Go to originalLocalized version was produced by AI. It may contain inaccuracies.
Preparing document pages…
Page 1
Lithuanian Two-Word Terms in the Manuscript Dictionary of Legal Terms (1920)
ALVYDAS UMBRASAS
Lietuvių kalbos institutas
KEYWORDS: history of terminology, terminography, legal terms, dictionary of terms, two-word terms, manuscript
The manuscript draft of the Russian–Lithuanian Dictionary of Legal Terms and Other Terms Needed by the Courts, prepared at the Ministry of Justice in 1919–1920 Teisės terminų ir kitų reikalingų teismams žodynėlio projektas (the principal compiler was probably Konstantinas Jablonskis), is a scholarly interesting subject in the history of legal terminology and terminography. As is known, the dictionary (given its size, it could be called a dictionary rather than a glossary) was not published, but more than one copy of the manuscript has survived. Although the draft was not completed and had terminographic shortcomings (in speaking of shortcomings, it should be borne in mind that by then only a few dictionaries of terms had been published in Lithuania, and there was no experience in compiling such dictionaries), it is possible that some people used it at the time. The dictionary is relatively substantial—120 pages, containing over 4,000 Russian terms and other lexical or syntactic units. Only a small proportion of them (nearly 300) are untranslated into Lithuanian. Since more than one Lithuanian equivalent was often provided (meanings, synonyms), there are about 5,900 Lithuanian equivalents in total (some of them recur in different entries). More about this manuscript dictionary and its structure is discussed in an article published in issue 18 of Terminologijos (see Umbrasas 2011). That article mainly discusses terminographic matters; this time, the intention is to examine in greater detail the expression of the Lithuanian terms included in the dictionary. The discussion is limited to two-word terms, while other two-word combinations, not usually considered terms, are also included in the analysis (the manuscript’s title itself indicates that it is not merely a dictionary of terms). The focus is mainly on form, while questions of synonymy are left for future research.
Terminologija | 2012 | 19
143
Page 2
In the dictionary’s term entries, recurring components are often omitted; therefore, when analyzing the data, it is assumed, for example, that the entries вводъ во владѣніе – turėtojo įvedybos, įvadai, turto įvedybos, įvadai (71), негодныя средства – netikę, netinkami įrankiai, priemonės2 (49) include the Lithuanian terms turėtojo įvedybos, turėtojo įvadai, turto įvedybos, turto įvadai ir netikę įrankiai, netinkami įrankiai, netikusios priemonės, netinkamos priemonės. When a word is parenthesized, it is assumed that the entry contains both long and short variants of the equivalents; for example, from the entry разсрочка – (išmokėjimo) išskirstymas, išskaidymas, paskirstymas terminais (90), six terms are extracted: išskirstymas, išskaidymas, paskirstymas terminais, išmokėjimo išskirstymas, išmokėjimo išskaidymas, išmokėjimo paskirstymas terminais. Of these, the two-word forms išmokėjimo išskirstymas, išmokėjimo išskaidymas, paskirstymas terminais are included in the study (there are only a dozen or so entries divided up in this way; parenthesized words could sometimes be regarded as explanatory, but since there is no clear boundary between optional and explanatory words in a term, the latter are not distinguished). In cases where only part of a word is parenthesized (a prefix or reflexive particle), it was decided not to count the variants as separate units; that is, it is assumed, for example, that the entry покрыть расходы – iš(si)mokėti, at(si)lyginti išlaidas (73) contains two terms: iš(si)mokėti išlaidas, at(si)lyginti išlaidas.
The dictionary under examination contains a total of 1,816 Lithuanian two-word combinations, of which 1,494 are noun phrases (identical Lithuanian combinations appearing in different entries are counted as separate units). About fifty Russian terms are repeated in different places in the dictionary, and consequently there are also repeated Lithuanian terms (although the Lithuanian equivalents in entries for repeated Russian terms often do not match; see Umbrasas 2011: 131–133 for more detail), for example: amžinas turėjimas (вѣчное владѣніе, 9, 16), atskira nuomonė (особое мнѣніе, 44, 60), ieškomasis skelbimas (публикація о сыскѣ, 88, 108), piktam vartoti (употреблять во зло, 30, 113), sugriauti prieštaravimus (опровергать возраженіе, 11, 59). More often, the same Lithuanian equivalent is given not for identical but for different Russian terms (usually Russian synonyms that are unrelated or at least very close in meaning), for example: atmesti ieškojimą (отказывать въ искѣ, 61; отклонять искъ, 61), baudžiamosios priemonės (мѣры взысканія, 8; мѣры наказанія, 44), bylos eiga (движеніе дѣла, 19; ходъ дѣла, 117), eiti pareigas (занимать должность, 27; исполнять обязанности, 34), įkaito laikytojas
1 The dictionary manuscript page or pages are indicated alongside terms (if a term appears more than once).
2 Typographical error; should read priemonės (written correctly elsewhere).
1 4 4
Alvydas Umbrasas
Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) lietuviški dvižodžiai terminai
Page 3
(закладодержатель, 26; залогодержатель, 27), estimate of expenses (расходная смѣта, 92; смѣта расходовъ, 100), prove guilt (изобличать, 32; уличать, 112), false testimony (ложное показание, 41; лжесвидѣтельство, 41), illegitimate child (дитя, рожденное внѣ брака, 6; внѣбрачный ребенокъ, 10), courtroom (заль засѣданій, 27; присутственная зала, 84), record keeping (дѣлопроизводство, 23; письмоводство, 67), full bench of judges (составъ судей, 103; судейское присутствие, 106), local resident (мѣстный житель, 44; туземецъ, 109). In different entries, 83 Lithuanian two-word combinations are repeated twice (68 of them are nominal). Five combinations are repeated three times in the dictionary: conduct of cases (производство, 86; производство дѣлъ, 86; процессъ, 88), partnership of shareholders (долевое товарищество, 21; товарищество на паяхъ, 64, 108), limited partnership (товарищество на вѣрѣ, 16, 108; командитное товарищество, 37), bribery (взяточничество, 8; лихоимство, 41; мздоимство, 43), immovable property (имѣніе, 32; недвижимость, 49; недвижимое имуще-ство, 49). Thus, after excluding repetitions, it can be said that the dictionary contains 1,723 Lithuanian two-word combinations in total (of these, 1,416 are nominal). Variants of expression are counted as separate units, as are several terms that differ in number: credit b i l l cf. credit b i l l s (кредитные билеты, 39), s e r v i t u d e right (право участія частнаго, 115) cf. right of s e r v i t u d e s (право угодій въ чужихъ имуществахъ, 111), violation of a sacred object (оскорбление святыни, 59) cf. violation of sacred images (священные изображения, 97), legitimate child (законнорожденный, 26) cf. legitimate children (законныя дѣти, 26).
NOMINAL COMBINATIONS
As might be expected from a terminology dictionary, nominal combinations make up the vast majority of the Lithuanian two-word combinations included in it. Although the terminological status of some of these combinations or their classification as belonging to the field of law may be debatable, the aim here was not to distinguish terms from non-terms. The material is viewed as a whole, with expression-related aspects taken into account primarily. The nominal combinations included in the subject-field dictionary can essentially be regarded as terms of the period under study.
To reveal the variety of expression among the dictionary’s terms, it is useful to review the diversity of the components that make up the terms. As noted, the dictionary contains 1,416 distinct Lithuanian two-word terms, but the components from which they are formed recur. For the purposes of the study, a nested list and an alphabetical list of Lithuanian two-word terms were compiled (it should be recalled that the dictionary is Russian–
Terminologija | 2012 | 19 145
Page 4
Lithuanian, so the nests are inverted and subdivided), which made it possible to assess the diversity of the components. It emerged that about 600 words serve as the main components of the terms. The greatest number of terms are formed with the word raštas (–ai)—41 in all: explanatory note (объяснительная записка, 28), release document (разрешительная статья, 90), reply document (ответная бумага, 61), documents of nobility (дворянская грамота, 18), deed of partition (раздельная запись (актовъ), 90), partition document (раздельная запись (актовъ), 90), deed of gift (дарственный актъ, дарственная запись, 19; жалованная грамота, 24), gift document (дарственный актъ, дарственная запись, 19), prohibitory document (обезпечительный листъ, 53), incoming document (входящая бумага, 13), protective document (охранный листъ, 63), pleadings (состязательные бумаги, 103), prohibitory article (запретительная статья, 28), deed of acquisition (данная, 18), pledge document (закладной листъ, 25), mortgage deed (заказная крепность, 25), endowment record (фундушевая запись, 116), memorandum (докладная записка, 20), outgoing document (исходящая бумага, 34), separate record (отдельная запись, 61; отводная запись, 60), introductory document (вводный листъ, 7), induction document (вводный листъ, 7), document of induction (вводный листъ, 7), genealogical record (родословная, 93), guarantee document (поручная запись, 75; обезпечительный листъ, 53), permit document (дозволительная записъ, 20), authorization document (разрешительная бумага, 90; дозволительная запись, 20), letter of trust (вѣроющее письмо, 16), loan document (заемное письмо, 25), trading document (торговый листъ, 109), report (докладная записка, 20, 28), commercial document (торговый листъ, 109), oath3 document (присяжный листъ, 85), charter of privilege (уставная грамота, 114), safekeeping document (охранный листъ, 63), private deed (частный актъ, 118), loan document (заемное письмо, 25), instrument of incorporation (уставная грамота, 114), service record (формулярный списокъ, формуляръ, 116), service document (формулярный списокъ, формуляръ, 116), writ of execution (исполнительный листъ, 33). Several times more types of documents are presented here than in the first printed legal terminology dictionary, published in 1954 (TŽ). As can be seen, these are mostly types of Russian terms актъ, бумага, грамота, записка, запись, крепность, листъ, письмо, списокъ, статья. Some Lithuanian terms are synonymous.
3 It should be priesaikos (it is written correctly elsewhere).
146
Alvydas Umbrasas
Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) lietuviški dvižodžiai terminai
Page 5
Fig. 1. The nest for the dictionary term law (p. 78)
The second most frequent main component of two-word terms is teisė (-ės). There are 28 terms in all: right of representation (право представления, 80), right of representation (право представления, 80), author’s right (авторское право, 1), чинш right (чиншевое право, 118), property right (вещное право, 8), right in a thing (вещное право, 8), right of redemption (выкупное право, 14), special rights (особенные права, 60), right of sight (право вида, 9), right of poverty (право бѣдности, 7), right of poverty (право бѣдности, 7, 78), ownership right (право собственности, 78), customary law (обычное право, 56), inheritance right (наслѣдственное право, 48), citizenship right (право
Terminologija | 2012 | 19
147
Page 6
citizenship, 18), right of spectacle (право вида, 9), positive law (положительное право, 74), positive law (положительное право, 74), elective law (выборное право, 13), suffrage (выборное право, 13), private law (частное право, 118), servitude right (право участия частного, 115), rights of servitude (право угодий въ чужихъ имуществахъ, 111), family law (семейное право, 97), right of way (право прохода, 88), right of redemption (выкупное право, 14), property rights (права по имуществу, 78), constitutional law (государственное право, 17).Terms are presented in various dictionary entries. The entry for the term law (право) is relatively small; it also includes compounds that are not subtype terms of law (see Fig. 1; the comment at the top of the entry and the question marks in the manuscript were added by another person).
Incidentally, the dictionary contains few terms with more components denoting types of law—only 8: right to claim compensation (право оборотного требования, 55), civil status rights (права состояния, 78, 103), right to water livestock (право водопоя, 10), estate status rights (права состояния, 78), right to build a house (право застройки, 29), right to build dwellings (право застройки, 78), right to water livestock (право водопоя, 10), prescriptive right of possession (право давностного владѣнія, 18).
There are somewhat fewer terms with the component mokesnis (-iai)—24. It is the third most frequent head component in two-word terms. It corresponds mainly to the Russian terms налогъ, обложение, плата, подать, пошлина, сборъ: act duty (актовая пошлина, 1), document duty (актовая пошлина, 1), court fee (судебная пошлина, 106), apartment tax (квартирный налогъ, 36), partial payment (частичная плата, 117), claim fees (исковые пошлины, 33), mining tax (горная подать, 17), apportioned levy (раскладочный сборъ, 91), registration duty (крѣпостная пошлина, 40), registration duty (крѣпостная пошлина, 40), mining tax (горная подать, 17), local-government levies (земское обложение, 30), customs duty (таможенный сборъ, 95), tax arrears (недоимка, 49), indirect tax (коственный налогъ, 39), income tax (подоходный налогъ, 71), local-government levies (земское обложение, 30), assessed levy (окладной сборъ, 57), commission fee (коммиссионныя, 37), direct tax (прямой налогъ, 88), consumption tax (налогъ на потребление, 77), business tax (промысловый налогъ, 87), land tax (поземельный налогъ, 72), stamp duty (гербовый сборъ, 16).As can be seen, no attempt was made to translate different Russian terms differently; one Lithuanian head component was chosen on the basis of the concepts’ meaning.
148
Alvydas Umbrasas
Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) lietuviški dvižodžiai terminai
Page 7
Besides the three most frequent head components mentioned above, the dictionary contains a further 11 components with which more than 10 compounds each were formed (the number of compounds is given in parentheses): act (–ai) (22), property (16), matter (–ai) (15), work (–ai) (15), money (–ai) (15), court (–ai) (15), books (14), possession (14), term (13), case (–os) (12), contract (12). A total of 256 terms were formed with these 14 components.
By frequency of compounds, the following words used as head components can also be distinguished (usually related terms; the number of compounds with each component is given at the beginning of the line):
A total of 579 terms were formed with these 124 components (each of which occurs in between 3 and 10 two-word terms). Together, all the terms mentioned, whose head components occur in between 3 and 41 compounds, constitute about 59% of the dictionary’s two-word Lithuanian terms (i.e., 835). Thus, the head components of 41% of the terms are distinctive—only 1–2 compounds were formed with each.
The available material shows that the secondary components of terms are somewhat more varied than the head components—there are about 800 different components (with respect to gender, number
Terminologija | 2012 | 19 149
Page 8
The distinction between the pronominal and non-pronominal form is disregarded in this case, i.e., they are considered to be the same component). The most frequent dependent component is bylos (“case/file”; gen. pl. –ų). It occurs in 20 terms: bylos atnaujinimas (возобновление дѣла, 11), bylos baigimas (прекращение дѣла, 81), bylos dalyvis (тяжущійся, 110), bylos eiga (движение дѣла, 19; ходъ дѣла, 117), bylos išdėstymas (докладъ дѣла, 20), bylos išeitis (исходъ дѣла, 34), bylos kėlėja (истица, 34), bylos kėlėjas (истецъ, 34), bylos klausymas (слушаніе дѣла, 99), bylos mokestis (судебная пошлина, 106), bylos nagrinėjimas (разбирательство, разборъ дѣла, 89; слушаніе дѣла, 99), bylos numarinimas (прекращеніе дѣла, 81), bylos padalinimas (раздѣленіе дѣла, 89), bylos perkėlimas (перенесеніе дѣла, 66), bylos teismas (слушаніе дѣла, 99), bylos vedimas (веденіе дѣла, 7), bylos žiūrėjimas (хожденіе по дѣлу, 117), bylų darymas (производство, 86; производство дѣлъ, 86; процессъ, 88), bylų leistrai (настольный реестръ, 48), bylų teisė (настольный реестръ, 48).
The second and third most frequent components are teismo (“court”; 17 terms) and teisės (“law”; gen. pl. –ių) (15 terms): teismo bylojimas (судоговорение, 106), teismo įsakas (судебный приказъ, 83), teismo įstaigos (судебныя установленія, 106), teismo kambarys (судебная камера, 35), teismo klaida (судебная ошибка, 106), teismo neteisingumas (неправосудіе, 51), teismo (nu)sprendimas (приговоръ суда, 82), teismo nutarimas (опредѣленіе суда, 58), teismo tarikimas (судебная ошибка, 106), teismo pristovas (судебный приставъ, 84), teismo procesas (судопроизводство, 106), teismo sritis (судебная часть, 118), teismo tardymas (судебное слѣдствіе, 106), teismo tardytojas (судебный слѣдователь, 99), teismo vadyba (судебное вѣдомство, 15), teismo valdžia (судебное вѣдомство, 15), teismo vykdytojas (судебный приставъ, 84); teisės apreižimas (ограничение права, 56), teisės įpėdinis (законный наслѣдникъ, 26; правопреемникъ, 78), teisės mokslas (правовѣдѣніе, 78; юрисфунденція4, 120), teisės pagrindas (правооснованіе, 78), teisės papėdininkas (правопреемникъ, 78), teisės pareiškimas (притязаніе, 85), teisės patarėjas (юрисконсультъ, 120), teisės peržengimas (правонарушеніе, 78), teisės pirmatakas (правопредшественникъ, 78), teisės tėvas (законный отецъ, 26), teisės vaikai (законныя дѣти, 26), teisės vaikas (законнорожденный, 26), teisių atėmimas (лишение правъ, 41), teisių nustojimas (лишение правъ, 41), teisių perleidimas (переказы правъ, 66).
4 It should be jurisprudencija.
150
Alvydas Umbrasas
Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) lietuviški dvižodžiai terminai
Page 9
More than 10 compounds were formed with each of the dependent components turto (property; 14), įstatymo (–ų) (law; –ų) (13), and darbo (–ų) (work; –ų) (12). The six most frequent components occur in a total of 91 terms. The following dependent components can also be distinguished by frequency (the number of compounds with each component is given first):
10: office, state, land;
9: act, common, society;
8: crime (–s);
7: forest (–s), debt, service (–s);
6: civil, pledged, constitutive, city, inheritance, money (–ų), claimants;
5: personal, search (–ų), mortgage, statutory, accusatory, false, tax (–ių), session (–ių), electoral, loan, investigation, term (–ų), testament, genuine, bill of exchange, place;
There are 127 dependent components that occur between 3 and 10 times in the dictionary’s two-word terms, and 525 terms containing them. Including the most frequent components mentioned above, we see that 133 dependent components recur most often in the dictionary, forming 616 terms—approximately 44% of the two-word terms. At the same time, this shows that the dependent components in about 56% of the terms are distinctive, recurring in terms only once or twice. Comparing the frequency of the main and dependent components in the dictionary terms reveals an inverse proportionality: terms with recurring and non-recurring
5 It should be archyve, but for some reason the dictionary often writes the locative with -ė.
Terminologija | 2012 | 19
151
Page 10
For principal constituents that are (or almost never) repeated, the ratio is 59% to 41%, respectively, whereas for such dependent constituents it is 44% to 56%, respectively. The greater diversity of dependent constituents is most likely due to the greater expressive possibilities of these constituents. In addition, synonyms of two-word terms generally differ precisely in their dependent, rather than principal, constituents.
The dictionary contains the largest number of two-word terms with a governed6 modifier—757. The most characteristic is government of the genitive; there are as many as 713 such terms, e.g.: a k č y ž ė s priežiūra (акцизный надзор, 1), a s m e n s tikrumas (самоличность, 95), b a n k o laikykla (кладовая банка, 36), b u t o nuoma (наемъ квартиры, 46), d a l i e s paskyrimas (выдѣлъ, 14), d o v a n o s atšaukimas (поворотъ дара, 69), g a l o padarymas (убійство, 110), g a r b ė s vardas (почетное званіе, 77), g y v y b ė s atėmimas (лишеніе жизни, 41), į d r a u d i m ų knygos (запретительныя книги, 28), i p o t e k o s įstaiga (ипотечное учрежденіе, 116), i š r o d y m o ištėkrinimas (повѣрка доказательства, 69), i š s i g i m ė l i ų mokslas (изувѣрное ученіе, 32), k a i t o bendruomenė (сельское общество, 55), k i r t i m o servitutas (серпутѣть рубки, 94), l a i m ė s sandora (рисковой договоръ, 93), l a i s v ė s atėmimas (лишеніе свободы, 41), m a ž m e n ų prekyba (мелочный торгъ, 43), m e r g i n o s neliečiamybė (цѣломудріе, 117), m i e s t o rinkliava (городской сборъ, 95), m i l i c i j o s priežiūra (надзоръ милиціи, 45), n a t ū r o s pareiga (натуральная повинность, 48), n e s i š a l i n i m o pasirašymas (подписка о явкѣ, 71), n u s i k a l t i m o sudėtis (составъ преступленія, 103), p a l i c i j o s valdininkai (чины полиціи, 118), p a s i e n i o ruožas (пограничная черта, 118), p e l n o ančdelis (подоходный налогъ, 71), p i k t a d a r i ų sąjunga (преступное сообщество, 81), p i r k l y b o s kodeksas (торговый кодексъ, 109), p r i e s a i k o s peržengimas (клятвопреступленіе, 36), r a š t i n ė s valdininkas (канцелярскій чиновникъ, 35), r i n k i m ų būdas (порядокъ выборовъ, 75), s a n d o r o s dalykas (предметъ договора, 79), s k a r d i n i ų rinkliava (сборъ кружечный, 95), s m u r t o veiksmas (насильственное дѣйствіе, 47), š e i m o s dalybos (семейный раздѣлъ, 90), š v e n t e n y b ė s paniekinimas (кощунство, 39), t a r d y m o sustabdymas (приостановленія слѣдствія, 85), t e i s ė j o pakeitimas (отводъ судьи, 61), t e r m i n o grąžinimas (возстановленіе срока, 11), t e s t a m e n t o davėjas (завѣщатель, 25), t y č i o s bankrotas (злостный банкротъ, 30),
6A governed constituent is defined as any dependent constituent expressed in a case other than the nominative. The choice of case depends on the valency and meaning of the principal word (Labutis 1994: 20, DLKG² 1996: 480–481).
152
Alvydas Umbrasas
Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) lietuviški dvižodžiai terminai
Page 11
turto įtvirtinimas (укрепление имущества, 112), valdžios neveiklumas (бездействие власти, 3), vartojimo mokestis (налогъ на потребле- nie, 77), vekselio vienetas (вексельный образецъ, 7), visuomenės nusprendimas (общественный приговоръ, 82), vyriškių susimetimas (мужеложство, 44), vyrų bės metai (совершеннолѣтіе, 101), žemės matavimas (межевание, 43), žmonių surašymas (народная перепись, 66). Genitives of adjectives, participles, and numerals used as nouns can also be distinguished: netikrojo padirbimas (поддѣлка, 70), siunčiamųjų kalėjimas (пересыльная тюрьма, 67), sumtojo išleidimas (упускъ арестанта, 113), susivedusiųjų persiskyrimas (разводъ, 89), tardomųjų kalėjimas (слѣдственная тюрьма, 99), trečiųjų teismas (судъ чести, 118; третейскій судъ, 109). The dictionary also contains a few phrases with a genitive pronoun rather than a noun: mano skola (долгъ на мнѣ, 21), pačių teismas (самосудъ, 95), savo nuomonė (особое мнѣніе, 44), visų atsakomybė (круговая порука, ответственность, 40), visų laidavimas (круговая порука, ответственность, 40). Such usage is not characteristic of terms.
In the phrases under discussion, the genitive is used as a prepositional case. Six phrases stand out in which the genitive is presented inversely (this may be due to the influence of Russian, although, as can be seen, not all equivalents have an analogous structure): atsakymas tiesos (отказъ въ правосудіи, 78), išsižadėjimas palikimo (отреченіе отъ наслѣдства, 62), pagarsinimas dalykų (разглашеніе обстоятельствъ, 89), pagarsinimas slėpinių (разглашеніе тайнъ, 89), panaikinimas akto (расторженіе акта, 92), turėjimas nuostolių (убыточность, 110).
There are not many phrases in the dictionary under discussion with a governed modifier expressed by a case other than the genitive—44. All the cases are postpositional, and the most frequent is the instrumental. There are 16 phrases with a governed instrumental in total: apžiūra žodžiu (оскорбленіе словомъ, 59), bauda pinigais (денежная пеня, 19), ieškojimas skelbimu (сыскъ черезъ публикацію, 108), išrodymai dokumentais (документальныя данныя, 20), išrodymas reiškėjais (доказательство посредствомъ свидѣтелей, 20), įžeidimas veiks mu (оскорбленіе дѣйствіемъ, 22), įžeidimas žodžiu (обида словомъ, 98), laidavimas sandoromis (поручительство по договорамъ, 75), nepasitenkinimas sprendimu (недовольство рѣшеніемъ, 49), pakėlimas laipsniais (производство въ чины, 86), pardavimas varžytinėmis (продажа съ торговъ, 109), pareiškimas raštu (подписка, 71), paskirs-
Terminologija | 2012 | 19 153
Page 12
tymas t e r m i n a i s (разсрочка, 90), prigavimas a s m e n i u (подлогъ (въ лицѣ), 71), rūpinimasis b y l a (хожденіе по дѣлу, 117), varžytynės ž o d ž i u (изустные торги, 32). There are slightly fewer (13) phrases with the dative: įgaliotinis r e i k a l a m s (повѣренный въ дѣлахъ, 69), įkaitas s a n d e r y b o m s (залогъ къ торгамъ, 27), įkaitas v a r ž y t y n ė m s (залогъ къ торгамъ, 27), kalėjimas s i u n č i a m i e s i e m s (пересыльная тюрьма, 67), kūrinys v a i d y k l a i (пьеса, 89), mokesniai s a v i v a l d y b e i (земское обложение, 30), naudojimas p i k t a m (злоупотребление, 31), nusikaltimas v a l s t y b e i (государственное преступление, 17), nusikaltimas p r i e s a i k a i (клятвопреступление, 36), pavojus g y v y b e i (опасность для жизни, 57), smurtas a s m e n i u i (насилие надъ личностью, 47), statinė m i n t a l u i (заторный чанъ, 29), sutartis a k i a i (благовидная сдѣлка, 5). Less common are phrases with the locative (9), e.g.: paimtys n a m u o s e (выемки по домамъ, 14), tarnavimas k a r i u o m e n ė j e (нахожденіе на военной службѣ, 10). They are often listed in the article in groups: apžiūra v i e t o j e ir apžiūrėjimas v i e t o j e (осмотръ на мѣстѣ, 59), iškėlimas v a i d y k l o j e ir iškėlimas r e g y k l o j e (представленіе на сценѣ, 80), suieškojimas a r c h y v ė, suradimas a r c h y v ė ir sužinojimas a r c h y v ė (архивное изыскание, 32).
Phrases with the instrumental deserve separate mention. Such phrases are sometimes not considered instances of government (Labutis 1994: 20). Although the instrumental is not part of the case system of the standard language, it can nevertheless be regarded as a case (especially since these terms are almost 100 years old) and discussed among governed rather than juxtaposed constituents. The dictionary contains few phrases with the instrumental—6: atidavimas t i e s o n (предание суду, 78), atvedimas t a r d y m a n (приводъ къ слѣдствію, 82), paskyrimas t a r n y b o n (опредѣленіе къ должности, 58), suvedimas a k y s n a (очная ставка, 64), šaukimas t a r d y m a n (призывъ къ слѣдствію, 82), traukimas t i e s o n (предание суду, 78). Understandably, the instrumentals tieson, akysna have disappeared from present-day legal language, as has tardyman (it occurs only in colloquial speech, if at all); however, tarnybon continues to be used and appears in the Law on the Police of the Republic of Lithuania (priėmimas tarnybon).
An agreeing7 modifier occurs in 624 two-word Lithuanian terms in the dictionary under discussion. Phrases with adjectives and participles are approximately equal in number—305 and 308, respectively. The ratio differs considerably from that found in Lithuanian translations of the 1918–1940 codes—in those, terms with adjec-
7Agreement is the use of adjective words, whose case, number, and gender categories are syntactically dependent, in forms matching those of other words (Labutis 1994: 18, DLKG² 1996: 480).
154
Alvydas Umbrasas │ Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) lietuviški dvižodžiai terminai
Page 13
dvardžiais rasta dvigubai daugiau nei su dalyviais (Umbrasas 2010: 152, 157). Apskritai derinamąjį pažyminį turintys terminai raiškos atžvilgiu yra gerokai įvairesni nei turintys valdomąjį pažyminį.
In the terms examined, passive participles are used most often participles (287), usually in the present tense (249). The most characteristic form is the pronominal participle (a; 197), although there are also quite a few non-pronominal forms (b; 52), for example:
savings bank (сберегательная касса, 95), administrative session (распорядительное заседание, 91), writ of execution (исполнительная надпись, 45);
b) report document (отчетный документ, 63), poaching (браконьерство, 6), attendance slip (явочный листок, 120), apportioned levy (раскладочный сбор, 91), (travelable) road (проѣзжая дорога, 88), game animal (охотничье животное, 63), uncompensated expropriation (безмездное отчуждение, 63), indivisible property (нераздѣльное имущество, 51), gratuitous use (безденежное пользование, 3), insurmountable obstacle (непреодолимое препятствие, 51), criminal act (событие преступления, 101), sufficient grounds (достаточное основание, 21), navigable river (судоходная рѣка, 107), means of communication (средства сношения, 104), indecent act (оскорбляющее нравственность дѣйствіе, 59).
There are considerably fewer terms with past passive participles than with present-tense ones—38. Unlike the latter, past participles more often appear in non-pronominal form. The dictionary contains 24 terms with non-pronominal (a) and 14 with pronominal (b) participles of this tense, respectively, for example:
b) previous day (заднее число, 25), puncture wound (колотая рана, 37), acquired property (имущество благопріобрѣтенное, 32), acquitted party (оправданная сторона, 58), chopped wound (порубленная рана, 75), accused party (обвиненная сторона, 53), cut wound (порѣзанная рана, 75), appointed counsel (защитникъ по назначенію, 46).
Terms with active participles are rare (14). The dictionary contains only a couple of terms each with pronominal and non-pronominal present-tense participles of this type—
156
Alvydas Umbrasas
Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) lietuviški dvižodžiai terminai
Page 15
mines (growing crops (хлѣбъ на корню, 38), warring army (дѣйствующая армія, 23), and continuing crime (длящееся преступление, 19), an insolvent debtor (несостоятельный должникъ, 51)). All the other terms with non-pronominal past simple participles (10; there are no such pronominal participles in the dictionary), e.g.: a judgment that has entered into force (приговоръ, вступивший въ законную силу, 82), an unconsummated agreement (несостоявшийся договоръ, 51), unexpired time (неистекшее время, 50), an insolvent merchant (несостоятельный торговецъ, 52), a lay judge (присяжный засѣдатель, 29, 85).
It should be noted that the dictionary also includes 7 terms with necessity participles, e.g.: a punishable threat (наказываемая угроза, 46), necessary self-defense (необходимая оборона, 50), a necessary matter (необходимость, 50), a payable coupon (срочный купонъ, 105). Only one of these terms has a participle in the pronominal form—the excusable cause (уважительная причина, 110). However, some constituents in this form do not express necessity: a chance event (случайное событие, 99), a conditional order (условный приказъ, 114). In fact, the constituents here should be atsitiktinis, lygtinis.
The distribution of dictionary terms containing various participles is shown in Table 1 (the figures indicate the number of terms, not participles; some participles recur in multiple terms). It can be seen that approximately two-thirds of the participles in the terms are in the pronominal form (the gap between the numbers of non-pronominal and pronominal forms would likely be even greater in present-day dictionaries). Active participles most often appear in the non-pronominal form, but they are quite sparse compared with passive participles. Incidentally, the proportions of the groups of terms with participles resemble those of the groups of terms with participles collected from translations of codes dating from 1919–1940 (cf. Umbrasas 2010: 160).
Table 1. Participles functioning as constituents of the dictionary’s two-word terms
As already mentioned, the dictionary contains 305 terms with adjectives, nearly as many as terms with participles. When examining the terms, it is important to consider the use of non-pronominal and pronominal adjective forms, since the latter tend to denote specific concepts. The dictionary material shows that the compounds most often use adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė, which are usually non-pronominal. There are 184 terms containing them, e.g.: a k c i n ė bendrovė (акционерная компания, 1), a k t i n i s m o k e s n i s (актовая пошлина, 1), a n t s p a u d u o t i n i a i daiktai (опечатанные предметы, 58), a p e l e c i n i s teismas (вторая инстанция, 13), a p y v a r t i n i s asignavimas (оборотная ассигновка, 54), a p l i n k i n i a i žmonės (окольные люди, 57), a p s k r i t i n i s pelnas (валовой доход, 7), a t s a r g i n i s sprendėjas (запасный засѣдатель, 27), b a n k i n ė kantora (банкирская контора, 3), b e n d r i n i s įgaliojimas (общая довѣренность, 55), c h e m i n i s ištyrimas (химическое изслѣдование, 32), c i v i l i n ė padėtis (гражданское состояние, 103), č y ž i n i s turėjimas (чиншевое владѣніе, 118), d i e n i n i a i pinigai (суточныя деньги, 107), d i s c i p l i n i n ė bausmė (дисциплинарное взысканіе, 19), d o r i n i s pamišimas (нравственное помѣшательство, 74), d o v a n o t i n i s dvaras (пожалованное имѣніе, 72), e i l i n i s posėdis (очередное засѣданіе, 64), e t a t i n ė tarnyba (штатная должность, 119), g i m i n i n i s turtas (родовое имущество, 93), į k a i t i n i s turėtojas (заставный владѣлец, 29), į r a š y t i n i s aktas (явочный актъ, 120), į s a k y t i n i s vekselis (переводный вексель, 65), į s t a t y m i n i s išsavaiminimas (прещеніе законное, 81), i š v i e n i n i s laidavimas (солидарное поручительство, 102), k a l t y b i n i s tardymas (уголовное преслѣдованіе, 111), k a r t o t i n ė atodėtis (пересрочка, 67), k e l t i n ė byla (исковое дѣло, 33), k r i m i n o l i n i s nusikaltimas (уголовное преступленіе, 111), l a i d u o t i n i s įrašas (поручительная надпись, 75), m e d ž i o k l i n i s plotas (охотничій участокъ, 115), m e l u o t i n i s skundas (лживый доносъ, 41), n a m i n i s aktas (домашній актъ, 21), n e į ž y m ė t i n i s įrašas (бланковая надпись, 5), n e t e r m i n i n ė atlaida (безсрочный отпускъ, 4), n e t i e s i o g i n i s išrodymas (коственное доказательство, 39), n o t a r i n i s aktas (нотариальный актъ, 52), n u o l a t i n i s gyventojas (обыватель, 56), o f i c i a l i n i s aktas (офиціальный актъ, 63), p a g r i n d i n i s kapitalas (основной капиталъ, 60), p a š a l i n i s naudojimas (побочное пользованіе, 68), p l ė š t i n ė žaizda (рваная рана, 92), p o l i t i n ė santvarka (политическое благоустройство, 5), p r e k y b i n i s teismas (торговое производство, 109), p r i e š i n i s ieškojimas (встрѣчный
158
Alvydas Umbrasas
Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) lietuviški dvižodžiai terminai
Page 17
uskė, 13), p r i m e s t i n i s vaikas (подкинутый ребенок, 70), p r o c e n t i n i a i popieriai (процентные бумаги, 88), s u v e s t i n i s kvotimas (перекрестный допрос, 66), t e i s i n i s asmuo (юридическое лицо, 119), t e r m i n i n ė nuoma (срочная аренда, 105), t i e s i o g i n i a i rinkimai (прямые выборы, 88), t i k y b i n i s nusikaltimas (религиозное преступление, 93), v i e n i n i s įgaliojimas (частная доверенность, 118), ž e m i n i s įsenėjimas (земская давность, 30), ž y m i n i s mokestis (гербовый сбор, 16). The terms discussed together here have constituents with the compound suffixes -tinis, -ė, -utinis, -ė, -uotinis, -ė (especially since the boundary of these suffixes sometimes depends on the choice of the derived word’s base—an infinitive or a participle), e.g.: a p r e ž t i n i s aiškinimas (ограничительное толкование, 56), a t s i l y g i n t i n ė sutartis (возмездная сделка, 11), a u k š t u t i n i s giminietis (восходящий родственник, 12), d r a u s t i n i s laiškas (заказное письмо, 25), g a l u t i n i s terminas (принудительный срок, 94), n e g a l u t i n i s sprendimas (предварительное решение, 79), p a s i k l i a u t i n i s tarpininkas (посредник за честь, 76), š a l u t i n i s giminietis (боковой родственник, 6), v i s u o t i n ė krata (повальный обыск, 68), ž e m u t i n i a i giminiečiai (нисходящие родственники, 52), as well as the few terms (only 3) with mixed-formation adjectives bearing the suffix -inis, -ė: a b i š a l i n ė prievolė (двустороннее обязательство, 56), p i r m a l a i k i n i s paleidimas (досрочное освобождение, 21), v i e n a š a l i n ė prievolė (одностороннее обязательство, 56). These latter terms were probably modeled on their Russian equivalents. Alongside them are terms with more appropriate expression, cf. v i e n a š a l ė prievolė (одностороннее обязательство, 57).
Besides the terms reviewed, there are another 88 terms with non-pronominal adjectives. Only a few adjectives that cannot have a pronominal form occur in the dictionary: a t k l y d ė l i a i gyvuliai (припуглённый скот, 82), k e t v i r t a i n i s sieksnis (квадратная сажень, 36), p a v a i n i k i s kūdikis (дитя, рожденное вне брака, 6; внебрачный ребенок, 10), š e š t a i n i s metras (кубический метр, 40), v i e n a s m e n i s teisėjas (единоличный судья, 23), v i e n a v i e n i s teisėjas (единоличный судья, 23). Typically, adjectives that can take such a form are given in the non-pronominal form, e.g.: a k l i n a siena (глухая стена, 17), a t s a k o m i n g a s agentas (ответственный агент, 61), a t s k i r a s reikalavimas (отдельное требование, 61), a t v i r a s laiškas (открытое письмо, 61), b e n d r a s gyvenimas (сожительство, 102), b u k a s įrankis (тупое орудие, 110), g a l i n g i įstatymai (действующее законодательство, 23), g e r a v a l i š-
Terminologija | 2012 | 19
159
Page 18
casual sale (добровольная продажа, 19), strict voice (прынудительный голос, 94), special marks (особые приметы, 83), cunning murder (коварное убийство, 37), deaf-mute (глухонемой, 17), free trade (вольная продажа, 11), usurious obligation (ростовщическое обязательство, 94), minor age (малолетство, 42), false witness (лжесвидетель, 41), new inĭūžinimas (переброчка, 66), negligent act (неосторожное деяние, 50), invalid contract (недействительный договор, 49), minority (несовершеннолетие, 51), bad-faith holder (недобросовестный владѣлецъ, 49), unlawful levies (поборъ, 68), invalid marriage (недѣйствительный бракъ, 6), undisclosed partner (негласный товарищъ, 49), poisoned substance (отравленное вещество, 62; ядовитое вещество, 120), exemplary forms (примѣрныя формы, 83), possession in good faith (добросовѣстное владѣніе, 19), poacher (браконьеръ, 6), detailed rules (подробныя правила, 71), violent assault (нападение съ насиліемъ, 47), lawful obstacle (законное препятствіе, 26), blank bill of exchange (безденежный вексель, 3), closed hearing (закрытое засѣданіе, 26), public auctions (публичные торги, 88). Nevertheless, it is apparent that these compounds often designate not specific concepts; the adjective expresses only a particular feature, so in many cases the non-definite form has been chosen appropriately. On the other hand, even today, when terminologists’ efforts mean that adjectives are rarely left in the non-definite form in terminology dictionaries, choosing a form inevitably involves subjectivity, especially since traditional usage is also partly taken into account.
There are considerably fewer terms with definite adjectives in the dictionary (33), e.g.: separate ruling (частное опредѣленіе, 118), higher courts (общія судебныя установленія, 55), high chamber (верхняя палата, 8), general reserve (ополченіе, 58), grave crime (тяжкое преступленіе, 81, 110), birthplace (мѣсторожденіе, 44), cash (наличные деньги, 46), penetrating wound (сквозная рана, 97), false key (поддѣльный ключъ, 70), previous date (заднее число, 25), secret will (тайное завѣщаніе, 108), small change (размѣнная монета, 90), penal servitude (каторга, 36), consanguinity (кровное родство, 39), summary proceedings (упрощенное судопроизводство, 113), market price (рыночная цена, 94), chief administrator (главноуправляющій, 16), lower chamber (нижняя палата, 52). The definite form has generally been selected appropriately; one might perhaps question a term or two (e.g., false key).
160
Alvydas Umbrasas
Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) lietuviški dvižodžiai terminai
Page 19
Terms whose agreeing modifier is expressed by a noun can also be distinguished; these are appositional terms (there are 8 in the dictionary): noble landholder (помѣстный дворянинъ, 74), practicing physician (практикующий врачъ, 78), guardian-adviser (попечитель, 75), guardian-supervisor (опекунъ-блюститель, 5), guardian-custodian (опекунъ-блюститель, 5), legal adviser (юрисконсультъ, 120), co-holder (совладѣлецъ, 101), vicar bishop (викарный епископъ, 9).
Other parts of speech occur very rarely as agreeing modifiers in terms. The dictionary contains only one two-word term with a numeral—first extract (главная выпись, 16; первая выпись, 65)—and also gives a pair of compounds with pronouns: this work (данное дѣланіе, 18), the case itself (подлинное производство, 86). The latter compound seems unusual today.
There are few terms with an adverbial modifier⁸ in the dictionary—only 35. Two types of construction predominate: 14 terms have an attached verb infinitive (a), and 13 terms have an adverb (b):
a) order to bring (распоряжение о приводѣ, 82), meeting room (совѣщательная, 101), inability to pay (несостоятельность къ уплатѣ, 51), failure to pay (несостоятельность къ уплатѣ, 51), failure to pay off (несостоятельность къ уплатѣ, 51), deposit for safekeeping (взносъ на храненіе, 8; поклажа, 73), attempted suicide (покушеніе на самоубійство, 73), undertaking to appear (подписка о явкѣ, 71), promise to sell (запродажа, 28), tender for acceptance (акцептъ, 1), claim for compensation (обратное требованіе, 55), notice of search (публикація о сыскѣ, 88), right to redeem (выкупное право, 14), time limit for appeal (апелляціонный срокъ, 2);
8Adjunction is distinguished in contrast to government and agreement. The relationship between words is determined solely by meaning; it is not expressed formally (by the inflectional ending of the dependent word) (Labutis 1994: 21, DLKG² 1996: 481).
Terminologija | 2012 | 19
161
Page 20
The combinations that seem most unusual today are those with adverbs; some of them would probably now be formed with adjectives (e.g., padieninis, tyčinis). Incidentally, šiaipjau žmogus is included for a reason: in the codes of that period, šiaip nusikaltimas, šiaipjau nusikaltimas was used as the counterpart of šiaip nusikaltimas, šiaipjau nusikaltimas, ‘major crime’ (Umbrasas 2010: 161–162). This is an expression more characteristic of less formal styles, and attempts to standardize it as a term were unsuccessful. Terms with infinitives are also rare today and, where possible, are replaced by other constructions (e.g., not terminas apeliuoti, o apeliavimo (more commonly apelacijos) terminas; padėjimą laikyti is equivalent to pasauga (already found in TŽ)).
There are also 7 terms with a prefixed gerund (pardavinėjimas nešiojant (разносный торг, 90), pasirašymas gavus (расписка въ полученіи, 91), sukimas sveriant (обвѣсь, 53), sukimas matuojant (обмѣръ, 54), sukimas seikėjant (обмѣръ, 54), vogimas įsilaužus (кража со взломомъ, 39), vogimas įsilaužiant (кража съ взломомъ, 8)), and 1 term with the unusually prefixed neuter adjective—padirbimas netikra (фальсификація, 116). Gerunds are also needed in present-day legal language; for example, ALTŽ gives: extortion racket – turto prievartavimas grasinant, search upon arrest – krata suimant arba sulaikant, gang burglary – grupinė vagystė įsilaužiant, to commit (a) burglary – padaryti vagystę įsilaužiant. Semantically, the combination vagystė įsilaužus seems more logical than vagystė įsilaužiant. Perhaps, sensing this, the dictionary under examination includes combinations with gerunds referring to both tenses. On the other hand, a combination formed by analogy with Russian, vagystė su įsilaužimu, is now used relatively often, although TŽ had already proposed the quite apt įsilaužiamoji vagystė. Incidentally, pardavinėjimas nešiojant would probably now also be replaced by a construction with a passive participle; compare išnešiojamoji prekyba (Eurovoc).
NON-NOMINAL COMBINATIONS
In accordance with terminographic tradition, non-nominal combinations are generally not included in terminology dictionaries today (they appear only occasionally, where particular needs arise, for example, when commands or the like need to be named). Various combinations occur not in pure terminology dictionaries, but in dictionaries of language used in particular fields. In the legal field, a tradition has almost taken hold (perhaps the manuscript dictionary under study also contributed to this) of publishing dictionaries not of terms, but simply of legal language9, so their structure and the selection of material are not based on
9 Plačiau apie lietuvių teisės terminografiją žr. Umbrasas 2008: 104–106.
162
Alvydas Umbrasas
Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) lietuviški dvižodžiai terminai
Page 21
terminographic principles. A considerable proportion of the two-word Lithuanian combinations included in the manuscript under examination are non-nominal. There are 307 such combinations in all, most often verbal combinations10 (224). Terminology dictionaries generally include deverbal nouns (with the suffixes –imas, –ymas) and their combinations, which can usually be transformed into verbs and their combinations in a text when needed; consequently, including the latter in terminology dictionaries is essentially inaccurate. The dictionary under study contains more than 20 entries in which, in different forms, what are essentially the same Lithuanian terms are given: atid uoti tieson (предать суду, 78) – atidavimas tieson (предание суду, 78), atmesti reiškėjus (отводить свидетелей, 60) – reiškėjų atmetimas (отводъ свидетелей, 61), atnaujinti bylą (возобновить дѣло, 11) – bylos atnaujinimas (возобновление дѣла, 11), baigti bylą (прекращать дѣло, 80) – bylos baigimas (прекращение дѣла, 81), tiesą daryti (отправлять правосудіе, 62; производить судъ, 86) – tiesos darymas (судопроизводство, 106), imti kyšius (взяточничать, 8) – kyšių ėmimas (взяточничество, 8; лихоимство, 41; мздоимство, 43), išrodyti kaltumą (обличить, 54) – kaltumo išrodymas (обличение, 54), klausyti bylą (слушать дѣло, 99) – bylos klausymas (слушание дѣла, 99), matuoti žemę (межевать, 43) – žemės matavimas (межевание, 43), nagrinėti bylą (слушать дѣло, 99) – bylos nagrinėjimas (разбирательство, разборъ дѣла, 89; слушание дѣла, 99), numarinti bylą (прекращать дѣло, 80) – bylos numarinimas (прекращение дѣла, 81), nušalinti reiškėjus (отводить свидетелей, 60) – reiškėjų nušalinimas (отводъ свидетелей, 61), nušalinti teisėjus (отводить судей, 60) – teisėjo nušalinimas (отводъ судьи, 61), padėti laikyti (отдать въ поклажу, 73) – padėjimas laikyti (взносъ на хранение, 8; поклажа, 73), pareikšti ieškojimą (заявлять искъ, 30; подать искъ, 33) – ieškojimo pareiškimas (предъявление иска, 80), pareikšti teisę (предъявлять право, 80) – teisės pareiškimas (притязание, 85), patvirtinti tikrumą (удостовѣрить, 112) – tikrumo patvirtinimas (засвидѣтельствование, 29), perduoti įgaliojimą (передовѣрять, 66) – įgaliojimo perdavimas (передовѣрие, 66), peržengti įstatymą (нарушить законъ, 47) – įstatymų peržengimas (нарушение постановлений, 47), reikalauti skolas (взыскивать долги, 8) – skolos reikalavimas (долговое требование, 20), sveikatą suardyti (повредить здоровье, 69) – sveikatos suardymas (расстройство здоровья, 91). It should be borne in mind that the dictionary is Russian–Lithuanian; when analyzing the entries—
10 The combinations meant are those whose main component is a verb infinitive. Combinations of verb forms are discussed separately later in the article.
Terminologija | 2012 | 19
163
Page 22
—reversed and divided, so, as the examples show, Russian equivalents do not always correspond uniformly to the transformations of Lithuanian combinations. The following pairs are somewhat different: byloti teismuose (ходить по делам, по судам, 116) – teismo bylojimas (судоговорение, 106), kalėti vienam (находиться в одиночном заключении, 57) – vienutinis kalėjimas (одиночное заключение, 57). The entries complement one another; here there is no such equivalence between the transformations as in the entries mentioned above.
Most of the verbal combinations in the dictionary under discussion have a governing dependent component (190). Transitive verbs predominate: 132 combinations take the accusative (many of them appear in the comparative list in the preceding paragraph), e.g.: apdrausti ieškinį (обеспечить искъ, 53), apeiti jungtuves (обнимать бракъ, 16), apimti turėjimą (вступать во владѣніе, 13), atkeisti įkaitą (выкупить изъ залога, 14), atlikti bausmę (отбывать наказаніе, 60), atmuitinti prekes (очищать товары пошлиною, 64), atsakyti nuomą (отказывать отъ аренды, 61), daryti ekspropriaciją (экспроприировать, 119), duoti bylą (представить дѣло на распоряженіе, 79), duoti ieškojimą (заявлять искъ, 30), gauti palikimą (наслѣдовать, 48), įsavaiminti vaiką (признать дитя самостоятельнымъ, 95), įtinkinti raktą (подобрать ключъ, 71), kelti nesantarvę (возбуждать несогласіе, 10), mesti tarnybą (оставлять службу, 60), (pa)daryti nusikaltimą (совершать преступленіе, 101), panaikinti įstatymą (отмѣнять законъ, 62), paskirstyti mokesnius (разверстывать подать, 89), paskirstyti pinigus (распредѣлить деньги, 92), pataisyti aktą (исправить актъ, 34), (pa)tikrinti dokumentą (свидѣтельствовать документъ, 96), perkelti skolą (переводить долгъ, 65), peržengti sąmatą (превысить смѣту, 78), skirti komisiją (наряжать комиссію, 47), spręsti nusprendimą (постановлять приговоръ, 76), tvarkdyti maldingumą (нарушать религіозное благоговѣніе, 5), vykdyti teisę (осуществлять право, 60). Several combinations are presented in reverse word order, e.g.: antspaudą sulaužyti (повредить печать, 69), areštą nuimti (снимать арестъ, 100), globą atleisti (снимать опеку, 100).
It should be noted that, besides combinations with the accusative, the dictionary also contains 9 combinations with the old nominative object11: atimti nuovoką (привести въ состояніе безсознательности, 4), duoti priesaiką (принимать
11 According to the criterion of form, the nominative should be considered an adjoined case; however, because it correlates with the accusative, the nominative object is here provisionally classified among the governed cases (cf. also LKG I: 183).
164
Alvydas Umbrasas | Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) lietuviški dvižodžiai terminai
Page 23
suffixes, 84), a c o p y to copy (снимать копию, 100), to retain r i g h t s (оставлять за собою право, 60), to retain r i g h t s (оставлять за собою право, 60), to appoint a s a l a r y (зачислить на оклад, 57), to have r i g h t s (быть въ правѣ, 78), to impose an o b l i g a t i o n (ставить въ обязанность, 105). Double forms of expression also occur, cf. (pa)daryti s a n d o r ą (совершать договоръ, 101) and padaryti s a n d o r a (заключать договоръ, 26). Such constructions are used more often in impersonal sentences; they remain alive in some dialects, but are disappearing from the standard language. Although few such compounds are presented in the dictionary, and unsystematically, they were not unusual at the time, especially since their usage was supported by J. Jablonskis and K. Būga. According to J. Šukys, the nominative case for the object was displaced by the accusative through the efforts of editors during the Soviet period, and it is no longer expedient to change the situation (Šukys 1998: 82–83; for more on this nominative from a historical perspective, see Ambrazas 2006: 340–344).
Other cases are less common in verb compounds. There are also compounds with the genitive (a; 17), dative (b; 3), instrumental (c; 13), locative (d; 8), and illative (e; 8), for example:
a) to give e x p l a n a t i o n s (представлять объяснения, 56), to give an a d v a n c e (выдать авансомъ, 1), to take m e a s u r e s (принимать мѣры, 44), to grant c r e d i t (открыть кредитъ, 61), to cease p a y m e n t s (прекращать платежи, 80), to leave a c a s e (оставить дѣло безъ хожденія, 117), to grant l e a v e (увольнять въ отпускъ, 111), to challenge to a d u e l (вызывать на поединокъ, 14), to have c r e d i t (кредитоваться, 39), to have p o w e r (дѣйствовать, 23), to observe c l e a n l i n e s s (соблюдать чистоту, 118), to observe n e a t n e s s (соблюдать опрятность, 59);
b) to retain as a p l e d g e (задержать въ закладъ, 26), to assign to w o r k (наряжать на работы, 47), to lend against c o l l a t e r a l (ссужать подъ залогъ, 27);
c) to undertake by c o n t r a c t (снимать подрядъ, 100), to punish by d e a t h (казнить, 35), to grant o w n e r s h i p (предоставлять въ собственность, 79), to search by p u b l i c a t i o n (разыскивать по публикации, 88), to pay in i n s t a l m e n t s (разсрочить, 90), to adopt as a s o n (усыновить, 115), to bind in c h a i n s (заключать въ оковы, 26), to sell at r e t a i l (продавать въ розницу, 86), to bring by f o r c e (подвергнуть приводу, 70, 82), to elect by l o t (избирать по жребію, 24), to bequeath by w i l l (отказывать по завѣщанію, 61);
d) to circulate (имѣть хожденіе, 117), to seek in c o u r t (искать на судѣ, 33), to hold one’s ground at an a u c t i o n (устоять на торгахъ, 114), to appear in c o u r t (являться въ судъ, 120), to keep i n f o r m e d (ввѣдать, 15), to imprison (заключать въ тюрьму, 26);
Terminologija | 2012 | 19
165
Page 24
e) to make p u b l i c (получить гласность, 17), to involve in a c a s e (привлекать къ дѣлу, 82), to place under s e q u e s t r a t i o n (секвестровать, 97), to bring to j u s t i c e (привлечь къ отвѣтственности, 61, 82), to hold a c c o u n t a b l e (привлечь къ отвѣтственности, 61), to bring to j u s t i c e (привлечь къ отвѣтственности, 82).
In essence, all these compounds can be transformed into nominal compounds, but this was not done in the dictionary. As can be seen, some Russian equivalents are single words, translated into Lithuanian as compounds (not all of their forms are customary today).
A separate group comprises 34 verb compounds with a subordinate dependent element; their forms vary. Somewhat more compounds (9) occur with an attached participle: to punish by k i l l i n g (казнить, 35), to be m a r r i e d (состоять въ бракѣ, 6), to underweigh without w e i g h i n g (обвѣсить, 53), to measure short without m e a s u r i n g (обмѣрить, 54), to measure short without m e a s u r i n g (обмѣрить, 54), to leave u n s a t i s f i e d (оставить безъ послѣдствій, 76), to leave u n s a t i s f i e d (оставить безъ удовлетворенія, 60), to catch in the a c t of committing an offense (уличать, 112), to serve as a h i r e d worker (служить по найму, 46). Slightly fewer compounds (7) were found with an adverb: to hand over on b a i l (отдать на поруки, 75), to fight to the d e a t h (биться на смерть, 99), to whiten 12 (перебѣлять, 65), to sell on c r e d i t (продавать въ долгъ, 86), to inherit per c a p i t a (наслѣдовать поголовно, 70), to lend against p l e d g e (ссужать подъ залогъ, 27), to pursue in hot p u r s u i t (преслѣдовать по горячимъ слѣдамъ, 17). There are also compounds with an attached infinitive (6): to undertake to s u p p l y (подрядиться поставить, 72), to initiate p r o c e e d i n g s (возбуждать ходатайство, 10), to attempt to k i l l (покушаться на жизнь, 73), to begin to s t o r e (отдать въ поклажу, 73), to initiate p r o c e e d i n g s (возбуждать ходатайство, 10), to demand p a y m e n t (привлекать къ платежу, 82). A pair of terms with impersonal adjectives is also included: to adjudge a s r e q u i r e d (присуждать требование, 84), to grant a s r e q u e s t e d (удовлетворять ходатайство, 111). The same patterns were also found in the group of nominal compounds.
More problematic is the attachment of inflected word forms. It is difficult to distinguish such cases from government, so the phenomenon is sometimes not clearly mentioned under either government or attachment (e.g., Sirtautas, Grenda 1988: 39–41). According to V. Labutis, word forms that function in a sentence as the nominal part of a compound predicate or as the so-called predicative attribute should be consi-
12 Here, it should most likely read pasakom.
166
Alvydas Umbrasas
Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) lietuviški dvižodžiai terminai
Page 25
pažinti šliejamosiomis (Labutis 1994: 22). Nagrinėjamame žodyne galima rasti 10 tokio tipo junginių: kalėti vienam (находиться въ одиночномъ заключении, 57), laikyti suimtą (содержать подъ стражей, 102), likti išėtatintam (оставить за штатомъ, 119), pačiam pasirašyti (собственноручно расписаться, 101), padaryti teisėtą (узаконить, 112), paskelbti neišsigalinčiu (объявить несостоятельнымъ, 52), paskelbti nusigyvenusiu (объявить несостоятельнымъ, 52), piktam vartoti (употреблять во зло, 30, 113), pripažinti negalingu (признать недѣйствительнымъ, 49), pripažinti netikru (признать недѣйствительнымъ, 49). Šie junginiai taip pat galėtų būti transformuoti į daiktavardinius. Dauguma čia pateiktų veiksmažodžių šiandien aptariami vadinamųjų dvejybinių linksnių ir jų išimčių vartojimo kontekste. Kaip matyti, veiksmažodžiai paskelbti, pripažinti žodyne pateikti su įnagininku. Norma iš esmės dar ir šiandien nėra nusistovėjusi – pripažinti kokiu ir pripažinti kokį laikoma lygiaverčiais variantais, o paskelbti kokiu laikoma šalutiniu variantu greta paskelbti kokį (KP2 S1: 85–86).
It is worth noting separately that the dictionary also gives 27 two-word verb-form combinations as Lithuanian equivalents. Their principal components are most often active and passive participles; there are also half-participles and gerunds. Sixteen such combinations are given with governed dependents (a; various cases), and 11 with dependents joined by adposition (b; varied expression):
a) released from punishment (освобожденъ отъ наказанія, 59), implicated in a case (прикосновенный къ дѣлу, 83), prohibited by law (противозаконный, 88), granted a privilege (привилегированный, 82), in proceeding that way (на основании того, 59), holding office (заурядъ, 29), while serving a prison sentence (во время тюремного заключения, 12), assigned by me (по моему поручению, 75), proscribed by law (опальный, 57), having failed to pay taxes (недоимщикъ, 49), having failed to pay a fine13 (неуплативший штрафа, 113), having exceeded the estimate (сверхсмѣтный, 96), spoken orally (изустный, 32), while performing official duties (по службѣ, 99), while serving in office (по службѣ, 99), subject to divorce (бракоразводный, 6);
b) suspected of having gone bankrupt (заподозрѣнный въ банкротствѣ, 28), having died childless (безпотомственно умерший, 4), unable to pay (несостоятельный къ уплатѣ, 51), unable to write (неграмотный, 49), seeking to profit
13The genitive of negation should be used.
Terminologija | 2012 | 19
167
Page 26
for personal gain, 39), left unpunished (освобожденъ отъ наказанія, 59), appointed collectively (назначенный по совокупности, 101), not duly authorized (безъ надлежащаго разршения, 45), presumed dead (мнимоумершій, 43), lawfully made (законно-состоявшійся, 26), lawfully completed (законно-состоявшійся, 26).
Verb-form combinations are generally no longer included in terminology dictionaries; as equivalents, they may be needed, if at all, only in translation dictionaries. Incidentally, such constructions as released from punishment, granted a privilege have probably already fallen out of use, surviving perhaps only in fossilized combinations. J. Jablonskis used these forms; compare: And he rejoiced, released from his guilt J.Jabl., He rejoices like a sinner, released from a grave sin J.Jabl., And though given a hundred, (the horse) stumbles J.Jabl., Though given a sheep, he still longs for a rooster J.Jabl. (LKŽe).
The manuscript dictionary under examination contains a further 56 various two-word Lithuanian combinations. Among them, a small group of combinations (23) stands out, presented in one case or another: by administrative procedure (въ административном порядкѣ, 1), in two instances14 (въ два приема, 85), from another city (иногородній, 33), at my expense (на мой счетъ, 107), of limited intelligence (слабоумный, 98), underage (малопѣтній, 42), forestry (лѣсохозяйственный, 42), for an indefinite period (безсрочный, 4), on general grounds (на общемъ основаніи, 59), in full complement (въ полномъ составѣ, 103), of one's own accord (самовольно, 94), on foreign soil (на чужой землѣ, 119), in this case (въ этомъ случаѣ, 99), meanwhile (временный, 12), temporary (временный, 12), third-degree (троюродный, 109), meanwhile (временный, 12), one-time (единовременный, 23), of the same father (единокровный, 23), of the same mother (единомутробный, 23), in one instance (въ одинъ приемъ, 85), for life (постоянно, 76). These are constructions needed in legal or administrative language. Similar constructions were also found in a legal terminology dictionary (TŽ) published some three decades later, e.g.: at one's own discretion (по личному усмотрению, 101), by one's own choice (по собственному выбору, 117), by mutual consent (по обоюдному согласию, 168). The manuscript also contains a considerable number (18) of prepositional phrases: without accounting (безотчетный, 4), unconscious (безсознательный, 4), unfounded (неосновательный, 50), ownerless (безхозяйный, 4), without an owner (безхозяйный, 4), for an indefinite term (безсрочный, 4), through negligence (по неосторожности, 50), toward a debt (въ счетъ долга, 107), in part (частью,
14Apparently, an error was made, and alongside the same Russian equivalent, in three instances was also added. The equivalents given are въ одинъ приемъ, въ два приема – in one instance, in two instances, in three instances (85). The Russian equivalent was most likely omitted.
168 Alvydas Umbrasas | Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) lietuviški dvižodžiai terminai
Page 27
partly, 118), from ambush (изъ засады, 28), by law (по праву, 78), in reality (въ дѣйствительности, 22), in fact (въ дѣйствительности, 22), all at once (сплошной, 104), for life (безсрочный, 4), for a fixed term (срочный, 104), per capita (поголовно, 69), by deception (посредствомъ обмана, 54). Here one can also add a pair of phrases with the particle not: non-service (внѣслужебный, 10), non-judicial (внѣсудебный, 10). Two adjective phrases may also be selected (contrary to the laws (противозаконный, 88), deserving of leniency (заслуживающій снисхожденія, 29, 100)), one adverbial phrase (in such proportion (въ такой соразмѣрности, 102)), and a pair of two-word pronouns (a certain (подлежащій, 71; соответствующій, 102), the same (тождественный, 109)).
Finally, two-word predicative constructions, i.e. constructions corresponding to a sentence or its core, should be distinguished. There are 8 in the dictionary: I am indebted (долгъ на мнѣ, 21), is subject to satisfaction (подлежить удовлетворенію, 71), is under guard (находится подъ стражею, 106), has been arrested (находится подъ стражею, 106), attempted to steal (покушался на кражу, 73), attempted theft (покушался на кражу, 73), the term expired (срокъ истекъ, 104), the term came due (срокъ наступилъ, 104). In translating dictionaries, such constructions are sometimes provided as examples of usage, but this is not characteristic of terminology dictionaries.
Because the dictionary is Russian–Lithuanian, this led to the inclusion of some Lithuanian constructions that are not entirely conventional or are non-terminological. Owing to the specific nature of the language, some Russian verbs, participles, and adjectives could not always be translated by a single grammatically equivalent word, so two-word phrases were needed. Examples include punish by death (казнить, 35), prohibited by law (противозаконный, 88), from another city (иногородній, 33), measure land (межевать, 43), short-measure while measuring (обмѣрить, 54), exceeding the estimate (сверхсмѣтный, 96), third-degree (третьеродный, 109), and so on. Occasionally, even when a single word could have been formed, a phrase was chosen; for instance, instead of writing ownerless, arbitrarily, singlyotis, the forms without an owner (безхозяйный, 4), of one’s own accord (самовольно, 94), of the same mother (единопутробный, 23) were given. The TŽ used a single word in these cases.
Overall, the Russian equivalents of only about half of the non-nominal Lithuanian phrases are also two-word phrases; the number of components in the other equivalents differs—the Russian equivalents are either single words or consist of three or more components (e.g., place a prohibition on property (налагать запрещение на имущество, 28), draw his attention (обратить его внимание, 9), leave without satisfying (оставить безъ послѣдствій, 76), appropriate a right (присвоивать себѣ право, 84), appointed jointly (назначенный по совокупности, 101)).
Terminologija | 2012 | 19
169
Page 28
CONCLUSIONS
1. The handwritten Russian–Lithuanian Draft Dictionary of Legal Terms and Other Words Needed by the Courts (1920) is a scientifically interesting object for the history of legal terminology and terminography. The dictionary gives 1,816 Lithuanian two-word phrases as equivalents of Russian terms or other words and phrases. These are generally legal terms or phrases that were needed in the legal language of the period. Eighty-eight Lithuanian phrases are repeated in different dictionary entries, so the actual number of phrases is 1,723.
2. As might be expected of a terminology dictionary, most of the entries are nominal phrases (1,416). By the criterion of form, the terminological status of most of them is beyond doubt. The analysis showed that approximately 600 words serve as the head components of these terms and approximately 800 as their modifiers. The generic terms document(s), law(s), learner’s (-s) have the greatest number of specific modifiers. The words most often used as specific modifiers are case(s), court, law(s). Comparing the frequency of head and modifying components in the dictionary terms reveals an inverse proportion: terms with head components occurring three or more times account for 59%, while terms with such modifying components account for 44%; correspondingly, terms with head components that do not recur or recur only a couple of times account for 41%, while terms with such modifying components account for 56%. The greater diversity of modifying components is probably due to their greater expressive potential. Moreover, synonyms of two-word terms typically differ in their modifiers rather than their head components.
3. Most Lithuanian two-word terms have a governed attribute (757). Genitive government is characteristic (713 phrases); other cases are rare, with the instrumental standing out somewhat (16 phrases). The dictionary contains somewhat fewer terms with an agreeing attribute (624). Phrases with participles and adjectives occur with roughly equal frequency (more than 300 of each). The most frequent are definite passive participles and adjectives with the suffix -inis, -ė. Terms with an adjoined attribute are quite few (35); these are generally phrases with a verb infinitive or an adverb.
4. Non-nominal phrases form a relatively large group in the dictionary (307). Nowadays such phrases are generally not classified as terms, although their terminological character may be perceptible overall. Verb phrases and phrases involving verb forms are most often provided. There is an unnecessary repetition of data: both a verb phrase and its transformation with a verbal abstract noun are recorded. Most phrases are based on transitive verbs (given with a governed accusative). Constructions that are unusual today also occur.
170
Alvydas Umbrasas
Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) lietuviški dvižodžiai terminai
Page 29
LITERATŪRA
ALTŽ: Armalyte O., Pažūsis L. Anglų–lietuvių kalbų teisės žodynas, Vilnius: Alma littera, 1998.
Ambrazas V. 2006: Lietuvių kalbos istorinė sintaksė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.
DLKG² 1996: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika. Redaktorius V. Ambrazas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla.
Eurovoc: Daugial kaumis Europos Sąjungos tezauras „Eurovoc“ (internetinis leidimas; http://eurovoc.europa.eu).
KP2 S1: Kalbos patarimai 2. Sintaksė 1. Linksnių vartojimas. Sudarė R. Miliūnaitė, Vilnius, 2003.
Labutis V. 1994: Lietuvių kalbos sintaksė 1, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla.
LKG I: Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1. Vyr. redaktorius K. Ulvydas, Vilnius: Mintis, 1965.
LKŽe: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (internetinis leidimas; http://www.lkz.lt), Vilnius, 2005.
Sirtautas V., Grenda Č. 1988: Lietuvių kalbos sintaksė, Vilnius: Mokslas.
Šukys J. 1998: Lietuvių kalbos linksniai ir prielinksniai: vartosena ir normos, Kaunas: Šviesa.
TŽ: Teisinių terminų žodynas. Sudarė A. Žiurlys, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla, 1954.
Umbrasas A. 2011: Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) sandara. – Terminologija 18, 109–141.
Umbrasas A. 2010: Lietuvių teisės terminija 1918–1940 metais: pagrindinių kodeksų terminai, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.
Umbrasas A. 2008: Lietuvių teisės terminografija: nuo rankraščių iki duomenų bazių. – Specialybės kalba: terminija ir studijos, Vilnius, 100–109.
LITHUANIAN TWO-WORD TERMS FROM THE MANUSCRIPT DICTIONARY OF LAW TERMS (1920)
The Russian–Lithuanian manuscript Teisės terminų ir kitų reikalingų teismams žodžių žodynėlio projektas (Draft dictionary of law terms and other words necessary in court) prepared at the Ministry of Justice in 1919–1920 is a scientifically interesting object of terminology and terminography history. This article analyses two-word Lithuanian equivalents of Russian terms and other words and their combinations presented in this unpublished dictionary. There are 1723 different Lithuanian two-word combinations in this dictionary. Usually they are terms of law or word combinations which were used in the language of law at that time (not treated as terms anymore).
As could be expected from the dictionary of terms the majority of word combinations presented are nominal combinations (1416). The majority of them have the form of a term. Research showed that about 600 words represent the main element of a term and about 800 words are the subordinate element. The generic terms raštas (document), teisė (law, right) and mokesnis (tax, payment, charge) in singular as well as in plural form have the largest number of specific elements. The most frequent specific elements are the words byla (case), teismas (court), and teisė (law, right) in genitive and in singular or in plural. Comparison of the frequency of the main and subordinate elements of terms shows an inverse proportionality: terms with main elements which are presented in the dictionary three or more times comprise 59% and terms with such subordinate elements – 44%, respectively there is 41% of terms with the main element which occurs once or twice and 56% of terms with such subordinate element. It is quite probable that the wider variety of subordinate elements is predetermined by the wider possibilities of expression of these elements. In addition, synonymous two-word terms usually differ in the subordinate but not the main element.
More than half of the two-word terms have the attribute not in concord (757). The most common occurrence is the government relation between the main element and
Terminologija | 2012 | 19 171
Page 30
the subordinate element in the genitive (713 word-combinations). Other cases are rare, only the instrumental is slightly more common (16 word-combinations). Terms with attribute in concord are less common than terms with attribute not in concord (624 word-combinations). There is approximately the same number of combinations with participles and adjectives (more than 300 of both). The most frequent of them respectively are pronominal passive participles and adjectives with the suffix -inis. Word-combinations where the main and the subordinate elements are linked using adjunction – usually combinations with the infinitive of a verb or the adverb – are rare (35).
Quite a few Lithuanian word-combinations in this dictionary are not nominal. At present such phrases are not treated as terms, though in general their terminological character is noticeable. Among them combinations of verbs and their forms are most frequent. There are cases of inexpedient repetition of the data when word-combinations with a verb and with a noun made from the same verb are both presented in the dictionary. Transitive verbs (with accusative) are present in the majority of combinations with verbs. Some constructions presented in the dictionary today would be viewed as unusual.
