To twist, wind, wrap: synonymy and polysemy of these verbs and their derivatives in everyday speech, and attempts at standardization and terminologization

JONAS KLIMAVIČIUS

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

I

SinŽ 1980, kuriame pateikiami ir terminiai žodžiai, terminės reikšmės, dominante nežinia kodėl pasirinkta vynioti aiškinama tiesiog neaiškiai – „sukti aplink“, o iliustruojama dvejais: vynioti siūlus, virves. Sinonimų eilutę sudaro tik du tikri nariai – vyti: Moterys veja gijas nuo lankčio ir sukti: Suk siūlus į kamuolį (toliau eina ilgas prieduras: lenkti „nuo ritės vynioti siūlus“, lankuoti, mesti „ant mestuvų vynioti siūlus“, riesti „į stakles sukti siūlus“,...). O reikšmės „jungti gijas į siūlą“ SinŽ 1980 iš viso nėra (dominantė sukti 1. – „judėti į kurią nors pusę“, sukti 2. → verpti 1, sukti 4. → apgaudinėti).

The academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (LKŽ) presents exceptionally abundant and varied data on the synonymy and polysemy of to twist, wind, wrap and their derivatives. However, this abundant material—especially the material relevant here—is not divided into senses very clearly, and at times is decidedly inconsistently classified; its meanings are often explained by means of synonyms.

To twist 16. Inexplicably, LKŽ XIV (1986) retains a two-part meaning, explained using the synonyms “wind into a roll, wind into a ball”; the illustrative material begins with the second part and is almost entirely of that kind: The woman winds yarn onto bobbins Girkalnis; there is no roll in the examples, only: don’t twist the braid Pandėlys, a twisted garment Kaltanėnai, twist a bun Vieksniai, and then: There was plenty: that meat of theirs, twisted and curled—how much of it is left now! Jurbarkas. Most remarkable is that the second part of the meaning is then repeated as a separate sub-sense—// “wind thread onto bobbins, spin”—and the first part likewise—// “make, produce by winding”: to twist [a rolled pastry] Geistarai.

To twist 17. The meaning is also two-part: first, a rather vague definition—“make, produce by bending and winding around”: They twist ropes from tow Nemenčinė; then an entirely different sub-sense—// “join two strands, two threads into one by twisting, ply”: (The strand is not twisted, but the thread is A. Juška’s dictionary.

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To twist 18. “wind, wrap in something, swaddle,” but the examples also include: They only wrap their legs in the footcloths and say nothing Butrimonys (Šalčininkai district).

To twist 19. “wind around,” but it is synonymous with to wind: The hop winds around the stick Paringys.

DŽ (1993) is even more jumbled—to twist 4. “to wind”: She twists a rope from tow. The bird builds a nest. Cabbages form heads, whereas to twist up 3. “to wrap”: Twist the hair into a bun. She wrapped the meat in paper. Tuck your legs into the blanket, 5. “make, produce by twisting”: She twisted a rope from flax. The bird built itself a nest. He rolled himself a cigarette.

Amid the collision of meanings among terms and inconsistencies in normative lexicography, a certain guide to systematicity might be the adjective sukrus 1. “tightly twisted” (2. “agile, nimble” is in fact a semantic service) DŽ (1993).

Worth mentioning briefly is the closely related, though most highly specialized, synonym of to twist (and to wrap), riesti— 2. “roll into a coil”: There was plenty: that meat of theirs, twisted and curled— <...> Jurbarkas; 12. “coil as it grows”: The hops twine around the pole F. Kuršaitis’s dictionary (II 160); apriesti 1. “wrap around, twist around”: The pots need to be wrapped with birch bark Darbėnai; suriesti 9. “make by winding”: Go on, roll up a bundle Tverėčius; užriesti 2. “twist around”: As it fell, the snake coiled around his neck and spoke in a human voice Stakiai; but the most consistent semantics concern weaving and winding fabric—riesti 3. “wind onto a beam (the warp)”: We wind the cloth over the rietka, while you do so over the reed Naumiestis; likewise apriesti 2, įriesti 1, išriesti 1, nuriesti 1, pariest[i] 1, pririesti 1, suriesti 1, užriesti 1; also suriesti 1. “twist up (into a lump or roll)”: Once the [linen] is white and washed, you twist it double, then coil it neatly into a roll Švenčionys (LKŽ XI 1978).

LKŽ XIX (1999) distinguishes the homonyms vyti 1. “make [someone] go, run <...>, drive, herd” and ²to wind.

²Vyti 1. — again a two-part meaning and again a partly synonymous definition—“wind, twist into a roll, into a ball”; but once more the examples contradict the definition: they illustrate only the meaning “wind (into a ball)”: Wind threads into a ball A. Juška’s dictionary. You wind the [threads] off the reel, then cast them Pandėlys. What are you going to wind the threads onto if you don’t have a reel? Liškiava. Not a single example meaning “wind into a roll”! But a separate sub-sense follows—// “to wrap”: Wrap tobacco F. Kuršaitis’s dictionary (II 196), and another sub-sense—// “wind, wrap thread from a skein or ball”: Bring the reels; we’ll wind the skeins (i.e., hanks) Šalakas. A ball being wound Grūžiai. And another sense is distinguished

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a rather unusual meaning – // “to wind with thread”: If someone would give me some now, I’d show you how to spin and how to wind onto bobbins (i.e. onto reels), to twist, Kupiškis.

A quite different action is denoted by ²vyti 2. “to make by twisting”: In winter the children will twist cords (i.e. ropes), the girls will spin, Kvėdarna. Twisted a hundred times, plaited a hundred times, wound around a hundred times (cabbage), Varėna, Pažaislis.

And yet another different action – ²vyti 6. “to wind around”: The beans (i.e. the bean plants) wind around one another; the vines do not wind around one another, Pūnskas.

The meanings of ²suvyti are presented similarly – 1. “to twist into a ball, into a skein” // “to wind, twist (onto a spindle)”, 2. “to make by twisting, to twist”. But the meanings of ²apvyti differ: 1. “to wrap with something”: Wrap the winding with threads A. Juška’s dictionary. The money was wound into a ball, Kaltėnėnai; 2. “to wind around oneself, to entwine oneself”: Hops have twined around the trees, Jurbarkas. It wound around like a whip around a cow’s tail, Kupiškis.

DŽ 1993 presents these similarly – ²vyti 1. “to wind (into a ball, onto a reel, or from them)”, 2. “to make by twisting (a rope)”; ²suvyti 1. “to twist, wind (into a ball, onto a reel)”, 2. “to twist, distort”: The clover plants have twined together like peas and wrapped around; 1. “to wind and wrap around” [this should be “to wrap around”], 2. “to wrap around”: Wire was wrapped around the scythe’s handle.

Before turning to the derivatives of the verb ²vyti, it is useful first to examine the semantics of the iterative verb vijoti, formed from it.

LkŽ XIX 1999 vijoti – 1. “to twist, to wind”: «...> the coat-tails were winding around the trousers P. Cvirka; 2. “to twist the third strand of a rope” (more precisely, “to add a twist <...>”): Curved with gold, twisted with green silks (a wreath), Kalvarija (the 3rd sense, figurative “to chase, to pursue”, should be “to pursue”). Definitions of prefixed forms contain a great deal of synonymy – apvijoti “to wind around, wrap around, wind the third twist, strand around”; atvijoti “to untwist, unwind, uncoil”: The whip has come undone; it needs to be twisted back together J. Šlapelis; įvijoti “to wrap inside, wind in” – without an example; išvijoti 1. “to unplait, unwind, untwist”; nuvijoti 1. “to twist off, untwist, unwind”; pervijoti “to twist again, retwist the third strand, vein”; privijoti “to add a twist, twist on the third strand”; užvijoti “to wrap the third strand around the rope”. Suvijoti is indeed polysemous – 1. “to make by twisting”, 2. “to wind up” (more precisely, “to twist together”): I cut a birch switch, and after cutting it, I twisted it together, Krinčinas. He wound up his fishing line and went home DŽ 1972. Pavijoti is defined very briefly in LKŽ XIX 1999 – 1. “to twist for a while”, 2. “to add a third twist” – neither sense has an example. The distinction of the meaning “to twist for a while” indicates that pavijoti is regarded as a prefixed derivative of vijoti. LKŽ IX 1973 presents pavijoti with all the evidence, though not without inaccuracies – “to twist (more precisely, ‘to add a twist’), to twist a winding onto a rope”, Jankai, Paištrys, Pandėlys, Šalakas. The meaning suggests that pavijoti is derived from pavija.

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This is also confirmed by the prefixed forms of the verb pavijoti – supavijoti 1. “to add a winding, wrap around”, Šatės; išpavijoti 1. “to add a winding”, Skuodas, Plateliai; 2. “to wrap around, unplait”, Šatės; nupavijoti “to wrap around, plait around”, Luokė.

DŽ 1993 defines vijoti differently – “to make twists, to twist”, although the example does not agree with the definition: to twist a rope, reins (to twist the third strand), as in this example – and pavijoti “to add a winding to a rope”, užvijoti “to twist on (the third strand of a rope)”, and also suvijoti “to twist together”: to twist a rope together, but the meaning is quite different in: He wound up his fishing line and went home.

Only dialects also have the variant vejoti 4. “to twist the third strand of a rope”, Užpaliai, Smálvos (the meanings 1. “to chase, drive around, <…>”, 2. “to drive away <…>”, 3. “to look for fault, chase around” are an undifferentiated homonym); pavejoti 2. “to twist on the third strand, to add a winding”, Linkuvà, Užpaliai, Šälakas; suvejoti 3. “to twist together (a whip)”, Skaudvilė, Užpaliai, Dùsetos, Õnuškis (Rokiškis District); užvejuoti 5. “to twist a third strand over two strands already twisted together”, Užpaliai, Obėliai (LKŽ XVIII 1997).

From the verb vyti and several of its prefixed derivatives, colloquial speech has names for the result of the action—derivatives with the ending -a: ¹vija 1. “one strand of a rope”, Õnuškis (Rokiškis District), Pùšalotas // “part of a braid”, Jiez̃nas, Varėnà (²vija 1. “a lath for pressing down roof thatch, batten”, 2. “a thin stick, lath”) LKŽ XIX 1999; apvija 2. “the third strand of a rope; an overtwist”, Pùšalotas, Meškuičiai [while apvijas 2. “a footwrap, footcloth”, Skaudvilė; apvijys “an object around which a ball is first wound; a winding”, A. Juška’s dictionary, Plateliai, Ylakiai (also apvijas 1. Užventis, apvija 1. Mósėdis, Salantai)] LKŽ I₂ 1968; įvija 2. “the strand of a rope being twisted in (the third one); a winding”, Kantaučiai [while ¹įvijas 1. “an object on which thread is twisted together; a winding”, 2. “one turn made when winding (a ball, a reel)”; ²įvijas, -a 1. “twisted, coiled, spiral-shaped”: [twisted like an auger Kupiškis, also įvijus, -i J. Jablonskis] LKŽ IV 1957; pavija 2. “the third strand of a rope, added by winding”, Rudaminà, Igliáuka, Geistarai, Barstýčiai; 3. “a strand of rope”, Rum̃šiškės, Žagarė [1. “some small object used to wind a ball of thread (usually a rag or a wad of paper)”, also pavijoklis 1. “a winding for a ball”, pavijys 2. “a band for tying a swaddled baby, a swaddling band”] LKŽ IX 1973; užvija 1. “the third strand of a rope or a whip cord, wound over the first two”, Žeimelis, Vaškai, Pasvalys, Kupiškis, Alizavà, Õnuškis (Rokiškis District), LKŽ XVII 1996.

DŽ 1993 gives similar definitions – vija 1. “one strand of a rope” (and also 2. “a thread twisted together, twisted wire”: The climbing plant is twined in coils. A coil of wire); apvija 1. “the third strand of a rope or whip, wound around it; an added winding”; pavija only 2. “the third strand of a rope, added by winding” (1. “some object used for winding a ball of thread

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“object”), įvija 2. see pavija 2, užvija 1. “the third strand of a rope or a whip cord, which is wound around the first two.” Thus, the essence of this similarity is that the normative dictionary of the standard language does very little standardizing here—only įvija 2. see—while apvija 1, pavija 2, and užvija 1 are nonstandard synonyms; nor does it standardize pavijoti “to twist a pavija onto a rope,” or užvijoti “to twist on (the third strand of a rope).” The kinds of collisions and confusion this leads to will be discussed in Chapter II.

The semantics of the verb vynioti, which is also iterative [LKŽ XIX 1999 also gives the present-tense form vyna of vyti: Vynas, pinas, lipa ant aukšto kiaušinio dėt (apynys) Šakýna (vyti 6.)], differ considerably; the flaws in its presentation in LKŽ XIX 1999 are similar—vynioti 1. “to twist, curl into a roll or ball, or out of a roll or ball”: Kamuolioką siūlų vynioju, sapnavau – kelionė Kaltanenai. Ant kočėlo rietimus drobės vynioja Palėvenė. // refl. “to curl, wind around as it grows”: Sunku apynėliui in viršų vyniotis Nemunaičis, 2. “to wrap around something”: In tą popierių mėsą suka: reikia penkis kartus vynioti Paringys. // “to swaddle, wrap, muffle in”: Seniau vaikus ankštai vyniojo Sedà [3. refl. “to move in a sinuous way, writhing”: Kad vyniojus, ažtai vijūnai Daugėliškis], apvynioti 1. “to wind around, wrap around something, onto something”: Turėjau beržinį vytį, miklus miklus – kaip apovyniojau apie blauzdas! Žėlva. Autus apsivynio[j]a ir į vyžą jauną koją Jurbarkas and 2. “to envelop, wrap, muffle in”: Visad su autais nešiodavo, autus apvynioja, apivaras dideles nešiodavo Sidabravas, suvynioti 1. “to roll, curl into a roll or ball”: Ka[i]p išblga [audeklas], tai suvyniojam rietiman Lazdijai. / fig.: Visi pečiai užtirpę, ir žarnos dieglių suvyniotos Debeikiai, 2. “to wrap in something, with something”: Silkė. būdavo, suvynioji į popieriuką i[r] an[t] žarijų pakepi Sidabravas. Iš senų paklodžių, būdavo, padarai vystyklių suvynioti tą vaiką Sintautai [there is no ball illustration...].

DŽ 1993 defines vynioti as “to wind by wrapping, packing,” although it also gives: Apyniai vyniojasi ant virpčių; suvynioti 1. “to roll up”: Suvynioti pirkinį į popierių. Pinigus susivyniojo į skepetą, 2. “to roll into a bundle, make into a ball”: Suvynioti žemėlapį; whereas apvynioti means “to wind around (material, a bandage, wire)”: Koją apvynioti vyturu. Apvynioti virvę ant kablio. Gyvatė apsivyniojo aplink pagalį; išvynioti “to make unrolled”: Išvynioti siūlus iš kamuolio. Blogai suvyniotas pirkinys išsivyniojo, and so on, inconsistently.

Another iterative verb formed from vyti is vystýti 1. “to wrap, swaddle in cloth” (variant vystinti); from this verb is derived vystýklas “a piece of cloth for swaddling an infant” (variant in old texts: vystykłos). However, suvystyti also has other submeanings—1. // “to wrap oneself up, shelter oneself” Biržai // “to dress, bundle up” Palėvenėlė // “to tie together” Kuršėnai // “to plait while biting,”

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“to fasten”: Kuolai suovystyti ovytim Širniai. From vystyti is derived vystas 3. “swaddling cloth” Veliuona, Naumiestis, while 1. “a garment for constricting a woman’s torso, a corset” is given in F. Kuršaitis’s dictionary (I 199), and A. Juška’s dictionary (variant vysta Są́ugos, Alvitas); 2. “women’s bodice, waistcoat” Tilžė, Gardamas, Ramučiai (variant ²vystė 2 Priekulė, Veliuona, Naumiestis, Alksnėnai, Rudaminà) LKŽ XIX 1999.

Several denominal verbs (verbs derived from nouns) have similar semantics. From ¹vyturas 1. “a long piece of material for wrapping something,” 3. “a skein, tangled mass, clump” and variant ²vyturys 3 (: ²vyti) are derived ¹vyturiuoti 1. “to wrap, wind” Viekšniai, ¹apvyturiuoti 1. “to wrap around, wind around, tie around” Len kimai, Raudėnai, Kražiai, ¹įvyturiuoti “to wrap into, wind into” Merkinė, ¹išvyturiuoti 1. “to unwrap” Kvėdarna, ¹suvyturiuoti 1. “to roll up, wind together, swaddle” Kvėdarna, Ežvilkas, Viduklė, Paežerėliai, ¹užvyturiuoti “to wind over” Pūnskas (variant ¹vyturti 1. “to wrap, curl, wind,” 2. “to wind, wrap into something,” 3. “to swaddle”) LKŽ XIX 1999. From ⁴vytis 1. “a thin, flexible tree branch, usually used for weaving or tying something,” 2. “a switch, rod” and/or variant vytė 1, 2 (: ²vyti) is derived the verb vyčioti 1. “to tie or interweave with switches”: Darželis aukso baslel iais bestas, sidabro vytelėmis vyčiotas Vyžuonos (variant vyčioti), variant vytoti 1. “to wrap, wind, tie,” suvytoti “to wind together, tie with switches”: Vytim suvytodavo tooras [when building fences] Ceikiniai, ¹oytuoti 5. “to weave, wrap, tie”: Aš einu baslių best, o tu eik vyt uot Švenčionys (LKŽ XIX 1999).

The semantic collisions among derivatives of the synonymous verbs sukti and riesti, sukti and vyti, vyti and vynioti (with their various meanings) are even greater than those between the base words in word formation. In the inter-dialectal space, they appear only at the margins or in sparse inter-dialectal usage (mostly in folklore language), and essentially remain untouched. But when viewed against the standard language (to which its neologisms also contribute), contradictions emerge—as both ambiguities and weak, though sometimes impossible-to-improve, distinctiveness. Still, this is such a case that it is worth mentioning, at least as a precaution for the future. For example:

sukutis 16. “bindweed (Convolvulus)” Kėdainiai (LKŽ XIV 1986)—¹vijoklis 1. bot. [i.e. a scientific term] “a plant in the bindweed family (Convolvulus)” (variants vijoklė 1, vijuoklis 1, vynioklė 2), vyt uolė “field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis)” Salantai, Budriai, Gargždai [variant ¹vytuolis Salantai, ¹vyturė 1. Gargždai, Endriejavas, Rietavas, vyturis 1. Klaipėda, Alsėdžiai, Laukuva, Žygaičiai, ¹vyturys 1. Dovilai, vytorė F. Kuršaitis’s dictionary (I 40)] LKŽ XIX

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1999; vijoklis 2. “any plant that twines” Kalvarija (variant vijoklas A. Juška’s dictionary) LKŽ XIX 1999; apynys bot. “a twining plant whose cones are used to make beer (Humulus lupulus)” (variant apuvnys Kūktiškės, Tauragnai, old dictionaries) LKŽ I, 1968; vytūklis “bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara)” Rūsnė (variant vytuoklė V. Kalvaitis) LKŽ XIX 1999; vijikė “a kind of garden flower” Dunininkai (LKŽ XIX 1999) – ²rietena 4. “clubmoss (Lycopodium)” Višakio Rūda, Garliava, Girkalnis, Griškiškis, ²rietenos 1. “houseleek (Sempervivum)” Darbėnai, Grūšlaukis, dictionaries of Lithuania Minor, 2. “common knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare)” dictionaries of Lithuania Minor, 1. (A.) Pabrėža, 3. “lesser periwinkle (Vinca minor)” F. Kursaitis, 5. “common speedwell (Veronica officinalis)” dictionaries of Lithuania Minor;

²riestinis 2. “rolled pork belly fat, a sheet of pork fat” A. Juška’s dictionary, K. Jurkšaitis’s tales, Švėkšna (: suriešti 9. “to make or prepare by rolling”: We melted the cow tallow and rolled it into such sheets Skirsnemunė. I salted the ham well and rolled it Kaltanėnai. Having rolled it up, she rubbed it and sold it by the pound Šatės) LKŽ XI 1978, riestiniai – zrazy GK 1934 5–8 86, ¹ries-tinis usually plural, “a meat cutlet with filling, a roll,” ¹riestinis culinary, “a meat cutlet with filling, a roll” LKŽ XI 1978;

¹suktinis 4. “a kind of meat roll” Skrebotiškis, though perhaps borrowed from written sources (LKŽ XIV 1986), 2. culinary, “a hot dish of rolled meat” DŽ 1993;

¹vyniotinis 1. “a culinary product made of chopped or unchopped meat, fish, or vegetables, rolled up into a cylinder, a roulade” LKŽ XIX 1999, vynioti-nis – roulade GK 1934 5–8 88, vyniotinis culinary 1. “cold meat rolled into the shape of a thick sausage” (2. “a baked item with filling, rolled or folded in several layers”) DŽ 1993;

²vyturys 5. “a dumpling, a meat roll, a roulade” Gegrėnai (LKŽ XIX 1999);

riestuvas 1. “the loom beam around which the warp or cloth is wound” Samogitian, Skirsnemunė (LKŽ XI 1978), also DŽ 1993 – suktuvas 7. “a beam of a weaving loom” Pagėgiai, Vaiguva (LKŽ XIV 1986) – vytuvas 2. “a beam of a weaving loom, <...>” Gavaltuva (LKŽ XIX 1999);

sukutis 11. “a tool for twisting ropes, a rope-twister”: You just make the thread, and I’ll take the rope-twister and twist it, and soon there’ll be a little rope Liubāvas (variant ¹suktukas 10, ²sūktis, suktuvas 11, sukutė 2, sukynė 4) LKŽ XIV 1986, sukutis 5. “a tool for twisting ropes

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sukti“ DŽ 1993, sukynė 2. „prietaisas virvėms vyti“ DŽ 1993 – vytukas 2. „įrankis virvėms vyti“ Saldūtiškis (var. vyturkas „vytuvas virvėms vyti“ Papilys) LKŽ XIX 1999;

vytuvai 1. “usually, a device made of two cross-braced rods, used to wind yarn from skeins”: Bring in the yarn winder and wind off the yarn, Kalnalis. With small winders they wind the skeins into balls Linkuvą (variant vytuvuas 1, vytukai 1, vytukas 1, vytukliai, vytokas, vytukšlis, 'vyturas 5, vytuškos 1, vytuška 1, vytuškai) LKŽ XIX 1999), vytuvai “a device for winding yarn” and vytukai “small yarn winders” DŽ 1993;

vytuškos 3. “a device for winding yarn from bobbins” Sudeikiai, Užpaliai, Dusetos, Tverėčius (LKŽ XIX 1999).

Thus, the facts are already known, so the statement “an utterance has meaning only for those who know the facts” (Lanson 1989: 150), once the condition is met, points to a clear conclusion. In concise terms, the meaning of that statement, though not quite brief, would be this: in living language, sukti – to bend, sukti – to wind, vyti – to coil and their derivatives exhibit synonymy and polysemy—both ordinary and cross-dialectal (the LKŽ is arranged far from exemplarily, as is the normative lexicography (DŽ 1993))—which leave the vocabulary of the standard language with an overly varied and sometimes contradictory, insufficiently systematic and weakly distinctive, at times ambiguous picture, one that can hardly be called fully settled.

11

When creating scientific terms (names of actions, results of actions, and tools) from the polysemous synonyms surveyed in living language, the requirements that terms be non-synonymous and unambiguous must first be observed. Scientific terms are created from folk terminology (terminologization), and neologisms are formed from the aforementioned verbs (derivation). There is less derivation here than terminologization: derivatives already exist in living language, where they function in the general vocabulary as ordinary words.

Terminologization is not only more extensive; its process is also more problematic. Much has been written about terminologization in Lithuanian terminology, but it has not been studied in greater theoretical depth. Views differ, and some matters have not been addressed at all. Most often, only meaning is discussed. In terminologization, meaning is usually changed: “Quite often, common words enter terminology with figurative meanings” (Keinys 1980: 63). Several methods are identified: “The meaning of ordinary words, when converting them into terms, is either narrowed or broadened, or

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pavadinamas visai kitas dalykas pagal panašumą ar kitą kurį bruožą“ (Keinys 1980: 64), todėl „paprastieji žodžiai, patekę į terminų sistemą [,] gauna specialią, apibrėžtą reikšmę“ (Keinys 1980: 64). Kalbant apie esminę liaudies ir mokslinės terminijos skirtį, be kitų dalykų, pasakyta, kad kuriant mokslinių terminų sistemą įvardijimo tikslumas reikalauja žodį terminizuoti modifikuojant jo reikšmę ir atribojant nuo kitų reikšmių (Klimavičius 1996: 6–7). Termin izacijos sąvoka plečiama ir skiriamos jos rūšys: „Terminiza-cija yra dvilypis procesas: vienu atveju terminizuojami bendrinės kalbos ir tarmių žodžiai, o kitu atveju – gretimų sričių terminai. Pastarasis reiškinys vadinamas transterminizacija“ (Gaivenis 1997: 5). Pažodžiui pakartojusi šį teiginį (Kaulakienė 2001: 28) transterminizaciją autorė pavadina transe- mantizacija (= transsemantizacija), bet toliau šios įdomios ir perspektyvios minties neplėtoja ir grįžta į leksinės semantikos vagą. Po keleto metų K. Gaivenis savo knygoje Lietuvių terminologija: teorijos ir tvarkybos metmenys kalba tik apie du terminizavimo būdus: „1) praplečiant (perkeliant) leksinę žodžio reikšmę ir 2) susiaurinant (apribojant) leksinę žodžio reikšmę“ (Gaivenis 2002: 52). Būtina pasakyti, kad praplėtimas (grikio šiaudas) ir perkėlimas (degtuko šiaudelis), susiaurinimas ir apribojimas iš tikrųjų yra skirtingi reikšmės keitimo būdai. Esminis yra ir kitas dalykas: „Terminas įgauna specialių semų, kurių paprastas žodis neturi“ (Gaivenis 2002: 53). Bet ši mintis irgi tikslintina. Tik tautologija verčiamasi ir terminologijos terminų žodynėlyje: terminizavimas – „visuotinės leksikos arba tarm inės leksikos žodžio virtimas arba pavertimas terminu suteikiant jam termin inę reikšmę“, o termininė reikšmė – „reikšmė, būdinga žodžiui tam tikros srities terminijoje“ (Kvašytė 2005).

K. Gaivenis rightly observed that the transterminologization of international calques took place not in the Lithuanian language (Gaivenis 1997: 5). Thus, it, like terminologization as a whole, is a matter of the semantics of terms.

The very beginning is forgotten. It would seem that the word being terminologized descends like deus ex machina. Yet one should also speak of searching and selection—of a word’s potential and suitability for terminologization, and then of selecting the meaning to be terminologized and distinguishing it from synonyms. Terminologization ends with the terminologized member of the system fitting harmoniously into it.

For terminological analysis in this case, definitions of terms are essential. This circumstance, together with the need to improve standardization, determined the choice of two sources: Aiškinamasis tekstilės terminų žodynas (2001) and the explanatory dictionary of electrical engineering terms, currently being completed—

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namasis elektrotechnikos terminų žodynas. There is also some similarity between certain concepts.

For clarity, the general direction discernible in distinguishing the aforementioned synonyms can be stated at once:

sukti—“to make thread, rope, cable, and the like move by twisting deformation, turning it about its longitudinal axis, thereby imparting twist”;

vyti—“to wind thread, rope, cable, wire, and the like onto a reel, an axle, and so on”;

vynioti—“to curl a two-dimensional object around an imaginary axis into a roll, or onto a shaft into a coil.”

Vynioti is readily and unambiguously distinguished here.

Distinguishing to twist from to wind is more difficult—as well as the main meanings indicated here, one more important meaning is needed: “to make a compound thread from several strands, or a rope from several branches.” Since the action of making a thread (a single strand) is expressed by the verb to spin, the usual action for making a compound thread is beyond doubt—to twist. And the same should apply by analogy to rope. In dialects, and automatically also in general non-specialist language (not in terminological usage), a rope strand may be both twisted and wound, whereas derivatives denoting the result are formed only from to wind: winding 1. “one strand of a rope” (and to strand—“to make strands, to wind”), as well as the virtually unstandardized names for a “third strand of a rope”—overwinding 1, upper winding 1, inner winding 1 (see overwinding 2), and overwinding 2 (and to overwind—“to add an overwinding to a rope”) DŽ 1993. But in terminology, to wind here would create intolerable inconsistency and confusion with the primary meaning of to wind given above. Thus, here, rope must not differ from twisted thread: both thread and thread, and rope, must be twisted [the folk terminology for ropes’ strand (and perhaps overwinding) already has a system-preserving substitute in the terminology of industrial rope technology—branch 3. “a separate line, a branching: A rope made of three branches (of three bundles), DŽ 1993, incidentally taken from living speech (Samogitian)—branch 6. “a bundle of rope, strands, or braided hair” LKŽ XIV 1986].

Let us examine how this has been implemented and what still needs attention. Above all, systemic consistency must be considered.

Thus sukimas means 1. “the formation of torsional deformation” and 2. “a technological process in the manufacture of threads, ropes, or cables in which twist is imparted to them”—German Drehung, Verdrehung, English twisting, French tordage, Russian скручивание. sukimo mašina—“a machine for making twisted threads”; virvių sukimo mašina—“a machine for twisting or laying ropes and cables”; suktinis siūlas, suktinis verpalas, suktinis pusverpalis, suktinis gaminys TekstŽ 2001; and susukimas—“the joining of two or more plies, cores, or strands”.

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„twisting together in a bundle around a common longitudinal axis to increase strength,“ paired twisting – “the twisting together of two insulated cable conductors, <...>” (AiškElTŽ), but stranding – “the formation of a multistrand conductor from parallel conductors or their strands, by twisting each strand around its own axis and around a common axis” (AiškElTŽ) – is a departure from the general tendency to distinguish synonyms. This was avoided in TekstŽ 2001: twisting together – “the formation of packages of yarn or other similar products by arranging the strands in a particular way” (different from the strand of a country rope — “a portion of thread or another product, one turn of which wraps around a bobbin, shuttle, tube, or other component” — German Windung, English winding, French spire, Russian виток), rewinding – “a technological process comprising a combination of three operations: unwinding the supplied yarn package, <...> removing defects, <...>, and forming a new, improved package,” rewinding machine – “a device for rewinding yarn onto convenient bobbins, <...>,” ball-winding machine, winding mechanism – “the mechanism for forming a yarn package on a spool or bobbin in spinning, twisting, or rewinding machines.” TekstŽ 2001 also departs somewhat from the general tendency: twisting together and rewinding are actions quite different from the one named wrapping – “covering a layer of one or more threads or aligned fibers with one or more thread windings” (for some reason, wrapping is absent from TekstŽ 2001) – German Umwindung, Umwickeln, English covering, wrapping, French guipage, Russian обмотка, обкрутка, wrapping machine – “a machine with hollow spindles for producing covered yarns,” covered yarn – “a core-spun yarn whose core is covered with one or more threads; <...>,” covered staple yarn – “a yarn in which a layer of aligned fibers is covered with one or more threads; <...>,” wrap spinning – “a method of producing covered yarn in which a drafted fiber strand is passed through the channel of a hollow spindle and wrapped with thread unwound (=or unwound⟧) from a bobbin mounted on the spindle.” Although this wrapping might better be called winding, this is not so much a breach of the general tendency to distinguish synonyms as an addition of a fourth item to it. In this case, winding is differentiated by prefixes: one kind is twisting together, rewinding, another is wrapping. The distinction is entirely sufficient.

A major, long-standing defect in electrical-engineering terminology in AiškElTŽ is that although it has a turn, “the main element of a coil, consisting of a single loop-shaped conductor,” and a winding – “<...>. <...>. A winding consists of coils connected in a particular way, made up of <...> turns.” German Wicklung, English winding, French enroulement, bobinage, Russian обмотка, but... winding machine “for winding coils,” close winding – “winding in which there are no gaps between turns,” German dichtes Wickeln, abstandlose Wickeln,

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English continuous coiling, French bobinage masse, Russian плотная намотка. Thus electrical-engineering winding is quite different from textile winding – “wrapping a product or semi-finished product around a shaft, board, etc., <...>” (incidentally, this sense of winding is also included in AiškElTŽ for some reason!). TekstŽ 2001: winding mechanism “mechanism for winding a product into a roll,” unwinding device “a device for unwinding fabric from a stack (...)” (TekstŽ 2001); winding together extends somewhat beyond these – “rolling into a roll, ball, or the like,” but winding density is defined only as “the quotient of the mass and volume of a product wound into a roll”; see also twisting together density (perhaps into a ball or onto a bobbin?) in TekstŽ 2001, though it is not defined... Although spiral is 2. “wire wound into a coil, bent,” in AiškElTŽ, spiral filament is “a filament wound into a spiral,” and double-coil filament is “a spiral filament wound a second time into a larger spiral”; only when the spiral is made not of wire but of strip can it be wound: a wound strip core – “a core made of strips of soft magnetic material wound in a spiral, <...>” (AiškElTŽ).

(A) winding (and coil) is made essentially in the same way in textiles and electrical engineering, but in textiles the term is used systematically, as is winding. Why should electrical engineering use wrapping? This is a consequence of the incomplete organization of this microsystem in electrical-engineering terminology. The abundant material provided to me by Associate Professor Dr. Stasys Žebrauskas (I am very grateful and leave it all to its meticulous collector) shows that in the interwar period turn-winding was used; after the war, the more precise and systematic term winding began to replace turn, but a system was still not achieved: winding-wrapping remained. It is now being argued that winding by twisting would necessarily mean longitudinal deformation of the wire—twisting it, that is, damaging it. But why can (and should!) the making of an electrical-engineering winding (on a coil, core, or the like) be understood in terminological terms as the winding of yarn, rope, or cable (and, dialectally, also as twisting)? Whether an electrical winding becomes twisted depends not on the word (if anyone were to understand it dialectally rather than terminologically), but on the requirements and the technology suited to them. If someone twists a wire or cable while unwinding it from a coil by hand, the word is not to blame; the clumsiness of the action is. The word has already been terminologized—here one must forget about rope. Thus, having clarified and understood the matter, we can use the systematic expression winding by winding without misgivings.

CONCLUSIONS

In everyday speech (dialects), the words sukti – riesti, sukti – vyti, vyti – vynioti (‘twist – bend, twist – wind, wind – wrap’) characteristically exhibit synonymy and polysemy (the LKŽ entries are not arranged in the most exemplary fashion)—both within and across dialects. Their derivatives show even greater semantic clashes. All this remains unproblematic and possible across dialects. In the context of the standard language, however, contradictions emerge—as unresolved ambiguity, insufficient distinctiveness, and inadequate systematicity; all these shortcomings are further compounded by derivatives formed at various times without due consideration. The normative DŽ is of little help here either.

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ordinary and cross-dialectal. Semantic clashes among their derivatives are even greater. In the cross-dialectal sphere, all this remains unproblematic and possible. In the context of the standard language, however, contradictions emerge—as unresolved ambiguity, insufficient distinctiveness, and inadequate systematicity; all these shortcomings are further compounded by derivatives formed at various times without due consideration. The normative DŽ is of little help here either.

When terminologizing them and, to a lesser extent, coining new words, one must adhere to the principles of synonym-free and unambiguous terminology, as well as systematicity. Definitions are essential for terminological analysis in this case.

The general direction for distinguishing the aforementioned synonyms is easy to discern:

sukti – “to make thread, rope, cable, and the like move in a deforming motion around its longitudinal axis, thereby twisting it together”;

vyti – “to wind thread, rope, cable, wire, and the like onto a bobbin, around an axis, or the like”;

vynioti – “to roll a two-dimensional object about an imaginary axis into a roll, or around a shaft into a bundle”.

In addition, one more meaning is needed:

– “to make a composite thread from several strands, or a rope from several branches.”

The expression of this meaning (especially that of making rope) varies considerably both in dialects and in non-specialized standard language; in terminology, only sukti can be systematic (while the living-language words for a rope’s strand and wrapping are here likewise replaced by the everyday word branch). The unsystematic electrical-engineering term winding-wrapping must be replaced with winding by twisting. The view that winding by twisting here implies an impermissible twisting together of the wire is entirely unfounded: whether it twists depends on the action and its precise execution, not on the word winding; moreover, this word must already be understood as terminologized—electrical-engineering, not rope-making.

ŠALTINIAI

AiškEITŽ – Aiškinamasis elektrotechnikos terminų žodynas (rengiamas).

DŽ 1972 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius.

DŽ 1993 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius.

GK – Gimtoji kalba (žurnalas).

LKŽ I, 1968 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1, Vilnius.

LKŽ IV 1957 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 4, Vilnius.

LKŽ IX 1973 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 9, Vilnius.

LKŽ XI 1978 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 11, Vilnius.

LKŽ XIV 1986 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 14, Vilnius.

LKŽ XVII 1996 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 17, Vilnius.

LKŽ XVIII 1997 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 18, Vilnius.

LKŽ XIX 1999 – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 19, Vilnius.

SinŽ 1980 – Lyberis A. Sinonimų žodynas, Vilnius.

TekstŽ 2001 – Aiškinamasis tekstilės terminų žodynas. Moksl. red. A. Vitkauskas, Kaunas.

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LITERATŪRA

Gaivenis K. 1997: Terminizacija ir determinacija. – Terminologija 4, 4–7.

Gaivenis K. 2002: Lietuvių terminologija: teorijos ir tvarkybos metmenys, Vilnius.

Kaulakienė A. 2001: Terminizacija: semantiniai dariniai ir vertiniai. – Terminologija 8, 28–32.

Keinys S. 1980: Terminologijos abėcėlė, Vilnius.

Klimavičius J. 1996: Nuo liaudies terminijos prie mokslinės. – Terminologija 3, 4–25.

Kvašytė R. 2005: Mokomasis terminologijos žodynėlis, Šiauliai.

Lans... G. 1989: Literatūros istorija. – Poetika ir literatūros estetika 2, 139–165.

SYNONYMY AND POLYSEMY OF SUKTI, VYTI, VYNIOTI, THEIR DERIVATIVES IN THE LIVING LANGUAGE AND ATTEMPTS AT THEIR NORMALIZATION AND TERMINOLOGIZATION

Synonymy and polysemy are characteristic features of the living language words (dialectisms) sukti – riesti, sukti – vyti, vyti – vynioti both in common language and in dialects and in the Lithuanian Language Dictionary (LKŽ) it is not arranged properly. Semantic collisions of their derivatives are even greater. In dialects such a situation is possible. Common language faces contradictions in the forms of uneliminated ambiguity, poor distinctiveness and insufficient systematicality. All these shortcomings are compounded by inappropriate derivatives created during various periods. The normative Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian (DŽ) is no help in this case.

When such words are being terminologized and neologisms are being created it is necessary to take into account non-synonymy, monosemy and systematicality of terms (this is slightly less important in the case of neologisms). Definitions are essential for terminological analysis.

It is quite simple to view the direction in which earlier mentioned synonyms separate: sukti (spin, wind) – “to make move while deforming around longitudinal axis when making a thread, string, rope, cable, etc.”;

vyti (coil, reel, wind) – “to reel up or whip or role around the axis a thread, string, rope, cable, lead, wire, etc.”;

vynioti (wind, roll, wrap, twine) – “to bend a two-dimensional thing around the imaginary axis or to wind it on a roll”;

In addition, one more meaning is necessary – “to make a compound thread or a rope from several threads”.

Expression of this meaning (especially of rope making), which varies both in dialects and in common, but not special language, could be systematic only in the case of sukti. Dialectisms vija and apvija (of the rope) are replaced by šaka. Non-systematic term of electrical engineering apvijos vyniojimas (coiling of a winding) ought to be replaced by apvijos vijimas. The opinion that vijimas would presuppose impermissible susisukimas (twine) of a wire is groundless: if a wire coils it depends not on the word vijimas, but on the operation and its precise execution.

Gauta 2006-10-02

Jonas Klimavičius Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 E. paštas [email protected]

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