Re iews by 207
VYTAUTAS KARDELIS
Vilniaus uni e si e as
Resea ch a eas include dialec ology, his o y o language,
cogni i e seman ics, and a ia ion in language. The
Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is
compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
LUNCH LUNCH High school
snack wo ds
Vilnius: Ins i u e o Li huanian Language, 2016, I . AM, 682 p.
ISBN 978-609-411-187-7 (common), ISBN 978-609-411-188-4 (I olume)
Vilnius: Ins i u e o Li huanian Language, 2019, II . NŽ, 831 p.
ISBN 978-609-411-187-7 (common), ISBN 978-609-411-238-6 (common), is loca ed in he ci y o Vilnius.
(second olume)
In 2016, he i s olume o he Sou he n Highlands Sh e l Dic iona y (A[…]M) was
published. Th ee yea s la e , in 2019, he second olume o he dic iona y (N[…]Ž)
was published. This is al eady he ou een h dic iona y in he g oup o
dic iona y dic iona ies ( o a e iew o dic iona y dic iona ies published be o e
2014, see Zubai ienė 2014: 142[…]147). Bo h olumes we e p epa ed by expe ienced
and p o essional dialec ologis s, excellen knowledgeable, educa ed and expe in
he sou he n highland dialec s, D . As a Leskauskai ė and D . Vilija Ragaišienė.
The scien i ic edi o o he wo d is D . Vilija Ragaišienė, he edi o is D . Vilija
Sakalauskienė, he au ho o he map is D . Lau a Ge žo ai ė. Neda Kos kienė
summa ized he wo d ca e ully, he pain e Rokas Gelažius illus a ed i . The
p epa a ion o he dic iona y was suppo ed by he S a e Li huanian Language
Commission (VLKK) unde he p og am o he p ese a ion o dialec s and
e hnic dialec s o he yea s 2001-2010; The publica ion o he i s olume was
suppo ed by he Li huanian Science Council (LMT) unde he S a e P og amme
o Li huanian S udies and Dissemina ion 2016-2024. The publica ion o he second
olume o he a o emen ioned LMT p og amme has appa en ly lacked unds, bu
i is g a i ying and impo an o no e ha he publica ion o he second olume
was suppo ed by bo h business and he Va ėnos dis ic municipali y, and some
o hem we e w i en on he on page o he dic iona y by people who suppo ed he publica ion. I is impo an o no e he e ha he publica ion o scien i ic wo k is no suppo ed by he LMT, bu by businesses, municipali ies and ci izens.
VYTAUTAS KARDELIS
The Ac a Linguis ica LXXII clea ly indica es ha he dic iona y has al eady eached
i s des ina ion. I 's a beau i ul example o pa io ism and suppo o he cul u e o
ou coun y. I is also clea ha he au ho o he dic iona y […]cik inių dzūkų[…] has
no acciden al expe iences in he se lemen s, which is e idenced no only by he
suppo o he publica ion o he dic iona y, he since e and wa m p esen a ion o
he dic iona y in he websi e o he Vilnius Teache s' House and he Li huanian
Language Ins i u e, bu also by he quali y o he dic iona y i sel .
The i s olume o he dic iona y begins wi h P a a me (p. VIIIX), ollowed by
Į adas. The la e p o ides all he a ibu es necessa y o a ansla ional
ocabula y: he men ioned sou he n sou he n highland dialec s ( he e is also
men ion o he sociolinguis ic si ua ion o […] bilingual o ilingual inhabi an s) and
hei a ea (p. XI[…]XIII), he peculia i ies o he dialec s and he cha ac e is ic
ea u es o sound, spelling, mo phology and syn ax (p. XIII[…]XV). The ocabula y
pobūdis and sanda a is p esen ed using glossa ies, s uc u es and illus a ions
and app op ia e examples (p. XXVXXX). Below is he ansc ip ion sec ion, which
p o ides he signs o owels, consonan s, consonan s and consonan s, in ona ion
and syn agma ic dis ibu ion o ex , and hei explana ion. Lis s o place name
abb e ia ions, o he abb e ia ions and signs, and li e a u e a e added. The
second olume also begins in P a a me (p. VIIVIII), is he In oduc ion (p. IXXI) […]
gloss I-ojo is a summa y o he In oduc ion. In he las pa o he ocabula y,
he sky els o he i s olume a e epea ed, p esen ing he ocabula y o he
pobūdis and he sanda a (p. XIXV), he ansc ip ion (p. XVXVIII), he lis s o place names and o he abb e ia ions and signs.
Acco ding o he au ho s, he […]Sou he n Highlands Dic iona y[…] […]is p epa ed
acco ding o he p inciples o de ailed dic iona ies: i con ains all he collec ed
sou he n highlands wo ds om li ing and w i en sou ces ( he manusc ip s and
audio eco dings s o ed in he a chi es o he Ins i u e o Li huanian Language
Geolinguis ics and he Supplemen a y Dic iona y o he Li huanian Language
compiled by he Join Language Resea ch Cen e) […] (p. XXVI). I is also men ioned
in he o ewo d ha in i e yea s, almos h ee hund ed hou s o sound
eco dings we e eco ded. I is om he audio eco dings o his pe iod ha
he e bal examples a e selec ed and o m he basis o he dic iona y. In
addi ion, he ma e ial is aken om o he sound eco dings made by colleagues
a he beginning o he 21s cen u y. I should be emphasized ha he […]Zodyn
gained and p e iously men ioned in he 1970s and 1980s, in 2002 and 2003 he
ansla ional examples o audio eco dings and manusc ip ex s, […]Li huanian
language dic iona y addi ions[…] a chi es (p. VIII[…]IX). When eading hese
s a emen s, one migh bow down and ask: Wha abou he p inciples and c i e ia
o selec ing he ma e ial? Ob iously, he e is a di e ence be ween w i en
sou ces and o iginal audio eco dings. I is also clea ha he linguis ic examples
o he sound eco dings, manusc ip s and addi ions o he Li huanian language
ocabula y o he 1970s and 1980s we e bo h collec ed and, in pa icula , p ocessed on he basis o di e en heo e ical and me hodological p inciples han a e usual in con empo a y Li huanian dialec ology. So he ques ion may a ise as o whe he he ansla o pu i in o one dic iona y.
As a Leskauskai ė, Vilija Ragaišienė.
Pie inių pie ų aukš aičių šnek ų žodynas
Re iews o 209 ma e ials selec ed and p esen ed by old me hods and "new" and
new heo e ical access ma ked. By he way, his way o composing empi ical
ma e ial may ha e been de e mined by he hough s exp essed in he p e ace by
he au ho s o he dic iona y, which qui e clea ly jus i y he nos algia and anxie y
o he a e o he snails: "These places a e people's wo lds, cus oms, e e y deb
e lec s hei na i e snail" melodious, e bal, a chaic, hough al eady somewha
dis o ed by he new. Un o una ely, he numbe o communi ies in he sou he n
jungle illages ha cul i a e adi ional c a s, li es yles and cha ac e is ics
inhe i ed om hei ances o s is dec easing e e y yea due o un a ou able
demog aphic de elopmen s, economic and social p ocesses, so hei exis ence is a
eal h ea . Teaching people's manne s and he local schnek o eache s... (p. VII).
As can be unde s ood om his a he long quo e, he pu pose o he dic iona y
was o pu as much and as di e se ma e ial as possible in o i . I mus be
acknowledged ha he au ho has jus exp essed doub s as o he a ional and
app op ia e way o econciling he di e en ypes o ma e ial: […]The sen ences
o he old manusc ip ex s ha e been ew i en keeping he o iginal sys em o
punc ua ion, he o iginal ansc ip ion wi h he place o esidence and he
e e ence o he manusc ip ex s.[…] (p. XXX) The ollowing able is inse ed: Tha
e e ence (RT) clea ly iden i ies he olde ma e ial. In his case, he inequali ies
and nuances o he ansc ip ions o old examples will become less ele an , and
he ma e ial o di e en ch onological laye s will be mo e con enien o compa e,
i necessa y. Ano he opic o discussion is he bo owing lexicon and "new o new
wo ds" (p. XXVI). The la e a e ma ked wi h he abb e ia ion nj. A sign s . is
w i en nex o wo ds o o eign o igin (Sla ic, Ge manic) and is used o indica e
he meaning o bo owings. I would seem o be a misunde s anding, bu he au ho
has ound he igh solu ion he e as well: […]Reikšmės loans a e indica ed be o e
he explana ion o he meaning in b acke s by he abb e ia ion s .[…] (p. XXVI) This
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion. Thus, in one case, he abb e ia ion s . is a e he i le wo d, in
ano he case be o e he meaning explana ion. The e is a no e abou he
bo owe s: acco ding o he au ho s, "as a as possible, an a emp is made o
indica e he o igin o he wo ds", bu " he o igins o he old bo owe s a e no
indica ed" (p. XXVI). I seems o me ha he habi o no paying […]old deb s[…] is
no pa icula ly app op ia e and is c i icized (see Ka delis' a gumen s 2016: 8[…]9).
Howe e , i can be unde s ood ha such a choice was also in luenced by he adi ion o he au ho s hemsel es in he p epa a ion o dic iona ies and by he gene al equi emen s o he p epa a ion o dic iona ies app o ed by he VLKK. By he way, hese equi emen s, al hough hey a e ecommenda ions, he au ho s ollowed p ope ly and c ea i ely.
One such example is he ac ha "Zodyne" does no con ain e bs, along wi h
he wo ds "nebu ėlių", which a e a i icially c ea ed e bs o o m, e.g., bós i,
ml i, mók i, žn i. The wo d also does no include basic e bs ha do no ha e he
example o a e b in hei syllables (p. XXVIII). A b ie no e on ansc ip ion: i is
immedia ely appa en ha he dic iona y was p epa ed and edi ed by
p o essional and expe ienced dialec ologis s, one o whose wo k is and
VYTAUTAS KARDELIS
210 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXII p epa a ion o he ansla ion ex s. The
example ansc ip ion is emphasized, no o e loaded, consis en , desc ibing he
sys ema ic s uc u e o he sound sys em, and showing impo an and sub le
nuances.
The dis inc i e peculia i y and mo e cha ac e is ic ea u es o Šnek ų a e qui e
adi ional, he e minology used in he wo ks o adi ional Li huanian
dialec ology is common, especially when alking abou he sound ( he men ioned
ancien acu e limbs, ha d limbs, limbs […] spelling). Such a adi ional p esen a ion
is unlikely o be pa icula ly c i ical: on he one hand, i one akes he ocabula y
ma e ial based on linguis ic esea ch, he e minology will be ailo ed o he
needs, on he o he hand, he ocabula y will be ead no only by linguis s and
lexicog aphe s. So he simple p esen a ion and explana ion o empi ical ac s in
his case has i s own mo i es and logic. When eading he chap e s discussed
abo e, one s iking ea u e immedia ely comes o mind, which can be desc ibed in
one wo d […] a ian s. The ac ha he wo d ine i ably shows a ia ion - eal
phone ic, mo phological, syn ac ic di e si y - is a joy ul and salu a y hing.
Va iance is p ope ly desc ibed in he Law and is clea ly seen in illus a i e
examples. I can be a gued ha he ma e ial p esen ed in he dic iona y is uly
o iginal and au hen ic (o cou se, i we compa e i wi h he o iginal sound
eco dings, he e may be discussions abou one o he o he speci ic case, bu
anyone who has ansc ibed e bal ex s knows e y well ha di e en
ansc ibe s some imes hea he same hings di e en ly […] his is a complex cogni i e p ocess dependen on many ac o s).
In gene al, due o he s uc u e and s uc u e o he dic iona y i sel , he
ma e ial and i s p esen a ion, he ansc ip ions and explana ions o meanings
al eady men ioned canno be said o be o any essen ial c i ical no e. I should be
acknowledged ha he au ho o he dic iona y adhe es o he sys em and
lexicog aphic consis ency bo h in p esen ing he ma e ial and in explaining he
meanings, g amma ical and o he knowledge. The p esen a ion o explana ions o
meanings shows qui e well he cu ious and analy ical app oach o he wo k o
w i ing he dic iona y. A leas o me, a ch es oma ic example o he con usion
caused by he explana ions o some meanings and he examples illus a ing hem
a e he wo ds "speak", "speak" in he […]Daba inės lie u ių kalbos žodyne[…] and
[…]Lie u ių kalbos žodyne[…] (www.lkŽ). All you ha e o do is compa e hem wi h he
explana ions o he "Sou he n Highlands" dic iona y and hei ela ionship o he
examples, and you can see ha he si ua ion is much be e . In gene al, wo d
au ho s, al hough hey use LKJ explana ions (o cou se, in cases whe e hey a e
en i ely app op ia e and do no con adic he empi ical ocabula y ma e ial),
o en p o ide hei own, which a e o en mo e g ace ul, mo e mo i a ed, and i
well wi h examples. I is g a i ying ha he "Sou he n Highlands Dic iona y" has
now been supplemen ed by a collec ion o exis ing dic iona ies. I is impo an
ha i al eady exis s and will con inue o be use ul no only o he adi ional b anches o linguis ics (Li huanian dialec ology, Bal ic, Indo-Eu opean), bu also has a g ea , dis inc i e, di e se ma e ial and spi i ual,
As a Leskauskai ė, Vilija Ragaišienė.
Pie inių pie ų aukš aičių šnek ų žodynas
Re iews Re iews 211 In gene al […] he cul u al sec o . I will undoub edly be
a ailable no only o p o essional humani a ian wo ke s. In he o ewo d, he
au ho beau i ully and app op ia ely says: "Then his dic iona y is a small hole in
he high- ise sou he n dining halls, o dungeons, gua ded by snails". This wo k,
which con ibu es o os e ing communi y, p omo es he pe cep ion o he alue
o one's iden i y and, ul ima ely, eminds us o wha we ha e al eady los .
F om a linguis ic poin o iew, his is a la ge and impo an con ibu ion o he
esea ch o his dic iona y, which he au ho s o he Sou he n Highlands
dic iona y, D . As a Leskauskai ė and D . Vilija Ragaišienė, ha e ecen ly
de eloped and deepened no only signi ican ly bu , mos impo an ly, p o essionally.
All ha emains is o wish he colleagues, in he wo ds o P o esso
Albe o Rosino, a b igh memo y, c ea i e success and u he se ious esea ch.
In he ield o li e a u e
Leskai ė As a, Ragaišienė Vilija 2016: The dic iona y o he high-le el ocabula y o he
sou he n meals (AM) I, Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. Leskai ė As a, Ragaišienė
Vilija 2019: The ocabula y o sou he n high-al i ude slang (NŽ) II, Vilnius: Li huanian
language ins i u e. Ka delis Vy au as 2016: Sla ism in Li huanian language: his o y and
pe spec i es o he s udy. Li huanian Polish dialec s. A ailable on he In e ne : h p:
www.lenku a mes. l . u.l o in he a icles.
Zubai ė Vilma 2014: Li huanian lexicog aphy: his o y and p esen : a ex book, Vilnius:
Vilnius Uni e si y publishing house.
Deli e ed on 21 Ap il 2020
VYTAUTAS KARDELIS
Vilniaus uni e si e as
Facul y o Philology
The Depa men o Li huanian Language o he Ins i u e
o Speech and Language a he Uni e si y o Vilnius,
LT-01131 Vilnius, Li huania y au as.ka de[email p o ec ed]