S aipsniai / A icles 151
HARALD BICHLMEIER
Sächsische Akademie de Wissenscha en zu Leipzig
Ma in-Lu he -Uni e si ä Halle-Wi enbe g Resea ch ields:
onomas ics ( oponymy), his o ical phonology o he Ge manic
languages, Indo-Eu opean linguis ics, and he Aljamiado ex s.
I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .
No es o he
NAME o he i e LIT.
Like, like and you SIPPE
Kele as pas abų dėl Liẽkė, Liekà and
o he bend ašaknių upė a džių (also known as Kele as pas abų dėl Liẽkė, Liekà and o he bend ašaknių)
The anno a ion
The i e names a e li . Liẽkė, Liekà (and hei amily) occasionally mee in he con ex o he
in es iga ions in o […]al eu opean[…] hyd onymy. T adi ionally, hey ha e been shown o ha e
logie au G undlage de Wu zel u idg. *(h1)leik- ‘k ümmen, biegen’ zugesch ieben. Diese
Wu zel ha es alle dings wohl nie gegeben, sie is zumindes im appella i ischen Wo scha z
an e ymological Indo-Ge manic language. Consequen ly, you can […] i should be he oo u idg.
*(h1) ha e no been gi en a all […] a e ac ually no a ibu ed any signi icance a all. I hus
seems mo e sensible o de i e he wo Li huanian i e names om he oo u idg. *uleiku- o
be liquid, o be mois u ized. Linking o Bal ic wo d ma e ial is di icul , bu possible. A he
same ime, he name o he i e Lech, o he e ymology o which he wo men ioned oo s
ha e also been a acked, is o be no ed ha i is de i ed om he oo . I don' hink i 's
possible o deduce ha i didn' exis , bu i 's also possible ha he oo didn' exis .
*u[…]lei[…]ku[…]- is omi ed because phonological easons a e opposed o i . Ra he , his name is
a Cel ic o ma ion wi h he meaning […] he one wi h s one(pla )en, he s ony[…]: u idg. I'm no
su e wha you' e alking abou .
I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I 's like ha .
As a esul , i should be no ed ha li . Liẽkė, Liekà, e c. and he like. Lech e ymologically
ha e no hing o do wi h each o he .
HARALD BICHLMEIER
152 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
SCHLÜSSELWÖRTER: ancien Eu opean hyd onym, Cel ic wa e names, Li huanian names
Wa e names, alse iends.
The anno a ion
The i e -names Li h. Liẽkė, Liekà (and hei siblings) a e some imes men ioned in pape s
dealing wi h he so-called […]Old-Eu opean hyd onymy[…]. T adi ionally hey a e
e ymologized on he basis o a oo PIE *(h1)leik- ‘bend. This oo , howe e , p obably
ne e exis ed, a leas he e seem o be no descenden s om i in he appella i al lexicon
o any IE language. Thus he oo – i i e e exis ed – canno be asc ibed a meaning. So
i seems mo e app op ia e o de i e he Li huanian i e -names om he oo PIE *uleiku-
Mois en, be liquid. Wha a e you doing?
Pa allelly he i e -name Lech (a i e in Aus ia and Ba a ia) was also analyzed based
on he wo oo s men ioned, PIE *(h1)leik- ‘bend’ and PIE *uleiku- ‘mois en, be liquid’. As
jus men ioned, he i s one, howe e , ne e exis ed – and he second one canno be he
s a ing poin because o phonological easons. The i e -name Lech is based on a Cel ic
o ma ion […] he one wi h s one(-pla e)s[…]: PIE *pl[…](h2)k-(m)néh2- > PCel . I 's like his.
Thus i is clea ha he i e names Li h. Liẽkė, Liekà e c. and Ge m. Lech do no ha e a
common e ymology.
KEY-WORDS: Old Eu opean hyd onym, Cel ic hyd onyms, Li huanian
hyd onyms, and alse iends.
1. In oduc ion o he subjec
The wo i e names a e li . Liẽkė, Liekà and hei clan mee a iously in he
li e a u e o he olde laye s o wa e names in Eu ope, hence o he
[…]al eu opean hyd onymy[…]. Unde ce ain condi ions, a connec ion be ween
hese names and he name o he i e Lech, which lows om Aus ia o Ba a ia
and lows in o he Danube, could also be es ablished, as has happened in olde
li e a u e. The aim o his a icle is o examine whe he such a connec ion is
jus i ied.1
1 I hank he wo anonymous e iewe s o he a icle o hei commen s and sugges ions, which
ha e helped o clea up misunde s andings and gene ally imp o e he a icle.
S aipsniai A icles 153 and 153
Anme kungen zu den Flussnamen li . Liẽkė, Liekà
und ih e Sippe
2. The Li huanian NAMES
2.1. In e ms o e ymology and o he ela ed names, i is ul ima ely om li .
l[…]eknas (also liẽknas) m. […]Mo as , swampy, moo ish meadows[…], l[…]ekna
(also lieknà) . […]deep swampy meadows[…]. Fu he ela ed is p obably li .
láikšės (1) . ‘la ge , swamp o e g own by he bush (Fu he on he
e ymology, s.u. § 3.).
2.2. As o he names belonging o his amily, he e a e se e al
In addi ion o he […]classical[…] Li huanian li e a u e (especially Sa ukynas e
al. 1963, Vanagas, 1970, 1981a) he e is a lis o be men ioned, which is called
SEJL2 (2018-2020) s. . láikšės (LED 656 s. . láikšės) in a compa ison wi h he
Lie u os ie nam geoin o macinė bazė (h p:
die Gewässe namen indes nich ange üh , sonde n LED 696 s. . leknas), wo-
www.l ie namgeoso a dzioin o macine-duomenu-baze; u he mo e LVDBG)
he name assigned o he Geoob-
jek en als bisweilen aglich e scheinen läss .
2.3. Lau Smoczyński gib es olgende Namen au bauend au de Wu zel li .
leik-/liek-:
2.3.1. Ri e names om a basis leik-/liek-:
a) Ablei ungen:
Liẽkė (2),2 Liek (4),3 Leikà (4); 4 The ollowing is a lis o he municipali ies in which he municipali y is loca ed.
b) Komposi a:
The leopa d (1).5
2.3.2. Ri e names om a basis leikn-/liekn-:
a) Ablei ungen:
See also 2. Sa ukynas e al. 1963: 91; no in Vanagas 1970; see also 1981 Vanagas: 189; 1981 Vanagasa: 59; This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
nich in LVGDB.
See also pa ag aph 3. Sa ukynas e al. 1963: 91; no in Vanagas 1970; see also 1981 Vanagas: 189; 1981 Vanagasa: 59; This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
nich in LVGDB.
See also pa ag aph 4. Sa ukynas e al. 1963: 89; Vanagas 1970: 46; Vanagas 1981: 185, 189; Vanagas 1981a: 59; This is a lis o people who ha e been awa ded he Nobel P ize in Physiology o Medicine.
nich in LVGDB.
See also pa ag aph 5. Sa ukynas e al. 1963: 89; Vanagas 1970: 241; Vanagas 1981: 189; Vanagas
1981a: 59; no included in he LVGDB.
HARALD BICHLMEIER
154 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
Lekna (1); 6 7x in LVGDB, including no wa e name: 1165977 (Wiese),
116664 (Wiese), 116866 (Wiese), 117072 (Wiese), 117766
(meadow), 117807 (meadow), 118043 ( o es ) and he like.
L[…]eknas (1; 4x) 8. This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
Liẽknas (2; 3x); 9 5x in LVGDB, including no wa e name:
116808 (Wiese), 117138 (Wiese), 117244 (Wiese), 117700 (Wiese),
117767 (Wiese), which is he name o he dis ic in which i is loca ed.
b) Komposi a:
I is also known as Liẽknupalis, Liẽknupis, 11
Pusiáulieknis.12 2.3.2. Place names om a basis leikn-/liekn-:
a) Ablei ungen:
Lieknia[…]13 (in LVGDB as he name o he cou [118387]); Lieknẽlis,
14 […]žlieknė (appa en ly a name o a o es ), 15 […]žlieknis, 16 […]žliekniai (1) 17 (117748);
b) Komposi a:
Leknagala,18 Júodlieknis,19 Šlialieknis.20
2.4. In he e.g. Smoczyński's lis does no men ion Liekà, which is egula ly
men ioned in hyd onymic li e a u e, and i is also no eco ded in LVGDB and he
"classical" Li huanian li e a u e on he subjec . Acco ding o he cu en
si ua ion, he e is much o be said o he ac ha he name o he wa e was
6 Vgl. Sa ukynas e al. 1963: 91; Vanagas 1970: 36; Vanagas 1981: 190.
7 Die hie und im Wei e en ange üh en Zahlen sind die den einzelnen Geoobjek en in LVGDB zu-
li . Liekà di ided geocodes.
8 Vgl. Sa ukynas e al. 1963: 91; Vanagas 1970: 36, 115; Vanagas 1981: 190; Namen o m mi Aku
nich in LVGDB.
See also 9. Sa ukynas e al. 1963: 91; Vanagas 1970: 36; Vanagas 1981: 190. This is he i s ime
ha his has happened in he his o y o he wo ld. See also 10. Sa ukynas e al. 1963: 91;
Vanagas 1970: 89; Vanagas 1981: 190; no included in he LVGDB. See also 11. Sa ukynas e al.
1963: 91; Vanagas 1970: 235; Vanagas 1981: 190; no included in he LVGDB. 12 See also Sa ukynas
e al. 1963: 130; Vanagas 1970: 254, 256; Vanagas 1981: 269; no included in he LVGDB. 13 No in
Sa ukynas e al. 1963; no in Vanagas 1970; no in Vanagas 1981. 14 See also Sa ukynas e al.
1963: 91; Vanagas 1970: 115; Vanagas 1981: 190; no included in he LVGDB. 15 See also Sa ukynas
e al. 1963: 181 ([…]žlieknės ùpis); This is he i s ime ha his has happened. Vanagas 1970:
272 ([…]žlieknės ùpis); also known as Vanagas 1970 1981 Vanagas: 356 ([…]žlieknės ùpis): o he
name o he o es […]žlieknė; no in LVGDB. 16 No in Sa ukynas e al. 1963; no in Vanagas
1970; no in Vanagas 1981; no in LVGDB. 17 No in Sa ukynas e al. 1963; no in Vanagas 1970; no
in Vanagas 1981. 18 No in Sa ukynas e al. 1963; no in Vanagas 1970; no in Vanagas 1981; no in LVGDB. 19 No ound in Sa ukynas e al. 1963; c . Vanagas 1970: 251, 256; no in Vanagas 1981; no in
This is LVGDB.
20 See also Sa ukynas e al. 1963: 185; Vanagas 1970: 239, 247; Vanagas 1981: 331; no included in he LVGDB.
S aipsniai A icles 155 and
Anme kungen zu den Flussnamen li . Liẽkė, Liekà
und ih e Sippe
I 's a ghos name, which may be based on a p esc ip ion om Leikà. Whoe e i s
in oduced his in o he scien i ic discussion is no o be explo ed o he ime
being.
Complemen a y o o.a. The ollowing de i a i es a e lis ed in LVGDB:
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in
acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
Lieknãlė (2) 116:22997 ( ields and ields);
Liẽknai (2):23 116697 (pas u e o li es ock); and
Liẽkiai (2):24 76426 ( illage); Loca ed in he no he n pa o he coun y.
4x L[…]eknos (1):25 117693 (meadow), 117701 (meadow), 117506 (sump), 117507 (sump) This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
( ields);
Liekn[…]niai pãsėdžiai:26 116394 (meadow); also known as
Liekn[…]niai This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This is Liẽknės (2:28 116711 (meadow).
2.5. Fu he mo e, in he li e a u e on he wa e names o Li huania he e a e s ill
some wa e names no gi en by Smoczyński o in LVGDB, namely wice Lekupis29 and
once Liekái is,30 Liekái ė,31 Liẽkno upãlis32 and Lieknẽ ã as.33
2.6. I is empo a ily unclea how he disc epancy be ween he da a in
de Da enbank und den Angaben (so e n sie Gewässe namen be e en) in den
Name books ha e been c ea ed.
2.7. In addi ion, among o he s, Udolph (1990: 116) also gi es wo wa e names wi h
a declining oo o m, li . L[…]kupis, Likupỹs,34 he e22 No in Sa ukynas e al. 1963;
s ell . Udolph zi ie dazu (und zu Namen mi Liek-, Leik-) u.a. auch Vanagas
21 Nich in Sa ukynas e al. 1963; nich in Vanagas 1970; nich in Vanagas 1981.
no in Vanagas 1970; no in Vanagas 1981. 23 No in Sa ukynas e al. 1963; no in
Vanagas 1970; no in Vanagas 1981. 24 No in Sa ukynas e al. 1963; no in Vanagas
1970; no in Vanagas 1981. 25 No in Sa ukynas e al. 1963; no in Vanagas 1970; no in
Vanagas 1981. 26 No in Sa ukynas e al. 1963; no in Vanagas 1970; no in Vanagas
1981. 27 No in Sa ukynas e al. 1963; no in Vanagas 1970; no in Vanagas 1981. 28
No in Sa ukynas e al. 1963; no in Vanagas 1970; no in Vanagas 1981. 29 See also
Sa ukynas e al. 1963: 91; Vanagas 1981: 189. This is he i s ime ha his has
happened. 30 See also Sa ukynas e al. 1963: 91; Vanagas 1970: 76; Vanagas 1981: 189.
This is he i s ime ha his has happened. See also 31. Sa ukynas e al. 1963:
91; Vanagas 1970: 76; Vanagas 1981: 189. This is he i s ime ha his has
happened. See also 32. Sa ukynas e al. 1963: 91; Vanagas 1970: 270; Vanagas 1981:
190. This is he i s ime ha his has happened in he his o y o he wo ld. 33
See also Sa ukynas e al. 1963: 91; Vanagas 1970: 272; Vanagas 1981: 190. This is a lis o people who ha e been awa ded he Nobel P ize in Physiology o Medicine. 34 See also Sa ukynas e al. 1963: 92; Vanagas 1970: 241, 244; no included in LVGDB.

HARALD BICHLMEIER
156 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII
1981: „185, 189 .“ – die Fo men mi Lik- inden sich alle dings au S. 191 und
a e in no way associa ed wi h he names Liek, Leikin; Simila ly, a connec ion wi h
he name o a pe son is no li . L[…]kas conside ed likely; On he o he hand, a
connec ion wi h he e b li . l[…]k i appea s o be possible. Howe e , o cou se, a
combina ion o he names o he wa e s wi h li . l[…]k i […] emain, emain, emain
ali e, lea e, lea e […] is no a pa icula ly ob ious p oposal. This would seem mo e
plausible in an a ea whe e i e s disappea in he d y season, whe e he i e ha
emains (in spi e o he d ough ) would be a meaning ul naming mo i . Fo he
Bal ics, his is an unlikely scena io o he ime being.
The link can he e o e a bes be classi ied as a emo e possibili y.
2.8. Summa ized in a able, he ollowing pic u e eme ges:
Name SEJL² LVGDB Sa ukynas
e al. 1963
Vanagas
1970
Vanagas
1981
Vanagas
1981a
I 's called "Judgmen Day".
Play + (FlN) […] 89 46 185, 189 59 This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
Liekái ė […] […] 91 76 189 […] This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
Liekái is […] […] 91 76 189 […] Wha is he name o he disease?
Le[…]kupis + (FlN) […] 89 241 189 59 This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
Liẽkė + (FlN) […] 91 […] 189 59 […] This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
Liekė […] + (FlN) […]91 […]189 59 […] This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
Liẽkiai […] 76426 (Village) […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […]
L[…]ekna + (FlN)
1166 (Wi),
116866 (Wi),
117072 (Wi),
117766 (Wi),
117807 (Wi), which is he numbe o he yea in which he acciden occu ed.
118043 (Wa)
116597 (Wi), 91 36, 115 190 […] This is a lis o ai po s in Finland, so ed by loca ion.
L[…]eknagala + (ON) […] […] […] […] […] Wha is he meaning o his name?
Liẽknai […] 116697 (Vw) […] […] […] […] This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
Lieknãlė […] 116997 (A) […] […] […] […] This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
Lieknãlis […]
This is 116824 (Wi).
116716 (Wi), […] […] […] […] This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
Liẽknas + (FlN)
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
117244 (Wi),
117700 (Wi),
117767 (Wi)
116808 (Wi), 91 36 190 […] This is a lis o ci ies and owns in Finland.
S aipsniai 157 A icles and a icles
Anme kungen zu den Flussnamen li . Liẽkė, Liekà
und ih e Sippe
Name SEJL² LVGDB Sa ukynas
e al. 1963
Vanagas
1970
Vanagas
1981
Vanagas
1981a
Liẽknė […]
1163 (Wi),
116613 (Wi) This is a lis o ai po s in Ge many, so ed by loca ion.
116370 (Wi), […] […] […] […] This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
Lieknẽlių ã as […]
[…] 91 272 190 […] This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
Lieknẽlis + (ON) […] 91 115 190 […] This is he i s ime I' e seen i .
I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .
Lieknia […] + (ON) 118387 (H ) […] […] […] […] This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
Liekn[…]niai pãsėdžiai […]
116394 (Wi) […] […] […] […] This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
Liẽkno upãlis […] […] 91 270 190 The ollowing is a lis o ci ies and owns in B azil.
L[…]eknos […]
117701 (Wi),
117506 (Su),
117507 (Wi) This is a lis o he municipali ies o he Czech Republic.
117693 (Wi), […] […] […] […] This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
Liẽknupalis + (FlN) […] 91 89 190 […] I is loca ed in he sou he n pa o he coun y.
Liẽknupis + (FlN) […] 91 235 190 […] I is loca ed in he sou he n pa o he coun y.
Lekupis – – 91 –189 –
Pusiáulieknis + (FlN) – 130 254, 256 269 –
Šlialieknis + (ON) […] 185 239, 247 331 […] This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
[…]žlieknė
speci ica-
I'm going
+ (ON),
lly:
o go
[…]181 272
[…]žliken-
wi h you.
356 […]
ės ([…]žlikenės ([…]žlikenės) […]
mo e
[…]žliekniai + (ON) 117748 […] […] […] […] […] This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing.
Abb e ia ions: A […] ield, FlN […] i e name, H […] a m, ON […] place
name, Su […] swamp, Vw […] pas u e, Wa […] o es , Wi […] meadow
2.9. Fu he disc epancies a e made clea in he abula o e iew:
I is as onishing how many oponyms (in he b oade sense) a e no lis ed in
LVGDB. Occasionally, di e en classi ica ions a e made, such as wa e names.
e wa Lieknẽlis dem SEJL² als O sname, in de li auischen Fachli e a u als Ge-
The e is p obably s ill a lo o be ho oughly checked he e, possibly one o he
o he o m o he name may also p o e o be he wo sho es o ms, li . Liẽkė,
I 's a ghos name.
HARALD BICHLMEIER
158 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII
3. ZUR ETYMOLOGIE VON LIT. LIẼKĖ,
I 's like ETC.
3.1. Im Kon ex de ‘al eu opäischen Hyd onymie’ we den meis nu die
also known as Liekà. These names a e o be weighed agains each o he : a
lang zwei e schiedene E ymologien zugesch ieben wo den, die im Folgenden
adi ional one and a younge one.
Eng mi de E ymologie diese beiden Flussnamen e woben is eine sei s
he ques ion o he e ymology o he name o he i e and he name o he
ließenden Flusses Lech, ande e sei s die nach de E ymologie eine Reihe sla-
a ea om Aus ia o Ba a ia.
3.2. Als Ablei ungsg undlage konku ie en hie in allen Fällen zwei u indo-
Ge manic oo s wi h each o he , *uleiku- ‘ o be liquid,/ o be mois ( om a younge
Vo schlag) und *(h1)leik- ‘k ümmen, biegen’ ( adi ionelle Ansich ). Aus se-
Man is pe spec i e, de i a i es o bo h oo s appea o be qui e sui able o he
designa ion o lowing wa e s: acco ding o a cha ac e is ic (ahd. ← [1058]; < ahd.
schen K ümmung bzw. ih em Ku en eich um benann sind siche de Chamb
*kamp-kambu gel . *kambo- ‘k ümm 35),36 p obably he Bogenbach (also place name
Bogen; Lowe Ba a ia; Wha 's going on? Pogana, Bogana [ON: ca. 790 (copy 1254)], GewN
ahd. This is he i s ime I' e seen his. Bogana [882])37, pe haps he Memel (li .
Nẽmunas), i he adi ional e ymology is co ec ,38 and pe haps he Elbe, i i is s ill
conside ed an u idg. *h2elh2-bh(h2)-o- […] he Mäand ie ende[…] and should no be
e ymologized in he adi ional manne as […] he Whi e[…].39 And names based on
oo s ha mean "mois , we , liquid" a e known o be e y nume ous, see he a ious
Ge man wa e s,40 in Aus ia he Ma ig (well om [ o -]kel . *Madu-kozu oo
se namen Nee ze, Ne e, Ne ze, die zu Wu zel u ge m. *na - ‘nass’ zu s ellen
35 See also This is EDPC 186.
36 Vgl. DGNB 81 .
37 See also P inz 2007: 158[…]164; DGNB 67; Wiesinge , G eule 2019: 101 . This is he i s ime ha
his has happened. 38 See also Bichlmeie 2019: 49 . ; 2020: 130 . This is he i s ime I' e seen i . Each wi h olde li e a u e. Simila ly .
un e An üh ung de beiden bei Bichlmeie genann en e ymologischen Vo schläge Vanagas 1988:
28 .
39 See also Bichlmeie 2012, 2013; Bichlmeie , Blažek 2014, 2015; Scheung abe , G ünzweig
2014: 43[…]46 (each wi h u he li e a u e).
See also 40. This is DGNB 372, 374 .
S aipsniai A icles 159 and 159
Anme kungen zu den Flussnamen li . Liẽkė, Liekà
und ih e Sippe
I 's called u idg. [LIV2 421])41 and p obably also he Sa a Sa e,
die am ehes en zu – *sh2eu ‘schü en, egnen’ ( gl. IEW 912; LIV² 545) gebil-
de sein dü e,42 e c.
3.3. Howe e , be o e en e ing in o he po en ial non-Bal ic ela i es, he
inne -Bal ic ela ionship o he names should i s be explo ed.
3.3.1. In gene al, he wo Li huanian i e names and hei lineage a e li . l[…]eknas
(also liẽknas) m. […]Mo as , swampy, ma shy meadows[…], le . I is also known as
he "Lekna" o "Lekna" o "Lekna" o "Lekna" o "Lekna" o "Lekna". Swamp,
lowland be ween wo hills, we swampy spo in he o es , swampy o es ,
la ge, we meadow, le . I would like o ask he Commissione whe he he is
p epa ed o accep he amendmen s abled by he Commi ee on he
En i onmen , Public Heal h and Consume P o ec ion. Fu he mo e, i belongs o
li . láikšės (1) . […]la ge , swamp o e g own by he bush[…].43
3.3.2. F om he a es ed wo d o ms o Li huanian and La ian, he ollowing p e o ms can be
deduced: u bal . I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing. I don' know wha I'm doing. 3.3.3.
Seman ically, his connec ion is no a p oblem. I 's a p oblem ha 's been going on o yea s. The
di e ence can hen be easily explained i he acu e is o iginal and one o u bal . I'm no su e
is abe zunächs die In ona ion de Wu zelsilbe, da dem (meis en eils begeg-
nenden) Aku des Appella i ums ein Zi kum lex in den Gewässe namen ge-
wha you' e alking abou . I'm going ou . In his case, he ci cumplex in he wa e name could be
explained by he me a onic (mé a onie douce) li in he wa e name. I 's called "u ban".
*Leik[…]i[…]ā was c ea ed and hen li on he wa e names. Liekà was ans e ed o a place
whe e he me a onic could no ac ually ake place. The ques ion now is, whe e does he oo in
he Appella i a ge he p ima y acu e? Ac ually, he e a e only wo al e na i es he e: ei he
con ained he oo in 41 Vgl. DGNB 340 ., Wiesinge , G eule 2019: 126. This is he i s ime ha he
Commission has been able o ind a solu ion o his p oblem. 42 See also Bichlmeie 2011: 65[…]74;
Repanšek 2016: 121 ., Bichlmeie 2017, each wi h olde li e a u e.
43 See also This is Li EW 1:33, 364 . ; Ka ulis 1992: 523 . This is he i s ime I' e seen i . (wi h an
ou da ed e ymology). In SEJL 350, Smoczyński w i es: […]Bez e ymologii.[…] […] Basically his is now
SEJL2 (2018 […] 2020) s. . leknas, láikšės, whe e now ac ually he e ymology on he basis o u idg. I is
p e e ed. This e ymological link is ul ima ely al eady abou a cen u y old (which was also no
ecognized by Bichlmeie in 2010), c . Li EW 1:32, whe e F aenkel men ions he olde li e a u e, bu
ejec s his p oposal. O cou se, Smoczyński does no gi e an explana ion o he acu e; SEJL2
(2018-2020) s. . láikšės eads: […]Aku bez his o ycznego uzasadnienia.[…], LED 656, 696 (whe e now also
u idg. *uleiku[…]- is used as a basis) he p oblem is no e en aised in he i s place.
HARALD BICHLMEIER
Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII ec e […]mois en[…] wan s o assume ha he
p e-Cel ic-Indo-Ge manic language, om which he Cel ic has aken he name, was
such ha i was he Sche, I alian). This b ings us o an a ea in which he e is ha dly
Labio ela e lo en bzw. zum Vela gewandel ha e (wie e wa die Sa emsp a-
chen) und anlau endes *ul- zu *l- e ein ach hä e (wie das Bal ische, Slawi-
any hing mo e o be secu ed linguis ically and a gumen a i ely.52 In addi ion, he
ques ion a ises he e: i he name o he i e is now p e-Cel ic ([…]idg.- sp .[…]), can
he olk name Lica es Lika en s ill be desc ibed as Cel ic, as i does in he
quo a ion? O is i Cel ic on a p e-Cel ic basis because i lacks he (Cel ic?) su ix
(*)? Apa om ha , he connec ion made in he quo e is ob iously om u idg.
*Lei-H […] pou , low[…] (LIV2 405 ., Poko ny 1959: 664 .) wi h he u idg. *u[…]lei[…]ku[…]-
[…]mois en[…] (LIV2 696 .; no in Poko ny 1959) is qui e ad en u ous […] and is no e en
ound in he o m o he Udolph quo ed abo e
(1990: 115 and ollowing).
4.7. Le 's go back o he o he wo e ymologies:
4.7.1. The mos impo an li e a u e con aining his e ymology is p obably
IEW 669; Snyde 1967: 161 ([…]The basis is p obably idg. […]leik- […]being[…]. The
Cel ic o igin o hese names ... is ... less likely. […]); 54 wi hou e e ence o
I.E.W. is He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen o he Eu opean People's Pa y.
The ac ha he e ymology is o be ejec ed on he basis o his oo
has al eady been se ou in pa ag aph 3.4.1. abo e.
4.7.2. The […]S ein[…] e ymology is p ima ily ep esen ed in F ench-language li e a u e, bu i has no
been ecei ed o quo ed, o example, by Wiesinge , G eule (2019) and he p edecesso wo ks ci ed
he e. In addi ion, his iew implies, no a bene, ha be o e he ca ie s o he language, om which
he Cel ic la e eme ged, speake s o ano he Indo-Ge manic idiom mus ha e immig a ed o he
Alpine egion […] so consequen ly a leas wo wa es o Indo-Ge manic immig a ion would ha e o be
expec ed: one hen pe haps in he 2nd. I 's J . The yea is A.D. ( om whose ca ie s he name o he
wa e would ha e been coined […] ha would hen p obably be in classical e minology
[…]al eu opäisch[…]) and he language ca ie s ha la e de eloped in o Cel s in he 1s cen u y. I 's
J . The yea is A.D. Bo h e ymologies a e men ioned in Sims-Williams (2006: 185, no e 78) wi hou making
a decision.
54 Snyde (1965: 187 .) on he o he hand s ill o e s bo h solu ions, which a e oo ague. *lik(k)-
‘S ein and he one o u idg. Bu i seems o be in a ou o he la e . On he o he hand, he is
al eady ca ego ically opposed ( o loud easons) o an e ymology based on he oo *uleiku-.

S aipsniai / A icles 167
Anme kungen zu den Flussnamen li . Liẽkė, Liekà
und ih e Sippe
I is usually poin ed ou ha he name o he i e is simple. I had he compa ison
lexeme, bu i was dis o ed. This is he case o example in he case o DLG2 200;
DLG3 201; Delama e [2007: 177]; Delama e [2012: 117]. DTNG 2, s. . […]licco-, liccā
[…]pie e pla e, dalle, alaise, oche[…] […]slab, la s one, cli […] now implici ly
appa en ly assumes ha he Gemina e was in p inciple p esen , bu was mos ly
no w i en in he e idence, wi h he excep ion o Licca by Venan ius
Fo una us. While his is no longe men ioned he e, he gemina e is conside ed in
DLG2 200; DLG3 201 (and in olde li e a u e) as […]exp essi e[…] (e.g. s ill IEW 832,
Poko ny 1960: 170, bu also s ill
Bichlmeie 2010: 43). This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
4.7.3. This assessmen is as onishing, since he solu ion o his gemina e has
al eady been ecognized by S okes (1893 passim, he e: 170) and con i med by Lüh
(1985 passim, he e 293, 337): he e was a *pp/ /kk in ancien Cel ic, de i ed om
de Lex Kluge im Ge manischen e gleichba es Lau gese z, das bewi k e, dass
(zumindes o dem Wo akzen ) die G uppen aus u idg. *p/ /k + *n u kel .
u idg. *b(h)/d(h)/g(h) + *n led o he iden i ica ion. I don' know wha you' e alking
abou . Al eady in S okes (1893) he co ec e ymology can be ound: he Cel ic
[…]S ein[…] wo d in he appella i e ocabula y goes on u idg. *plknā, in mode n
no a ion u idg. I 's ea ly in he mo ning. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .
I 's like me. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I 's called "S einpla e". I'm
going back o he ombs one. In his case, he app oach o he decay s age in he
econs uc ion is necessa y only i he name o he Lech is o be associa ed wi h
i s p oo s o he Ges al lik(k/)- wi h i .
4.7.5. O he wise, hese Cel ic wo ds could also be in Cel ic. *(p) o be e u ned o
he leak, an o iginally ull-s age o m. Ano he p oblem wi h his app oach is ha ,
i you look a he meanings o he o he wo ds de i ed om his oo , i is likely
o be a seman ic de elopmen in Cel ic, whe e, based on he ac ual meaning o
" la ", " la " is he es ic ion o "s one lowe ". *plek-nā- could lead o he
a es ed Cel ic appella i es.
che’ s a ge unden ha ( gl. Bichlmeie 2010: 43). Mi ande en Wo en: auch
4.7.6. So wha we' e saying is, le 's go om u idg o o u kel . I 's ea ly in he mo ning. I'm no
su e wha you' e alking abou . 55 To pe sonal names which con ain he elemen license, see also
OPEL 3:26. […] Fo u he possibili ies o he eme gence o gemina es in mainland Cel ic see
Be na do S empel 2010. This solu ion is iewed wi h scep icism by Isaac 2004 (> Possibly Cel ic
Elemen s, s. . lico-); Howe e , since he also only excluded he e ymology acco ding o An ei e (e
al.) o Wz. *(h1) is equal o […]k[…] bending […] as
Al e na i e e wäg , b ing diese Ein ag keine neuen A gumen e, die die Kel izi ä des Lexems
wi klich in age s ellen wü den.
HARALD BICHLMEIER
168 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII a ce i ica e o he name o he wa e ? On
die appella i ischen Fo men und die Belege des Gewässe namens zusammen
e klä we den, man muss abe annehmen, dass beim Gewässe namen die Ge-
mina e o nich gesch ieben wo den is . Al e na i kann man u idg./ o u -
kel . *plk-néh2- > ühu kel . *φlikkā- > u kel . *likkā- ü die Appella i a (und
he o he hand, u idg. I 's ea ly in he mo ning. I 's called " likā". *like o he wa e
name ags. 4.7.7. Since, as men ioned abo e, he basic meaning o he oo u idg. I
mus ha e been he la es place on ea h. I 's la , i i 's om he subu bs.
*plok-o- [i no om *plk-o- ← *plh2k-o-; I'm no su e. 4.7.9), li . plãkanas […] lach[…] as
well as some o he connec ions a Poko ny 1959: 831 .56),57 is u idg o ukel o a
no-de i a ion. *plk-no well also he mos likely o assume his meaning. And as
al eady shown by Bichlmeie (2010: 44) he e is p obably no o he way han o assume
he ollowing de elopmen s in meaning: o he appella i e in any case p obably
[…] la […], hen subs an ia ed […]Fla […] > […]S ein läche[…] > […]S einpla e[…] >
[…]G abpla e[…], o he i e name […]die Flache, Seich e[…], whe eas […] seconda y
[…] unde he condi ion ha he p o en de elopmen o meaning also ook place in
p e-Alpine Gaul […] he […]S einpla e[…] may ha e been ein oduced. A meaning o
[…]s einig[…] o.ä. Howe e , i is no possible o deduce om wha has been said and
would in any case no be mo phologically p esen ed in one o he i e s o be
assigned o his shi in meaning, bu which could explain p ecisely his meaning
"s one" o his wa e name:
Ablei ungsp ozess wide spiegeln.
4.7.8. Es sei abe doch noch ein zunächs komplizie e scheinendes Szena-
One akes as a s a ing poin a p o e odynamic ablau an o he n- ibe u idg. *plék-nn. (o *plék-ōn
m.), Gen. *plk-én-s → *plkn-és ‘ la ness, la ness o an amphikine ic n- ibe u idg. *plék-nn. (o *plék-ōn
m.), Gen. *plk-n-és an, would be one wi h possessi e u idg. Adjec i e de i ed om u idg. *pl[…]k-n-o-ben
[…] ha ing la ness o he su ace[…], i.e. meaning […] la […]. Should he de elopmen o meaning 56 Vgl.
wi h de ia ing e ymology ( o he oo u idg. *pleh2k) Li EW 602 . ; Le i icus 2:58; Zecha iah 467 . Wha is
he signi icance o his e se? ; ALEW 2: 785 . This is he i s ime I' e seen i . ; SEJL2 s. . plãkanas;
also known as SEJL2 s. . plãkanas This is LED 978 . 57 Whe he he oo is ac ually he esul o a
p ocess o oo expansion. I his assump ion is co ec , i is mos likely o be de i ed om a
p imi i e oo , which would hen ha e been ex ended, among o he hings, o "pl-eh2-b oad, sp ead
gehandel ha , wie ebenda implizie , spiel ü die wei e e Diskussion in unse em Fall keine Rol-
ou ", on he o he hand, o "pl-ek- la ". Bu his b ings us o he ealm o glo ogonic specula ion.
S aipsniai / A icles 169
Anme kungen zu den Flussnamen li . Liẽkė, Liekà
und ih e Sippe
om […]Fläche[…] o […]S ein( la )[…] al eady occu ed in ancien Cel ic, so i could also be
eine Bedeu ung ‘s einig’ mo i ie we den.
The same applies i one is de i ed om a men- ibe. He e, in addi ion, he
*plék-mn n., Gen. *plk-mén-s, Ins . *plk-mn-éh1 ‘Flachhei , Fläche’ ausgeh ,
simpli ica ion o he iple consonance in he ins umen al 58 *-kmn- > *-kn- (should
s ill ha e been elimina ed in he p e ix, so ha he posses-
schen) s a ge unden haben und ü das Gesam pa adigma des Wo s e allge-
si e Adjek i o u kel . *plk-mn-ó- > *plk-n-ó- e gib .
4.7.9. Finally, howe e , he e is a p oblem ela ed o dungeons, he IEW 831 . a e
dem Ansa z de Wu zel u idg. *plek- hingewiesen: Diese kann einigen de Bil-
composed, a e en i ely based on; Howe e , I would like o ask he Commissione
is ü die meis en do ange üh en Fo men ehe eine Wu zel u idg. *pleh2k-
whe he he is p epa ed o accep he amendmen s abled by he Commi ee on
he En i onmen , Public Heal h and Consume P o ec ion. Bal ic ibe o le . plaks,
klä we den kann, indem mi geneue em Vokalismus plak- < *plǝk- (s a
li . plãkanas […] lach[…] ([…] *[…][pla ] s uck[…]) e u idg. This is he i s ime ha
he wo d […]plaks[…] has been used in he English language. I'm no going o do ha .
*p[…]lk-/*púlk) is coun ed.59 Now he oo is ac ually (and exclusi ely) as u idg. The
ques ion a ises whe he on his basis he de i a ion o he ancien Cel ic Gallic
o m is s ill possible. A p elimina y o m would ha e o be in oduced acco ding o he de i a ion p ocesses p esen ed in he o egoing.
I'm no going o lie o you.
Bu e en his o m would ul ima ely be accu a e o he esul shown abo e.
*likk-o, lead, as his o m has a s uc u e ha acco ding o he "wea he ule"
den Inpu ü das Wi ken de ‘We e -Regel’ bilde :
esul ed in he loss o a la ynx be o e he combina ion o closu e sound and
unsyllabic sono an wi h he ollowing emphasis
de Endsilbe. Vgl. dazu Ne i (2017: 343), de die ‘We e -Regel’ olgende ma-
speci y:
[…]The la yngophony occu ed egula ly (i.e. as an unexcep ional sound law) in
nu in de S ellung hin e unbe on em Vokal ode unbe on em silbischem Re-
sonan und o jegliche Ve bindung on mindes ens einem Obs uen en +
unsyllabic esonan o semi owel (VHKnR/U[…]V[…] VKnR/U[…]V[…], R[…]HKnR/U[…]V[…]
R[…]KnR/U[…]V[…] o ReKnRU[…]V[…]). The change in sound occu ed a a ime when he
decline in blood and he discolo a ion o a sho e had al eady occu ed, bu e en
be o e he gene al decline in he la yngeal ca i y o he monolingual, which wi h
58 Eines de schlagends en Beispiele hie ü lie e ai. áśman- ‘S ein’: Nom. áśmā, Gen. aśnáḥ, Ins .
aśnā.
59 See he li e a u e in oo no e 56.
HARALD BICHLMEIER
170 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII
Replacemen expansion o he p e ious sono an segmen was accompanied, and is
hus classi ied as U indoge manic. In o he wo ds, he de elopmen , also based on
he oo o m used o he majo i y o he a es ed wo d o ms, is egula and
leads o he a es ed esul : u idg. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no
su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I 's called
"likko".
4.8. The ollowing indings eme ge om he e iew o all possibili ies ca ied
ou he e:
4.8.1. Tha he seman ically, o cou se, well-sui ed oo u idg. *uleiku- ‘mois en
played a ole in he e ymology o he name o he lech as a Cel ic name, is excluded. I
he lech has a p e-Cel ic name, i is heo e ically possible ha his oo o ms he
basis he e, bu equi es se e al addi ional assump ions such as ha sound change
mus ha e aken place, which o Cen al Eu ope o he Alpine egion 4.8.2. Tha a
oo is a oo . *h1leik- ‘bending played a ole, is also excluded. I p obably ne e
sons nich nachzuweisen sind (sonde n nu im I alischen bzw. in Sa emsp a-
chen wie e wa dem Bal ischen und Slawischen begegnen).
exis ed: he only (Bal ic) appella i e pai ha was used o i can be explained
di e en ly (i p obably belongs o he oo u idg. *uleiku- ‘mois en). The pu ely
onymic o he alleged e idence o he exis ence o he oo is wo hless, since
pu ely onymic ma e ial can ne e be concluded o any meaning o any hing. 4.8.3.
Based on he oo u idg. Bo h he o ms o he wa e name and he Cel ic
appella i es can be easily de i ed. The U kel ic gemina e, con inued in he a es ed
wo d and noun o ms, is legally de i ed om u idg. I'm no su e wha you mean. They
exis ed. I is no ye clea whe he he wa e name ce i ica es wi hou gemina es
a e based on a de ia ing s em o ma ion (u idg. *pl(h2)k-ó/éh2-) o jus an inaccu a e
ende ing o he Cel ic wo d. A meaning ul meaning o a i e name a ises when an
adjec i al nó- ibe is assumed. *pl[…](h2)k-nó- […] la […] (> […]seigh […]), an ea lie
meaning o […] he s ony[…] can be de i ed i one an icipa es. *pl(h2)k-(m)n-óals
possessi e ó-de i a ion o a (me)n- ibe ha is p e-de i ed om u idg.
*plé(h2)k-(m)nn., a e how a hen a he ime o adjec i e o ma ion he
seman ic de elopmen o he (me)n- ibe in (la e)U kel ic P e-Alpine Gaulish had
al eady p og essed, he de i a ion mean ei he […]ha ing la ness[…], […]ha ing
s one su ace[…] o […]ha ing s one pla es[…] = […]s einig[…].
*pl(h2)k-(m)n- ‘Flachhei , Fläche’ > ‘S ein läche’ > ‘S ein( läche)’ au ass . Je
S aipsniai A icles 171 and 171
Anme kungen zu den Flussnamen li . Liẽkė, Liekà
und ih e Sippe
4.8.4. The exac meaning o he name will p obably ne e be de e mined.
5. Resul s
The esul o he p esen s udy is as ollows: The oo u idg. *(h1)leikis canno
be p o en appella i ely, he e o e i p obably ne e exis ed. I i did exis , i did
so only in onymic wo d o ms, so i s meaning canno be de e mined.
Thus, o he amily, he name o he wa e is li . Liẽkė, Liekà mos likely om
he oo u idg. *u[…]lei[…]ku[…]- […]mois en[…] o be used as a basis. These can also
be Sla ic wa e names such as C oa ian. I 's called Lika, Slo ak. Lika a e c. a e
he basis […] bo h i hese a e uly Sla ic o ma ions and i hey should only be
Sla ic ans o ma ions o p e-Sla ic o ma ions. Fo he name o he lech, on
he o he hand, a de i a ion om he oo u idg. I 's impossible o mois u ize.
Such an explana ion equi es special assump ions ha ha e no pa allels
anywhe e. Ra he , he name a ose om a pu ely Cel ic o ma ion, mos likely
de i ed om a p e o m. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . * ( ) is based on
he likko- […]s einig[…]; In addi ion, he e may be a pa allel o ma ion. I'm no su e
wha you' e alking abou . * ( ) Lico- (also known as u idg. I'm no su e wha
you' e alking abou . *(φ)liko- [wi h he owel geneue ] ha e been gi en. I ollows
ha he mo e equen ly encoun e ed connec ion in olde li e a u e o li .
Liẽkė, Liekà wi h he Cel ic wa e name *Lik(k)o/ānich is du able. The wo names
(sippen) a e based on o ma ions o wo di e en Indo-Ge manic oo s […] only
he monolingual esul s a e simila .
I is he e o e a classic case o ' alse iends' o he pe nicious e ec o he 'Si en o he
Equinox'. 60 The possibili y o being able o de i e his meaning […]s einig[…] o he a es ed noun
o ms a all was assessed e en mo e skep ically in Bichlmeie (2010: 44); Tha scep icism is no
longe jus i ied on he basis o he conside a ions se ou he e.

HARALD BICHLMEIER
172 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII
LITERATUR
ALEW […] Old Li huanian e ymological dic iona y (ALEW) also known as ALEW. Vol. 1: A[…]M. This is
he i s olume o he se ies. Vol. 2: N[…]Ž. This is he i s olume o he se ies. Unde he
di ec ion o Wol gang Hock and wi h he coope a ion o El i a-Julia Buke ičiū ė and Ch is iane
Schille . I was w i en by Raine Fech , Anna Helene Feulne , Eugen Hill and Dagma S. Wod ko. Bd.
and Bd. 3: Di ec o ies and indices. Unde he di ec ion o Wol gang Hock and wi h he coope a ion
o many o he s, bea b. by Raine Fech . (S udies on his o ical and compa a i e linguis ics 7),
Hambu g: Baa , 2015. An ei e Pe e 2005: The s a i ica ion o he Ty olean wa e names. G eule
Alb ech , Janka Wol gang, P ince Michael (H sgg.): Wa e names in Ba a ia and Aus ia. Colloquium
o he wo king g oup o Ba a ian-Aus ian name esea ch. Regensbu g, 27 and 28. Feb ua y 2004.
(Regensbu g s udies on he s udy o names 1), Regensbu g:
Vulpes, edi ion 35 and 49.
Pe e 2005a: A wish ul hinking: he deepe in e disciplina y ancho ing o
onomas ics. […] B endle And ea, B endle Sil io (H sgg.): This is a lis o names
mo gen. Ideen, Pe spek i en, Visionen, Hambu g: Baa , 13–21.
An ei e Pe e 2008: [Rez. zu:] Rei zens ein 2006. – Ös e eichische Namen o schung
36, 145–153.
Pe e , Haslinge Ma ialuise, Roide Ul ike 2000: The names o he Eas e n Alpine egion
men ioned in P olemy. Da id Pa sons N., Sims-Williams Pa ick (H sgg.): This is he i s ime
I' e seen his. Towa ds a linguis ic a las o he ea lies Cel ic place names o Eu ope. Pape s
om a wo kshop, sponso ed by he B i ish Academy, in he Depa men o Welsh, Uni e si y
o Wales, Abe ys wy h, 11-12 Ap il 1999, Abe ys wy h: CMCS. Bichlmeie Ha ald 2010:
Ba a ian-Aus ian place and wa e names om an Indo-Ge manic poin o iew. Bichlmeie
Ha ald 2011: Mode n Indo-Ge manic s. T adi ional Nomencla u e (Pa 2) This a icle is pa
3–63.
o a se ies on he Ge man language. Sa e, D au, and Zöbe n. Ziegle A ne,
Windbe ge -Heidenkumme E ika (H sgg.): Me hods o esea ching names. Me hodology,
me hodology and p ac ice, Be lin:
Published by he Academy, 63[…]87.
Bichlmeie Ha ald 2012: commen s on he e minological p oblem o he old Elbe. […]
eu opäischen Hyd onymie’ sam indoge manis ischen E gänzungen zum Namen de
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