs olls ändige Be ücksich igung alle al-
en his o ischen und geog aphischen Quellen [ge ö de we den kann]“ (1971:
71 [Nachd uck on 1930!]).
Back o he "wa e wo ds" o H. K ahe om a Sla ic poin o iew. How could
man denn aus dem ehemaligen und heu igen sla ischen Siedlungsgebie , das
ein g oßes Te i o ium um ass e bzw. um ass , dasjenige Gebie he ausa bei en,
3 Zule z Udolph 2016, 2016a.
S aipsniai / A icles 179
Heima und Ausb ei ung indoge manische
S ämme im Lich e de Namen o schung
his be he s a ing poin o he Sla ic expansion, he magni ude o which
as onished e en he Byzan ine his o ians? The g ea sp ead o he Sla s
obse ed by expe s and con empo a ies (acco ding o a Byzan ine sou ce,
100,000 Sla s a e said o ha e in aded Th ace and Illy ia in 577) mus ha e begun
somewhe e. This can only ha e happened no h o he Ca pa hians, in an a ea
ha was no easily known o ancien sou ces. In he a ea sou h o he
Ca pa hians and he Beskids, acco ding o a unanimous opinion4, he
Eine zusammen assende Ka ie ung on ie Du zend sla ischen Wasse -
wö e n und de en Vo kommen in Gewässe -, O s- und Flu namen (Ka e 2)
mach deu lich, dass sich das Gebie doch ech gu eing enzen läss : da das
accumula ions in Uk aine and Poland a e o pa icula impo ance.
The meaning.
4 On he hesis o O.N. T ubače , acco ding o which Pannonia is also in ques ion, compa e Udolph
1988.
KARTE 2. Synop ische Zusammen assung on 37 Ve b ei ungska en sla ische
Wa e wo ds (a e Udolph 1979: 322, map 40) can be ecognized, as in ecen
JÜRGEN UDOLPH
180 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI
The e is a widesp ead belie ha he Sla ic hyd onym is somewha
Ein ö migkei zeig . Da sich Bau und Bildung de sla ischen Gewässe namen
nach denselben K i e ien wie im Wo scha z en wickel haben, is das du chaus
unde s andable, because in hese languages he e is a high deg ee o de i a ion, i.e.
he o ma ion o su ixes. The ollowing elemen s a e widesp ead in wa e names
( o de ails see Udolph 1979: 539[…]599): Fo ma ions wi h *-(j)-ač, ex ended wi h he
help o -o ode -in, c . Vod-ač, hyd onym is -ica, o en also ex ended as -a -ica,
Il-ača, Gnjil-o -ača, Il-in-jača; *-(j)ak, auch als -ьn-ak-, -in-ak- u.a., lieg z.B.
o in Solo in-ak, Gnil-jak, Bagn-iak, Glin-iak, Vod-n-jak; -a -, o e wei e
als -o -a -, z.B. in Il-o -a , Sychl-o -a , Hlin-o -a a; ypisch ü die sla ische
-o -ica, -in-ica, -sk-ica, nume ous a e o ma ions wi h -(ь)n-ica, c . Ba -ica, Glin-ica,
Kal-ica, Vod-ica, Vi -ica, Topolo ica, Bla -n-ica, Dub -o -n-ica, Lis-n-ica, Iz o -s -ica,
which is also known as Ba -ica, Glin-ica, Kal-ica, Vod-ica, and Topolo ica. I 's no like I
häu ig is auch -ik-, z.T. e wei e als -(ь)n-ik-, -o -ik-, z.B. in B n-ik, Bah-n-
don' know wha I'm doing. I don' know wha I'm doing. Mos ly adjec i al o igins a e
o ma ions wi h -in-, -ina-, -ino-, o example in Be lin, Schwe in, Gen hin, which also
occu in wa e names: Oze -in, Bolo -in, Vod-in-a, Ba -n-in, Bab-in-a, Dob -in,
Rado -in-a, Sla ina, wi h -e und […]ex ended in Bob -o -a, Buk-o -a, Dub-o -a,
Kalin-o -a, Lip-o -a, Vug -in-o -o, ua. Wa e names wi h -isk a e ound almos
exclusi ely in Wes Sla ic: Wodz-isk-a, Bagn-isk-a, Zd o-isk-o, o he wise p e ails
*-iskio, Eas Sla ic as -išč, o he wise also as -iš e scheinenend: Ples-iszcze,
Zleb-išče, Rič-išče, Gnój-išča, Ba -iš e, localized wi h -in-, -o -, -a and o he
iš a; -e -/-o - begegne gelegen lich auch als oponymisches Bildungsmi el, z.B.
in Duna-e , Il-ów, Bo l-o , Sopo -o -i, Bagn-iew-o u.a. seh häu ig is *-ьc-, z.T.
elemen s, see. I is also known as Iz o -ec, S umien-iec, Jeze -ca, Bla -ce, Ba -in-ec,
Mo -in-cy, Il-o -in-ce, Hlin-o -ec, S ug-o -ec, B nj-a -ac. The same applies o -uk-k-,
c . Po ocz-ek, Vi -ok, Dunaj-ek, Oze -ko, Bagien-ko, Bolo -ki, Vod-n-e -ka, Il-a -ka,
Oze -o -ka, Ba -o -ka, Sigl-in-ka, Z o -yn-ky, Hnoj-en-ki, Klucz-ew-a -ka, Gnil-ič-koe,
Kal-n-ic-ki, Reč-ul-ka, which is also known as he ci y o he gods. Adjec i e o ms
wi h *-n-, -na, -no a e also common: Ba -na, B ez-na, Les-na, Sol-na, Sopo -na, S ib-no,
Sla in-ny, Rzecz-ny, Hnój-ny, Il-na, Glin-na, Kal-ne, Zd oj-no.
I we look o o ma ions wi h hese elemen s in he Sla ic wa e names, we can
al eady see di e en dis ibu ions in he wa e wo ds o he Sla ic languages
ha a e o med wi h hem and a e o en and commonly known, bu he e a e
also cen e s ha need o be in e p e ed. He e a e some examples: he
dis ibu ion maps o Sla ic wa e names (ca ds 2[…]4) a e mainly in e es ing o
Um aus de Fülle sla ische Gewässe namen äl e e Typen he auszu il e n,
yea s (Udolph 1997,
S aipsniai A icles 181 and 181
Heima und Ausb ei ung indoge manische
S ämme im Lich e de Namen o schung
1998), meh e e K i e ien e mi eln, die ü al e und äl e e Bildungen cha ak e-
is isch sind.
1) They con ain old su ixes ha a e no longe p oduc i e oday. 2) They a e
o a highe age i hey a e de i ed om oday's unp oduc i e appella i es.
3) They go back o di e en ablaze phenomena, bu hei a eas a e pa ly
he same. Cu i o .
4) Sie sind mi sla ischen Su ixen on o sla ischen, d.h. al eu opäischen
Hyd onymen abgelei e .
Ausgehend on de heu igen Ve b ei ung sla ische Sp achen und den oben
pa s o Russia and Bela us, Uk aine, Slo akia and Poland.
MAP 3. Wha is he name o he map? Dis ibu ion o place names con aining Sla ic eka
‘Fluss. Immedia e o ma ions illed wi h black ci cles; whi e ci cles su ixed
o ma ions; in he size o he symbols s agge ed by wa e , place and lowe names (a e Udolph
1979: 257, map 26). This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
JÜRGEN UDOLPH
188 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
Wes uk aine (in Böhmen, Mäh en, de Slo akei und in Slo enien inde sich
nu eine Va ian e) – die Heima und de Ausgangsbe eich de sla ischen Ex-
pansion gesuch we den muss.
3) Ancien Sla ic wa e names can s ill be de e mined by ollowing he aces o
he d ainage. The e a e ablau phenomena in almos all Indo-Ge manic languages, I
men ion he e only singing […] sang […] sang, o e ing […] bo […] o e ed; English
sing […] sang […] sung; Li huanian žalias […] g een […] žolė […] g ass […]; G eek lego […]
logos; Sla ic ek- […] ließen[…] […] ok […]S om[…] (also in po ok, see also abo e).
Howe e , aces o he d ainage in Sla ic […] unlike, o example, Ge manic […]
can only be demons a ed o a small ex en , so ha e en in hyd onymy only a
ew elics a e o be expec ed. Howe e , hese a e o e y special alue and
he e o e hei occu ence and dis ibu ion should be gi en special a en ion.
I' e al eady discussed i abo e. O he impo an cases ollow. Fo he o iginal
Sla ic language, a wo d *jjz- o ъ can be used wi h he meaning […]Quelle,
Niede ung, Bach al, Bo n, S udel[…], which can be used, among o he s, in Old
Russian iz o […] […]Quelle[…], Uk ainian iz i […]kleine Gebi gsbach[…], Se bian,
1979: 163[…]170, see also Schmid 1994: 260 . ).
k oa isch iz o ‘Quelle, Bo n, S udel’ o leb . Dieses Wo en häl eine al e -
ümliche Komposi ion, denn das Sla ische kenn zwa das Ve bum ъ ě i ‘sp u-
deln’, abe kein selbs ändiges * o - (zum Wo - und Namenma e ial s. Udolph
The e o e, he sca e ing o names (ca d 10) is o pa icula impo ance. The
assump ion is ha i could be due o he occu ence in he Ca pa hians and
kidengebie um Ausläu e eine jünge en, südsla ischen Namengebung han-
deln, e bie e sich angesich s des aus de indoge manischen Vo s u e e e b en
Besablau s. The names ound in he Dnies e San a ea a e a he de i ed om a
language s age ha s ill knew he unde lying appella ion. This can only ha e been a
p ecu so o he indi idual Sla ic languages, i.e. in o he wo ds, a common Sla ic
o U sla ic language laye . This map also shows, in compa ison wi h he sca e ing
o he Bagno names (map 7), ha he la e Sou h Sla s no only used a ou e along
he Ca pa hian a c (see map 8), bu also eached he sou he n Balkans on a ious
ou es ac oss p esen -day Romania. Simila o he common names o
*b ъn-*b yns, hese bea clea ly ecognizable aces o an ancien ablau . I 's
abou he Bela usian k ynica, a small lake; Wa e lowing om he ea h, sp ing,
Uk ainian k ynica […]Quelle[…], Polish k ynica, k enica […]Quelle, oun ain[…], which
con inue a basic o m o *k ūnica ( o de ails see Udolph 1994: 367[…]374). The e is a
so-called s e ch s age, which in Uk ainian (dialec al) ky nýcja, ke nýca ‘sou ce,

S aipsniai / A icles 189
Heima und Ausb ei ung indoge manische
S ämme im Lich e de Namen o schung
Old Polish k nicza […] i us[…], Slo enian k nica […]deep spo in he wa e , wa e
whi lpool, i e dep h[…] i s sho owel equi alen is *k ŭnbesi z. I you look a he
occu ence o he k ynica names, which co e a wide a ea, and con on his wi h he
dispe sion o he sho owel ou low a ian (map 11), an a ea becomes clea in which
bo h a ian s occu side by side. The e i o y ha c ys allizes as a esul is ce ainly
o be ega ded as an ancien Sla ic se lemen a ea. MAP 10. Wha is he name o he
game? Sp ead o place names con aining he Sla ic *jjz- o ъ ‘sou ce, well; Ci cles and
iangles symbolize he di e en de elopmen in he Sla ic languages (iz o and z o
espec i ely), s agge ed in size by wa e , place and lowe names (a e Udolph 1994:
169, map 13).
JÜRGEN UDOLPH
190 Li huanian Linguis ic Ac s LXXVI
A emp s o p o e he e hnogenesis o he Sla ic in he Oka a ea (Gołąb 1992), o
Asia (Kuns mann 1996) o o he Balkans (T ubače 1983, on he o he hand, simila
Udolph 1988, 1999) zu e legen, müssen an diesen Ve b ei ungen schei e n. Es
wä e nö ig, sich in ensi e mi diesen Fak en auseinande zu se zen, zumal sich
phenomena also o he ques ion o Ge man homeland and expansion (see below). The
nex case is e y simila . nem, swamp, di , Uk ainian h jaz […] […]Sump, puddle,
Neben dem bekann en ussischen Appella i um g jaz’ ‘Schmu z, Ko ,
Schlamm’, das un e ande em in weiß ussisch h jaz’ ‘au geweich e S elle au ei-
mud[…] and o example in Uk ainian h uz […] […]Sump, moo , mo as […], Bela usian
slo enisch g êz ‘Moo , Schlamm’ En sp echungen besi z , und einen u sla i-
schen Ansa z *g ęz- o ausse z , kenn das Sla ische auch die Ab önung *g ǫz-,
h uzála, h uzalo […]di y place, swampy place[…], Polish g ąz, -g ęzu […]mo as ige
swamp[…] (de ailed discussion a Udolph 1994: 142 […]152). I should be no ed ha he
Sou h Sla ic al eady knows he shade *g znich , i.e. on MAP 11. Sp ead o place
names ha a e Sla ic *k ŭn > k ъnbzw. *k ūn > k yn (bleeding o ms) con aining
diese u sla ischen Ablau a ian e keinen An eil ha .
sp ings, wells, s eams; black illed
se = unmi elba e Bildungen; weiße K eise = su igie e Bildungen; in de G öße de
Symbole ges a el nach Gewässe -, O s-, Flu namen. Die Sch a ie ung kennzeich-
ne den Be eich, in dem nu die ku z okalische *k ŭn-/k ъn-Va ian e begegne (nach
Udolph 1994: 169, map o he ci y
S aipsniai / A icles 191
Heima und Ausb ei ung indoge manische
S ämme im Lich e de Namen o schung
Dem en sp ich die Ve b ei ung in den Namen du chaus (Ka e 12): die Na-
men sind wei ges eu , eine besonde e P oduk i i ä is im Os sla ischen zu
beobach en, das Südsla ische ha nu mi de *g ęz-Va ian e An eil.
A homeland o he Sla ic language in he Balkans is he e o e pe ec ly excluded
( his is a ques ion o ancien Sla ic bleaching a ian s, he p oduc i i y and e ec
o which mus be es ima ed long be o e he in asion o he Balkans). Because o
hese ac s, he Sla ic language may ha e de eloped only no h o he Ca pa hians.
In summa y, his is suppo ed no only by he wo d pai g jaz[…]/h uz jus
discussed, bu also by he p e iously discussed g oups a ound iz o […]/ j ě i,
k ynica and, abo e all, b n-/b yn, which, h ough he names o wa e s in Eu ope
siche e Ve bindung mi einem ge manischen Fa bwo im u sla ischen Wo -
bes and zusä zlich e anke is .
4) Die En deckung, dass sich un e eine einzelsp achlichen Schich on
(whe he i is Ge manic, Cel ic, Sla ic o Bal ic), c ea es a ne wo k o ancien
p e-Eu opean = Indo-Ge manic names. Sp ead o place names, he Sla ic *g ęz-/*g z-
(bloa ing o i ica ion ma ks he a ea whe e only he *g z a ian is encoun e ed
(a e zemyśl; Sanoka, oday no longe known wa e name, 1448 pe lu ium Szanoka,
men) ‘Schlamm, Mo as , Sump ’ en hal en; Vie ecke = *g ęz-; D eiecke = *g ǫz-; in
de G öße de Symbole ges a el nach Gewässe -, O s- und Flu namen; die Sch a -
nea he illage o Sanoka and wi h a diminu i e su ix o -ok-, he in luence o he
Udolph 1997: 59, Ka e 9).
JÜRGEN UDOLPH
192 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
Möglichkei en ü die Bes immung desjenigen Be eichs, in dem sich eine indo-
ge manische Sp ache en wickel ha .
In he Sla ic e i o y, his can be seen mainly in a ew, bu impo an , cases: i
is abou ancien Sla ic su ixes ha ha e appea ed on p e-Sla ic,
Indo-Ge manic oo s, names o bases. Wha is impo an and decisi e hen is
whe e such names a e loca ed. The San Wisłok ibu a y, abou 220 km long, and
De g öß e Fluss Polens, die Wisła, deu sch Weichsel, äg einen eindeu ig
o sla ischen Namen, gleichgül ig, wie man ihn auch e klä en mag (dazu zu-
le z Udolph 1990: 303–311; Babik 2001: 311–315; Bijak 2013: 34). Fü die F a-
he Weichsel ibu a y, abou 165 km long, he Wisłoka, a e o conside able
impo ance.
Mi demselben Su ix sind gebilde Sanok, O am San südwes lich on P -
Sanok, which is called Sanoczek ( o de ails see Rymu , Maj án 1998: 222; Udolph 1990:
264[…]270). E en wi h San, you' e su e i 's a p e-Sla ic name. This is also no changed
by he di e en iew o e ymology (B. Czopek-Kopciuch 2016: 48, in: Nazwy miejscowe
Polski 13, K aków). Wi h he su ix a ian -očj, his also includes Liwocz and
Liwoczka, Flussna-
men bei K akau; auch ein Gebi gszug de Beskiden wi d bei Długosz als Lywocz
e wähn .
All he names a e in he sou h. Sou heas e n Poland, p ecisely in he a ea ha has
been clea ly ma ked as pa o he Old Sla ic se lemen a ea by he Sla ic wo ds
and names al eady discussed. Acco ding o he judgmen o Słownik
P asłowiański (1974: 92) he su ix -okeinen is an ancien Sla ic a chaism. I is ound
appella i ely, o example, in sū édok, snubok, idok, edok, ig ok, inok, e c., bu i s
an iqui y is also shown, among o he hings, in he ac ha i compe es wi h
a chaic a hema ic ibes. I mus be clea ly poin ed ou ha […] as was widely
assumed in he pas […] he exis ence o p e-Sla ic, ancien Eu opean names in he
supposedly ancien o oldes se lemen a ea o Sla ic ibes does no con adic
he assump ion ha his has been ound he e, bu he necessa y consequence is
he ac ha he Indo-Ge manic indi idual languages did no de elop om an
ai less space, bu had o o m on a b oad Indo-Ge manic landscape.
nischen Basis aus eine Schich al eu opäische Namen he ausbilde en, ja man
Since -okum is now an a chaic su ix, he high p obabili y he e can be seen as a
genann en Namen eine äl e en S u e zugewiesen we den. Sie sind dahe mi
S aipsniai / A icles 193
Heima und Ausb ei ung indoge manische
S ämme im Lich e de Namen o schung
link be ween ancien Eu opean and Sla ic hyd onyms.
My summa y o he s udy o wa e names o he ques ion o he oldes
se lemen s o Sla ic ibes is as ollows: he one o he empi e ul illed: i is
he Ca pa hian egion. In a simple mapping, I ha e summa ized he esul s o he
F age, aus sp achliche , sp achwissenscha liche und namenkundliche Sich
ge o de en P ämissen we den on den alle un e such en O s- und Gewäs-
se namen im Hinblick au ein mögliches A eal in einem ganz bes imm en Be-
sp ead o Sla ic wa e wo ds and wa e names (map 13). The co e o he
expansion is an a ea no h o he Ca pa hians, abou be ween K akow and
Buko ina. Howe e , i mus be said wi h all cla i y ha he bo de s a e no so
clea . Expansion o Sla ic ibes in he ligh o geog aphical names
(D a ed by)

JÜRGEN UDOLPH
194 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI
und deu lich angegeben können, wie es die Ka e zu e wecken schein . Es is
he a emp o p esen he co e o he mapping in a simple o m. Each mapping
o a locali y o ype o wa e body a ies, wi h ha dly wo maps co e ing each
o he in hei cen es o pe iphe ies. Bu I s ill hink his mapping makes sense.
Tha 's because he e's ano he aspec ha I ha en' ouched on ye , besides
a chaeology, gene ics, linguis ics, and names and his o y: I mean soil science.
Soil science, soil quali y and he sp ead o geog aphical names I had emphasised a
he beginning o his a icle o make a con ibu ion p ima ily om a linguis ic and
namecundical poin o iew. In ecen yea s, howe e , […] no only in he collec ion
and in e p e a ion o Sla ic names […] has no hing o do wi h geog aphical names,
imme deu liche gezeig , dass es einen wei e en Aspek gib , de anscheinend
bu which, o my knowledge, is o c ucial impo ance o ea ly se lemen s: he
quali y o he soil. Al eady in he wen ies and hi ies o he las cen u y he e
ha e been blika ions de o ed o his subjec . I will no lis he ele an li e a u e
man e such , bes imm e O snamen mi de un e schiedlichen Quali ä des
Bodens in Ve bindung zu b ingen. Eigen lich ha es sei dem imme wiede Pu-
he e and will only men ion he quali y o he wo k and ce ain Sla ic ypes o place
names. Conside ed as ce ain, we we e able o es ablish ha hese ou ypes o
on O o Schlü e (1952–1958). In jüngs e Zei bin ich wiede au Äuße ungen
ges oßen, die deu lich machen, dass ein Zusammenhang zwischen de Boden-
place names occu ed only in he cen al a eas o Löss wi h he mos e ile soils,
we den muss. Ich habe da au in Besp echung nachhal ig hingewiesen (Udolph
2015) und zi ie e hie einige Sä ze on Wal e Wenzel: „In de Obe lausi z
whe e he immig an s had i s se led. The cou se o se lemen depends o a
decisi e ex en on he quali y o he soil, which is e en mo e e iden in he Lowe
Lusa ian pa o he coun y: his can be con i med by conc e e soil alues om
he A las o he His o y and Geog aphy o Saxony. I ha e he de ense in on o
auch au kü ze e En e nungen ech un e schiedlich sein können“. Und an an-
me, and i 's imp essi e o see how hey' e wo king h ough he ui .
Coincidences a e ou o he ques ion he e. Le us no y o ans e hese new
gleich man die Ve b ei ung dieses Namen yps […] mi de Bodenwe ka e on
W. S ams [(1998)], so is de u sächliche Zusammenhang zwischen Bodenquali-
ä und Namen yp nich zu übe sehen“ (Wenzel 2014). Die angesp ochene Ka -
indings o he soils o Poland and Uk aine. A "Löss-A las" (Haase e al. 2007)
ba e en Boden abhebende Lands ich on Kamenz übe Bau zen bis Gö li z mi
Ka ie ungen al e sla ische O snamen in Deckung b ingen läss . Dabei spiel
S aipsniai / A icles 195
Heima und Ausb ei ung indoge manische
S ämme im Lich e de Namen o schung
auch eine wich ige Rolle, ob die be e enden Böden leich ode schwe zu be-
published in 2007 is pa icula ly help ul he e, om which I ha e aken a
I'll gi e you a cu .
I makes no e o o include he sp ead o he loess in he P eca pa hian
egion wi h he ancien Sla ic aqua ic esea ch collec ed in his a icle o his
men in Kong uenz zu se zen.
Dabei muss man na ü lich noch einbeziehen, dass Lössböden nich imme
leich zu bea bei en sind. Mein o sich ige Ve such, E kenn nisse de Al -
ques ion, b ough me o some s udies, om which I would like o ex ac only a
ew passages. As a layman in he ield o soil esea ch, i is ad isable o be e y
ca e ul he e. Bu he ollowing ema ks al eady subs an ially suppo my
GeKARTE 14. Sp ead in eas e n Poland and Uk aine. I 's me. This is Minsk, Ki. This is
danken. So heiß es bei F i z Sche e (1978: 16–117): „Sei dem Neoli hikum
ha in Mi eleu opa eine e hebliche Einengung de damals ü Siedlungszwecke
Kie .
dunkelg au = Löss übe 5 m S ä ke (nach Haase u. a. 2007).
JÜRGEN UDOLPH
196 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI he ma shes, he ma shes and he cen al
be o zug en Schwa ze de-A eale […] s a ge unden […]. Bis zu Gegenwa
wu den die schwe en Böden de Lößgebie e, de jungen G undmo änen-Land-
moun ains a e conside ed o be mo e sui able o ag icul u al p oduc ion han
he ligh e soils, as hey ha e highe s ocks o plan nu ien s [...][…]. And a ew
pages la e , B unk Meye (1978: 119) a gues ha hea y K[alium]- ich soils a e
exp essed, which I de i e om a discussion wi h Ki s in Casemi
o z schwe e Belas ba kei in den mi elal e lichen Rodungspe ioden be o -
zug wu den.
Dennoch möch e ich hie noch einen dami zusammenhängenden Gedan-
(Gö ingen/Müns e ) on loess soils and he age o place names. A close look a
he dis ibu ion o place names (e.g. in he eas e n Lowe Schluss) e eals ha
he oldes Ge manic place names, i.e. he su ix o ms, a e no in he co e a eas
sachsen, dazu aus namenkundliche Sich einschlägig: Casemi 2003) zu dem
o he Lößmulden, he undoub edly oldes se lemen a eas, bu on hei edges
(Casemi 2003: 410 acco ding o Mülle 1952: 144). A simila iew is aken by Ge ha d
O e beck (quo ed in Casemi 1997: 49, no e 212), who a gues ha he p e e ence
o quali a i ely poo e soils in olde se lemen s is ela ed o he " echnical"
capabili ies o he se le s in soil cul i a ion. The mo e e ile, bu a he same
ime hea ie soils, as hey we e used and se led only a a la e da e. I we
ans e his o he sp ead o loess in wes e n Uk aine and sou heas e n
Poland, i is e y s iking ha he cen e o he Old Sla ic names is in he a ea
den meis en -bü el-O en zu inden sind, könn en e s mi e besse em Ge ä
bea bei e we den. Aus diesem G und seien die besse en Böden zunächs kaum
whe e he sp ead o loess is g adually sp eading (Fig. 14), i.e. abou in he a ea
wes o Kie be ween K akow in he wes and Winnycja and Moldo a in he eas .
To make a long s o y sho , he dis ibu ion o good soils coincides wi h ha o
ancien Sla ic names. I his is co ec , we can s a in he Ca pa hian Moun ains
om a ge m cell […] be e : om a co e landscape […] Sla ic se lemen . The
exis ence o p e-Sla ic bu Indo-Ge manic names and wa e names, he
s uc u e o which sugges s ha hey a ose om an Indo-Ge manic base, bu
hen also de eloped Sla ic peculia i ies, can now […] as abo e, a con inuous
p ocess om an Indo-Ge manic dialec a ea has o med he language g oup ha
we call Sla ic oday.
gesag – nu so e s anden we den, dass sich hie in einem Jah hunde elang
S aipsniai / A icles 197
Heima und Ausb ei ung indoge manische
S ämme im Lich e de Namen o schung
Da o enba de gu e Boden dabei eine Rolle gespiel haben können, möch e
I pu he ollowing conside a ion o he deba e: good soils lead o be e
ha es s, minimize o e all mo ali y and child mo ali y, and lead o a popula ion
o e p essu e ha can only be educed by a g adual expansion o se lemen
ac i i y. The same can be said o he ques ion o he homeland and expansion o
Ge manic ibes, o niche dialec ou ( he ancien Eu opean hyd onym and
de ich gleich kommen we de.
Die in ensi e Un e suchung de geog aphischen Namen Os - und Mi eleu-
opas üh zu de E kenn nis, dass sich das Sla ische aus einem indoge ma-
Bal ic-Ge manic-Sla ic coincidences play a ole in his) mus ha e un olded in a
ela i ely limi ed space be ween uppe Weichsel and Buko ina, a Bal o-Sla ic
in e media e s age canno ha e exis ed, i came o ea ly, ha dly ea ing
con ac s wi h Bal ic and Ge manic ibes, and by a s ong expansion he la e
esidences o Eas , Wes and Sou h Sla ic peoples we e eached. These we e
e y simila o he Sla ic expansion.
ungen sind bei kel ischen und ge manischen S ämmen beobach e wo den, al-
2. HEIMAT UND EXPANSION
GERMANI SCHER SIEDLER
NACH AUSWEIS DER NAMEN
The de elopmen o he Ge manic language ibe om an Indo-Ge manic ances o
mus p obably be da ed ea lie han in he case o Sla ic. A ound 500 C.E. The e a e
al eady signi ican di e ences in language s uc u es wi hin Ge manic, such as
be ween Eas Ge manic (Go hic), No h Ge manic (Rune, U no dic) and Wes
Ge manic. Acco ding o mos linguis s, he de elopmen o Ge manic as an
independen b anch can be obse ed, among o he hings, in he e ec o he
i s (Ge manic) sound shi , o example, in he pe iod a ound 500 BC. Le 's ge o
i . This has appa en ly cap u ed all he Ge manic language b anches in a e y
uni o m way and wi hou much di e ence in i s e ec s - con a y o he esul s
o he second (high Ge man) sound shi , o example. I am o he opinion ha his
p ocess mus ha e aken place in a ela i ely small geog aphical a ea, o he wise
he e would ce ainly ha e been g ea e di e ences in he e lexes o he sound
displacemen . Ob iously, ha 's no he case. I is ques ionable whe he he hesis
ha he Ge manic Ve ley B ook, 693 (copy 11 h cen u y) was e i ied; Black i h;
wha is i ? 972 (copy o 1050) o he Bo d iðig; Chau e h, in he yea 1086. Child ey,
JÜRGEN UDOLPH
204 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI
England besi z zahl eiche und zum Teil seh al e Namen wie Abbe d; Be-
please. Cold ey, 973-74 (copy o he 12 h cen u y) ( o) col iðe; I 's called Cole eady.
C op edy, please. Co e ed, 1086 Chod ei; and 1228 Ealdime e i hi; This is he name
o he ci y. Eel i he, in he yea 680
Ael i he; E e iddy; E i h; Fing i h; 693 Gewässe name Fugel iðie; Ful eady; Ful-
i he; Goose ye; Hend ed, 984 Henna ið; 774 Hweol iðig; Land i h; Sho e y, 699–
709 (K. 11 h cen u y) Sco a ið u. .a.m. (also known as Sco a ið u. .a.m.)
The mapping (see Map 18) shows ha hese names a e ound mainly in no he n
Ge many, he Ne he lands, Belgium and England. Appa en ly, he se le s
immig a ed o England ia he canal. e) An old wo d ha connec s No h Ge many
and England in pa icula is Ge man Hude. A Ge man speake knows his only om
place names, especially om Bux ehude, Fische hude, Ha es ehude and he
S einhude Sea. The meaning o his wo d emains unknown o oday's speake s.
Hude is ound in no he n Ge many mainly in se lemen names ha lie on wa e s,
in cen al-lowe Ge man i is s ill e e ed o as hûde […]holzlage pla z, s acking
place a a wa e connec ion, e y s a ion[…]. E en in oday's English i is unknown,
bu in Old English i is s ill a es ed: hyð […]Pla z, which akes up he ship a landing,
a sui able low sho e, a small ha bou […].
In e es ing is he dispe sion o place names. F om Ge many I ha e collec ed, among
o he hings: Al enhude; Ashen head; Bille hude, wha a e you doing? Dockenhuden,
1184 Dockenhu he, which is in he no h o he coun y. he skin o he dead; 1346
Eckhude; and Fische hude, 1124 Widagheshude; and The lamingo. women's hai ; g een
hai ; Hamhude; wha is i ? Ha es ed skin; The headd ess; Huden a Meppen, 1037
-hu hun in he e idence o Hla eshu hun; Hodenhagen, 1168 (copy o he 18 h
cen u y) om Hode u.ö. ; Hude (o en), also wi h Umlau Hude; Huden, a ound 920
Hu hun; I 's called Hudau. Manu ac u e om ma e ials o any heading, excep ha
o he p oduc . Kayhude; Lowe and uppe skulls; The Pahlhude; The knigh hood; S apelhude, 1258 in loco qui dici u S apelhu he; S einhude a he S einhude Sea, 2.H. The 14 h cen u y. To he s ony head; The Tespe hude; The win e coa .
The Ne he lands also has place names: Coude Hide in Seeland; Coxide, 1270 o
coxhyde; Coxide (also known as coxidine); Hude, 1405 Hude; and The hood is d y.
The skin s a um; 1359 le Hyde, a he chu ch o Dünki chen; Nieuwe Yde nea
Nieuwpoo o Eas Duinke ke, 1277 No a Hida; and Ra e sijde, 1401 Wil a ens
hyde, which is loca ed in he dis ic o Ra e sijde. Lomba sijde, 1408 Lombae ds yde, which is loca ed in he no he n pa o he ci y. Yde, 1331 in he Hide.
The place names in England a e impo an and old: Ald e h, 11691172 Al eheð(a),
-huða; The Bablock Hy he; Bleadney, 712 (K. 14 h cen u y) ad po am quae dici u
Bledeni he; also known as Bledeni he; Bolney, 1086 Bollehede; and The Bul e hy he;
Chelsea, 785 Cealchyþ, Celchyð, 801 Caelichy h; and he su ounding a ea. 1275 Chol
leshe he; He was he son o a weal hy me chan . Clayhi he, in he yea 1268.
Co ehi he; and C eeksea, 1086 C iccheseia; and Downham Hy he, 1251 Dunham Hy he; and Ea i h, 1244 He he h; and E i h, 695 Ea hyd; and Fishhy he; F ecinghy e; Glan y, 675 (K. 13 h cen u y) Glen huþe; also known as Glen huþe

S aipsniai / A icles 205
Heima und Ausb ei ung indoge manische
S ämme im Lich e de Namen o schung
G eenhi he; and (mul iple hea hs); Hidden, 984 (K. a ound 1240) (innan) Hydene; The
Hi he B idge; Hi e, 959 (K. abou 1200) Hyde; Hi e, 1306 a he heigh ; Ho si h, 1249
Ho sy h Hyde, 1333 a he Hi he; Ho seway, 1238 Ho s(e)hy he; and Hullasey, 1086
Hunla esed; and Huy on, in he yea 1086. Hy he (Su ey), 675 (K. 13 h cen u y)
and huþe; Hy he (Camb idge), 1221 He helod; and Hy he (Ken ), 1052 (on) Hy he; and
Hy he (Hampshi e), 1248 (la) Hu he; Knai h, 1086 Cheneide, […] cnêoõþ; This is he
i s ime I' e seen i . Lakenhea h, a ound 945 A.D. Lambe h, 1041 Lambhyed; and
Maidenhead, 1202 Maideheg; and P a shide, abou 1250. Rackhea h, 1086 and
Rachei ha; Ro he hi he, a ound 1105 Rede heia; Saw y, 974 Sal eiam; and Small
Hy he, hi een. Jh. I 's called Smalide. S epney, a ound 1000 S ybbanhy h;
Swa esey o 1080 Suauesheda; Welsh, allegedly 675 Weales skin.9 The
sp ich , dass Siedle aus Schleswig-Hols ein ode Jü land nach England gekom-
p oli e a ion o names (see Map 19) clea ly shows ha he e is no hing o be
gained by i . Ra he , he place names in Flande s mus be aken in o accoun ,
which appa en ly o m he b idge be ween he Ge man and English names.
de-Namen „ein s a kes Zeugnis ü die He kun des S ammes de südengli-
schen Be ölke ung aus de niede deu schen Ebene“ sind10.
Al eady a hund ed yea s ago, He mann Jellinghaus had ecognized ha he -hu9 Acco ding o Udolph 1994: 472, map 44.
10 In: England 20 (1898) 290. This is he i s ime I' e seen i .
KARTE 19. d . hude, engl. hyð usw. in O snamen9
JÜRGEN UDOLPH
206 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
Die Ve b ei ungska en inne halb de Ge mania zeigen, wie ich oben schon
beme k e, auch deu liche Beziehungen nach No den. Diese sind ühe as im-
I has been in e p e ed as an expansion o Ge manic ibes om hei no he n
Eu opean homeland o he sou h. Howe e , i can be clea ly shown ha i is a
mo e likely o be based on an o iginal homeland in con inen al Ge man (see Udolph
1994: 830[…]918). We owe mo e accu a e knowledge o he sp ead o he wo d
KARTE 20. Ve b ei ung on hauga- in geog aphischen Namen (aus Bischo 1975,
*haugaz in he
S aipsniai A icles 207 and 207
Heima und Ausb ei ung indoge manische
S ämme im Lich e de Namen o schung
a) Eine S udie on Ka l Bischo (1975; gl. auch Udolph 1994: 859–863)
Ge manischen, das u.a. bezeug is in ano d. haug ‘Hügel, G abhügel’, man
beach e e ne in ähnlichen Bedeu ungen isl. haugu , ä . heyggju , heygu , no w.
haug, schwed. hög, al dän. høgh, dän. høi. Es inde sich abe auch in O snamen
Deu schlands, eine Ve b ei ungska e bie e Bischo (1975: Beilage).11
b) Ganz ähnlich ges eu is klin , ein Wo , das als Appella i um o allem
im No den bezeug is :
The Danish. I 's called he S eiles Mee esu e , Swedish. Klin […] summi o a hill[…],
assimila ed seconda y o m in Swedish. The dial. Kle , om No way. The dial. The
moun ain op, he s eep sea sho e, is al eady he e. Kle is a ee-s anding cli ,
ablau o m in No way. The dial. Cli edge, moun ain peak and Danish clien . A lump
is a lump, a lump, a lumpy pe son. Bu in he name in en o y, he "Ceme e y o
Wo ds", i also occu s o a conside able ex en in he con inen al Ge manic a ea,
as Map 21 shows. The sca e ing is e y simila o ha o hauga.
11 Nach Udolph 1994: 868–881, mi Ka e 68.
KARTE 21. Ve b ei ung on klin in geog aphischen Namen11
JÜRGEN UDOLPH
208 Li huanian Linguis ic Ac s LXXVI
This also includes he o en discussed and much ci ed basic wo d -leben, no dge man.
-le , which is a es ed in abou 200 place names, e.g. in Uh sleben, E xleben, Eilsleben,
Eime sleben; Asche sleben, Osche sleben, Eisleben, Ba leben, Roßleben, which is loca ed in he sou he n pa o he coun y.
leben, und in Dänema k und Südschweden als Bindsle , Je sle , Rosle , Falsle ,
Tingle u.a.12
The e's some hing w ong wi h Zug unde. Laiba, he emnan , he es , ahd.
Nachlaß’, a ies. lâ a ‘Hin e lassenscha , E be, E b ech ’, al engl. lâ ‘Hin e -
lassenscha , E be’, al no d. lei ‘Übe es ’, adän. kunungle ‘K ongu ’. Im 1. Teil
Leiba, please. Lè a ‘Res , inhe i ance, is always a pe sonal name in he geni i e singula 13.
12 Nach Udolph 1994: 503, Ka e 47.
13 Dazu zule z Winkle 2009.
MAP 22. This is he i s ime I' e seen i . Dis ibu ion o
- li e in geog aphical a eas
Name and add ess 12
S aipsniai A icles 209 o
Heima und Ausb ei ung indoge manische
S ämme im Lich e de Namen o schung
Die ungewöhnliche S euung de Namen ( gl. Ka e 22) is o disku ie
Bu he la ges and mos comp ehensi e book on hese names ound almos no
conside a ion (Ba he). I you include his, i speaks mo e o a sou h-no h
mig a ion mo emen han he e e se di ec ion, c . Udolph , please .
1994: 497–513).14
And a inal example o he name connec ions be ween he con inen and he
Scandina ian no h: in no he n Ge man place names, one assumes Middle Low
Ge man wedel, al sächs. Widil ‘Fu , which is ela ed o ano. adhell, adhall, adhill
[…] a shallow spo in he jo d o c oss he wa e […], No way. al, aul […]seich e
Fjo ds elle[…], in place names also Voil, Veel, Danish. I know, page 16. Jh., 14 A e
Udolph 1994: 892906, wi h ca d 71.
MAP 23. Wha is he name o he game? Dis ibu ion o -wedel-*wadilin geog aphical names 14

JÜRGEN UDOLPH
210 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI
O snamen Veile, Veilby, Veielgaa d, Veilö, Faa e eile, die Bedeu ung in Däne-
The ma k is p ima ily a "passage h ough moo land". The connec ions wi h he
Scandina ian No h, which a e b ie ly ou lined he e, a e also ound in a peculia i y
which lies in he ac ha only in he No dic egion a e a es ed appella i es also
ound in he name o he con inen al Ge manic a ea (deal wi h in de ail and
in e p e ed by Udolph (2000, 2004, 2011). We now know mo e han h ee dozen such
cases, including he names B aunlage, Do s ad , Kösen, Coes eld15, Oh um, Oe ie,
Rhön16, Scheuen, Scheie. They can only come om an ancien , common o ea ly
Ge manic pe iod and show ha he unde lying appella i es mus ha e belonged o
his ancien laye .
Ka ie man diese O snamen (s. Ka e 24), so zeig sich, dass es ein Zen -
The e a e place names ha can only be explained by Scandina ian wo ds: i is
eas e n Lowe Saxony wi h he adjacen a eas in Saxony-Anhal , Thu ingia and
No h Hesse. A e y simila pic u e eme ges,
15
In: Ko smeie 2016: 90–94.
16 In: Asche om 2015: 203 .
MAP 24. Wha is he name o he game? Scandina ia i you look o
sche Wö e in deu -
schen O snamen
S aipsniai A icles 211 o
Heima und Ausb ei ung indoge manische
S ämme im Lich e de Namen o schung
Appella i a, which can only be ound in Scandina ia and he Alemannic
egion17, in place names o he con inen 18.
Fo ma ion o su ixes
I is known ha in Ge manic language his o y, composi es we e used in educa ion,
de Subs an i a ein wich ige Wandel s a ge unden ha : wäh end heu e o al-
e.g. Ge man hand owel, ca i e, house wall, English. main doo , o es pa h, ca
y e, No wegian main doo , sko ej, bildæk, wo-way. These can be based on he
de e man in ühge manische Zei neue Wö e o allem mi Su ixen, also
als Ablei ung: *gab-lo- ‘Gabel’, *ham-iþja- ‘Hemd’. Bei de Suche nach al e -
ümlichen ge manischen O snamen sind dahe die Su ixbildungen besonde s
de e mina ion o he oldes se lemen a eas (Ge manic ibes) as go . I'm no
sche S ämme on en scheidende Bedeu ung. Aus Pla zg ünden wähle ich hie
nu wenige Beispiele aus.
a) -s-Bildungen.
Das Ge manische ha in al e Zei -s-Bildungen in seinem appella i ischen
Bes and z.T. e e b , z.T. abe auch noch neu gebilde . E inne sei e wa an al e
E bwö e wie go . aiz, ba iz-eins, imis sowie z.T. Neubildungen (die auch au
su e wha you' e alking abou . I 's called chubu a. Fu he de elopmen s o he
su ix -sa/-sō, such as o ms wi h a middle owel such as ahd, a e s ill
cha ac e is ic o Ge manic. F ee, eli a, and elis. Hans K ahe and Wol gang Meid
(1967: 137) also gi e a b ie compila ion o […]Al ge m. Names wi h an s-su ix. In
addi ion o pe sonal names such as Gabso, Ha iso, Aliso, Tho iso, i e names such
as Ems and E ze a e also men ioned, which a e igh ly placed in a ela ionship wi h
non-Ge manic ma e ial and mee eal wa e names o ancien Eu opean hyd onymy
den. En sp echende Bildungen im Namenbes and haben R. Mölle (2000) und
J. Udolph (1994: 199–218) un e such und zusammenges ell . Dabei übe gehe
ich hie die Ta sache, dass -s-Bildungen auch schon un e den o einzelsp ach-
(b ie ly add essed by Udolph 1994: 199[…]201).
Among o he hings, hey include: Wüs ung Blekisi, 826 […] 876 in Blekisi, Wüs ung Degese, 1196
Degese, De ese, Gebesee nea E u , 802 […] 815 Gebise; The a my o He i lu n. 1692 in Le s,
si, Hünxe, 1092 Hungese, WgN. Ilse bei Bo zen, 1031 Ilisa, Il ese, 1096 Hil- ise,
Klings bei Bad Salzungen, 869 Clingison, Leisa an de Ede , 8. Jh. Lehesi, Lihesi,
ON. Lens a he bo om, 1.H. The 9 h cen u y. Linesi, Meensen 18 See also This is Udolph 2004a.
bei Gö ingen, 990 Manisi, Resse bei Recklinghausen, 10. Jh. Redese, Reese bei
17 Zum Thema s. Kolb 1957 und Alemannien und de No den 2004.
Mapping o he co esponding and supplemen ed names o Udolph 2010b:
153.
JÜRGEN UDOLPH
212 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
This is S olzenau 11. Jh. Raedese, Schlipps nea F eising, be ween 851 and 1130
Slip es, Slipphes, Sliphes, Schlip s, Seelze nea Hanno e , 1160 Selessen, 1187
Selesse, Flu N. Sö z, swamp o es nea Gosla , old So isse, Vielsho nea
Meinwe ci Vilisi.19
Die Ka ie ung (Ka e 25) zeig ein Bild, das wi je z auch schon aus ande-
en Ve b ei ungska en kennen: Ke nbe eich sind Südniede sachsen, das wes -
Salzko en, Vi a liche Saxony-Anhal , no he n and wes e n Thu ingia, no he n Hesse and Wes phalia.
b) -s o ma ions
Especially in he Bal ics he e a e nume ous o ma ions wi h a -s su ix, om
mi sind u.a. bekann gewo den: in Le land Llas e, Ļubas s, Ļubeş a, M mas a,
he es o he Bal ics Ab-is , Akn-ys , A -s as, A in-úos as, Deb -es is,
G ab-uos , Iẽž-es a, Lam-s as, Lauk-ys , Lok-ys , Malk-ës a, Pekl-ys , Sa -ìs as,
Tau -ós a, Uol-as , Va n-úas a, Ým-as a, om Aus ia Ais […] Agis , om
F ance Palaisse […] Al […]s , om Dalma ica, T ies e, T ies e, Seges e, Penes e,
A es e, om Venice. 19 A e Udolph 1994: 199218, wi h ca d 25.
MAP 25. Wha is he name o he game? -s su ix in geog aphical names o Cen al Eu ope19
S aipsniai A icles 213 and 213
Heima und Ausb ei ung indoge manische
S ämme im Lich e de Namen o schung
In addi ion o he wo cen es ha a e cha ac e is ic o his egion, namely
he Bal ic and he a eas a ound he Ad ia ic, he e is ano he a ea which has
a signi ican sha e o he su ix in he name: Cen al and No he n Eu ope. A
mo e accu a e dis ibu ion is shown in map 26, which includes:
866 Ales a, ON b. Cha le oi, Als , 12. This is he i s ime I' e seen i . Jh. Ales ,
Aals , ON. Wha a e you doing? in Flande s, 866 Alos , Aals , ON. I is loca ed in
Flande s, 866 Alos , Aals , ON. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . Aals in
Gelde land, a ound he yea 850 Halo-s a, Als b. Lee , 12. Jh. Als ; and FlN. Wha is
i ? Ap els äd , also ON., 775 Aplas ; A zbach was bo n in Go ha, 1049 A es bach;
Be e s b. Tonge n, 1314 Be e s ; also known as Be e s . My ellow ci izens:
Bilis i; FlN. Wha is i ? Bu dis , 755 Bu dis (also known as Rhein); I 's called
Agis e l. in he illage o Eeks b. Assen; Eh s en was bo n in Kassel, old He is i,
b. Osnab ück, 1146 Ha s ; Ha s e b. Gö ingen 1141 He s e, Ha s e; Flu N. Ides-
He s e; Els b. Nimwegen, 726 Helis ê; also known as Els b. Ennes b. Olpe, 1175
En-nes ; also known as En-nes The wo s o he wo s , 1096 A ges e; E els e b.
i z b. Zings , 9. Jh. B idas i; ON. Rans b. An we pen, 1140 Rams , 1148 Rans ;
Riems b. Tonge n, 1066 Reijmos ; Rums b. An we pen, 1157 Rumes e; Sels en b.
Geilenki chen, *Salis ; Thüs e b. Hameln, 1022 (F.) Tiugus e, Thiugus e; Villigs
b. E gs e, 1170 Vilges e; Zings bei Neb a, 1203 Cindes .
Pa ensen, who was bo n in 1246 in E els e; Ex en b. Rin eln, 896 Ach is e; also
known as Ex en b. I 's on. Fo s b. Holzminden, also known as Fa is a; Hu y up. I
b. Emden; The inne mos , old Ind is a; WgN. Wha a e you doing? 1106 Lammes e
bo n in Hano e ; I 's on. Landas b. Lille, o me ly known as Landas ; He was bo n in
Hano e , 1229 de Leues e. I 's on. In he mean ime, nume ous o he pa allels ha e
hei läß sich -es - nachweisen in Al-es , A -es , Id-es -, Lames e, Tind-es -; -as -
e schein o enba in Ap-l-as , Ha -as -, Landas und B edh-as i; seh häu ig is
-is -: Bil-is , Bu d-is , El-is -, Am-is -, An(d?)-is -, A g-is -, Ag -is -, Fa -is -ina,
been added o his collec ion om 1994, especially h ough he comp ehensi e
examina ion o he place names o Lowe Saxony and Wes phalia. I should be
no ed ha he place names wi h he s su ix in hei p e ix elemen show he
mos di e se a ian s. Wi h some ce ain y Ha -is a, Le -is a, Ram-is a, Sal-is ,
Fa -is , and Felg-is . The di e si y o he su ix is pe ec ly consis en wi h he
obse a ions in he appella i e s ock. Especially in Ge manic and Bal ic languages,
he co espondence can be easily p o en. Fo mos o he place names compiled,
Be e s , Eex , Eh s en, Ides en/I zs ed , Landas , Riems , Sels en/Zels /Zeels , Thüs-
he Ge manic ela ionships can be compa ed, o example, o he ollowing place names, which can be explained qui e con incingly wi h he help o Ge manic wo d ma e ial: Awis , e, illigs , zings .
Wäh end sich Namen mi -s -Su ix auch im nich ge manischen Siedlungs-
aum inden lassen, is das bei dem olgenden Bildungselemen ande s.
JÜRGEN UDOLPH
220 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI shows he yield igu es o he coun y
[…] he bes soils appea in da k colou s (map 3022.)
The sou ce om which his mapping is de i ed explains: "Only on he coas and sou h o he
Midland Canal do good soils p edomina e. In he sandy sea o Gees and Heide, a ew " a eyes"
swim wi h good, clay soils, like a ew a eyes on a ba en soup (Uelzen; Lüchow; Wese -, Leine-,
Alle al; A land; Hoya-Syke-Goldens ed ) […]23. The co espondence be ween soil quali y and
ancien place names is pa icula ly e iden in he ollowing compa a i e mapping, which
shows bo h he dis ibu ion o -i hi place names in Lowe Saxony and he yield igu es o he
soils o Lowe Saxony (Maps 31, 32). We can he e o e d aw he same conclusions as in he
discussion o he Sla ic homeland: i is clea ha he dis ibu ion o he bes soils o Cen al
and No he n Ge many is simila o ha o he old-g ow h black soils, which a e among he
bes soils in Ge many. E e y a me knows wha i means when 22 ou o 80 o mo e soil
poin s a e emo ed:
nischen Gewässe - und O snamen übe eins imm . Es is bekann , dass die
Bö den (Soes e Bö de, Calenbe ge Lössbö de, Hildesheime Bö de, Magde-
bu ge Bö de) im no ddeu schen Al mo änengebei am Rande de Mi elgebi -
e2002/hochschulen.pd .
23 S. Anm. 27.
Ca ds one, wo, h ee. Dis ibu ion o -i hi place names and yield measu emen s o
soils in Lowe Saxony

S aipsniai / A icles 221
Heima und Ausb ei ung indoge manische
S ämme im Lich e de Namen o schung
is spoken. As I men ioned abo e in he discussion o he Sla ic language, good soil
gene ally leads o good and be e ha es s han wo se soil. The esul is lowe
in an mo ali y and highe li e expec ancy. The popula ion is inc easing, which
in u n leads o a ce ain o e popula ion, emig a ion and sp ead o he language
o he speake s o his egion. Su p ising inds such as hose in he
Lich ens ein Ca e a Os e ode and he ealiza ion ha he
3,000 yea s o li ing humans s ill ha e descendan s in his a ea oday (p o en by
DNA analyses; picked up and ea ed om an onomas ic poin o iew and
supplemen ed by Udolph 2009), show ha om a se lemen con inui y in he
icini y o he Ha z wi h ce ain y p oceeded who
den kann.
The Cel ic 3.
F om summa ies o he s a e o Cel ic place names, i can be seen ha he e is
ag eemen ha he island Cel ic wa e names a e he in es iga ions o
du ch Übe siedlung om Kon inen en s anden is 24. Die U sp ünge sind also
im mi le en ode wes lichen Eu opa zu suchen. Fü die es landkel ischen Ge-
Pie e-Hen y Billy (1993), Xa ie Delama e (2003), Alexande Falileye (2006), Ranko
Ma aso ić (2009) and also he assump ions o linguis ics. Though s a e only he
Pa ick Sims-Williams (2006) on besonde em We . Die olgende Ka e basie
o allem au a chäologischen Fo schungen, en sp ich abe in hohem Maße
i s s eps o a la ge p ojec . He igh ly emphasises ha he p ocessing o
Den en scheidenden Sch i abe mach e – das is meine Übe zeugung – Pe-
e Busse (2007) in einem kleinen Bei ag eine Kel ologen-Tagung, wobei diese
hyd onyms is impe a i e, since his "in iew o he ques ion o Cel ic se lemen
has no ye been esol ed" (Busse 2007: 89), because unlike s udies, no s udies ha e
been ca ied ou in his a ea. Almos all esea che s belie e ha his issue should
be a oided. 24 Fo he ollowing, see Udolph 2009/2011.
manische , sla ische und ge manische Gewässe namen wu den im Kel ischen
Mi Rech ag P. Busse danach, ob bei de F age nach eine „Kel izi ä “
on Siedle n a chäologische A gumen e eine Rolle spielen können ode sol-
len. Als Haup e e e eines „Kel oskep izismus“ nenn e Simon James (1999)
JÜRGEN UDOLPH
222 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI
und John Collis (2003), „wobei le z e e e ns zunehmende Einwände gegen die
Iden i ika ion on a chäologische E idenz und e hnische Zuo dnung lie e “.
Dieses deck sich in hohem Maße mi de mode nen Fo schung in Deu schland,
wobei o allem au S. B a he (2004) zu e weisen is .25
P. Busse d aws he only easonable conclusion om his: i you look o Cel s om
a linguis ic poin o iew, hen his can only happen wi h linguis ic a gumen s. Bu i
you do ha , hen you ha e o - and his is absolu ely impe a i e - no only include
he geog aphical names, bu gi e hem a e y high s a us. Among hese, he wa e
names a e o pa icula impo ance. Fo he ques ion o he oldes esidences o
Cel ic speake s is a e 25 Ou :
h p://www. imedi e .de/Kel enwel _am_Glaube g.h ml (access: 9.6.2017). MAP 33.
seine Ansich nach e was wich ig gewo den, das anhand des Sla ischen und
Ge manischen schon e such wo den is : da die En al ung eine indoge -
manischen Sp ach amilie aus einem indoge manisch- o einzelsp achlichen
This is he i s ime I' e seen i . Can he mig a ions, land acquisi ions, and
in luence o he Cel s up o he i s p e-Ch is ian cen u y be conside ed as
e idence o a Cel ic expansion, i.e. as an o iginal homeland?
S aipsniai 223 A icles and a icles
Heima und Ausb ei ung indoge manische
S ämme im Lich e de Namen o schung
Dialec a ea has been a long p ocess […] one mus ce ainly expec o ind elics
Jah hunde en echnen – so sind in diesem Gebie nich nu Gewässe namen
eine Einzelsp ache, e wa Kel isch, Bal isch, Ge manisch, sonde n auch in-
o Doge manic-Vo einzelsp ach. The un olding mus be he Cel ic homeland.
sich in den Hyd onymen wide spiegeln, ode , ande s gesag , ein Gebie , in dem
es nu einzelsp achliche, e wa nu kel ische Namen gib , kann nich das Gebie
Buss's p ojec , which he o e s only in i s basic ea u es, […]in ends, using and
combining he esul s o p e ious s udies and p ojec s on he subjec o
[…]Cel ici y[…] [...] o ind an answe o he ques ion o how men, o whom wo ds
die Hyd onymie ein aussagek ä iges Bild übe die ühe Besiedlungsgeschich-
e kel ischsp achige Be ölke ungsg uppen zuläss “ (Busse 2007: 91 .). Dabei
geh es, H. K ahe olgend und öllig ich ig, in e s e Linie um Gewässe na-
o […]wa e , i e , low[…], e c. They' e based on. Taking in o accoun s udies
om he Ge manic, Bal ic and Sla ic a eas, he de elops he ollowing co e
ques ions:
• Is ein Gebie eine „kel ischen Hyd onymie“ iden i izie ba , das als Nuk-
• To wha ex en does his nucleus coincide wi h he expansion o he
Halls a ? The cul u e o Tène?
In o de o ind answe s o his, he deals wi h, on he one hand, wa e names
ha lie on Cel ic e i o y bu a e o p e-Cel ic o igin, and, on he o he hand,
Cel ic names. Included a e, in e alia: A, Aenus, Dubis, Douglas and his ela i es,
De y, De on, De oke Wa e , Old I ish dobu wi h n z. Dou e (1128 Dob a),
Dou es (app oxima ely 380 Dub is), Ve double a. 79 Ve no-dub um D eck; also
usw.; span. Dob a u.a.m., d . Taube , engl. Do e ; die Sippe um Glanis, Glanum,
Glanon, Glan, Glene, Glane; ba a < *gweh3w- ‘Fango’, gl. kym . baw ‘Schmu z,
known as he "Dub is o Ve double". bo m- o bo w- o bo b- […]bhe - […]wollen,
wallen, gä en, cook[…] in Bo b o (Bou b e), Bo o(n) […]Quellgo […], Fo mio, in
F ance Bo mane (Ain), Bou bonne (Aube), La Bou b e (Ise e) and many o he s. ;
b ig- < *bhghzu *bhe egh- […]high, exal ed[…], pe haps in he meaning
[…]Obe lau […] in B igia (B aye = Loi ), B igulos (Saône […] Rhône) u. .a.m. ; I'm no
su e wha you' e alking abou . Esc […] Wa e wi h Esca/Escia/ Hisca (Isch → Saa )
and o he s. ; F u a- <*s(w) u u-, c . kym isch jF-wd, i ish s u h
[…]S u zbach[…], in F udis, Fluss in Belgica and many o he s In he conclusion, he
esul s a e summa ised by including a dis ibu ion map: […]The i s p elimina y
esul can be s a ed by including he map ma e ial as ollows: The Cel ic
hyd onym is dis ibu ed o e a space ha ex ends along he no he n Alps along
he Danube, he uppe and middle eaches o he Rhine and he
The Rhône ex ends, including he ibu a ies. The s a ing poin o he
JÜRGEN UDOLPH
224 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI, which was published in
Halls a cul u e is no he same as his a ea, bu he s iking simila i ies
wich igs en Wes halls a - und ühen La Tène-Funde in diesem Gebie zu in-
den“ (Busse 2007: 97). Nu am Rand e me ke ich hie , dass be ei s de polni-
sche Indoge manis Jan Rozwadowski (z.T. abged uck in Rozwadowski 1948)
in seinen Fo schungen, die bis in die e s en Jah e des 20. Jhs. zu ück gehen,
be ween he wa e names o he Bal ics and he Rhône egion, such as Visen ia,
Saane, B enne, Di onne, Isa a, D ome, I a us, e c., ha e been ound.
In he mean ime, his has been u he s eng hened. Thus, impo an name
pa allels in F ance (W.P. Schmid 2004) and in he a ea o he Moselle a e
mi el wo den (W.P. Schmid 1988), und eindeu ige Übe eins immungen zwi-
schen al eu opäischen Gewässe namen im Polen bzw. dem Bal ikum und den
B i ischen Inseln, No d- und Süd ank eich haben gezeig (Udolph 1990, zu-
comp ehensi e 332 . Almos he en i e Cel ic se lemen a ea (less ce ain: he
Ibe ian Peninsula) con ains a subs a e o p e-Indo-Ge manic wa e names.
I one ies o weigh up he p e ious in es iga ions in o he names o he
wa e s o Eu ope and he a emp o P. Busse o Cel ic agains each o he ,
in my opinion he ollowing common poin s can be wo ked ou :
• Die Gewässe namen sind die äl es en Zeugen menschliche Sp ache in
This is Eu ope. He in es iga ion is o ques ions o U und's ea ly
une lässlich.
• Im Be eich de ehemals kel ischen Besiedlung au dem Fes land ( o al-
lem in No di alien, F ank eich und Teilen de Schweiz) ehl es an um as-
his o y and sends in es iga ions o hyd onymism.
• Un o una ely, a chaeological indings can only be used o some ex en
o he ques ion o he e hnic s uc u e o ea ly Eu ope
(B o he 2004).
• Since wa e names a e essen ially de i ed om so-called "wa e
wo ds", a comp ehensi e s udy o he geog aphical e minology o all
Cel ic languages is an u gen necessi y ( his also applies o he ield o
Ge manic languages, whe eas he e a e exempla y s udies in Sla ic, e en
limi ed o wa e names).
P. Busse has o en e in a mapping hose wa e names which, in his opinion, a e
impo an o de e mining he oldes se lemen a eas o Cel ic ibes.
Based on he esea ch o P. Busse and on he basis o co esponding esea ch in
he ield o Ge manic and Sla ic, i can be said: 26I speaks e y much o he ac
S aipsniai / A icles 225
Heima und Ausb ei ung indoge manische
S ämme im Lich e de Namen o schung
ha he o ma ion o Cel ic occu ed whe e we can obse e a ce ain
" hickening", an inc eased concen a ion o ancien Eu opean wa e names. He
made a decision. Thus, he ques ion o he ancien Cel ic se lemen s is also
dende Bedeu ung is dabei die Exis enz on Pa allelen im Bal ikum und den
do ang enzenden Regionen, au die be ei s J. Rozwadowski (1948) hingewie-
answe ed by a wo d ha has al eady played a ole in ques ions abou he
homeland o he Ge manic ibes: Ex o ien e lux27. This includes wha is al eady
being said a lo […] and one can essen ially ollow P. Busse […] o he a ea wes o
he Alps. Resea ch in he coun ies o me ly inhabi ed by Cel s would do well o
u n mo e in ensi ely han be o e o he names o wa e s.
26 F om buses in 2007: 97.
27 Udolph in 1981 and Udolph in 1985.
MAP 34. This is he i s ime I' e seen i . Ca og aphy o ancien Eu opean and Cel ic names26

JÜRGEN UDOLPH
226 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI
4. DAS BALTISCHE AUS
NAME-UNKNOWN SIGHT This is a lis o people who ha e been ea u ed on ele ision.
Linguis s and name esea che s ha e epea edly emphasized he con inui y in
he his o y o he se lemen o he Bal ic. La ge mig a ion mo emen s can
ha dly be seen, bu on he o he hand a p ocess ha shows a signi ican
educ ion in he o me Bal ic se lemen a ea (a map based on he publica ions
o M. Gimbu as, o be co ec ed in de ail, is o e ed by W. P. Schmid (Map 35). MAP
35. This is he i s ime I' e seen i . The sp ead o Bal ic wa e names28
Essen ially, i is Sla ic ibes ha ha e assimila ed he Bal ic om he eas ,
sou h and sou hwes , clea ly ecognizable in pa s o no hwes e n Russia, in
Bela us and in no heas e n Poland. Acco ding o J. Rozwadowski (1948)
hyd onymia is e e ed o as "Sla ic" 28 Schmid 1976: 15 acco ding o Gimbu as
sche Sich is dabei eine Ve b ei ungska e on Gewässe namen in e essan ,
1963: 30 .
S aipsniai A icles 227 and 227
Heima und Ausb ei ung indoge manische
S ämme im Lich e de Namen o schung
(Map 36) This is no he case. Howe e , hese a e by no means Sla ic, bu a he
p e-Indo-Ge manic wa e names. Tha makes i clea ha he z.T. Almos iden ical
schon die Übe sch i en einzelne Abschni e seine S udien deu lich, so e wa
„d eu- (D węca, D awa [...])“, „Isa“, „Isana“, „Isa a“, „Oła i jej g upa: pie wias ek
o he much la e in es iga ions o simila shows in app oaches also a map om a
H. K ahe sind und in g oßen Teilen mi K ahes Un e suchungen und E gebnis-
sen übe eins immen. In Wes eu opa blieben sie ollkommen unbeach e .
ecen publica ion (map 37), because on his is a signi ican inc ease in p e-Sla ic
wa e names in he e i o ies adjacen o he o me Bal ic se lemen a ea in
he no heas o Poland o be clea ly ecognized, which has undoub edly shown in
he mean ime ha he wa e names held by J. Rozwadowski mus be in e p e ed
g enzenden bal ischen Siedlungsgebie en o se z .
di e en ly:
ge ingen Teil gehö en sie zum bal ischen Subs a in Russland, Weiß ussland,
KARTE 36. Von J. Rozwadowski (1948) behandel e „sla ische Gewässe namen“
JÜRGEN UDOLPH
Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 228 LXXVI o wa e names in Eu ope he Bal ic has a
de nö dlichen Uk aine und in No dpos polen, zum wei aus g öße en Teil abe
zu dem Bes and de sei H. K ahe so bezeichne en Al eu opäischen Hyd onymie,
einem Ne z on Gewässe namen, das o einzelsp achliche , indoge manische
He kun is (K ahe 1949–1965, 1964; Schmid 1994; Udolph 1990).29
Und noch eine wei e e, wich ige neue E kenn nis konn e gewonnen we -
den: Inne halb de al eu opäischen, o einzelsp achlichen, indoge mani-
special posi ion, which W.P. Schmid (1994: 175[…]192, 226[…]247) has wo ked ou . The
hyd onymism in he o me and p esen Bal ic se lemen a ea is
cha ac e ized on he one hand by a la ge densi y o p e-singula names, on he
o he is
29 Babik in he yea 2001: 92.
MAP 37. Wha is he name o he game? Oldes wa e names in Poland acco ding
S aipsniai A icles 229 and 229
Heima und Ausb ei ung indoge manische
S ämme im Lich e de Namen o schung
eine S e igkei und Kon inui ä in de Bildung de Gewässe namen on üh-
o Z. Babik29 es e Indo-Ge manic pe iod ecognizable un il he single-language
Bal ic pe iod and inally he e a e wi hin he Al eu opean hyd onymy only in he
Bal ic wa e names ha ha e co espondences in many Eu opean egions.
Examples include A esỹs, A es, wa e names in Li huania: I ha e also ound
E sch/Adige (in de An ike übe lie e als A esis, A hesis), Eisa : Aisė, Limena : Li-
menė in Li auen u.a.m., Ka ie ung s. Ka e 38.30
simila i ies in he s udy o p e-Sla ic names be ween Poland and a ious egions
in Polen es s ellen können (Udolph 1990, zusammen assend: 331 .). Au die-
se S udie, speziell au den Zusammens ellungen de Namenen sp echungen
in Eu ope (e.g. The B i ish Isles,
Wes eu opa, No di alien usw., S. 332–338) basie eine Ka ie ung, die ich hie
o lege (Ka e 39).
These a e no coincidences. The Bal ic name easu e shows how olde and also
younge s udies ha e clea ly made co espondences in a w ea h
30 Acco ding o Schmid 1994: 184 .
MAP 38. This is he i s ime I' e seen i . The Bal ic Cen e o Hyd onymics is a
JÜRGEN UDOLPH
236 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI
Aus diesen Übe legungen he aus e gib sich, dass an eine Schich ode ei-
ne wo k o Indo-Ge manic wa e names in Eu ope ha canno be doub ed.
Howe e , he mus be con inced on one poin : he mus know he ma e ial which
o ms he basis o he conside a ions o H. K ahe, W. P. Schmid and on Mi .
in keine Weise. We das Konzep de Al eu opäischen Hyd onymie a ackie-
Tha 's no he case wi h any o he
C i ics o he case.
This applies o almos all he a gumen s pu o wa d so a and also o
some o he newe ones, which I will men ion b ie ly he e.
• In le z e Zei beginn bei de Zuweisung eines Gewässe namens in
Deu schland das Kel ische unme klich wiede an Boden zu gewinnen, so
Fo example, in he comp ehensi e book on he wa e names o Cen al
Eu ope by Alb ech G eule (2014)32. In iew o he ac ha Eas Eu opean
compa a i e ma e ial has been and is being used o a oo small ex en ,
ese a ions should be made in he alloca ion o Cel ic.
• P e-Indo-Ge manic canno be ound in many a eas. This also applies o he
a emp s o Theo Vennemann, Baskisches and To p o e Vasconia as a
p e-Indo-Ge manic s a um ( o his end, he
Con ibu ions o Udolph 2013).
• F om a e y di e en poin o iew, Zbigniew Babik (2001) o es agains
Al eu opäisches in Eas e n Eu ope, especially in Poland. He belie es ha he
ancien Eu opean hyd onym is a Eu ope-wide, uni o m laye , o which he
Polish wa e names would no i . The e a e c ucial phone ic, mo phological
and lexi e di e ences. I 's abou he Eu opean language. This is an opinion
die al en Gewässe namen lasse sich in Polen nu sagen, sie seien „al und
which he ep esen a i es o he Old Eu ope hesis ha e long since
o e come: we know
sen, dass sich e schiedene Su ixe, un e schiedliche Ablau s u en und
mo phologische Besonde hei en in de Hyd onymie beobach en lassen,
dass es eine „Einhei lichkei “ im Sinne eines monoli hischen Blocks ga
nich gib .
In o de o ind he homeland o he Indo-Ge mans, i is impe a i e o i s o all compa e he oldes
se lemen s o he indi idual Indo-Ge mans 32 One compa e my de ailed e iew in con ibu ions o
he name esea ch, New episode
52 (2017), page 81 […]105. This is a lis o people who ha e been awa ded he Nobel P ize in Physiology o Medicine.

S aipsniai / A icles 237
Heima und Ausb ei ung indoge manische
S ämme im Lich e de Namen o schung
To de e mine language amilies. I is my clea opinion ha he sea ch o
ancien sea s o Indo-Ge manic ibes, as in he case o he ( e-) cons uc ion
o Indo-Ge manic ounda ions, mus s a om he indi idual languages. I da e
o summa ize he p e ious s a emen s on he homelands o he Ge manic,
Sla ic, Bal ic and Cel ic ibes in a map (Map 41).
Wha can we say abou he pe iod in which he indi idual Indo-Ge manic language
g oups de eloped om an Indo-Ge manic p ecu so ?
The Sla ic language de eloped in a pe iod om abou 500 B.C. de eloped on he
no he n slope o he Ca pa hians. Olde wa e names indica e a close
ge mi dem Ge manischen und Bal ischen, z.T. auch nu au das Bal ische hin.
connec ion.These names mus he e o e be da ed o an ea lie pe iod, abou 1000 BC.
500 B.C.E. o A.D.
The Ge manic language can be used o name an a ea o he no h, eas ,
lich und auch zu ge ingem Teil südlich des Ha zes zuweisen. Au g und de
1. Lau e schiebung und wei e e P ozesse da seine En s ehung aus einem
MAP 41. This is he i s ime I' e seen i . Oldes se lemen a eas (Sla ic, Ge manic,
In o ma ion on he names
JÜRGEN UDOLPH
238 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI
Cel ic, Bal ic) acco ding o Indo-Ge manic dialec a ea abou in he ime a ound 500 BC. da ed who-
den. Vo ge manische Namen müssen ein höhe es Al e besi zen und sind in
eine Zei on ca. 1.000–500 . Ch . zu se zen.
The de elopmen o Cel ic om an Indo-Ge manic dialec is likely o ha e aken
place in he Wes e n Alps, he i s app oaches can - I know how con o e sial
hese da ing p oposals a e - o he ime a ound 1000 BC. o be adop ed.
Das Bal ische ha die ge ings en geog aphischen Ve schiebungen du chge-
Howe e , he o iginal se lemen a ea sh unk conside ably due o Sla ic
expansions. I is no su p ising ha he compa ison wi h wa e names in […] o an
ganz Eu opa können wi abe annehmen, dass wi ü ü die Da ie ung de
o bal ischen Relik e mindes ens bis 500–1.000 . Ch . zu ückgehen müssen.
Fassen wi diese E gebnisse zusammen, so kommen wi – ich denke, das
Indo-Ge manic wa e name p o es ha he Al eu opean hyd onym does no
schich , die in die Zei um 1.000 . Ch . in Mi eleu opa nachgewiesen we den
kann und die mi einige Siche hei den Os en F ank eichs, Mi el- und No d-
deu schland und das ös liche Mi eleu opa gep äg ha . Es schein abe möglich,
noch einen Sch i wei e zu ückzugehen.
Wi kennen in Eu opa Namen, die nu un e Zuhil enahme os indoge ma-
nische Appella i a (Indisch, I anisch, Tocha isch) e klä we den können und
belong o any Wes Indo-Ge manic […]in e media e s age[…] (as ep esen ed by H.
K ahe and o en s ill pe cei ed oday). W. P. Schmid (1994: 129 .) had ecognized
his and, on he basis o pa allels such as sindhu-*sindhn[…] […], Sinn, Shannon, indu-
[…] Indu a, Indus (Bal ic), […] (i)-, […] -, ai i- […] Va a, Vai e, Ve ma, Wa me,
Wa menau, Wö ni z […] * Va an ia u.a.m., a.u.d. […] Adda, Ode , A e see, -gau, d[…]-
[…]nu, D.a.m. I mus be assumed ha he ocabula y om which he Eu opean
wa e names we e c ea ed was s ill known o he c ea o s o he Indo-Ge manic
o ausgese z e einhei liche Gemeinsp ache is nich s ande es als das Indoge -
manische selbs “ (Schmid 1994: 129). Da die zug unde liegenden Appella i a
u.a. dem Al indischen und Al i anischen bekann sind, diese abe den eu opä-
names. Thus, wi h some o hese names, we a e ce ainly en e ing he second
p e-Ch is ian cen u y. We ha e gi en up on p oduc i i y. I should be ecalled ha
his
Unsiche hei s ak o lieg da in, dass wi nich wissen, wann die einmal leben-
digen Wö e und Wu zeln aus den damaligen indoge manischen Dialek en ih-
Ve häl nis zwischen os indoge manischen Wö e n und eu opäischen Namen
seine Pa allelen in no dge manischen Appella i a in kon inen alge manischen
S aipsniai A icles 239 and 239
Heima und Ausb ei ung indoge manische
S ämme im Lich e de Namen o schung
I has names and Sou h Sla ic wo ds ha can be ound in names no h o he
Ca pa hians.
In summa y, i can be concluded ha la ge pa s o wes e n, cen al and eas e n
Eu ope de i e om a ne wo k o Indo-Ge manic wa e names om he
deck sind, an denen auch du ch die appella i ischen En sp echungen die au-
ße - und südeu opäischen indoge manischen Sp achen An eil haben. Nich
übe sehen da man dabei, dass die Exis enz eines Gewässe namens, de aus
Indo-Ge manic pe iod, which p esupposes unin e up ed se lemen on he sho es
o he wa e . Se lemen dis up ions lead o loss o names and b eaks, as we saw
in he sou h o Russia and in he sou heas o Uk aine Dnies e , Sou he n Bug, Don
beobach en können, wo soga die g öß en S öme dieses Gebie es wie Dnjep ,
and Volga changed hei names […] especially in he lowe eaches, i.e. in he a ea o
he s eppe and semi-s eppe. The ques ion o he edges o Old Eu opean
hyd onymism emains open, bu an assessmen o he Indo-Ge manic wa e names
o Eu ope canno be made om hei pe iphe y (in his di ec ion go conside a ions
o Un e mann 2009). The pe iphe y can only be de e mined when he condi ions in
he cen e a e anspa en .
Fo he ques ion o ancien se lemen s o Indo-Ge manic ibes o ancien imes,
gib sich da aus o allem, dass diese nu inne halb des Ve b ei ungsgebie es
de Al eu opäischen Hyd onymie gesuch we den kann. Aus de einzelsp ach-
which we can be e assess hyd onymically and oponymically, we know o no
example ha an Indo-Ge manic language g oup would ha e de eloped wi hou his
p ocess lea ing no aces in he name landscape. This means ha o heo ies
ha p oceed om an Indo-Ge manic homeland, o example in sou he n Russia and
Uk aine (Gimbu as; Ku gan cul u e) o in he Caucasus, aces o a mig a ion o
he Indo-Ge manic co e people om he e o Eu ope o Asia Mino would ha e o
ha e le aces in he geog aphical nomencla u e. As e e yone knows, ha is no
he case. On he con a y, I would like o poin ou once again he eliable e idence
o Eas Indo-Ge manic appella ions and oo s in he wa e names o Eu ope: a
clea p oo ha he oo s o he Indo-Ge manic ibes in Eu ope and Asia a e o
be ound in Eu ope. I epea : he nomencla u e o Eu ope ad oca es ha he
sp ead o Indoge manium o make hese heses de i ed om geog aphical names
sa e and he home o he Ge manic, which I p obably conside ed,
sche S ämme on diesem Kon inen ausgegangen is .
Kel ischen und Sla ischen auch aus ande e Rich ung zu bes ä igen, bie e sich
eine Disziplin an, die in de gesam en Diskussion um die indoge manische Hei-
ma bishe nich die ge ings e Rolle gespiel ha : ich meine die Boden o schung.
JÜRGEN UDOLPH
240 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
I had al eady used he indings o soil science abo e in he compa ison be ween he Ge manic -i hi
names and he yield measu emen s o Lowe Saxony (ca ds 29 […] 32). A map o he dis ibu ion o
loess soils in Asia and Eu ope published en yea s ago (Haase e al. 2007), which I dis ibu e in he a ea
whe e I suspec he ancien se lemen s o Ge manic, Sla ic and Cel ic ibes?33 Fo his I use an
oben bei de F age de Heima sla ische S ämme schon e wähn ha e, läss
e kennen, dass sich ein b ei e Lössbodengü el on China bis hin nach F ank-
eich que du ch Asien und Eu opa zieh . Wie is diese nun in Eu opa, speziell
olde map o he loess a eas in Eu ope, bu he esul is consis en wi h he newe one o 2007. In
his I ha e en e ed wha I belie e o be he oldes se lemen s o he Ge manic, Cel ic, and Sla ic
speake s (Map 42). 33: h p: www.geog aphie.uni-s u ga .de/semina e.h ml This is he sou ce o he
in o ma ion con ained in he epo .
KARTE 42. Löss e b ei ung in Mi eleu opa33
S aipsniai A icles 241 and
Heima und Ausb ei ung indoge manische
S ämme im Lich e de Namen o schung
Deu lich e kennba sind die Löss-Be eiche des Leipzige Tie lands, de Mag-
Debu ge , Hildesheime and Soes e Bö de as well as he Golden Aue sou h o
he Ha z. I is p ecisely his a ea ha has eme ged as he con inui y cen e o
Ge manic naming in a de ailed examina ion o Old Ge manic place and wa e
names (Udolph 1994). The indings in he Lich ens ein Ca e co espond o his. The
map also shows he same o he bo de a ea o Poland and Uk aine. Also he e,
on he no he n slope o he Ca pa hians, Löss and he oldes Sla ic
se lemen s o e lap in a s iking way. Soil esea ch hus suppo s he naming
esul s.
The inding is less clea in he Wes e n Alps, whe e we suspec Cel ic ancien
se lemen s, bu in he p esumed homeland o Sla ic and Ge manic ibes, he
co e age wi h good soils is e iden . This also aises he ques ion o how he
eno mous expansions […] in his ch onological o de […] o Cel s, Ge mans and
Sla s a e o be explained and unde s ood. As we age geog aphically, people speak
o be e ha es s, minimize o e all mo ali y and child mo ali y, and lead o a
Namen mi gu en und bes en Böden in Ve bindung b ingen können, sp ich
ieles ü die olgende These: gu e Böden üh en bei den o 2.000–3.000 Jah-
en lebenden und au Acke bau, Viehzuch , Fisch ang und Jagd angewiese-
popula ion o e p essu e ha can only be educed by a g adual sp ead o
se lemen ac i i y i sel , his language is ans e ed by he highe popula ion
o adjacen a eas wi h hei inhabi an s. Co esponding p ocesses a e easily
kann. Du ch die sich auswei ende Be ölke ung, die eine bes imm e Sp ache,
z.B. U sla isch, U ge manisch, U kel isch bzw. en sp echende Dialek e de -
unde s ood by compa ing hem wi h known sp eads and o e lays o languages on
o he s, such as he Ge man se lemen in he Eas wi h he o e lapping o Wes
Sla ic ibes and hei languages, he Sla iza ion o Finno-Ug ic ibes in Russia
and he se lemen o Ame ica by Eu opean se le s wi h hei languages. F om
his poin o iew, I da e once again o unde line he impo ance o onomas ic
s udies o he ques ion o he oldes se lemen s and I belie e ha his b anch
o linguis ics should ecei e much mo e a en ion han has been done so a .
Resul s o he su ey
1) The e a e wa e names ha can be da ed o he ime o he
eme gence and de elopmen o he Indo-Ge manic languages. They' e in
This is Eu ope.

JÜRGEN UDOLPH
242 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI
2) Die en scheidenden P ozesse de En al ung und Ausb ei ung de indo-
Ge manic languages ha e essen ially played ou in he ield o Old
Eu opean hyd onymy. This is suppo ed by, among o he s, Eas
Indo-Ge manic appella i es in Eu opean wa e names. Co esponding
pa allels exis in Sla ic and Ge manic. 3) The e is no e idence o a
p e-Indo-Ge manic laye in he name o Cen al Eu ope. This is su p ising,
since people who did no speak any Indo-Ge manic language ha e ce ainly
se led he e. Whe he his is ela ed o he seden a y na u e o
Indo-Ge manic ibes, o example in con as o he nomadic o
semi-nomadic na u e o he ea lie popula ion, I da e no judge. 4) The
se lemen s o Indo-Ge manic ibes in ecen yea s also coincide […] and
his is o conside able impo ance […] wi h he
senden o Ch is us s ehen in Ve bindung mi gu en und bes en Böden.
Sca e ing o old names.
5) The econs uc ion o Indo-Ge manic basic o ms is based on he
Kenn nis de bekann en indoge manischen Einzelsp achen. Indoge ma-
nische Gewässe namen sind abe auch in den „Lücken“ zwischen den
Indo-Ge manic indi idual languages a es ed. I is he e o e o be
expec ed ha he e is a di e ence be ween he basic o ms o names
de indoge manischen Rekons uk ion Di e enzen gib .
6) Die al eu opäischen Gewässe namen besi zen ein eindeu iges Zen um
and he basic o ms in he Bal ic and in he Bal ic languages. I speaks e y
da in nich nu ein Kon inui ä szen um (W.P. Schmid), sonde n auch
ein Auss ahlungszen um zu sehen.
much o , 7) The homeland o he Ge manic ibes lies wi hin he Ge manic
se lemen a ea, he homeland o he Sla s wi hin he Sla ic se lemen
a ea, he homeland o he Cel s wi hin he his o ically a es ed Cel ic
se lemen a ea. I all speaks o he ac ha his is also aking place.
Fall de mu maßlichen Heima de indoge manischen S ämme anzu-
This ollows:
8) The app oach o an ances al homeland o he Indo-Ge manic languages in
land, Kleinasien ode im Kaukasus is aus namenkundliche Sich en -
schieden abzulehnen. Die Heima kann nu inne halb de Al eu opäi-
schen Hyd onymie gesuch we den. Diese is kla au Eu opa beg enz .
sou he n Russia All in all, e e y hing speaks o he Bal ic as a homeland
und Ausgangsbe eich de indoge manischen Expansion.
S aipsniai / A icles 243
Heima und Ausb ei ung indoge manische
S ämme im Lich e de Namen o schung
LITERATUR
Alemannien und de No den 2004: Alemannien und de No den. In e na ionales
Symposium in Zu ich, edi ed by . Hans-Pe e Naumann (Reallexikon de Ge manischen
Al e umskunde, supplemen a y olume 43), also known as he Ge man An iqua ian Lexicon, is
a Ge man encyclopedia. This is Be lin, De G uy e . A las o he his o y and geog aphy o
Saxony 1998: A las o he his o y and geog aphy o Saxony. F: he economy (ag icul u e,
mining, ade, anspo ). IV: The la es . Leipzig: Published by he Saxon Academy o Sciences.
Asche Diana 2015: The his o y o he se lemen o he Rhön om he poin o iew o
namekund. The his o y o a landscape. Pe e sbe g, 201 o 215.
Babik Zbigniew 2001: Najs a sza wa s wa nazewnicza na ziemiach polskich. K aków:
Uni e si as.
Bijak U szula 2013: Nazwy wodne do zecza Wisły. Po amonimy odapela ywne. K aków:
This is Wydawnic wo FALL.
Billy Pie e-Hen y 1993: Thesau us linguae Gallicae. This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
Hildesheim is Olms. Bischo Ka l (1975): Ge man *haugaz […]Hügel, bu ial mound[…] in
Ge man. A s udy o su names. Mainz: Academy o Sciences and Li e a u e. Pe e Busse
B a he Sebas ian 2004: E hnische In e p e a ionen in de ühgeschich lichen A chäo-
loge. Geschich e, G undlagen und Al e na i en. Be lin: de G uy e .
2007: Hyd onym and homeland: a new app oach o he localiza ion o he Aus ian Academy
ung de U heima de Kel en? – Kel en-Ein älle an de Donau. Ak en des 4. Symposiums
Deu schsp achige Kel ologinnen und Kel ologen om 17.–21. Juli 2005 in Linz. Wien: Ve -
o Sciences, 89[…]98. I 's called salzgi e . Biele eld: publishing house o egional his o y.
Casemi Ki s in 1997: Die O snamen au -bü el. Leipzig: Leipzige Uni e si ä s e lag.
Casemi Ki s in 2003: Die O snamen des Landk eises Wol enbü el und de S ad
Casemi Ki s in, Udolph Jü gen 2006: The impo ance o he Bal ic o he esea ch o
place names in Lowe Saxony. I 's called Bal ų onomas ikos y imai. Aleksand ui Vanagui
a min i, sou h o he ci y. Laimu is Bilkis, Alma Ragauskai ė, Dai a Sinke ičiū ė. She is a
membe o he Swedish na ional eam. Vilnius: Lie du ieeux-cel ique con inen al. I is
u ių kalbos ins i u as, 114–136.
Collis John 2003: The Cel s: O igins, My hs and In en ions. London: Tempus Pub L d.
Delama e Xa ie 2003: Dic ionnai e de la langue gauloise: une app oche linguis ique
loca ed in he sou he n pa o he coun y. Second edi ion. This is Pa is. E ance, wha
a e you doing? Dini Pie o U. 2005: Sla ic and Bal ic language ela ions. […] Real lexicon o
he Ge manic an iqui ies 29. This is Be lin, New Yo k, 73-78.
JÜRGEN UDOLPH
244 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVI (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
Falileye Alexande 2006Con : Dic iona y o Con inen al Cel ic Place-Names,
Abe ys wy h =
h p://cadai .abe .ac.uk/dspace/bi s eam/2160/282/5/Cel icPNDic iona y.pd This
is a lis o places in he Uni ed Kingdom, so ed by loca ion. This is a lis o all he
episodes o he se ies. This is a lis o all he episodes o he se ies. This is a lis
o all he episodes o he se ies. This is a lis o all he episodes o he se ies. The selec ion bibliog aphy is as ollows: h p://cadai .abe .ac.uk/dspace/ bi s eam/21/28602/4/Falileye Bibl.pd ; The map is loca ed a h p: www.cadai .abe .ac.uk.dspace/bi s eam60/2282/7/Falileye Map.pd .
E ns Fö s emann (1863): The Ge man place names. No dhausen: Fe d. Wha a e you doing? The Fo es e 's
Ve lag.
Gimbu as Ma ija 1963: The Bal s. London: Thames and Hudson.
Gołąb Zbigniew 1992: The o igins o he Sla s. The iew o a linguis . This is Columbus, Ohio.
Published by Sla ica.
G eule Alb ech 2014: Ge man book o wa e names. E ymology o wa e names and
associa ed geibe s, se lemen and lu names. Be lin and Bos on:
I 's called G uy e .
G imm Jacob (1826), Ge man g amma Pa wo. This is Die e ich om Gö ingen.
G imm Jacob (1848): His o y o he Ge man language. This is Leipzig, Hi zel. Haase
Dagma , D. Haase, J. Fink, G. Haase, R. Ruske, M. Pécsi, H. Rich e , M. Al e mann, K.-D.
Jäge 2007: Fi s names Loess in Eu ope […] i s spa ial dis ibu ion is based on a
Eu opean Loess Map, scale 1:2,500,000. […] Qua e na y science e iews 26 (9 […] 10),
1301 […] 1312. This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
James Simon and he A lan ic Cel s Ancien people o mode n in en ion. Madison , please .
I was published by he Uni e si y o Wisconsin P ess.
Ke ne Be nd-Ul ich 1972: Flußnamen im S omgebie de obe en und mi le en Lei-
No, I did no . Published by C. Bösendahl.
Kolb Edua d 1957: Ge man-No h Ge man wo d. Hube , his is F auen eld. The doc ine o he
K ahe Hans 1949–1950: Al eu opäische Flußnamen. – Bei äge zu Namen o schung,
24–51.
K ahe Hans 1964: Unse e äl es en Flußnamen. Wiesbaden: O o Ha assowi z.
K ahe Hans, Meid Wol gang 1967: Ge manische Sp achwissenscha 3: Wo bil-
dungeon. Be lin: Wal e de G uy e Kuns mann Hein ich 1996: The Sla es. He was bo n in Be lin,
Ge many. He name, he mig a ion o Eu ope and he beginnings o Russian his o y om a
his o ical-onomas ic poin o iew. This is S u ga , S eine . Leibniz Go ied Wilhelm 1882: The
philosophical w i ings, ed. This is C.I. Ge ha d, Bd. 5. Be lin: Weidmann. Wha a e you doing?
S aipsniai / A icles 245
Heima und Ausb ei ung indoge manische
S ämme im Lich e de Namen o schung
Ma aso ić Ranko 2009: E ymological dic iona y o p o o-Cel ic. I is also known as he
P o o-Cel ic Dic iona y. Leiden, he glasses. Meye -B unck (1978) on soil science and
se lemen esea ch. […] Real lexicon o Ge manic an iqui y 3. This is Wal e de G uy e ,
117-120. Mölle Reinhold 1992: Den alsu ixe in Lowe Saxon se lemen and a m names in
e idence be o e he yea 1200. Heidelbe g: Published by he Ca l Win e Uni e si y. Mölle
Reinhold 2000: Lowe Saxon se lemen names and su names wi h k-su ix and s-su ix in
eco ds be o e he yea 1200. Heidelbe g: Published by he Ca l Win e Uni e si y. Names
Mülle Ho s M., Ku as Ma a 1997: Die Ve a bei ung on Eigennamen und
o he genus. I 's an elec ophysiological s udy. […] S udies on he clinical
Linguis ik: Modelle, Me hoden, In e en ionen, h sg. . Ge Rickhei . Opladen: Sp inge ,
147–169.
Rozwadowski Jan 1948: S udia nad nazwami wód słowiańskich. K aków: Nakładem
Polish Academy o Sciences.
Rymu Kazimie z, Maj án Milan 1998: Wa e names in he i e a ea o he
Dunajec. This is S u ga , S eine .
Sche e F i z, 1978, The soil in cen al Eu ope. […] Real lexicon o Ge manic an iqui y 3. This is
Wal e de G uy e , 108117. Schlü e O o 1958: The se lemen spaces o Cen al Eu ope in
ea ly his o y 2: Cen al and no heas e n Cen al Eu ope. Remagen: sel -published by he
Fede al Ins i u e o
I 's called geog aphy.
Wol gang P. Schmid 1976: Bal ic languages and peoples. […] Real lexicon o Ge manic
a chaeology 2. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . Wol gang P. Schmid 1988: To some
Cel ic-Bal ic name co espondences. […] Indoge manic and Sla ic s udies. A eas o
We ne Thomas. Sagne , Schmid, Wol gang P. 1994: Linguis ica Scien iae Collec anea. This
49–56.
is he i s ime ha he collec ion has been published. Selec ed w i ings.
Be lin and New Yo k: he G uy e .
Schmid Wol gang P. 2004: Ve such übe den Namen de Loi e. – Sp ache, Sp e-
chen, Sp ichwö e . Fes sch i ü D. S ellmache zum 65. Gebu s ag. S u ga : S eine ,
291–295.
Sims-Williams Pa ick, Ancien Cel ic place names in Eu ope and Asia Mino
I 's called Ox o d Blackwell.
Słownik P asłowiański 1974: Słownik P asłowiański was bo n in he yea 1974. Wa saw: he Na o-
dowy im. Ossolińskich.