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ALMA RAGAUSKAITĖ
Institute of the Lithuanian Language
Research areas: historical anthroponymy, historical toponymy.
PERSONAL NAMES OF LITHUANIAN ORIGIN AMONG KĖDAINIAI RESIDENTS IN THE 17TH CENTURY
Personal Names of Lithuanian Origin among Kėdainiai Residents in the 17th Century
ABSTRACT
The article primarily analyzes 180 anthroponyms of Lithuanian origin among 17th-century residents of Kėdainiai (the second members of a two-part naming model). They were collected from the 1604, 1624, and 1666 inventories of Kėdainiai and the 1622 rent inventory of the Kėdainiai rectory. Patterns of Slavicization in these personal names were identified, and 106 of their authentic forms were reconstructed. Comparing the reconstructed forms of historical anthroponyms with contemporary Lithuanian surnames revealed that 63 (60%) of them are still in use today. Some, namely 24 (23% of all reconstructed forms), have surname counterparts of the same origin but different formation. The remaining 19 personal names (17%) have no counterparts in the present-day name stock.
KEYWORDS: 17th century, Kėdainiai, resident of Kėdainiai, inventory, personal name of Lithuanian origin.
ANNOTATION
The article focuses on 180 anthroponyms (second components of the binary nomination model) of Lithuanian origin used for naming Kėdainiai residents in the 17th century. They were collected from Kėdainiai inventories of 1604, 1624 and 1666 as well as Kėdainiai rectory land rent inventory of 1622. The tendencies of Slavization of these personal names were established and 106 authentic forms were reconstructed. The comparison between the reconstructed forms of historical anthroponyms and contemporary Lithuanian surnames led to the conclusion that 63 (60 per cent) of them still function today. A part of them, i.e. 24 (23 per cent of the reconstructed anthroponyms), have the equivalents of surnames of the same origin but different formation. The remaining 19 personal names (17 per cent) have no equivalents among the present-day personal names.
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K E Y W O R D S:
17th century, Kėdainiai, Kėdainiai resident, inventory, personal name of Lithuanian origin.
0. INTRODUCTION
The historical anthroponyms of old Kėdainiai have already begun to be studied. First, the trends in recording the personal names of Kėdainiai residents in the 17th–18th centuries were discussed. The surnames of Scottish residents of Kėdainiai were Latinized and Slavicized—they could be modified in various ways in different magistrate court records. This resulted in graphic variants of their surnames (Ragauskaitė 2007: 63–64). The results of the analysis of anthroponymy in 17th–18th-century register books showed that the personal names of Lithuanian residents of Kėdainiai were also Slavicized during this period: cases of sound substitution were examined; some male anthroponyms had the Slavic suffixes -evič, -ovič, while most female personal names had the Slavic suffixes -ova, -ovna (Ragauskaitė 2011: 21–22). The process of Slavicization of Kėdainiai residents’ personal names in the 17th–18th centuries was not very intensive. Extralinguistic circumstances also played a role. Kėdainiai was a center of the Reformation and Lithuanian identity in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; Lithuanian was heard in public city life, and this element of Lithuanian identity was also reflected in the extant manuscripts (Payckaitė 2012: 215–220).
By about 1628–1629, people of Scottish origin settling in Kėdainiai already had surnames, but the recording of their inherited anthroponyms in the city’s register books varied. This was due to the lack of a uniform, universally binding naming system, the writing conventions of the time, and other factors. It was nevertheless concluded that in the 17th–18th centuries, naming forms clearly attesting to the use of inherited personal names by Scottish residents of Kėdainiai predominated in the historical sources of the city (Ragauskaitė 2016: 56–57).
From the late 1620s, Germans arrived in Kėdainiai. The spelling of their surnames was not standardized. This phenomenon was influenced by the particular nature of the register books and the context of the entries. The gender marking of the personal names of German women in Kėdainiai varied more. In the 17th–18th-century Kėdainiai register books, the Slavic suffixes -ova (written -owa in historical sources) and -ovna (-owna) were added to their second anthroponyms (derived from their husband or father), generally for the surnames of married women and unmarried women, respectively (Ragauskaitė 2017: 117–120).
An examination of entries in Kėdainiai’s 17th–18th-century historical documents revealed that surnames emerged at different times among all groups of the local burgher community (Lithuanians, Poles). In the first half of the 17th century, Kėdainiai residents holding higher positions in society were recorded with inherited personal names. In the second half of this
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In the latter half of the century, members of the middle and lower strata of the burgher estate acquired hereditary anthroponyms. Surnames formed more slowly only among members of the lower strata of the Kėdainiai community (servants, etc.). In the seventeenth-century city record books, all Kėdainiai residents are recorded with surnames (Ragauskaitė 2017a: 66). As can be seen, the different ethnic groups living in Kėdainiai (Scots, Germans, Poles, Lithuanians, etc.) had distinct features in their systems of personal naming, surname recording and formation, and origins, among other things; therefore, the study of the historical anthroponymy of Kėdainiai in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is relevant and should be continued.
The aim of this article is to examine the personal names of Lithuanian origin borne by seventeenth-century residents of Kėdainiai.
The objectives of this article are: 1) to reconstruct the authentic forms of the anthroponyms under discussion and compare them with present-day Lithuanian surnames; 2) to determine how many and which personal names used in seventeenth-century Kėdainiai manuscripts are no longer in use in today’s onomasticon.
The material for the article was collected from several seventeenth-century inventories of Kėdainiai¹. First, two early city inventories, from 1604 and 1624, should be mentioned. They were mostly written in Polish. The old 1604 inventory has the original title “Inwentarz spisany imienia Kiejdanckiego włomznego pana [...] Stanisława Kiszki Wojewodzica Witebkiego² [...]”. The source consists of 31 leaves. It lists not only the inhabitants of Kėdainiai city but also those of the district. The small 1622 inventory of the Kėdainiai rectory’s rent dues is especially interesting; it lists residents of Kėdainiai and various details about the rectory’s property. This source, written in Polish, consists of only three leaves. The 1624 inventory of Kėdainiai records the inhabitants of the city and district. Its title page and approximately six initial leaves are missing, since numbering begins only with the seventh leaf. The inventory comprises 34 leaves in total. The later 1666 city inventory has the original Polish title “Inwentarz miasta Kieydanskiego 1666”. This source, written in Polish, consists of 16 leaves. The inventory was probably written by several scribes: the handwriting from the first to the tenth leaf is more faded and harder to read, while that from the eleventh to the last leaf is darker, with clearer penmanship.
It is important to define clearly which anthroponyms recorded in historical documents are attributed to residents of Kėdainiai. Criteria for selecting the personal names of burghers have already been discussed (Ragauskaitė 1999: 146; 2000: 94; 2003: 82; 2004: 8–9; 2005: 18–23; 2006: 81–82; 2014: 9; 2015: 59–61; 2016: 48–49; 2017: 115–116; 2017a: 54–55; Paraykaitė 2012: 214). Members of the local Kėdainiai community are identified by the indication le. mieszczanin, e.g.: 1624 Vrbn, Jomanyszki Miełczanin
1 The list of historical sources is provided at the end of the article.
2 Abbreviations recorded in the manuscripts are given in full. The expansion is provided in parentheses.
In the sixteenth-century inventories under study, residents of Kėdainiai are listed according to where they lived in the city, e.g.: 1666 Wilenskie Ulicy Piotra Dziugayty gen. sg. KĮ₃ 15v, 1666 Ulica Wilenska Bartłomieia Kamierzencia gen. sg. KĮ₃ 13v, 1666 Wilenskiey Ulicy Piotra Kausiaka gen. sg. KĮ₃ 15, 1624 Ulica Stara Woyciech Kiewlekienis KĮ₂ 2, 1604 Ulica od rynku prawa strona Szczęsnego Kunklecia gen. sg. KĮ₁ 9v, 1624 Ulica nad Eismą [...] od Niewązy Pawel Paksztelis KĮ₂ 3, 1666 Ulica Wilenska Jerego Podeluna gen. sg. KĮ₃ 13v, 1624 Ulica Szatska Druga Strona Adam Smukis KĮ₂ 6v, 1604 Ulica Wielka do dworu idąc z rynku prawa strona Adam Smugis KĮ₁ 5, 1604 Miasto Kiejdany Rynek prawa strona od młtů Mats Surwilo KĮ₁ 4, 1604 Drūga strona Rynku Urbana Zagora gen. sg. KĮ₁ 4, 1604 Miasto Kiejdany za rzeką niewiążą jakub Zujlis KĮ₁ 14v.
The later 1666 inventory of Kėdainiai city lists not only streets but also the houses of its residents, e.g.: 1666 Ulica Skombolska Symona Digima Domek gen. sg. KĮ₃ 11v, 1666 Ulica Skombolska Symona Labecia Domek gen. sg. KĮ₃ 11, 1666 Wilenskie Ulicy Woyciecha Podegacia Dom gen. sg. KĮ₃ 16, 1666 Drūga strona [...] ulicy zamowej Domek Macieia Rymsiewicza gen. sg. KĮ₃ 3v, 1666 Ulica Skombolska Macieia Rudęcia Domek gen. sg. KĮ₃ 12, 1666 Ulica Skombolska Piotra Ziraycia Domek gen. sg. KĮ₃ 11, etc. When houses are listed, their status is described (masonry, wooden house, etc.), and plots in the city are carefully marked, e.g.: 1666 Ulica Rosieńska Plac Jana Ruducia gen. sg. KĮ₃ 8v, 1666 Ulica Skombolska Jerzego Srebeyki Kamienica za wolnosciami gen. sg. KĮ₃ 11, etc.
The system for naming Kėdainiai residents varied. Most often, they are identified by two personal names, e.g.: 1604 Macul Giedratis KĮ₁ 15v, 1624 Stanisław Oszkakis KĮ₂ 2v, 1604 Jakub Ozielewicz KĮ₁ 8, 1666 Jerzego Spolia gen. sg. KĮ₃ 4, 1666 Jozępha Szarna gen. sg. KĮ₃ 9v, 1666 Jerzego Sznyplucia gen. sg. KĮ₃ 13, 1666 Marcina Werszela gen. sg. KĮ₃ 6, 1622 Jozef Żuklętis KKČĮ 1. Naming people with three anthroponyms is less commonly observed, e.g.: 1624 Maciey Ambrewicz Bedweis KĮ₂ 3, Jozęph Stanisławowicz Rauba KĮ₂ 1v, 1624 Adam Janfaytis Rudis KĮ₂ 8v, 1604 Abram Adamowicz Wergelis KĮ₁ 11v. Most likely, for the sake of brevity
3 All anthroponyms presented are normalized. For each, the year in which the personal name was recorded, the abbreviation of the historical source, and the leaf (page) number are indicated. In presenting the anthroponyms, an effort is made to preserve the forms recorded in the original manuscripts.
4 In 1666, Kėdainiai had Josvainiai, Dvaro, and Žydų streets, Jonušava Market Square, and others (Šinkūnas 1928: 21). This source may be useful not only for research into historical anthroponymy but also for studying the development of historical street names and the history of the city’s architecture.
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There are also instances of Kėdainiai residents being recorded with a single personal name, e.g.: 1666 Garnela gen. sg. KI₃ 2v, 1604 Niuniškis KI₁ 6v, 1622 Pavalkius KKČ₁ 1, 1622 Placiakis KKČ₁ 1, 1624 ž Raudonieris abl. sg. KI₂ 3v, 1666 Sierela gen. sg. KI₃ 11, 1624 Šu-kijžis KI₂ 5v, 1624 s Treygaiciem abl. sg. KI₂ 2.
The historical documents from the 17th century discussed above yielded 180 records of Kėdainiai residents with two-part names (various anthroponym variants were counted—suffixal forms, forms with different endings, etc.). The members of the second part of the two-part name (surnames or personal names used in their place) are the subject of this study.
The Kėdainiai inventory was written by scribes whose native language was apparently not Lithuanian. Consequently, when recording anthroponyms of Lithuanian origin, they rendered their gender inconsistently. Some personal names were recorded fairly authentically (with endings, Lithuanian suffixes, and so on), e.g.: 1666 Andreja Birbižka gen. sg. KI₃ 16. For bir- cf. modern surname Birbalas, Birbilà, Birbìlas (LPŽ I 262); 1604 Mazul Burnaytis KI₁ 7. Cf. modern surname Burnàitis (LPŽ I 358); 1666 Jana Jomantiszka gen. sg. KI₃ 12. For jomant- cf. modern surname Jómantas, Jõmantas (LPŽ I 840–841); 1604 Adam Szukjis KI₁ 10. For šuk- cf. modern surname Šùkas, Šùkis (LPŽ II 986), and others.
However, most anthroponyms were altered in various ways. This was influenced by linguistic factors, especially the interaction between Lithuanian and Polish. The most frequent cases of sound substitution include:
a is changed to o: *Padegaitis: 1666 Woyciecha Podegacia gen. sg. KI₃ 16. For padeg- cf. modern surname Padeginkis (LPŽ I 363); *Pavasaris: 1624 Mikol Powa-ris KI₂ 6v. Cf. modern surname Pavasaris (LPŽ II 413); *Pavinkšnis: 1604 Grehori Po-winkžnis KI₁ 14. Cf. modern surname Pavinkšnis (LPŽ II 414–415); *Spalis: 1666 Jerze-go Spolia gen. sg. KI₃ 4. Cf. modern surname Spalis (LPŽ II 780).
au is changed to ow: *Dauksa: 1666 Jana Dowszy gen. sg. KI₃ 9. Cf. modern surname Daukša (LPŽ I 472); *Gintautas: 1624 Marcin Gintowt KI₂ 3. Cf. modern surnames Gintautas, Gìntautas, Gintautas (LPŽ I 671).
e is changed to ie: *Keraitis: 1624 Adam Kieraytis KI₁ 4. Cf. modern surname Keraitis (LPŽ I 974); *Keršis, *Keršys: 1666 Adama Kierszia gen. sg. KI₃ 8. Cf. modern surnames Kéršis, Keršys (LPŽ I 977); *Ketvirtis: 1623 Urbana Kietwricia gen. sg. KA₁ 1. Cf. modern surnames Ketvirtis, Ketvirtis (LPŽ I 981).
uo is changed to o: *Juodis: 1604 Jan Jodelis KI₁ 8. Cf. modern surname Juodėlis (LPŽ I 857); *Sruogis: 1624 Jan Srogiewicz KI₂ 1v. Cf. modern surname Sruogis (LPŽ II 789).
ž is changed to z: *Dargužas: 1666 Adama Dorguza gen. sg. KI₃ 15, 1666 Ja-kuba Dorguza gen. sg. KI₃ 12v. Cf. modern surnames Dargužas, Dargūžas (LPŽ I 462); *Oželis: 1624 Greg Ozelewic KI₂ 10. Cf. modern surname Oželis (LPŽ II 356); *Vėželis: 1604 jūry wezelis KI₁ 7. Cf. modern surname Vėželis (LPŽ II 1201); *Žgaitis: 1666 Ma-cieja Zygacia gen. sg. KI₃ 16v. Cf. modern surname Žgaitis (LPŽ II 1331).
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The available data show that in the 17th century the Slavic suffixes -evič and -ovič could be added, e.g.: 1666 Jana Kunkulewicza gen. sg. Kl₃ 11v; 1666 Woyciecha Montwida gen. sg. Kl₃ 14 || 1666 Woyciecha Montwida gen. sg. Kl₃ 13v; 1666 Lukasa Perknewicza gen. sg. Kl₃ 13.
By origin, the following principal groups of 17th-century Kėdainiai anthroponyms are distinguished: 1) personal names of Lithuanian origin and 2) personal names of non-Lithuanian origin. This classification has a long tradition. In his 1911 study “On Lithuanian personal names,” Kazimieras Būga distinguished surnames of Lithuanian origin from borrowed surnames, and mentioned surnames of uncertain origin (Būga I 205). The tradition of dividing surnames into two groups (surnames of Lithuanian origin and surnames of non-Lithuanian origin) was followed, to a greater or lesser extent, by other researchers of Lithuanian historical anthroponymy: Petras Jonikas (1968: 558–561), Antanas Salys (II 64), Aleksandras Vanagas (1982; 199: 46–472), Vitalija Maciejauskienė (1991: 243; 1992: 1–2; 1993: 36–40; 1994: 10–15; 1997: 112; 1997a: 102–104), Alma Ragauskaitė (199: 47–49; 2000: 95–97; 2005: 141–142), Aušra Žemienė (2002: 17–18; 2016: 125; 2017: 37–40), Asta Urbonavičiūtė (2005: 86–87; 2005a: 234–238; 2011: 28–31), and others. Zigmas Zinkevičius took a somewhat different view. According to him, this classification of personal names is formal, since “every one of our surnames, however non-Lithuanian it may be, usually has Lithuanian elements; at least its ending is Lithuanian” (Zinkevičius 1988: 95–96). Thus, Lithuanian personal names have Lithuanian phonetics, Lithuanian endings, Lithuanian suffixes, and so on (Zinkevičius 2008: 55). Accordingly, “elements of the Lithuanian language” were first sought in the personal names of early 17th-century Vilnians (Zinkevičius 1977: 66–67). Jūratė Čirūnaitė assessed the anthroponymy of the territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in a similar way with respect to origin. She discussed groups of Lithuanian and non-Lithuanian personal names (Čirūnaitė 1999: 71–75; 1999a: 13–15). Applying the selected criterion of ethnic affiliation, Jonas Palionis divided the surnames of the Punia parish into two groups: Lithuanian surnames and non-Lithuanian surnames. Lithuanian surnames here include not only those with a Lithuanian root, but also those containing some Lithuanian derivational formant (an ending, suffix, etc.). Non-Lithuanian surnames are those in which both the root and the derivational affix are borrowed (Palionis 2003: 40–42; 2008: 99–110; see also Ragauskaitė 2005a: 156; Sinkeviciute 2008a: 503–508). Daiva Sinkeviciūtė agreed with Z. Zinkevičius’s method of classifying surnames—differentiating them according to the nature of their base and distinguishing surnames of personal-name and appellative origin (Sinkeviciūtė 2006c: 141).
In this case, the anthroponyms under study are those not only of Lithuanian Kėdainiai residents but also of other ethnic groups (Poles, Scots, Germans, etc.). It therefore seems illogical to look for elements of the Lithuanian language in the surnames of people of other ethnicities. It is not always possible to assign the Kėdainiai anthroponyms under examination to one group or another. Therefore, a further group of personal names was distinguished: 3) those of uncertain or not entirely clear origin
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personal names. Owing to the difficulties of establishing their authentic forms, when the graphic structure of Lithuanian anthroponyms has been strongly affected by Polish or for other reasons, it is impossible to say anything definite about their origin.
The Kėdainiai anthroponyms of Lithuanian origin analyzed here are reconstructed from patronymic and non-patronymic personal names. Their reconstructed forms are marked with an asterisk and listed alphabetically. The personal names recorded in manuscripts are then given (in alphabetical order by gender and chronologically), on the basis of which the form of the anthroponym was reconstructed. These forms are compared with present-day Lithuanian surnames. In some cases, several theoretically possible variants are retained. Where no exact matches were found in the names used today, several more characteristic personal names with the corresponding root are provided. Forms without patronymic suffixes are reconstructed from the anthroponyms recorded in the sources. In Polonized forms of personal names, the Slavic patronymic suffixes –evič and –ovič are often written, but it is argued that Lithuanians may have used Lithuanian patronymic suffixes (–aitis, –ėnas, –onis, –ūnas) in spoken language (Maciejauskienė 1994: 25–30; Ragauskaitė 1999: 148–149). Reconstructed forms without patronymic suffixes also seem more suitable because the same Kėdainiai residents were often recorded differently in the inventories under study, e.g.: 1624 Maciey Girnewicz K₁₂ 7 – 1604 Maciey Girnius K₁₁ 16 – 1622 Maciey Girnius KKČI 1 – 1624 Maciey Girnius K₁₂ 9; 1604 Jakub Kiaukie K₁₁ 12v – 1604 Jakub Kiaukiewicz K₁₁ 11.
The anthroponyms of Lithuanian origin discussed here are divided into three subgroups: 1) old Lithuanian two-stem personal names, 2) abbreviations of two-stem personal names and their suffixed derivatives, and 3) personal names of appellative origin (in the broad sense). They are presented in this order.
1. OLD LITHUANIAN TWO-STEM PERSONAL NAMES
Among the 80 17th-century Kėdainiai anthroponyms of Lithuanian origin examined, 16 are such that old Lithuanian two-stem personal names can be reconstructed from them. In reconstructing their endings, we follow K. Būga’s view that in some cases “two-stem surnames may equally well have the nominative singular endings –as or –a, and –is” (Būga I 224). Six such reconstructions are presented below (constituting 5.4% of all reconstructed anthroponyms): *Gin-taut-as: 1624 Marcin Gintowt K₁₂ 3. Cf. present-day surnames Gintautas, Gintautas, Gintautas (LPŽ I 671); *Gird-vil-as: 1624 Ławryn Gierdwił K₁₂ 1, 1v, 4, 4v – 1624 Ławryn Ławryn Girdwił K₁₂ 5v – 1624 Ławryn Girdwił K₁₂ 11, 1666 Andrzeia Girdwił gen. sg. K₃ 11v. Cf. present-day surname Girdvilas (LPŽ I 674); *Jo-kant-as: 1624 Marcin Jo-kant K₁₂ 7v. Cf. present-day surname Jókantas (LPŽ I 838); *Mant-vyd-as: 1666 Wojciecha
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Montvida gen. sg. Kl₃ 14 – 1666 Woviecha Montwidowicza gen. sg. Kl₃ 13v. Cf. reconstructed forms Mántvydas, Mantvydas (LPŽ II 155); *Nor-vyd-as: 1604 Sebe-stian Narwid Kl₁ 13 – 1624 Sebestian Narwid Kl₂ 8v. Cf. reconstructed form Nórvydas (LPŽ II 336); *Sur-vil-a: 1624 Maciey Surwil Kl₂ 4v, 11 – 1624 Maciey Surwil Kl₂ 10 – 1604 Matys Surwilo Kl₁ 4, 6v, 7v – 1624 Maciey Surwilo Kl₂ 3, 1666 Mikolai Surwily gen. sg. Kl₃ 3v, 1666 Stanislaw Surwily gen. sg. Kl₃ 3v. Cf. reconstructed form Survilà (LPŽ II 861).
As can be seen, the old Lithuanian dithematic personal names presented here are formed from ten different elements: gin-, gird-, jo-, kant-, mant-, nor-, sur-, taut-, vyd-, vil-. Anthroponyms formed with such or similar stems are also found in the seventeenth-century Kėdainiai records (Pavickaitė 2012: 214–216). Later seventeenth-century Kėdainiai documents record dithematic personal names, but the variety of their constituent elements gradually declined.
2. ABBREVIATIONS OF DITHEMATIC PERSONAL NAMES AND THEIR SUFFIXAL DERIVATIVES
The number and place of these personal names in the Lithuanian name system are assessed in different ways. In Lithuanian historical anthroponymy, there is a separate problem of distinguishing abbreviations of old dithematic anthroponyms as a group. Z. Zinkevičius believed that abbreviations of dithematic personal names and their suffixal derivatives were fairly numerous in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (Zinkevičius 1988: 100). V. Maciejauskienė argued that “these personal names certainly did not carry much weight in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century anthroponymy. Consequently, they could not have had a more noticeable impact on the overall picture of the origins of our surnames” (Maciejauskienė 1991: 248; 1997a: 130; 2008: 125–130).
An analysis of the anthroponyms of Kaunas townspeople in the second half of the sixteenth century found that abbreviations of dithematic personal names made up 7% of all reconstructed anthroponyms of Lithuanian origin (Ragauskaitė 1999: 150). In the first half of the seventeenth century, such personal names accounted for about 8% (Ragauskaitė 2000: 99).
According to D. Sinkevičiūtė, the inventory of hypocoristic stems preserved in Lithuanian surnames comprises 171 stems. Applying formal and areal criteria, it was concluded that there are 5,950 modern surnames derived from abbreviations in total (Sinkevičiūtė 2006: 246–247). Anthroponyms originating from abbreviations of Lithuanian dithematic names are recorded in the 1661–1795 list of new burghers and gravediggers of Vilnius (Sinkevičiūtė 2016: 221–254). This supports Z. Zinkevičius’s claim that “abbreviations of ancient dithematic names and their subsequent derivatives gave rise to many of our present-day surnames” (Zinkevičius 1988: 100).
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Kalbamųjų antroponimų kilmė ir darbą tyrinėjamas nekelia abejonių (Zinkevičius 1977: 29; Ragauskaitė 1999: 151; Sinkevičiūtė 2003: 117–119; 2003a: 319–326; 2005: 100–104; 2005a: 217–220; 2006a: 274–276; 2008: 264–270; 2009: 348–350; 2010: 326–330; 2014: 165–170). Teigiama, kad šie asmenvardžiai yra sutrumpėję iš lietuvių senųjų dvikamienių antroponimų, „pasilaidami dažniausiai pirmojo vardo sandą kamieną“ (Salys IIa 270). Pranas Skardžius nurodo du šio tipo antroponimų sudarymo būdus: 1) vartotas vienas dvikamienio asmenvardžio sandas, pvz.: Noras: Nor-butas; 2) prie vieno kamieno pridedama ir dalis antrojo, pvz.: Knystas: Knys-tautas (Skardžius 1943: 440–441). Iš senųjų dvikamienių asmenvardžių trumpinių buvo sudaromi įvairūs priesagų vediniai, pvz.: Ginelis šalia Ginas (: Gin-tautas), Darulis šalia Daras (: Dar-gaila) ir kt. (Zinkevičius 1977: 230, 237).
The sources yielded 5 (4.5%) anthroponyms of Kėdainiai residents that can, at least theoretically, be linked to abbreviations of old Lithuanian dithematic personal names and their suffixal derivatives. These have been reconstructed from 8 anthroponym forms recorded in the documents, e.g.: *Dargužas: 1666 Adama Darguza gen. sg. K₁ 15. Cf. reconstructed forms Dargūžas, Dargužas, Dargužas (LPŽ I 462); *Norušas, *Norušis, *Norūšys: 1604 Pavla Naruševicza gen. sg. K₁ 8. Cf. reconstructed forms Nōrušas, Norušis, Norušis (LPŽ II 335); *Norutis: 1624 Jan Narutis K₁₂ 7. Cf. reconstructed form Norūtis (LPŽ II 335); *Rimdeika: 1604 Bartłomiej Rymdeyko K₁₁ 7, 1624 Maciej Rymdeyko K₁₂v. Cf. reconstructed form Rimdeikà (LPŽ II 608); *Vaidas: 1604 Mikołaj Wada K₁ 4, 5, 11, 12 – 1624 Mikołaj Wada K₁₂v, 5 – 1624 Mikołaj Wąda K₁₀v. For vaid- cf. reconstructed form Vaidas (LPŽ II 1131). The inventory of abbreviations of old Lithuanian dithematic personal names and their suffixal derivatives varies considerably among the historical naming systems of different towns—Vilnius, Kaunas, and Kėdainiai (Zinkevičius 1977: 229–230; Ragauskaitė 1999: 150–151; 2005: 118, 123, 132; Sinkevičiūtė 2006b: 341–351; 2016: 252–253; Sinkevičiūtė, Račka 2014a: 298, 320).
3. NICKNAME-ORIGIN PERSONAL NAMES
Among the personal names of Lithuanian origin borne by the Kėdainiai residents under study, most are anthroponyms of nickname origin (in the broad sense). They can be linked to specific Lithuanian nouns, adjectives, and verbs. The following are 95 (90.1%) personal names in this group, reconstructed from 156 anthroponym forms recorded in the sources: *Barzdenis: 1624 ʒ Mikolajem Barzdeniem
5 For accuracy, the meanings of the etymons of anthroponyms of Lithuanian origin were also sought in the etymological dictionaries of Ernst Fraenkel and Wojciech Smoczyński (Fraenkel 1962; 1965; Smoczyński 2007).
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abl. sg. K₂ 6v. Compound personal name. For the first component barzd-, cf. modern surnames Barzdà, Bãržis, Barždỹs (LPŽ I 207); for the second component žent-, cf. Lith. žéntas ‘daughter’s husband; a man who has gone to live in his wife’s home, a son-in-law who moves in with his wife’s family’ (LKŽe); *Barzdžius: 1624 Woyciech Barzdžius KĮ₂ 6v. Cf. modern surname Barždžius (LPŽ I 208); *Birbiškis: 1624 Gryger Birbiškis KĮ₂ 6v. For birb-, cf. modern surnames Birbalas, Birbilà, Birbilas, Birbičius (LPŽ I 262, 263); *Bizdelė: 1604 Mikolay Bizdela KĮ₁ 10. Cf. Lith. bizdas ‘one who quickly gets worked up over trifles, gets angry, a hothead’, bizdeloti ‘to run about pointlessly and quickly, to bustle about’ (LKŽe); *Budrys: 1624 Pawel Budrys KĮ₂ 7v. Cf. modern surname Budrys (LPŽ I 330); *Burnaitis: 1624 Adam Burnaic KĮ₂ 10v – 1624 Adam Burnayc KĮ₂ 10v – 1604 Adam Burnaytis KĮ₁ 8, 1624 Krzysztoh Burnaic KĮ₂ 11 – 1624 Krzysztoh Burnac KĮ₂ 11 – 1624 Krzysztoh Burnaic KĮ₂ 11 – 1624 Krzysztoh Burnaycis KĮ₂ 1v, 1624 Abram Burnayc KĮ₂ 2v, 1624 Jan Burnayc KĮ₂ 2v – 1624 Jan Burnaytis KĮ₂ 3, 1624 Stanislaw Burnayc KĮ₂ 2, 3, 1624 Stefan Burnayc KĮ₂ 1, 3 – 1624 Szczepan Burnaytys KĮ₂ 4, 1604 Macul Burnaytis KĮ₁ 7, 1604 Mikolay Burnaytis KĮ₁ 7. Cf. modern surname Burnaitis (LPŽ I 358); *Dargalis: 1604 Maciew Dargalis KĮ₁ 10, 1604 Mikolay Dargalis KĮ₁ 10. Compound personal name. For the first component darž-, cf. modern surname Daržys (LPŽ I 64); for the second component gal-, cf. Lith. gãlas ‘the place where a longer object ends; the edge part of an object (beginning, end); a small end of some object’ (LKŽe); *Degenaitis: 1624 Grzegorz Degenaytis KĮ₂ 8. For degen-, cf. modern surname Degėnis (LPŽ I 478); *Dievožodis: 1624 Jan Diewozodis KĮ₂ 2. Compound personal name. For the first component diev-, cf. modern surnames Dievaitis, Dievėnas, Dievulis (LPŽ I 494); for the second component žod-, cf. Lith. žõdis, and further cf. žõdis ‘the most important meaningful unit of language, an expression of any concept; speech, language; speaking, talking; utterance, phrase, statement, decision’ (LKŽe); *Diržis, *Diržys: 1624 Piotr Diržys KĮ₂ 8. Cf. modern surnames Diržis, Diržys (LPŽ I 504); *Diržiškis: 1604 Jus Diržiškis KĮ₁ 15. For dirž-, cf. modern surnames Diržis, Diržys, Diržius (LPŽ I 504); *Garnelis: 1666 [...] Garnela gen. sg. KĮ₃ 2v. Cf. modern surname Garnėlis (LPŽ I 626); *Giedraženis: 1604 Macul Giedraženis KĮ₁ 15. Compound personal name. For the first component giedr-, cf. modern surnames Giedrà, Giedrė (LPŽ I 663); for the second component žent-, cf. Lith. žéntas ‘daughter’s husband; a man who has gone to live in his wife’s home, a son-in-law who moves in with his wife’s family’ (LKŽe); *Girius: 1604 Matys Girnewicz KĮ₁ 16 – 1624 Maciej Girnewicz KĮ₂ 7 – 1604 Maciej Girnius KĮ₁ 16 – 1622 Maciej Girnius KKČĮ 1 – 1624 Maciej Girnius KĮ₂ 9 – 1624 Maciej Girnius KĮ₂ 9. Cf. modern surnames Girnius, Gìrnius, Girnius (LPŽ I 676–677); *Gumbas: 1666 Adama Gumba gen. sg. KĮ₃ 16. For gumb-, cf. modern surname Gūmbis (LPŽ I 742); *Juodelis: 1604 Jan Jodelis KĮ₁ 8. Cf. modern surname Juodėlis (LPŽ I 857); *Katainis: 1624 Jan Kataynys KĮ₂ 7. Cf. modern surname Katainis (LPŽ I 946); *Katinėlis: 1604 Maciej Katinelis KĮ₁ 13v, 16 – 1624 Maciej Katinelis KĮ₂ 2. Cf. modern surname Katinėlis (LPŽ I 947); *Katinškis: 1622 Tomasz Katinžkis KKČĮ 3 – 1624 Tomasz Katinžkis KĮ₂ 6. For katin-, cf. modern surname Kãtinas (LPŽ I 947);
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katin- cf. modern surname Kãtinas (LPŽ I 947); *Kaupas: 1624 Jan Kaupas K₁ 5v. Cf. modern surname Kãupas (LPŽ I 951); *Keraitis: 1624 Adam Kieraytys K₁ 4. Cf. modern surname Kėraitis (LPŽ I 974); *Keršis, *Keršys: 1660 Adam Kierszia gen. sg. K₁ 8. Cf. modern surnames Kéršis, Kèršys (LPŽ I 977); *Ketvirtis: 1604 Urban Kietwirtis K₁ 10. Cf. modern surnames Kėtvirtis, Ketvirtis (LPŽ I 981); *Kiaukė: 1604 Jakub Kiaukie K₁ 12v – 1604 jakub Kiaukiewicz K₁ 11. Cf. modern surname Kiãukė (LPŽ I 983); *Kiškelis: 1604 Adam Kiżkielis K₁ 15v. Cf. modern surname Kiškėlis (LPŽ I 100); *Klišas, *Klišis, *Klišys, *Klišus: 1604 Stanislaw Kliszewicz K₁ 7, 1604 Marcin Kłyszewicz K₁ 7. Cf. modern surnames Klišas, Klišis, Klišys, Klišus (LPŽ I 1025, 1026); *Knipčius: 1624 Urban Knipcius K₁ 3. Cf. Lith. knìpčius ‘one who is deeply absorbed in trifles or in his work; a little thief, a swindler’ (LKŽ); *Krumplis: 1624 Maciey Krumplis K₁ 2. Cf. modern surname Krùmplis (LPŽ I 1091); *Kunkulis, *Kunkulys: 1604 Adam Kunkulewicz K₁ 9v, 1624 Abram Kunkulewicz K₁ 4, 5, 1604 Andrzej Kunkulewicz K₁ 9v, 1624 Jan Kunkulewicz K₁ 3, 5, 1624 Maciey Kunkulewicz K₁ 4 – 1624 Maciey Kunkulewicz K₁ 5v. Cf. modern surnames Kunkulis, Kunkùlis, Kunkùlys (LPŽ I 1124); *Kunkulžentis: 1604 Szczesnego Kunkulenczia gen. sg. K₁ 9v. Compound personal name. For the first component kunku-, cf. modern surnames Kùnkulis, Kunkùlis, Kunkulỹs (LPŽ I 1124); for the second component žent-, cf. Lith. žéntas ‘daughter’s husband; a man who has gone to live in his wife’s home, a son-in-law who moves in with his wife’s family’ (LKŽ); *Kutn agis: 1624 Stanislaw Kutnagis K₁ 9. Compound personal name. For the first component kut-, possibly cf. Lith. kùtas ‘a tuft of tangled fluff, down, or wool’; for the second component nag-, cf. Lith. nãgas ‘the horny growth at the tip of a human, animal, or bird’s finger; fingers, hands’ (LKŽ); *Laukis: 1624 Maciey Laukis K₁ 5. Cf. modern surname Lãukis (LPŽ II 32); *Mažutis: 1624 Pawel Mazutys K₁ 10v. For mažut-, cf. modern surnames Mažuta, Mažutavičius, Mažutis (LPŽ II 193); *Mėšlaubinis: 1604 Gryg Meźlaubinis K₁ 16. Compound personal name. For the first component mėš-, cf. Lith. mėšlas ‘animal excrement mixed with straw and used as fertilizer; excrement; figuratively, a careless, worthless person, a lazybones’ (LKŽ); for the second component sub-, cf. Lith. subinė, subinė, subinė ‘buttocks, seat’ (LKŽ); *Mielis: 1604 Bartlomiej Mielis K₁ 7. Cf. modern surname Miẽlis (LPŽ II 222); *Mielžentis: 1604 Pawel Mielzentis K₁ 8. Compound personal name. For the first component mel-, cf. modern surnames Mėlis, Mielỹs (LPŽ II 222); for the second component žent-, cf. Lith. žéntas ‘daughter’s husband; a man who has gone to live in his wife’s home, a son-in-law who moves in with his wife’s family’ (LKŽ); *Naudžiūnas: 1624 Jan Naudziun K₁ 5 – 1624 Jan Naudziun K₁ 8v, 1604 Gryg Naudżunas K₁ 10v. Cf. modern surname Naudžiūnas (LPŽ II 306); *Oželis: 1624 Gryg Ozelewicz K₁ 10 – 1624 Gryg Ozelewicz K₁ 4v – 1624 Gryg Ozelewicz K₁ 10 – 1624 Grzegorz Ożelewicz K₁ 4 – 1624 Grzegorz Ożelewicz K₁ 3v – 1604 Gryg Ożelewicz K₁ 12. Cf. modern surname Oželis (LPŽ II 356); *Paršaitis: 1624 Jan Parżaytis K₁ 8v. Cf. modern surname Paršaitis (LPŽ II 397); *Pavasaris: 1604 jan Pawasaris K₁ 15v, 1624 Adam Powaseris K₁ 8, 1624 Mikołay Powaseris K₁ 6v. Cf. modern surname
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Pavāaris (LPŽ II 413); *Pavēsis: 1624 Pawesis Maciej Kł₂ 3 – 1624 Maciej Pawesis Kł₂ 2 – 1624 Maciej Pawesis Mieczy Kł₂ 16v, 1604 juraPawesia gen. sg. Kł₁ 8. Cf. surname Pavēsis (LPŽ II 414); *Pavinkšnìs: 1666 Jana Pawinksznia gen. sg. Kł₃ 7v, 1604 Grehory Powinkſnis Kł₁ 14. Cf. surname Pavinkšnìs (LPŽ II 414–415); *Pempelė: 1624 Baltromey Pempel Kł₂ 7. Cf. surname Pēmpė (LPŽ II 427); *Perkūnas: 1624 Jakub Perkun Kł₂ 5, 1624 Adam Perunas Kł₂ 3v, 1624 3 Mikotaem Perkunem abl. sg. Kł₂ 4, 1624 Jan Perkunos Kł₂ 5v. Cf. surname Perkūnas (LPŽ II 429); *Pigaitis: 1624 3 Walem Pigayciem abl. sg. Kł₂ 10. Cf. surname Pigēnas (LPŽ II 450); *Pilvelžis: 1624 Jan Pilwelžetis Kł₂ 7. Compound personal name. For the first component pilvel-, cf. surname Pilvės (LPŽ II 458); for the second component žent-, cf. Lithuanian žentas ‘daughter’s husband; a man who has gone to live in his wife’s home, a son-in-law resident with his wife’s family’ (LKŽe); *Plāciakis: 1624 Woyciech Placieka gen. sg. Kł₂ 6v. Cf. surname Plāciakas (LPŽ II 466); *Plaktinis: 1604 jakuba Plaktinia gen. sg. Kł₁ 13v. For plakt-, cf. surnames Plaktės, Plaktōnis (LPŽ II 466, 467); *Plauskas: 1604 Marcin Plaũkas Kł₁ 10. For plausk-, cf. surnames Plauskā, Plauskis (LPŽ II 469); *Plauškis, *Plauškys, *Plauškius: 1666 Macieia Plauzkiewicza gen. sg. Kł₁ 11. For plausk-, cf. surname Plaũkā (LPŽ II 469); *Plikaitis: 1624 Jan Plikaytis Kł₂ 3v. Cf. surname Plikaitis (LPŽ II 476); *Plikis: 1624 Pawel Plikien abl. sg. Kł₂ 8 – 1624 Pawel Plikis Kł₂ 6v, 1604 jan Plikis Kł₁ 12v. Cf. surname Plikis (LPŽ II 476); *Puknius: 1624 Grzegorż Puknius Kł₂ 5v. Cf. surname Pūknius (LPŽ II 529); *Puržentis: 1604 Pawel Purzents Kł₁ 11. Compound personal name. For the first component pur-, cf. surnames Pūras, Puris, Pūrys (LPŽ II 537, 538); for the second component žent-, cf. Lithuanian žentas ‘daughter’s husband; a man who has gone to live in his wife’s home, a son-in-law resident with his wife’s family’ (LKŽe); *Rainaitis: 1622 Stas Raynais KKČ 2v. For rain-, cf. surnames Raināvičius, Rainis, Rainys (LPŽ II 562, 563); *Rimša, *Rimšas, *Rimšis: 1666 Jana Rymsiewicza gen. sg. Kł₃ 3v, 1666 Macieia Rymsiewicza gen. sg. Kł₃ 3v. Cf. surnames Rimša, Rimšas, Rimšis (LPŽ II 611); *Rudaitis: 1624 Macie Rudaitis Kł₂ 5, 1624 Jan Rudaytis Kł₂ 5. Cf. surname Rudaitis (LPŽ II 629); *Rudis: 1604 Mikolay Rudis Kł₁ 13v – 1666 Mikola Rudia gen. sg. Kł₂ 11, 1604 stanisław Rudis Kł₁ 9v – 1624 Stanisław Rudys Kł₂ 5. Cf. surname Rūdis (LPŽ II 630); *Rudžentis: 1666 Macieia Rudziecia gen. sg. Kł₃ 12. Compound personal name. For the first component rud-, cf. surname Rūdis (LPŽ II 630); for the second component žent-, cf. Lithuanian žentas ‘daughter’s husband; a man who has gone to live in his wife’s home, a son-in-law resident with his wife’s family’ (LKŽe); *Ruibels: 1604 Adam Ruibela gen. sg. Kł₁ 6. For ruib-, cf. surnames Rūiba, Ruibis, Ruibys (LPŽ II 634); *Ruibis: 1624 Pawel Ruibis Kł₂ 1v. Cf. surname Ruibis (LPŽ II 634); *Rūkštelė: 1624 Vrban Rukszteła Kł₂ 5v. Cf. surname Rūkštėlė (LPŽ II 636); *Rūgas, *Rūgis, *Rūgys, *Rūgus: 1604 Tomul Ruzgiewicz Kł₁ 6v. Cf. surnames Rugā, Rūgas, Rūgis, Rūgys, Rūgus (LPŽ II 649–650); *Skribėntis: 1624 Gryg Skybetis Kł₂ 2v. Compound personal name. For
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for the first component skrib-, cf. the personal name *Skribas or the like; further cf. the surname Skribickas (LPŽ II 748); for the second component žent-, cf. Lithuanian žentas ‘daughter’s husband; a man who has gone to live in his wife’s home, a son-in-law who joins the household’ (LKŽe); *Smulkis: 1624 Adam Smulkis KI₂ 6v. Cf. surname variant Smūlis (LPŽ II 773); *Spalis: 1624 Andrzey Spalis KI₂ 8v. Cf. surname variant Spalis (LPŽ II 780); *Srebeika: 1666 Jerzego Srebeyki gen. sg. KI₃ 11. For sreb-, cf. surname variants Srebâlis, Srebâlius (LPŽ II 788); *Sruogis: 1624 Jan Srogiewicz KI₂ 1v – 1604 jan Sruogis KI₁ 6, 11, 1604 Adam Sruogiewicz KI₁ 11 – 1604 Adam Sruogis KI₁ 5. Cf. surname variant Sruogis (LPŽ II 789); *Šarka: 1624 Stefan Szarka KI₂ 7v. Cf. surname variant Šarka (LPŽ II 889); *Šernas: 1666 Jozefa Szarna gen. sg. KI₃ 9v. Cf. surname variant Šernas (LPŽ II 914); *Šešpirstis: 1624 Wojciech Szeſpirstys KI₂ 7v – 1624 z Wojciechem Szeſpirsztim abl. sg. KI₂ 9. Cf. Lithuanian šešpirstis ‘a person whose hand has six fingers’ (LKŽe); *Šilaitis: 1624 {…}⁶ Szyłaytys KI₂ 2v. Cf. surname variant Šilaitis (LPŽ II 924); *Šurpa: 1624 Jan Szurpa KI₂ 8. For šurp-, cf. surname variant Šurpinskas (LPŽ II 943); *Šlevaitis: 1604 Gryg ſłeways KI₁ 13. For šlev-, cf. surname variants Šleva, Šlevas, Šlevis, Šlevys (LPŽ II 952, 953); *Šukis: 1624 Maciey Szukis KI₂ 7v. Cf. surname variant Šukis (LPŽ II 986); *Šukškis: 1604 Adam szukſzkis KI₁ 1v – 1624 Adam Szuſzkis KI₂ 5v, 9 – 1624 Adam Szuſzkis KI₂ 7v, 1624 Stanisław Szuſzkis KI₂ 3v – 1624 Stanisław ſzukſzkis KI₂ 9. For šuk-, cf. surname variants Šukis, Šukys (LPŽ II 986–987); *Švelnis, *Švelnys, *Švelnius: 1604 Lawryn Szwelniewicz KI₁ 8v. Cf. surname variants Švelis, Švelnis, Švelnys, Švelnius (LPŽ II 1002); *Šveplis: 1624 Jakub Szwęplis KI₁ 7. For švepl-, cf. surname variant Šveplėnas (LPŽ II 1004); *Tekelis: 1604 Masis Tekelis KI₁ 6. For tek-, cf. surname variants Tekutis, Tėkužis (LPŽ II 1034); *Tregaitis: 1624 Abram Tregaytis KI₂ 2v. For treg-, cf. surname variant Tregys (LPŽ II 1064); *Užkuraitis: 1624 Stanisław Uszkuraytis KI₂ 5, 1624 Samuel Uszkuraytis KI₂ 7. Cf. surname variants Užkuraitis, Užkuraitis, Užkuraitis (LPŽ II 1121); *Velnaragis: 1666 Grzegorz Welneregia gen. sg. KI₃ 15, 1624 Piotr Welneragis KI₂ 6, 6v, 1622 Pawel welneragis KKČ 1. Cf. Lithuanian velniaragis ‘a kind of curse’ (LKŽe); *Vergelis: 1604 Adam Wergiel KI₁ 11, 14. For verg-, cf. surname variant Vergutis (LPŽ II 1194); *Vežaitis: 1624 Józef Wiezayc KI₂ 6v. For vež-, cf. surname variants Vežauskis, Veželis, Veževičius, Vežys (LPŽ II 1201); *Vėželis: 1604 jury wezelis KI₁ 7. Cf. surname variant Vėželis (LPŽ II 1201); *Vibikas: 1666 Krzysztofa Wilbika gen. sg. KI₃ 11. Cf. surname variants Vibikas, Vībikas, Vibikas (LPŽ II 1210); *Žagaras: 1604 Urbana Zagora gen. sg. KI₁ 4, 5. Cf. surname variant Žagaras (LPŽ II 1307); *Žarnagalis: 1624 Mikolay Żarnogalis KI₂ 6v. To be associated with Lithuanian žarnagalis, žarnėgalis ‘the long end of an intestine; the end of this organ as a part of a butchered carcass’ (LKŽe); *Žemaitelis: 1604 Bartłomiej Zemaytelis KI₁ 13. Cf. surname variant Žemaitėlis (LPŽ II 1322); *Žemkentys: 1624 Woyciech Żemkentys KI₂ 7v. Cf. Lithuanian žiemkentys, -ė,
6Fragments of entries conveyed indistinctly in historical sources are indicated in curly brackets.
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žemkėtis, žiemketis ‘winter crop, winter-sown crop; sown in autumn and yielding a harvest the following year; surviving the winter; experienced in winter; kept over the winter (LKŽė); *Žilaitis: 164 Mikolaj Žylaitis K₂ 7 – 164 Mikolaj Žylaitis K₂ 7. Cf. also surname Žilaitis (LPŽ II 1322–1333); *Žiraitis: 1666 Piotra Žiracyja gen. sg. K₃ 11. For žir-, cf. also surnames Žirūskas, Žirinskas (LPŽ II 1337); *Žukliažentis: 1622 Jozef Žuklženis KKŽ 1. Compound personal name. For the first component, cf. also surname Žuklys (LPŽ II 1348); for the second, cf. Lithuanian žentas ‘daughter’s husband; a husband who has moved into his wife’s home, a son-in-law living with his wife’s family’ (LKŽė); *Žuklys: 164 Jan Žuklewicz K₂ 11. Cf. also surname Žuklys (LPŽ II 1348).
As can be seen, nickname-based personal names predominate among the anthroponyms of Lithuanian origin. This substantial layer of nickname-derived personal names is not a phenomenon observed only in the historical anthroponymy of Kėdainiai. Personal names of this type also predominate in the 17th-century naming systems of Vilnius and Kaunas (Zinkevičius 1977: 231; Ragauskaitė 2005: 124–125).
Of 180 designations of inhabitants of Kėdainiai, 106 17th-century personal names of Lithuanian origin were reconstructed as the second element and compared with present-day Lithuanian surnames; the comparison showed that 63 (60%) of them are still in use today. Some, namely 24 (23% of all reconstructed names) anthroponyms derived from nicknames, have counterparts among surnames of the same origin but formed differently. These are: *Birbiškis (KI₂ 6v) – present-day surname Birbalas (LPŽ I 262); *Degenaitis (KI₂ 8) – present-day surname Degėnis (LPŽ I 478); *Diržiskis (KI₁ 15) – present-day surname Dirzis (LPŽ I 504); *Gumbas (KI₃ 16) – present-day surname Gumbis (LPŽ I 742); *Katiniskis (KKŽ 3) – present-day surname Kātinas (LPŽ I 947; *Măzutaitis (KI₂ 10v) – present-day surname Măžutis (LPŽ II 193); *Pempe (KI₂ 7) – present-day surname Pėmpė (LPŽ II 427); *Pigatis (KI₂ 10) – present-day surname Pigėnas (LPŽ II 450; *Plaktinis (KI₁ 13v) – present-day surname Plaktýs (LPŽ II 466); *Plaukas (KI₁ 10) – present-day surname Plauka (LPŽ II 469); *Plaušis, *Plaušas, *Plaušius (KI₁ 11) – present-day surname Plaušė (LPŽ II 469); *Rainaitis (KKŽ 2v) – present-day surname Rainys (LPŽ II 563); *Rubelis (KI₁ 6) – present-day surname Rubys (LPŽ II 634); *Srėbėka (KI₃ 11) – present-day surname Srėblys (LPŽ II 788); *Šurpa (KI₂ 8) – present-day surname Šurpinskas (LPŽ II 943); *Šlevaitis (KI₁ 13) – present-day surname Šlevas (LPŽ II 952); *Šukškis (KI₁ 1v) – present-day surname Šukys (LPŽ II 987); *Švelis (KI₂ 7) – present-day surname Švenčėnas (LPŽ II 1004); *Tekelis (KI₁ 6) – present-day surname Tekūtis (LPŽ II 1034); *Tregaitis (KI₂ 2v) – present-day surname Tregys (LPŽ II 1064); *Vaida (KI₁ 4) – present-day surname Vaidas (LPŽ II 1131); *Vergelis (KI₁ 11) – present-day surname Vergūlis (LPŽ II 1194); *Vėžaitis (KI₂ 6v) – present-day surname Vėžys (LPŽ II 1201); *Žiraitis (KI₃ 11) – present-day surname Žirūskas (LPŽ II 1337).
The other 19 (17%) reconstructed anthroponyms of Kėdainiai residents have no counterparts in the present-day Lithuanian naming system: *Baržažentis (KI₂ 6v), *Bizdelė (KI₁ 10), *Daržgalis (KI₁ 10), *Dievažodis (KI₂ 2), *Giedražentis (KI₁ 15), *Knipčius (KI₂ 3), *Kunkūžentis (KI₁ 9v), *Kunagis (KI₂ 9), *Mėlsiaubinis (KI₁ 16), *Mielėnis (KI₁ 8), *Pilvelėnis (KI₂ 7), *Purženis (KI₁ 11), *Rudėnis (KI₃ 12),
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1. Examination of the two-element designations of Kėdainiai residents recorded in 17th-century historical documents (the 1604, 1624, and 1666 Kėdainiai inventories and the 1622 inventory of the Kėdainiai rectory) established that 180 anthroponyms (surnames or personal names performing the function of surnames) are of Lithuanian origin.
2. The inventories examined reveal instances of Slavicization of personal names, including sound changes, the use of Slavic suffixes in anthroponyms of Lithuanian origin, and the loss of word endings, among other phenomena.
3. Of the 180 personal names of Lithuanian origin discussed, 106 anthroponyms were reconstructed. These comprise 6 old Lithuanian dithematic personal names (5.4%), 5 abbreviations of dithematic anthroponyms and their suffixal derivatives (4.5%), and 95 nickname-derived names (90.1%).
4. Comparison of the 106 reconstructed personal names with present-day Lithuanian surnames showed that 63 (60%) are still in use today. Some, namely 24 (23% of all reconstructed names), have counterparts among present-day surnames of the same origin but formed differently. The other 19 (17%) have no counterparts in the present-day naming system.
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APPENDICES
Fig. 1. Fragment from the 1604 inventory of Kėdainiai (fol. 4)
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Fig. 2. Fragment from the 1666 inventory of Kėdainiai (fol. 13v)
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HISTORICAL SOURCES
K1 – Inventory of Kėdainiai from 1604. Manuscript Department of Vilnius University Library (hereafter – VUBRS). F. 4. A1723. B. 34308a.
K2 – Inventory of Kėdainiai from 1624 (Inwentarz spisany ymienia Kieydanskiego wielmoznego pana [...] Stanisława Kiszki Woiewodzica Witebskiego [...]). VUBRS. F. 4. A1724. B. 34308b.
K3 – Inventory of the town of Kieydanskiego from 1666 (Inwentarz miasta Kieydanskiego 1666). VUBRS. F. 4. A215. B. 1691.
KKČI – Inventory of the Kėdainiai rectory’s 1622 rent levy. VUBRS. F. 4. A207. B. 1692.
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Personal Names of Lithuanian Origin among Kėdainiai Residents in the 17th Century
S U M M A R Y
The analysis of personal names of Kėdainiai residents recorded in the 17th century (Kėdainiai inventories of 1604, 1624, 1666 and Kėdainiai rectory land rent inventory of 1622) led to the conclusion that 180 second components of binary nominations are of Lithuanian origin. Certain facts of Slavization of personal names were distinguished in the historical documents under analysis: sound substitution, use of Slavic suffixes in the anthroponyms of Lithuanian origin, omission of endings, etc. Out of 180 anthroponyms of Lithuanian origin analysed in the study, 106 personal name forms were reconstructed. Among them, there are 6 (5.4 per cent) Lithuanian old two-stem anthroponyms, 5 (4.5 per cent) abbreviations of two-stem personal names and their suffix derivatives and 95 (90.1 per cent) anthroponyms of nickname origin. The comparison between reconstructed anthroponyms and present-day Lithuanian surnames shows that 63 (60 per cent) of them still function today. A part of them, i.e. 24 (23 per cent of all the reconstructed anthroponyms), have the equivalents of surnames of the same origin but different formation. The remaining 19 (17 per cent) anthroponyms have no equivalents among the present-day personal names.
