310 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The di ec ion o scien i ic esea ch: Onomas ics ( he
s udy o ac ual wo d p oduc ion, o igin, mo i a ion).
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
NAME o he e m
The Clause
On he Te m Žem a dis
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle discusses he p ocess and esul o he e minology o he lowe name o he
sel -p oclaimed wo d ha unc ioned in he in e wa schola Kazimie Alminauski's o osene,
he concep , he place o he e m in i s e minology sys em, he ela ionship wi h o he e ms
used in Li huanian oponymy. A e disclosing he concep ual in o ma ion p o ided by his
language ma k, b oade possibili ies o i s use we e en isaged. The a icle expands he
encyclopedic da a, agmen s o he w i ing o place names om he his o y o he li ing
language (language), hey a e supplemen ed by in o ma ion om he dic iona y o he Li huanian
oponymy egis e o he pas cen u y, examples o hei own oponymy ep esen ing he
cul u al seman ics o he in e - illage om he Land Name Anke es.
ESMINIAI WORDS: oponym, sel -de ined e m, analysis o he ex used, analysis o
he con ex , e minological nomina ion, mo i a ion, sys em o e ms,
in e language communica ion.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle discusses he p ocess and esul o he e minology o he indigenous wo d
Land a dis (land name), which unc ioned in he language o he in e wa scien is Kazimie as
Alminauskas, i s concep , he place o he e m in he sys em o local e ms, i s ela ionship
wi h o he e ms used in Li huanian oponymy. A e e ealing he concep ual in o ma ion
p o ided by his linguis ic sign, b oade possibili ies o he use o he e m a e p o ided. The
a icle is expanded by encyclopedic da a, he agmen s o his o y o collec ing place names
om li ing language (speaking); They a e u he supplemen ed by he in o ma ion om he
S aipsniai / A icles 311
Te mino žemė a dis klausimu
Na ional Regis e o Toponymy o he p e ious cen u y, he Dic iona y o Li huanian Toponyms
and he examples o local oponymy ep esen ing he cul u al seman ics o he in e wa illage
om he Land Names ques ionnai es. KEYWORDS: oponym, indigenous e m, analysis o he ex
o use, con ex analysis, e minological nomina ion, mo i a ion, sys em o e ms,
c oss-disciplina y communica ion.
The in oduc ion. The e minology o eal wo ds is quali ied as pa o all linguis ic e minology
wi h only i s own cha ac e is ics. Un o una ely, in he mo e gene al dic iona ies o his ield
o science (Šmilaue 1963; Podolská 1978, 1988; D uomené concep s, hei naming models, he
GTSGN 2002) au inės e minijos iene ai, ge iausiai a spindin ys kalbinės ben-
sys em and he ield hey ep esen , do no ag ee. As science de elops, he need o e m
selec ion a ises, which becomes one o he mos impo an asks o he esea che . The
p inciples and c i e ia o he selec ion o e ms de ined by he esea che s de e mine he
u he s ages o he e minological ac i i y: he implemen a ion o he selec ed esea ch
me hods, he collec ion o in o ma ion necessa y o he u he use o e ms, ocabula ies,
based on bo h he equi emen s o he e m and he p epa ed me hodological p inciples o he
e minological wo k, he c i e ia o he de ini ion o e ms, synch onici y, sys ema ici y,
no ma i e p inciples, which a e p ac ically implemen ed by modeling he logical-concep ual
sys em. The e m as a "special language lexicon" also equi es a special no ma i e, based no on
li e a y, bu on i s na u al ce ain y and accu acy, de e mined no by he usage adi ions o
he wo ding in o ce in a pa icula language, bu by he ci cums ances dic a ed by his
language's subsys em. Acco ding o Li huanian e minologis Albina Aukso iū ė, "i is e y
impo an ha he Li huanian language is used bo h in public li e o he s a e and in he wo ld
o science" (Aukso iū ė 2020). The ela ionship be ween he language o science and he li ing
language o he people, wi hou u ning i in o a pu ely a i icial means o communica ion
be ween specialis s, is also men ioned by Kazimie Gai enis (1987: 84). Recen ly, he cogni i e
app oach o mo phological mo i a ional analysis has become inc easingly ele an . 1 Fo hese,
see he adi ional p o isions decla ing Li huanian e minology (Gai enis 1987: 83[…]91; Gai enis,
Keinys 1990: 210) and he wo ks o con empo a y, a opocen ic schola s wo king on he basis
o he pa adigm (Kos e ina, Kond a yuko a 2014: 133[…]137; Vasilye 2014, 2015). 2 Special
ocabula y is subjec o special s anda disa ion based on
литературная, а производственная правильность, продиктованная не нормами словоупотре-
бления или словообразования данного языка, а условиями соответствующей подсистемы“
(Суперанская 2003: 28).
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
The Ac a Linguis ica Li huaniana (LXXVIII) is a collec ion o linguis ic ex s ha ha e
been ansla ed in o many languages. Acco ding o Russian linguis Jelena S.
Kub iako a, he in o ma ion con eyed by a wo d is packaged in a mo i a ed and
usually di ided sign ha con eys i s meaning, o he mos consis en na u e, and he
į pažin ines i komunikacines eikmes“ (Кубрякова 2004: 393)3. „Kiek ieno
šnekos ak o me u sąmonėje ak ualizuojamas men alinis u inys y a subjek y-
con en upda ed wi h a speci ic wo d is only he eal, eal meaning o he wo d in he
si ua ion o he speech ac . The eal meaning is wha a pe son Didelė pa o such
mano, ką u i gal oje, kai su okia (išgi s a a ba pa s pa a oja) am ik ą žodį.
meaning is common o all speake s because o simila li e expe iences, because o
ypical communica ion si ua ions epea ed […] (Guda ičius 2011: 111). Meaning is
unde s ood as he uni y o con en and o m. In o de o unde s and he con en
ep esen ed by a language sign, i is necessa y o pe cei e he mo ning sign, which
ga e he impulse o ind he language sign. Acco ding o Nikolai F. Ale i enko, he
"in e nal o m o he speech sign is conside ed o be a synch onous epigma ic
componen o i s seman ic s uc u e, pe o ming he unc ion o an indi ec
nomina ion o he idiosync a ic basis, i.e. e lec ing he deno a i e sign by which one
o he possible agmen s o eali y was named" (Ale i enko, 2009). The pu pose o
he e m is no only o exp ess he concep o science accu a ely, bu also o
pe o m he unc ion o a ce ain ins umen o knowledge, explaining wha is new
in he ield o science i se es. Thus, belie ing ha he e m sa akilmis could ake
oo in he eme ging science o eal wo ds and highligh i s na ional cogni i e
ea u es, Kazimie Alminauski's book Ins uc ion o he Landlo d was chosen as he
main sou ce o analysis. Chap e I On he name o he land, i s meaning and
composi ion says: "The name o he land occupies a digni ied place among he wo ks
o olklo e and olklo e" (Alminauskis 1934: 3). In he ace o globaliza ion, i seems,
depending on he si ua ion be ween he wo coun ies6, he opposi ion does no
allow he wo ds "disappea " o " emain"
3 „Передаваемая им информация упаковывается в мотивированный и, как правило, расчле-
ненно передающий свое значение знак, а также знак, оптимально согласующий свои когни-
тивные и коммуникативные задачи“ (Кубрякова 2004: 393).
4 „Внутренняя форма языкового знака рассматривается как синхронный эпидигматический
компонент его семантической структуры, служащий идиоэтнической основой косвенно-про-
изводной номинации, т. е. отражающий тот денотативный признак, по которому и был наи-
менован соответствующий фрагмент реальной действительности“ (Алефиренко 2009).
5 „Термин призван не только предельно точно выразить научное понятие, но и служить сво-
еобразным инструментом познания, выявления нового в той отрасли научного знания, ко-
торую он обслуживает“ (Блинова 1981: 28).
6 The wo ds o K. Alminauskas oday seem o echo hose o he Li huanian geog aphe Filomena
Ka oliu ė: […]The names o places o esidence, oge he wi h o he place names, o m a
A icles o he T ea y
Te mino žemė a dis klausimu
speci ic exp ession ha does no limi he a en ion o ce ain wo ds in he ield.[…] Thus, his
s udy is impo an bo h o oponymy and o e minology, because he peculia i y o
onomas ics, i s posi ion in he ield o humani a ian knowledge, has epea edly caused a lo o
con o e sy, jus as he unce ain y abou he s a us o ce ain wo ds in he language and
hei di e si y has in luenced he p ocess o onomas ic e minology. In addi ion, […]na ional
e ms a e an inexhaus ible sou ce o scien i ic e minology. In some cases, hey p o ide mo e
p ecise and p ecise in o ma ion abou he geog aphical objec , he pu pose o he a icle is […]
gam os eiškinio u inį i jo a spal ius“ (Мурзаев 1984: 4)9.
based on he documen ep esen ing he si ua ion o he pu poses o he in e wa uni e sal
lis o place names, he K. Alminauskio Ins uc ion, o de e mine he scope o he con en
p o ided by he lowe case o he language sign, o p o ide he basis o he da a o name he
lowe case o he e m and he use o he wo d. In o de o implemen i , he ollowing asks
a e se : (1) o cla i y he o igin o he lowe name; 2) o p esen he encyclopedic and
oponymically es ablished concep o he e m, he hema ic en i onmen , he con ex ual
pa ne s, o explain (in e p e ) he mo i a ion, o e eal he s uc u al model; 3) based on he
ex o K. Alminauski's Ins uc ion, he la es con ex o his oponymic esea ch, o e eal
(in e p e ) he changes in he app oach o he naming o he ac ual agmen (place names)
ha de e mine he co ec ness o he con en o he e m place name.
So in o de o be able o de e mine (in e p e ), o highligh wha is new in he language, how i
ela es o wha is s ill used in he old one, i is s udied a he lexical-seman ic, syn ac ic and
linguis ic-cul u al le els, p ecisely by combining onomasyological and semasiological me hods. In
addi ion, he a icle applies o he heo e ical cul u al-men al landscape, which exis s insepa ably
om socie y and is no less signi ican han cus oms o adi ions (Ka oliu ė 2019: 740). 7 […]The
in angible cul u al he i age […] is ali e, h i ing, passed on om gene a ion o gene a ion, gi ing man
he much-needed sense o iden i y […] has always occupied an impo an place in he li e o socie y:
om he adi ions ha ha e g own uni e sally in blood o he deeply che ished cus oms o small
communi ies ha i s bene ac o s sha e wi h all people who wan o know and expe ience ou
wo ld iew, e en he mos sel ish. […] I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h p:
www.lie u os-nema e ialaus-kul u os-pa eldo- e ybiu-sa ade- ie o a dziu-a min ies-i - a ojim-
o- adicija [ iew]
2020-07-11].
8 „Своеобразие ономастики, положение ее в среде гума нитарных знаний не раз вызывало
многочисленные споры, так же как неопределенность научной позиции имен собс твенных
в лингвистике и их многообразие повлияли на про цесс ономастической терминологизации“
(Матвеев 2005: 5).
9 „Народные термины – неисчерпаемый источник пополнения научной терминологии. В ря-
де случаев они более точно и предметно информируют о содержании и нюансах географи-
ческого объекта, природного явления“ (Мурзаев 1984: 4).
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
The Ac a Linguis ica LXXIII p o ides a de ailed desc ip ion o he analy ical and componen analysis
me hods ha ollow he ules o quali a i e esea ch o ien ed o he objec o s udy. The a icle is
aluable o e minology, e minog aphy, oponomas ics, cul u al geog aphy, sociolec icology11,
in e pe sonal communica ion, and an in e es ing educa ional app oach. 1. The o igin o he noun. The
lowe case o he wo d made in he manne o a ea y is made up o wo clauses. The i s one is a
sie e wi h ain, he second one is a ainbow wi h ain. Acco ding o he e ymological ocabula y
da abase o he language (www.LKEŽBe), compiled by Vilnius Uni e si y12, he wo d "land" [...], as in
Žodžio pi mojo s uk ū inio dėmens kilmę galima paaiškin i emian is Lie u ių
o he na i e languages, is seman ically linked o "land lying, ha which is low" (Ci Buck om 1949: 16).
Fu he mo e, ocusing on he mos ypical, mos au onomous, s ylis ically neu al meaning indica ed in
he Li huanian wo d (www.lkze), ma ked wi h he i s numbe , i is clea ha he ain means "in he
plane s" on he su ace, [...] (o en opposed o he sky) and he meaning is e lec ed in he wa e .13 The
la e componen s o he meaning a e supplemen ed and he s uc u e o he meaning is de eloped by
o he meanings o he plu al wo d: 4. ‘The ou e laye is he laye o he su ace o ou plane ,
whe he wo ked o o he wise used; 5. ma e ials ha make up he su ace o ou plane moles di ,
impu i ies; 6. plo , a ea, ield o any pu pose; 7. "d y" […] "sho e, sho e" 8. […] a ia, ield o be wo ked,
soil[…]; 9. p i a e (pp . wo king) plo o land, u ili ies p i a e es a e soil ya d; 10. ‘sui able o plan
g ow h and cul i a ion laye , soil; 11. […]inhabi ed e i o y, egion, coun y[…] […] p k.14 […]inhabi an s
o he egion o coun y, na ion[…] […] […]s a e[…] […] e hnic e i o ial uni […] […] […]dis ic , place,
a ea[…] […] […] ė ynė, home own, a he […]. The second s uc u al e m […] comes om he La in wo d
a[…]das, a e m gi en no o one, bu o each o a ce ain kind o hing, phenomenon, ac ion, e c. […] and
he second pa o he compound wo d onimas [on[…]mai], meaning 10 […] Quali a i e (quali a i e) s udy
[…] is a sys ema ic, uns uc u ed s udy o a g oup o indi iduals, a si ua ion o an e en in he na u al
en i onmen , in o de o unde s and in e p e a i e phenomena and p o ide a holis ic explana ion o
hem (Ka delis 2002). 11 Sociolec icology […] a science ha s udies he ela ionship be ween he meaning
o wo ds and people's place o esidence, p o ession, social s a us. In summa y, i is he science o he
ela ionship be ween wo ds and socie y. 12 P ojec leade p o . d . Dai a Sinke ičiū ė. She was bo n in
he illage o Dai a Sinke ičiū ė. A ailable on he In e ne : h p: h p: ime ology.bal nexus.l
[Re iewed in Sep embe -Oc obe 2020]
13 The symbol […] is used o ma k he shade o meaning below. 14
Abb e ia ions such as LKŽe a e no sepa a ely explained.

S aipsniai / A icles 315
Te mino žemė a dis klausimu
„ a das“, „pa adinimas“, „žodis“ (TŽŽ 2013: 822), onmai [g . onyma – a das]
o alk. wo ds o combina ions o wo ds ha name objec s (including) 15. The
e m concep , he hema ic en i onmen , he place in he sys em, he mo i a ion,
he s uc u al model. Based on encyclopedic da a, oponyms, o place names, i.e.
e i ied place names, a e p ima ily di ided in o non- esiden ial place names and
esiden ial place names. The names o uninhabi ed places a e in u n di ided in o
wo la ge g oups - hyd onyms and place names. he names o ields, di , g a el,
Žemė a džiai – ai kalnų, kal ų, ska džių, daubų, slėnių, pie ų, lankų, ganyklų,
molds, o es s, skysc ape s, hills, bushes, acks, oads, pa hs and he like.
Su names a e he mos common Li huanian oponyms. The e a e o e 500,000 o
hem. They a e he mos di e se among oponyms acco ding o hei o igin and
ime o appea ance. These a e mos ly names o small and no e y impo an
places; As his o ical and social ci cums ances change, hey change, disappea , o
new ones eme ge. They a e less likely o be included in o icial documen s and less
likely o be legalized. Howe e , o communica ion, o ien a ion, place names a e no
less impo an han he names o wa e s o se lemen s (LKE 2008: 599, 556 […] 557)
16. This classi ica ion e eals he posi ion o place names in he gene al sys em o
oponymic e ms […] hey a e a a lowe le el o non- esiden ial place names and
oge he wi h hyd onyms17 o m a g oup o place names, o place names.
G asilda Blažienė, based on he expe ience o Ge man onomas ics, a gues ha " hese
oponyms, which emain sepa a e om oikonimus and hyd onimus, would bes be
called land names, o non- esiden ial place names" (Blažienė 2006: 27). The concep o
he Vi aly Maciejauskienės oponyms, o place names, sys em is e ealed by he
Li huanian place name ocabula y sou ce, he a chi es in he unds o he Li huanian
Language Ins i u e's Bal ic Languages and Names Resea ch Cen e : […]I has been
collec ed o almos he en i e wen ie h cen u y, and cu en ly has abou 600
housand pages. They a e insc ibed a di e en imes and in di e en ways om
he li ing language o collec Li huanian place names […] names o se lemen s, wa e
names and a ious o he su ace objec s o he ea h (a imas, heigh s, balls, b as as, daubas, soils,
15 Da plg. usų e minijos ep ezen an ą: „Топóним (от др.-греч. τόπος – место + ὄνυμα –
имя, название) – разряд онимов, имя собственное, обозначающее собственное название
природного объекта на Земле или объекта, созданного человеком на Земле. Топонимы
изучаются наукой топонимикой, являющейся разделом ономастики“ (Подольская 1988:
127).
16 See also TŽ 2013: 822: oponmas ( op- + g . onyma […] name), o speak. place name, place o esidence
o he e i ied name o ano he geog aphical objec . Acco ding o LKŽ, he place name is he ac ual
place name, name [Auk aičiuose he e a e su names and place names Kušlauckių Vaižg.]. 17 As
ega ds he use o his e m in bo h he na ow and he b oad sense, see Vanag 1999: 239. This is he
i s ime ha his has happened. In he i s case, he e m "hyd on" is used o e e o i e s
and lakes, and in he second case, o e e o o he wa e bodies such as lakes, ponds, lakes, i e s, ponds, di ches, ponds, ponds, lakes, e c.
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
Ac a Linguis ica 316 Li huanica LXXXIII names o pas u es, moun ains, hills,
moun ains, oads, ields, o es s, meadows, w i ings and so on. The la e place
names a e e y nume ous, hey a e he leas s udied (Maciejauskienė 2002: 102)18.
The g oup o objec s named in he encyclopedia by he au ho s emains unnamed,
bu i is clea ha he onomas ics dis inguishes i om o he classes
(classes) o names.
As i has become cus oma y, in all Li huanian wo ks on egional (a ea) oponymy, in
he monog aph o he Li huanian Collec i e o Scien is s "Li huanian place names,
place names and wa e names in he Eu opean con ex " (LOFGEK 2019), in he
s udies o Ilonoskienė, Rena a Endzely ė, Ne ija Ba ku ė, in he se ies o local land
esea ch "Ve smė" in he publica ions "Dos", i.e. moun ains, ields, o es s, oads,
pa hs, e c., he e ms a e called "land names". I has also been used by geog aphe s
who ha e w i en on language issues, S anislo as Ta ydas (1958: 5, 46), linguis s
B onys Sa ukynas (1963: 235)19, Alexande Vanagas (1988: 16), Ma ija Razmukai ė (2003:
67), and e hnologis Auksuolė Čepai ienė (2013: 112, 129). The ci cums ances and
mo i a ion o he eme gence o he e m seem o be easily unde s ood om a
synch onous poin o iew. I has become necessa y o name he zones o he d y
land su ace (land co e ) ha a e dis inc om he su ounding en i onmen
(a able, moun ainous, o es ed, hose walked, d i en, e c.). The mo i a ion allows o
unde s and he use o o he species o he same le el o e ms: wa e names,
names o li ing c ea u es. Li huanian oponyms also use mixed e ms o hei own
o igin: bo h Li huanian and G eek-de i ed s ones. The e ms used synonymously
a e: wa e -bea e […] hyd on[…]mas; he li ing widow's claim is […] oikon[…]mas; he
pel o he single alley […] helon[…]mas; he cal 's ail […] he cal 's ail; he ca le,
he sheep, he goa s, he ag onume ic; he ho se's ail […] he ho se's ail; I 's like,
P i eikus šie apibend in ai pa adinami ie ó a džiais a oponmais, o o onmai,
"Oh, my God, his is idiculous". ag onomis s, d ymen, and hodonologis s in he lowe
classes. Thus, he e minological model was o med om he main e b adas,
meaning a class o eal wo ds (ca ego y), and he seconda y e b žēmė, meaning a
place and deno ing a class o non-li ing objec s. In o de o unde s and he meaning
in o maciją, p i alu paisy i sin aksinių yšių a p pag indinio i šalu inio dė-
mens (a i inkamai adas i žẽmė), nes s a bi ne a ski ų dėmenų eikšmių suma,
o he gi en sign bu he meaning o he whole, i.e. he meaning o he gi .
A icles o he T ea y
Te mino žemė a dis klausimu
3. The e m is e ospec i e. 3.1. The ins uc ion s a es ha he names o he
lands […]suda place names[…] (20) and land names (21) by which people ha e named
almos e e y place: ield, o es , lake, c eek, meadow... hill... a e always di e en ,
wi h names ha di e om each o he […] (Alminauskis 1934: 3). Fi s o all, he
case o he use o he lowe case is discussed, he meaning o which is explained in
he o ewo d o he Ins uc ion by he au ho himsel : "Land names in he b oad
sense co e all he names o places on he su ace o he ea h, and he e o e
also place names". F om wha has been said, i can be unde s ood ha he concep
o he e m "land" ha unc ioned in K. Alminauski's wo k was o med acco ding
o he concep o "wha is below", pe cei ing all segmen s o he su ounding
en i onmen (ea h) as opposed o he sky. So, acco ding o he in e locu o , he
equa ion is like he ounda ion o he uppe pa o he sys em. This concep o
opposi ion is also decla ed in symbol dic iona ies (Beke is 1996: 318; Lapinskienė 2007:
176)22. In mode n oponymy23 o he wise: oponyms, o place names, a e also
conside ed o be he names o cosmic objec s […] s a s, cons ella ions, plane s,
come s, e c. (also see LKE 2008: 557). 3.2 K. Alminauski's asse ion ha almos e e y
place (loca ion 24 […] K. A.) is p onounced 25 and is p onounced di e en ly, wi h a
name ha di e s om each o he , (pa) liudija a lis o abb e ia ions o he
e e ences o Li huanian place names objec s o p ac ical iden i ica ion o
places26. Acco ding o he chie edi o o he dic iona y, Laimu is Bilkis, "compa ed
o he i s olume, he concep o place names has been somewha expanded: he
second olume includes he names o indi idual geog aphical objec s (s ones,
ees), buildings wi h ce ain a eas o land (ca casses, hills, pi s), communica ion
objec s (lips, b idges). The aim is o keep hese o en in e es ing names o
s uc u e and o igin ou o he a chi es and no o o ge hem o a while (LVZ II:
VII). So i 's no ha d o imagine ha ou cul u e names almos all o he socially
impo an segmen s o he landscape. They a e a ached o a pa icula class, a
subclass, by an objec e e ence. Fo he pu pose o sepa a ing names om each
o he , his was (and s ill is) used by bo h place-name p o ide s and eache s,
singe s, and esea che s who w o e in he ques ionnai es. This is e idenced by he
7 h column o he "Dalykas" able o he 27 s anda dized shee s o he Land Name
ques ionnai es, which indica ed which agmen o he eali y was being named. As
he la es Li huanian oponymic esea ch shows, he e e ence o he
džian ie os a do nominaciją i mo y aciją28. Tai bū inoji, su ik inių žodžių
physiog aphic e m is no elimina ed om he seman ics o he place name […] i is
necessa y o exp ess he uni a y concep as a undamen al ea u e, iden i y,
in o ma ion. 3.3 The dispa i y in he con en o he names o he lands and hei
compe i ion wi h each o he is also e idenced by he ollowing wo ds o K.
Alminauski: "These names o he lands ell us in de ail abou he people's
a achmen o hei land, hei lo e and a ec ion o i . And people call he
smalles co ne o he ea h by i s name, in o he wo ds, hey pe sonalize i and he eby b ing i close o hemsel es" (Alminauskis 1934: 3). The sen ence ha was dele ed shows ha he ins uc o d ew a en ion o he name o he land.
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
Ac a Linguis ica Li uaniana, pp. 318-329: "Language is a means o communica ion wi h people, wi h
ep esen a i es o a pa icula linguis ic communi y, iden i ying places wi h hemsel es, bu a he
same ime dis inguishing hem om each o he in some way." The e a e examples con i ming his in he
Sa oy oponymy. One o hem, based on subjec i ism, is he place, he man […] he ball is he Panái ė
(V 31). S e an Ulman is one o he polynomials o me apho and indica es an h opomo phism (see Ulman
1970). These a e wo ds ha desc ibe he human body, he spi i , he ac i i ies, used o e e o he
hings o he non-li ing wo ld. This naming o opobjec s p o okes associa ions o he add essee wi h
he pe son33. Names ha desc ibe a pe son (li ing c ea u e) a e he basis o he nomina ion o he
ollowing su names: di a Mùd ė (B b); I is also known as he "Kdn" o "Lb ". The name Pik ãbalė (Kdn)
de i es om he ac ha in he pas he e was a ball in ha place, whe e many animals we e
slaugh e ed. Acco ding o Vaida D uk einy ė, who has s udied e bs wi h pe e ed meanings, hese
[…]a sidu ia a e a he pe iphe y o seman ic g oups, because in many cases he same e b, wi h
pe e ed and pe e ed meanings, alls in o di e en seman ic g oups[…] (D uk einy ė 2002: 318). In he
con ex o he ques ion in ques ion, he la e obse a ion is pa icula ly signi ican because i wa ns
o seman ic changes, a ce ain de o ma ion in he s uc u e o he meaning o place names. 3.4. "Land
names o en in oduce us o he ea lie ci cums ances o a na ion's li e and gi e us a deepe insigh in o
i s soul", says he Ins uc ion (Alminauskis 1934: 3). […]Wi h hei ances o s[…] (wi h he names […]
au ho 's no e) a e associa ed memo ies o ancien imes, ancien le e s, belie s and simila subjec s
o he cul u al his o y o he na ion, abou which we would no know any hing […] (ibid). F om he
ins uc ions w i en in he sen ences i can be unde s ood (in e p e ed) ha he epig aph o 30
Kazimie as Bugas, which has become he basis o many Li huanian esea che s' epo s and a icles,
emphasizing he impo ance o place names, and in his con ex does no lose i s meaning due o he
a i ude o he speake s o he beginning o he las cen u y o he names o hei land, hei coun y.
The name o he ci y is gi en o us by he land i sel . The wo ds o he language a e ci ies, alleys, i e s,
lakes, alleys, hills, moun ains, and so on. 31 Sub-sec ions such as LVZ a e no sepa a ely explained. See
also 32. Guda ičius 2007: 165[…]168. He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen . Ta yana Fedo o a
(Uzbekis ani S a e Humani a ian and Pedagogical Uni e si y) calls his ype o me apho in oponymy
cogni i e (ž . Fedo o a 2008: 48, 33 An h opomo phic me apho s o m he basis o pe soni ica ion […]
s ylis ic igu es, when he objec s o he s ill wo ld a e gi en human cha ac e is ics and signs (see
Guda ičius 2009: 117).
49).
34 W i e i down in he ins uc ion.
35 Con en s o he hi d page o he ques ionnai e: 13. […]His o ical knowledge[…], 14. A chaeological
knowledge, 15. […]Explana ions o he o igin o he names[…], 16. Tau osakiné news. The s anda dized
ques ionnai e ends wi h a able o indica o s o he age in e al o he esponden s, i.e. in o ma ion on he age g oup o which hey belong.
A icles o he T ea y
Te mino žemė a dis klausimu
Sa ukinas B onis (Kilmininkiai, Li huanian place names) was bo n in 1963. […]
Ques ions on he Li huanian language 6, 235 […] 246.
Sinke ičiū ė Dai a 2015: A dic iona y o he Li huanian language. The main laye s.
Assignmen s o s uden s: e-book, Vilnius: Vilnius Uni e si y publishing house.
Ska džius P anas 1943: Li huanian language wo d ac o y, Vilnius: Li huanian
Academy o Sciences, Li huanian language ins i u e.
S ide skienė Dalia 2015: Due o a p agma ic linguis ic analysis o place names
( e e ing o he place names o he Ma ijampolė dis ic ). […] Ac a Linguis ica
166–199.
Li huanica 73, S ide skienė Dalia 2016: Mo i a ion o he o es in he dis ic o
Sudu iniai Ma ijampolės. […] Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 75, 243 […] 273. This is he i s ime ha he Ac has been amended.
S ide skienė Dalia 2017: Mo i a ion o he he oes o he dis ic o
Ma ijampolė. […] Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 77, 78[…]102. This is he i s ime ha he Ac has been amended.
The 2019 S ide ski Dalia: The mo i a ion o he he oes o he Ma ijampolė
dis ic . […] Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 81, 110[…]140, which is a ailable in Li huanian.
Vaičiuly ė-Semėnienė Lo e a 2018: The concep o human iden i y acco ding o he
iden i ies -i and i s Vedic in he publica ions o he cu en Li huanian language. […] Ac a
78–102.
Linguis ica Li huanica 79, Šmilaue Vladimi 1963: Ú od do oponomas iky, P ague: S á ní
pedagogické naklda els í. […] This is he i s ime ha he Li huanian language has been ansla ed in o English.
Ta ydas S anislo as 1958: Li huanian local newspape s, Vilnius: S a e publishing
house o poli ical and scien i ic li e a u e.
TŽ […] In e na ional dic iona y o wo ds, edi ed by A. Kaulakienė and o he s,
Vilnius: Alma li e a, 2013.
Vanag as Aleksand as 1988: Pe kel iniai place names in Li huania. He is a membe o
he Li huanian na ional eam. […] Science and li e 5, 14 […] 17.
Алефиренко Николай Ф. 2009: Когнитивно-дискурсивная парадигма языко-
вого знака. – Язык. Текст. Дискурс: научный альманак под ред. Г. Н. Манаенко,
вып. 7, Ставрополь, 7–17.
I'm no going o lie o you. 1981: The e m and i s mo i a ion. […]
Te minology and cul u e o speech, Moscow: Science, 28[…]37.
Васильева Наталия Н. 2014: Традиционное и новое в русской топонимической
he e minology. […] Mic o oponymy Mac o oponymy: P oblema ics a he beginning, ed.
A. Gałkowski, R. Gliwa, Łódź: Wydawnic wo Uniwe sy e u Łódzkiego, 117[…]126, also known as he Uni e si y o Łódź, is one o he oldes uni e si ies in Poland.

DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
326 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII
Васильева Наталия Н. 2014a: О координировании ономастической
терминологии. – Вестник Нижегородского университета им. Н. И. Лобачевского
2(1), 373–377.
Васильева Наталия Н. 2015: Нужен ли ономастике новый терминологический
The dic iona y? […] E hnology and linguis ics. The onomas ics. E ymology: ma e ials o he hi d in e lude.
науч. конф. Екатеринбург, 7–11 сентября 2015 г., отв. ред. Е. Л. Березович; ред.
Е. О. Борисова, Н. В. Кабинина, М. Э. Рут, Л. А. Феоктистова, 60–62.
Костерина Юлия Е., Кондратюкова Людмила К. 2014: Критерии и
принципы отбора терминов. – Омский научный вестник 1(125), 133–137.
Кубрякова Елена С. 2004: Язык и значение. На пути получения знаний о языке:
части речи с когнитивной точки зрения. Роль языка в познании мира, Москва:
Языки славянской культуры.
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этюд. – Вопросы ономастики 2, 5–11.
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he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: he o de . A. V. Supe anskaya, Moscow: Science and he Humani ies
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изд. 2-е, перераб. и доп. А. В. Суперанская, Москва: Наука.
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Н. В. Васильева, Моква: ЛИБРОКОМ.
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A icles and a icles 327
Te mino žemė a dis klausimu
On he Te m Žem a dis
Summa y
A e analyzing he Ins uc ion o Collec o s o Place Names (1934) by Kazimie as Alminauskis
as he main ex whe e he e m "land name" o igina ed, i s oponymic con ex and he
mul idisciplina y scien i ic domain, whe e, o he bes o ou knowledge, he e m unc ions,
and aking in o accoun he speci ici y o he elemen objec s (phenomena) o which he e m
e e s, i u ned ou ha (1) The complex quali a i e s udy de e mined (2) he s uc u al
model o his e m and i s seman ic ampli ude.
I was asce ained ha he seman ic domain žemė (land) is ela ed o (a) he exp ession
The e m "land" is used o e e o he a ea o land ha is co e ed by he ea h's c us , and
he e m "land" is used o e e o he a ea o land ha is co e ed by he ea h's c us , and
he e m "land" is used o e e o he a ea o land ha is co e ed by he ea h's c us . The
s udy also e ealed (e) he linguocul u al conno a ion: land is ali e. I jus i ies he adi ional
concep o he e m žem a dis es ablished in local oponymy he p ope names o he co e o
land (hills, ields, meadows, o es s, oads, pa hs, e c.); I also allows us o comp ehend a iche
con en o he e m landma k and o an icipa e b oade possibili ies o i s use. The implici
concep o he e m landscape is as ollows: he names o he land co e o med a a ce ain
ime in a ce ain a ea by na u al nomina ion, which a e impo an in o ien a ional,
communica i e and emo ional e ms and e lec he psychology o exis ence o he membe s o
a local linguis ic communi y. The use o his e m in he esea ch a ea o an h opocen ic
egional oponomy seems especially likely in he u u e. The abo e assump ion is suppo ed by
he au ho 's esea ch expe ience highligh ing he common ea u e o he nomina i e decisions
o a ce ain polye hnic ield, which mani es s i sel in he a emp o s eng hen he p inciple
o he seman ic in eg i y o space, agmen a ion and o ganiza ion h ough ce ain
subjec i ism. The local model o he in e wa in o ma ion sys em, he Land Names
ques ionnai es, cons uc ed on he basis o adminis a i e uni s (coun ies, dis ic s, illages,
es a es, indi idual a ms eads), s eng hens he abo e assump ion.
Taking in o accoun he abo e, i can be concluded ha (3) he su name is a componen o
iden i y. Consequen ly, no only place names bu also ep esen a i es o o he seman ic
g oups (as s a ed by Alminauskis, […]hund eds o housands o land names a e hidden among
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
328 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII people[…]) associa ed wi h he iden i y o ou na ion
and acing he challenge o ex inc ion and su i al in he ace o globaliza ion, may be
e e ed o as low-le el.
Deli e ed on 6 Decembe 2020
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he
day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.