Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) lietuviški dvižodžiai terminai

143Terminologija | 2012 | 19 Rankraštinio teisės terminų žodyno (1920 m.) Lithuanian biword terms ALvYDAS UMBRASAS Institute of Lithuanian Language KEY WORDS: history of terminology, terminography, legal terms, dictionary of terms, biword terms, manuscript The manuscript draft of the Russian-Lithuanian Dictionary of Legal Terms and Other Words Necessary for Courts, prepared by the Ministry of Justice in 1919–1920 (the main editor was probably Konstantinas Jablonskis) is a scientifically interesting object of the history of legal terminology and terminography. As is known, the dictionary (in terms of volume, it can be called not a dictionary) was not published, but there remained not one copy of the manuscript. Although the project was not finished, it had terminographic shortcomings (when speaking about shortcomings, one should bear in mind that until that time in Lithuania only a few dictionaries of terms had been published, there was no experience of preparing such dictionaries), a possible thing, some people used it at the time. The dictionary is relatively large – 120 pages, containing over 4000 Russian terms and other lexical or syntactic units. Only a small part of them (nearly 300) have not been translated into Lithuanian. Since more than one Lithuanian equivalent (meanings, synonyms) is often provided, the total number of Lithuanian equivalents is about 5900 (some of them overlap in different articles). More information about this manuscript dictionary and its structure can be found in the article published in the 18th issue of Terminologija (see Umbrasas 2011). It mainly deals with terminographic matters, this time it is intended to examine in more detail the expression of Lithuanian terms presented in the dictionary. The analysis is limited to two-word terms, but also includes other two-word combinations that are not usually considered as terms (the title of the manuscript itself indicates that it is not just a dictionary of terms). The main focus is on the aspect of form, but the questions of synonymy are left for other studies. 144 Alvydas Umbrasas | Manuscript Dictionary of Legal Terms (1920) Recurring elements | lietuviškidvižodžiaiterminai in the terms articles of the dictionary are often omitted, so in analyzing the data it is considered that, for example, the articles вводъ во владѣнiе – introduction of the holder, introductions, introduction of assets, introductions (71), негодныя средства – inappropriate, unsuitable tools, goods2 (49) include the Lithuanian terms When the word is in square brackets, it is considered that the article contains the long and short division, splitting, distribution by terms (90) 6 terms are distinguished division, splitting, distribution by terms, splitting of payment, splitting of payment, atitikmenų variantai, pavyzdžiui, iš straipsnio разсрочка–(išmokėjimo)išdistribution of payment by terms. From them, two words are taken for the study: splitting of payment, splitting of payment, splitting by terms (there are only a dozen articles divided in this way; the words in squares could sometimes be considered explanatory, but since there is no clear boundary between optional and explanatory words of a term, the latter are not distinguished). In cases where a part of the word is enclosed in brackets (prefix, return particle), it has been decided not to count the variants as separate units, i.e. it is considered that, for example, in the article покрыть расходы – из(си)платить, от(си)равнить расходы (73) there are two terms из(си)платить расходы, от(си)равнить расходы. In total, the dictionary contains 1816 Lithuanian biword compounds, of which 1494 are noun compounds (the same Lithuanian compounds in different articles are counted as separate units). Half a dozen Russian terms are repeated in different places in the dictionary, so there are also repeated Lithuanian terms (it is true that in articles of repeated Russian terms the Lithuanian equivalents often do not coincide; see Umbrasas 2011: 131–133), e.g.: eternal possession (вѣчное владѣнiе, 9, 16), separate opinion (особое мнѣнiе, 44, 60), search announcement (публикацiя о сыскѣ, 88, 108), use for evil (употреблять во зло, 30, 113), destroy objections (опровергать возраженiе, 11, 59). The same Lithuanian equivalent is often given not to identical, but to different Russian terms (usually these are Russian synonyms or at least terms of very close meaning), e.g.: atmesti ieškojimą (отказывать въ искѣ, 61; отклонять искъ, 61), baudžiamosios priemonės (мѣры взысканiя, 8; мѣры на ка за нiя, 44), bylos eiga (движенiе дѣла, 19; ходъ дѣла, 117), eiti pareigas (занимать должность, 27; исполнять обязанности, 34), įkaito turėtojas 1 The terms are accompanied by the page or pages of the dictionary manuscript (if the term is given more than once). 2 Error, there should be measures (elsewhere written well). 145Terminologija | 2012 | 19 (закладодержатель, 26; залогодержатель, 27), estimate of expenses (расходная смѣта, 92; смѣта расходовъ, 100), prove guilt (изобличать, 32; уличать, 112), false testimony (ложное показанiе, 41; лже сви дѣтельство, 41), child born outside marriage (дитя, рожденное ннѣ брака, 6; внѣбрачный ребенокъ, 10), courtroom (залъ засѣданiй, 27; присутственная зала, 84), writing of documents (дѣлопроизводство, 23; письмоводство, 67), composition of judges (составъ судей, 103; судейское присутствiе, 106), local resident (мѣстный житель, 44; туземецъ, 109). 83 Lithuanian biword compounds (of which 68 are nouns) are repeated twice in different articles. 86; производство дѣлъ, 86; процессъ, 88), Žodyne 5 junginiai pakartoti po tris kartus: bylųdarymas(производство, shareholders' company (долевое товарищество, 21; товарищество на паяхъ, 64, 108), firm company (то варищество на вѣрѣ, 16, 108; командитное товарищество, 37), bribery (взяточничество, 8; лихоимство, 41; мздоимство, 43), real estate (имѣнiе, 32; недвижимость, 49; недвижимое имущество, 49). Thus, excluding repetitions, it can be said that in total the dictionary contains 1723 Lithuanian biword compounds (of which 1416 are nouns). The variants of the expression are counted as separate units, and several terms differing in number are also considered separate: credit bills (ассигнацiя, 2) cf. credit notes (кредитные билеты, 39), easements (право participation of the private, 115) plg. servitutes (право угодiй въ чужихъ имуществахъ, 111), insults (оскорбленiе святыни, 59) plg. blasphemy (священная изображенiя, 97), violation of the rights of children (законнорожденный, 26) teisės v a i k a i (legal children, 26). COMPONENT NOUNS As one could expect from the dictionary, most of the Lithuanian biword compounds contained therein are noun compounds. Although the termality or legality of some of these compounds may be questioned, the purpose here was not to distinguish between terms and non-terms. The material is viewed as a whole, mostly regardless of the things of expression. The noun compounds presented in the field dictionary can generally be considered as the terms of the study period. In order to reveal the diversity of the expression of the vocabulary terms, it is appropriate to review the diversity of the terms components. As mentioned, the dictionary contains 1416 terms of different Lithuanian biwords, but the elements that make them up are repeated. For the purpose of the study, a cluster and alphabetical lists of Lithuanian biword terms were compiled (remember that the dictionary is Russian–English). 146 Alvydas Umbrasas | The manuscript of the Law Terms Dictionary (1920) of | lietuviškidvižodžiaiterminai Lithuanian language, so the nests are inverted and divided), which allowed us to evaluate the variety of patterns. It turned out that about 600 words are the main elements of the terms. There are 41 terms composed of the word letter(s): объяснительная записка, 28; разрѣшительная статья, 90; ответная бумага, 61; дворянская грамота, 18; разделительная запись (актовъ), 90; разделительная запись (актовъ), 90; дарственный актъ, дарственактъ, дарственная запись, 19; запрещающий листъ, 53; входящая бумага, 13; охранный листъ, 63; состязательные бумаги, 103; запретительная статья, 28; данная, 18; закладной листъ, 25; заказная наязапись,19; жалованнаяграмота, 24), dovanųraštas(дарственный крепость, 25; депозитная запись, 116; отчетная записка, 20; (исходящая) бумага, 34; отделительная запись, 61; отводная запись, 60; вводный листъ, 7; вводный листъ. (вводный листъ, 7), entering letter (вводный листъ, 7), ascending letter (родословная, 93), pledging letter (порученная запись, 75; обеспечительный листъ, 53), authorization letter (дозволительная запись, 20), authorizing letter (разрѣшительная бумага, 90; дозволительная запись, 20), trusting letter (вѣрющее письмо, 16), loan letter (заемное письмо, 25), merchant letter (торговый листъ, 109), reporting letter (докладная записка, 20, 28), trade letter (торговый листъ, 109), oath letter (присяжный листъ, 85), privilege letter (уставная грамота, 114), safekeeping letter (охранный листъ, 63), attributive letter (частный актъ, 118), borrowing letter (заемное письмо, 25), founding letter (уставная грамота, 114), service letter (формулярный списокъ, формуляръ, 116), service letter (формулярный списокъ, формуляръ, 116), execution letter (исполнительный листъ, 33). There are several times more types of writing than in the first printed dictionary of legal terms, which was published in 1954 (TŽ). As can be seen, these are mainly types of Russian terms актъ, бумага, грамота, записка, запись, крѣпость, листъ, письмо, списокъ, статья. Some of the Lithuanian terms are synonymous. 3 There should be an oath (elsewhere written well). 147Terminologija | 2012 | 19 Figure 1. The second main focus of the two-word terms according to frequency is the law (s). There are 28 terms in total: the right of representation (право представления, 80), the right of representation (право представления, 80), the copyright (авторское право, 1), the right of the tenant (чиншевое право, 118), the right in rem (вещное право, 8), the right of the thing (вещное право, 8), the right of purchase (выкупное право, 14), the special rights (особенные права, 60), the right of view (право вида, 9), the right of incapacity (право собственности, teisė(правобѣдности, 7), neturtoteisė(правобѣдности, 7, 78), nuosa78), the customary law (обычное право, 56), the right of inheritance (наслѣдственное право, 48), the right of citizenship (право гражданства, 48). 148 Alvydas Umbrasas | Manuscript Dictionary of Legal Terms (1920) | lietuviškidvižodžiaiterminai Гражданства, 18), regional law (право вида, 9), substantive law (положительное право, 74), expressing law (положительное право, 74), suffrage law (выборное право, 13), election law (выборное право, 13), property law (частное право, 118), servitude law (право участiя частного, 115), servitude law (право угодiй въ чужихъ имуществахъ, 111), family law (семейное право, 97), right of passage (право прохода, 88), right of redemption (выкупное право, 14), property law (права по имуществу, 78), state law (государственное право, 17). Terms are provided in various vocabulary slots. The nest of the term law (право) is relatively small, and it also contains compounds that are not generic terms of law (see Figure 1; the commentary at the top of the nest and the question marks in the manuscript are written by another person). Incidentally, the dictionary contains only eight terms with more than one substantive meaning: the right to demand remuneration (право обратного требованiя, 55), the right of civil status (права состоянiя, 78, 103), the right to water livestock (право водопоя, 10), the right of class status (права состоянiя, 78), the right to build houses (право застройки, 29), the right to build shelters (право застройки, 78), the right to water livestock (право водопоя, 10), the right of prolonged possession (право давностного владѣнiя, 18). There are slightly fewer terms with the accent tax (s) – 24. This is the third most frequently used term in the two-word terms. It corresponds mostly to the Russian terms налогъ, обложение, плата, подать, пошлина, сборъ: act tax (актовая пошлина, 1), act tax (актовая пошлина, 1), case tax (судебная пошлина, 106), flat tax (квартирный налогъ, 36), partial tax (частичная плата, 117), claim tax (исковыя пошлины, 33), quarry tax (горная подать, 17), distributed tax (раскладочный сборъ, 91), consolidation tax (крѣпостная пошлина, 40), consolidation tax (крѣпостная пошлина, 40), mountain tax (горная подать, 17), municipal tax (земское обложение, 30), customs tax (таможенный сборъ, 95), on logh, 39, profit tax (подоходный налогъ, 71), municipal tax (земское обложение, 30), differential tax (окладной сборъ, 57), commission tax (коммиссiонныя, 37), direct tax (прямой налогъ, 88), consumption tax (налогъ на потребленiе, 77), business tax (промысловый налогъ, 87), land tax (поземельный налогъ, 72), stamp tax nemokėtasmokesnis(недоимка, 49), netiesioginismokesnis(коственный (гербовый сборъ, 16). As can be seen, no attempt was made to translate different Russian terms differently, taking into account the essence of the concepts selected vienodas lietuviškas terminų pagrindinis dėmuo. 149Terminologija | 2012 | 19 In addition to the three most common elements, the dictionary contains 11 elements with which more than 10 compounds are formed (the number of compounds is indicated in parentheses): act (s) (22), property (16), thing (s) (15), work (s) (15), money (s) (15), court (s) (15), books (14), possession (14), term (13), case (s) (12), contract (12). These 14 domains make up a total of 256 terms. According to the abundance of compounds, the following words can be distinguished (usually related terms; the number of compounds with a suffix is indicated at the beginning of the line): 10: record, law (s), crime; 9: company, insult, prison, time; 8: ticket(s), item(s), price, instrument(s), deal, list, wound; 7: office, bill, place; 6: description, institution(s), pay, statement(s), room, road, sheet, customs, house(s), duty, pledge, meeting, guardian, duty, toll, child(ren), official(s), land; 5: ančdelis, atsakomybė, esmė, kantora, laiškas, raštelis (-iai), skundas, šalis, tyrimas, pratęsimas, ženklas (-as), ženklas (-iai), žmogus (-nės); 4: inspection, confiscation, punishment, participant, worker, making, giver, day, document, animal(s), search, collateral, investigation(s), cash, receipt, holder, year, use, lease, division, position, transfer, matter, union, border, plot, decision, area, composition, council, judge, trial, holder, board, auction; 3: lawyer, dismissal, company, queue, relative(s), dispute, resident, guardian, tool(s), delusion, baby, bail, forest, ruling, assistant, ground, insanity, cancellation, application(s), sale, declaration, signing, appointment, certificate(s), transfer, transgression, paper(s), cause, supervisor, process, demand, order, account, department, rotation, path, commander, management, manager, action, journal. With these 124 elements (each with 3 to 10 two-word terms), a total of 579 terms is formed. Together, all the above mentioned terms, with the main elements of which are from 3 to 41 compounds, make up about 59% of the dictionary’s two-word Lithuanian terms (i.e. 835). This means that 41% of the terms have a specific main element, with which only 1-2 compounds are formed. The available material shows that the secondary elements of the terms are somewhat more diverse than the main ones – there are about 800 different elements (per genus, number of 150 Alvydas Umbrasas | The manuscript of the Law Terms Dictionary (1920) and | lietuviškidvižodžiaiterminai the noun or non-noun form are not taken into account in this case, i.e. it is considered to be the same accent). The most common side-effect is the case(s). It is composed of 20 terms: resuming a case (возобновленiе дѣла, 11), ending a case (прекращенiе дѣла, 81), party to a case (тяжущiйся, 110), proceeding of a case (движенiе дѣла, 19; ходъ дѣла, 117), presentation of a case (докладъ дѣла, 20), outcome of a case (исходъ дѣла, 34), plaintiff (истица, 34), plaintiff (истецъ, 34), hearing of a case (слушанiе дѣла, 99), fee of a case (судебная пошлина, 106), examination of a case (разбирательство, разборъ дѣла, 89; слушанiе дѣла, 99), closure of a case (прекращенiе дѣла, 81), division of a case (раздѣленiе дѣла, 89), transfer of a case (перенесенiе дѣла, 66), trial of a case (слушанiе дѣла, 99), conduct of a case (веденiе дѣла, 7), hearing of a case (ходденiе по дѣлу, 117), making a case (производство, 86; производство дѣлъ, 86; процессъ, 88), case register (настольный реестръ, 48), case law (настольный реестръ, 48). Second and third in frequency are the elements court (17 terms) and right (-s) (15 terms): court proceedings (судоговоренiе, 106), court order (судебный приказъ, 83), court institutions (судебные установленiя, 106), courtroom (судебная камера, 35), court error (судебная ошибка, 106), court injustice (неправосудiе, 51), judgment (приговоръ суда, 82), court order (опредѣленiе суда, 58), court selection (судебная ошибка, 106), court officer (судебный приставъ, 84), court proceedings (судопроизводство, 106), court area (судебная часть, 118), court examination (судебное слѣдствiе, 106), court investigator (судебный слѣдователь, 99), court management (судебное вѣдомство, 15), judicial authority (судебное вѣдомство, 15), court bailiff (судебный приставъ, 84); limitation of the right (ограничение права, 56), successor of the right (законный на слѣдникъ, 26; правопреемникъ, 78), science of the right (правовѣдѣнiе, 78; юрисфуденцiя4, 120), basis of the right (правооснованiе, 78), successor-adviser of the right (юрисконсультъ, 120), breach of the right (правонарушенiе, 78), predecessor of the right (правопредшественникъ, 78), father ninkas(правопреемникъ, 78), teisėspareiškimas(притязанiе, 85), teisės of the right (законный отецъ, 26), children of the right (законныя дѣти, 26), child of the right (законнорожденный, 26), deprivation of rights (лишенiе правъ, 41), termination of rights (лишенiе правъ, 41), transfer of rights (переказъ правъ, 66). 4 Should be юриспруденцiя. 151Terminologija | 2012 | 19 After more than 10 compounds formed with secondary elements of the (14), įstatymo (-ų) (13) ir darbo (-ų) (12). Su šešiais dažniausiais dėmeproperty nims is a total of 91 term. The following secondary elements can be distinguished according to their abundance (the number of compounds with the element is indicated at the beginning): 10: raštinės, valstybės, žemės; 9: act, general, society; 8: crime(s); 7: forest(s), debt, service(s); 6: civil, hostage, fortification, city, inheritance, money (s), applicants; 5: person, search(s), mortgage, statutory, accusatory, false, tax(s), hearing(s), election, borrowed, interrogation, term(s), will, genuine, bill of exchange, place; 4: insurable, separate, votes, criminal, punishment, apartment (s), great, existing, firefighters, honor, collateral, inventory, expenses, country, prison, ship (s), measurement, hunting, fake, decision, main, loan (s), mail, purchased, oath, mind, elected, secret, founded, sanctity (s), judge (s), authority, marriage, knowledge (s), people; 3: shares, appeal, archive5, answered, open, final, daily, working, gift(s), reserved, hedgehog(s), residential, returning, sought, acquired(s), proof, special, guilt, cash, questions, credit, body, time, observed, paid, destroyable, home, non-final, inanimate, undefined, indirect, inappropriate, permanent, criminal, income, profit, criminals, commercial, trade, letters, scrutiny, treaty, protected, characteristic, complaint(s), minor(s), family, thermal, direct, truth, intention, holder, fruit(s), water, business, public, chief, wife, verbally. There are a total of 127 secondary elements, which are repeated from 3 to 10 times in the dictionary’s two-word terms, and 525 terms with them. After counting the most common elements mentioned at the beginning, it is shown that 133 secondary elements are most frequently repeated in the dictionary, with them 616 terms, i.e. about 44% of two-word terms. At the same time, this shows that about 56% of the terms are peculiar secondary elements, repeated in terms only 1-2 times. Comparing the frequency of the main and secondary elements of the dictionary terms shows an inverse proportionality: terms with repetitive and non-repetitive 5 Should be in the archive, but in the dictionary somehow the pronoun is often written with -ė. 158 Alvydas Umbrasas | Manuscript Dictionary of Legal Terms (1920) As already | lietuviškidvižodžiaiterminai mentioned, there are 305 terms with adjectives in the dictionary, i.e. almost as many as with participles. When examining terms, it is important to pay attention to the presentation of non-adverbial and adverbial forms of adjectives, because with the latter forms we tend to name species concepts. The dictionary material shows that adjectives with suffixes -inis, -ė, which are usually not noun, are used mostly in compounds. Terminų su jais iš viso yra 184, pvz.: a k c i n ė  bendrovė(акцiонернаякомпанiя, 1), a k t i n i s  mokesnis(актоваяпошлина, 1), antspauduotiniai daiktai(опечатанныепредметы, 58), apelecinisteismas(втораяинстанцiя, 13), a p y v a r t i n i s  asignavimas(оборотнаяассигновка, 54), aplinkiniaižmonės(окольныелюди, 57), apskritinispelnas(валовой доходъ, 7), a t s a r g i n i s  sprendėjas(запасныйзасѣдатель, 27), bankin ė  kantora(банкирскаяконтора, 3), b e n d r i n i s  įgaliojimas(общая довѣренность, 55), c h e m i n i s  ištyrimas(химическоеизслѣдованiе, 32), civilinėpadėtis(гражданскоесостоянiе, 103), č y ž i n i s  turėjimas (чиншевоевладѣнiе, 118), dieniniaipinigai(суточныяденьги, 107), disciplininėbausmė(дисциплинарноевзысканiе, 19), dorinispamišimas(нравственное помѣшательство, 74), d o v a n o t i n i s  dvaras (пожалованное имѣнiе, 72), e i l i n i s session (очередное засѣданiе, 64), permanent position (штатная должность, 119), family property (родовое имущество, 93), holder of a k a i t i n i s (заставный владѣлецъ, 29), registered act (явочный актъ, 120), bill of exchange (переводный вексель, 65), expropriation of a k a i t i n i s (прещенiе законное, 81), joint guarantee (солидарное поручительство, 102), criminal investigation (уголовное преслѣдованiе, 111), repeated deferral (пересрочка, 67), file (исковое дѣло, 33), criminal offence (уголовное преступленiе, 111), guarantee record (поручительная надпись, 75), hunting area (охотничiй участокъ, 115), false complaint (лживый доносъ, 41), domestic act (домашнiй актъ, 21), blank record (бланковая надпись, 5), non-term leave (безсрочный отпускъ, 4), indirect evidence (коственное доказательство, 39), notarial act (нотарiальный актъ, 52), resident of a k a i t i n i s (обыватель, 56), oficialus aktas (офицiальный актъ, 63), pagrind i n i s kapitalas (основной капиталъ, 60), p a š a l i n i s naudojimas (побочное пользование, 68), p l ė š t i n ė žaizda (рваная рана, 92), polit i n ė santvarka (политическое благоустройство, 5), komercinis teismas (торговое производство, 109), p r i e š i n i s ieškimas (встрѣчный 159Terminologija | 2012 | 19 искъ, 13), primestinisvaikas(подкинутыйребенокъ, 70), procentii n t a t i o n (перекрестный допросъ, 66), legal person (юридическое лицо, 119), term lease (срочная аренда, 105), direct elections (прямые выборы, 88), t i k y b i n i s crime (религiозное преступленiе, 93), v i e n i s power of attorney (частная доверѣнность, 118), land prescription (земская давность, 30), herb tax (гербовый сборъ, 16). Here are discussed together terms with suffixes -tinis, -ė, -utinis, -ė, -uotinis, -ė (although the definition of the limits of these suffixes sometimes depends on the choice of the constructive base word – communicator or participant), e.g.: a p r ė ž t i n i s interpretation (ограничительное толкованiе, 56), consideration agreement (возмездная сделка, 11), a k š t u t i n i s relative (восходящiй родственникъ, 12), order letter (заказное письмо, 25), final term (рѣшительный срокъ, 94), non-final decision (предварительное рѣшенiе, 79), trusted intermediary (посредникъ за честь, 76), side relative (боковой родственникъ, 6), general search (повальный обыскъ, 68), descending relatives (нисходящие родственники, 52), as well as few terms (there are only 3) with adjectives of the mixed action having the suffix -inis, -ė: (двустороннее обязательство, 56), early release (досрочное освобожденiе, 21), unilateral obligation (унистороннее обязательство, 56). The latter terms are more likelyto do according to Russian counterparts. There are also terms of a more appropriate expression, cf. unilateral obligation (одностороннее обязательство, 57). In addition to the terms reviewed, there are 88 terms with unnoun adjectives. Iš jų būdvardžių, kurie negali būti įvardžiuotiniai, žodyne yra vos keletas: atklydėliaigyvuliai(пригульныйскотъ, 82), ketvirt a i n i s  sieksnis(квадратнаясажень, 36), pavainikiskūdikis(дитя, рожденноевнѣбрака,6; внѣбрачныйребенокъ, 10), šeš t aini s  metras (кубическiйметръ, 40), vienaasmenisteisėjas(единоличныйсудья, 23), ne v i e n a v i e n i s  teisėjas(единоличныйсудья, 23). Paprastai neįvardžiuotiforma teikiami tokie būdvardžiai, kurie tokią formą gali turėti, pvz.: aklina siena (глухая стѣна, 17), a t s a k o m i n g a s  agentas (отвѣтственный агентъ, 61), a t s k i r a s  reikalavimas (отдѣльное требованiе, 61), a t v i r a s  laiškas(открытоеписьмо, 61), bendras gyvenimas(сожительство, 102), b u k a s  įrankis(тупоеорудiе, 110), ga l i n g i  įstatymai(дѣйствующеезаконодательство, 23), geravališ- 160 Alvydas Umbrasas | Manuscript Dictionary of Legal Terms (1920) k a s sale | lietuviškidvižodžiaiterminai (добровольная продажа, 19), strict voice (рѣ ши тельный голосъ, 94), y p a t i n g i note (особыя примѣты, 83), insidious murder (коварное убийство, 37), k u r č i a s not being (глухонѣмой, 17), l a i s v a trade (вольная продажа, 11), l u p i k i š k a prievolė (ростовщическое обязательство, 94), m a ž i metai (малолѣтство, 42), m e l a g i n ga s reiškitojas (лжесвидѣтель, 41), n a u j a s įčyžinimas (переоброчка, 66), careless work (неосторожное дѣянiе, 50), n e d e j st i n g a s a n d o r (недѣйствительный договоръ, 49), n e p i l n i metai (несовершеннолетiе, 51), unfair owner (недобросовѣстный владѣлецъ, 49), n e t e i s ė t o s rink abos (поборы, 68), n e ti kr a vedyba (недѣйствительный бракъ, 6), n e v i š a s complice (негласный товарищъ, 49), poisoned thing (отравленное вещество, 62; ядовитое вещество, 120), example forms (примѣрныя формы, 83), good faith ownership (добросовѣстное владѣнiе, 19), hunter (браконьеръ, 6), detailed rules (подробные правила, 71), violent attack (нападенiе с насилиемъ, 47), legal obstacle (законное препятствие, 26), bill of exchange (безденежный вексель, 3), hearing (закрытое заседание, 26), public auction (публичные торги, 88). However, it can be seen that these compounds often designate non-generic concepts, an adjective is used only for a certain characteristic, so the non-noun form is chosen appropriately in most cases. On the other hand, even today, when the efforts of terminologists leave rare adjectives in the dictionaries of terms in the unnounified form, the choice of the form inevitably involves subjectivity, even if traditional usage is partly respected. The dictionary contains significantly fewer terms with nominative adjectives (33), e.g.: private ruling (частное опредѣленiе, 118), higher courts (общiя судебные установленiя, 55), upper chamber (верхняя палата, 8), general reserve (ополченiе, 58), major crime (тяжкое преступленiе, 81, 110), birthplace (мѣсторожденiе, 44), cash (наличные деньги, 46), dirty wound (сквозная ра на, 97), n e t i k r a s i s key (поддѣльный ключь, 70), s e n o j i day (заднее число, 25), s l a p t a s i s testament (тайное завѣщанiе, 108), small money (размѣнная монета, 90), s u n k u s i s prison (каторга, 36), kinship (кровное родство, 39), summary trial (упрощенное судопроизводство, 113), public price (рыночная цѣна, 94), chief administrator (главноуправляющiй, 16), lower chamber (нижняя палата, 52). The noun form is usually chosen correctly, one could doubt at least one other combination (e.g. false key). 161Terminologija | 2012 | 19 Dar galima išskirti terminus, kurių derinamasis pažyminys reiškiamas noun – adjective terms (8 in the dictionary): noble d v a r n i k (помѣстный дворянинъ, 74), physician (практикующiй врачъ, 78), guardian (попечитель, 75), guardian-supervisor (опекунъ-блюститель, 5), guardian s a u g o t o j a s (опекунъ-блюститель, 5), lawyer (юрисконсультъ, 120), owner-partner (совладѣлецъ, 101), bishop v i k a r a s (викарныйепископъ, 9). Other parts of the language are rarely used as conjunctives. The dictionary contains only one two-word term with numerals – the first extract (главная выпись, 16; первая выпись, 65), and a couple of compounds with pronouns: š i s darbas (данное дѣяние, 18), p a t i byla (подлинное производство, 86). The latter compound today looks unusual. There are only 35 terms in the dictionary with a 8-letter notation. Two constructions prevail: there are 14 terms with a verb conjunction (a) and 13 terms with an adverb (b): (a) order to bring (распоряжение о приводѣ, 82), room for consultation (совѣщательная, 101), insolvency (несостоятельность к уплатѣ, 51), failure to pay (несостоятельность к у платѣ, 51), failure to pay (несостоятельность к у платѣ, 51), help to store (взносъ на хранение, 8; поклажа, 73), attempt to commit suicide (покушенiе на самоубийство, 73), signing a t v y k t i (подписка о явкѣ, 71), undertaking to appear (запродажа, 28), acceptance (акцептъ, 1), demand for a t l y g i n t i (обратное требованiе, 55), publication of a search (публикацiя о сыскѣ, 88), right to redeem (выкупное право, 14), deadline for appeal (апелляционный срокъ, 2); (b) pay for a job (поденная плата, 70), pay for a job (сдѣльная плата, 97), electing for a job (перевыручка, 65), cutting for a specific purpose (выборочная рубка, 13), damaging a job (продажа на вѣсъ, 16), harvesting a job (сплошная рубка, 104), forming a job (преобразованiе, 81), causing intentional harm (причиненiе умышленного вреда, 12), a person (частное лицо, 118), holding a m ž i n a i (вѣчное владѣнiе, 16), holding together (совмѣстное владѣнiе, 101). (причиненiеумышленноговреда, 12), paėmimasp e r v i r š  (переборъ, 65), 8 Casting is distinguished as the opposite of control and tuning. The relationship between words is determined only by meaning, formally (in the ending of the dependent word) it is not expressed (Labutis 1994: 21, DLKG2 1996: 481). 162 Alvydas Umbrasas | Manuscript Dictionary of Legal Terms (1920) | lietuviškidvižodžiaiterminai The most unusual today seem compounds with adverbs, some of them now probably would be made with adjectives (e.g., dieninis, intencinis). By the way, the word “man” is not presented by chance; in the codes of the time, the opposite of the great crime was used as “crime” or “man” (Umbrasas 2010: 161–162). It is a more free-style expression, which has been unsuccessfully attempted to exaggerate. Terms with the communicative form are now also rare, if possible, replaced by other constructions (e.g. not the deadline to appeal, but the deadline for appealing (more commonly called appealing); help to keep corresponds to safeguard (was already TD)). There are also 7 terms with an adjective (продажа n e ш i o j a n t (разносный торъ, 90), подписание г а в у с (расписка въ получении, 91), вращение при взвешивании (обвѣсъ, 53), вращение при измерении (обмѣръ, 54), вращение при следовании (обмѣръ, 54), кражба со взломомъ (кража со взломомъ, 39), кражба с взломомъ (кража с взломомъ, 8)) and 1 term with an unusually added adjective of an anonymous genus – фалсификат (фальсификацiя, 116). Participants are also needed in the current legal language, for example, the ALTŽ provides: extortion racket – extortion of property by threat, search upon arrest – search on arrest or detention, gang burglary – group theft by break-in, to commit (a) burglary – to commit theft by break-in. Semantically more logical seems the combination theft by break-in, rather than theft by break-in. Perhaps in this sense, the dictionary presents compounds with both tenses. On the other hand, the combination of theft and break-in, made by analogy with the Russian language, is now used relatively often, although the break-in theft has already been quite successfully proposed in the Czech language. Incidentally, carry-on sales would now also be replaced by a structure with an inactive participant, cf. door-to-door sales (Eurovoc). NOT NOUN COMPONENTS In accordance with the tradition of terminology, non-noun compounds are now usually not included in the dictionaries of terms (they are included only occasionally, for special purposes, for example, when it is necessary to name commands, etc.). Not only in the dictionaries of terms, but also in the dictionaries of field languages, there are various combinations. In the field of law, it has become almost a tradition (perhaps the manuscript dictionary that is being studied has also contributed to this) to publish not dictionaries of terms, but simply dictionaries of legal language9, so their structure and material selection are not made according to 9 Umbrasas 2008: 104–106. 163Terminologija | 2012 | 19 the principles of terminology. Many of the Lithuanian two-word compounds in this manuscript are not nouns. There are a total of 307 such compounds, mostly verb compounds10 (224). The dictionaries of terms usually provide abstracts of verbs (with suffixes -imas, -ymas) and their combinations, which, if necessary, can usually be transformed into verbs and their combinations in the text, therefore the latter are generally unnecessary in the dictionaries of terms. The dictionary contains more than 20 articles, in which the same Lithuanian terms are presented in different forms: atiduoti tieson (предать суду, 78) – to hand over to the court (преданiе суду, 78), atmesti reiškėjus (отводить свидѣтелей, 60) – to reject applicants (отводъ свидѣтелей, 61), atnaujinti bylą (возобновить дѣло, 11) – to resume the case (возобновленiе дѣла, 11), baigti bylą (прекращать дѣло, 80) – to terminate the case (прекращенiе дѣла, 81), tiesą daryti (отправлять правосудiе, 62; производить судъ, 86) – to do the truth (судопроизводство, 106), imti kyšius (взяточничать, 8) – to take bribes (взяточничество, 8; лихоимство, 41; мздоимство, 43), išrodyti kaltumą (обличить, 54) – to prove guilt (обличение, 54), klausyti bylą (klausyti dѣло, 99) – to hear the case (слушанiе дѣла, 99), matuoti žemę (meževati, 43) – to measure the land (межеванiе, 43), nagrinėti bylą (klausyti dѣло, 99) – to consider the case (разбирательство, разборъ dѣла, 89; слушанiе дѣла, 99), suspend the case (прекращать дѣло, 80) – discontinuation of the case (прекращенiе дѣла, 81), disqualify applicants (отводить свидѣтелей, 60) – disqualification of applicants (отводъ свидѣтелей, 61), disqualify judges (отводить судей, 60) – disqualification of a judge (отводъ судьи, 61), help to keep (отдать въ поклажу, 73) – help to keep (взносъ на хранение, 8; поклажа, 73), file a claim (заявлять искъ, 30; подать искъ, 33) – filing a claim (предъявленiе иска, 80), assert a right (предъявлять право, 80) – assertion of a right (притязанiе, 85), confirm the truth (удостовѣрить, 112) – confirmation of the truth (передовѣрение, 66), violate the law (нарушить законъ, 47) – violation of the law (нарушенiе постановленiй, 47), demand debts (взыскивать долиги, 8) – debt claim (долговое требованiе, 20), damage health (повредить здоровье, 69) – damage to health (разрушение здоровья, 91). It should be borne in mind that the dictionary is Russian-Lithuanian, when analyzing article10 There are compounds in mind, the main focus of which is the verb communicate. The forms of the verb are discussed separately in the following article. 164 Alvydas Umbrasas | The words of the manuscript Law Terms Dictionary (1920) | lietuviškidvižodžiaiterminai are inverted and divided, therefore, as can be seen from the examples given, the Russian equivalents do not always equally correspond to the transformations of Lithuanian compounds. Somewhat differently these pairs fit together: to testify in courts (ходить по дѣламъ, по судамъ, 116) – court testimony (судоговоренiе, 106), to be imprisoned alone (находиться въ одиночномъ заключенiи, 57) – solitary prison (одиночное заключение, 57). The articles complement each other, there is no such equivalence of transformations as in the previously mentioned articles. Most of the verb combinations in the dictionary in question have a controlling accent (190). Transitive verbs prevail – 132 compounds have a suffix (many of them are in the comparative list given in the previous paragraph), e.g.: застраховаться (обезпечить искъ, 53), обойти брак (вѣнчать бракъ, 16), вступить во владѣнiе (вступать во владѣнiе, 13), выкупить изъ залога (выкупить изъ залога, 14), исполнять б а у с м ę (отбывать наказанiе, 60), освободить пр ек с (очищать товары пошлиной, 64), ответить н у о м у (отказывать отъ аренды, 61), сделать экспроприацию (экспропрiировать, 119), дать дело на распоряжение (представить дѣло на распоряжение, 79), дать и е ш к о ж и м у (заявлять искъ, 30), получить наследство (наслѣдовать, 48), присвоить в а и что (признать дитя самостоятельнымъ, 95), втянуть р а к т у (подобрать ключъ, 71), возбуждать несогласие (возбуждать несогласие, 10), оставить службу (оставлять службу, 60), (совершать преступленiе, 101), отменить законъ (отмѣнять законъ, 62), распределить м о к е с н и у с (разверстывать подать, 89), распределить п и н и г у с (распределить деньги, 92), pataisyti a k t ą (исправить актъ, 34), (pa)tikrinti d o k u m e n t ą (свидѣтельствовать документъ, 96), perkelti skolą (переводить долгъ, 65), peržengti s ą m a t ą (превышеть смѣту, 78), skirti k o m i s i j ą (наряжать комиссию, 47), spręsti n u s p r e n d i m ą (по-ста новлять приговоръ, 76), tvirkdyti m a l d i n g u m ą (нарушать ре лигiоное благоговѣнiе, 5), vykdyti t e i s ę (осуществлять право, 60). 69), a r e š t ą nuimti (снимать арестъ, 100), g l o b ą atleisti (снимать опеку, 100). tas junginių pateikiama atvirkščia žodžių tvarka, pvz.: antspaudąsuIt should be noted that, in addition to the compounds with a suffix, the dictionary also contains 9 compounds with the old object nominative11: take away n u o v o k a (привести въ состояние безсознательности, 4), give an oath (принимать 11 According to the form criteria, the nominative should be considered a conjugated vowel, but because of the correlation with the suffix, the object nominative is here conditionally assigned to the control vowels (see also LKG I: 183). 165Terminologija | 2012 | 19 oath, 84), n u o r a š a s nurašyti (take a copy, 100), pasilaikyti t e i sės (reserve the right, 60), pasilikti t e i s ė s (reserve the right, 60), paskirti a l ga (credit on the salary, 57), turėti t e i s ė s (be in right, 78), uždėti p a r e i g a (put into obligation, 105). There are also two expressions, e.g. (pa)czynić s a n d o r ą (совершать договоръ, 101) and zrobić s a n d o r a (заключать договоръ, 26). These are more commonly used in impersonal sentences, they are still present in some dialects, but they are gradually disappearing in common language. Although the dictionary presents few and unsystematic such compounds, at the time they were not unusual, especially that the use was supported by J. Jablonskis, K. Būga. According to J. Šukis, the object’s denominator was displaced by the editors’ efforts in the Soviet era, and it is no longer appropriate to change the situation (Šukys 1998: 82–83; see Ambrazas 2006: 340–344). Others are less common in verbs. There are also compounds with nobleman (a; 17), servant (b; 3), servant (c; 13), local (d; 8), iliative (e; 8), e.g. : a) to give explanations (представлять объяснения, 56), to give ava n so (выдать авансомъ, 1), to take measures (принимать мѣры, 44), to grant credit (открыть кредитъ, 61), to cease paying (прекращать платежи, 80), to prevent a b y l o s (оставить дѣло безъ ходденiя, 117), to let go of leave (увольнять въ отпускъ, 111), to summon two men (вызывать на поединокъ, 14), to have credit (кредитоваться, 39), to act (дѣйствовать, 23), to watch t y r u m o (соблюдать чистоту, 118), to watch cleanliness (соблюдать опрятность, 59); b) paslėpti į k a i t u i (задержать въ закладъ, 26), skirti d a r b a m s (narjauti į darbus, 47), skolinti į k a i t u i (ссужать подъ залогъ, 27); (c) apimti r e n g i m u (rentat po řadě, 100), bausti m i r t i m i (kaznija, 35), duoti nuosavybe (предоставлять в собственность, 79), ieškoti s k e l b i m u (prosiskivat po publikacij i, 88), išskirstyti t e r m i nais (rozsročit, 90), paimti į s ū n i u (usoduoti, 115), pančiais surakinti (zadaryti į akovy, 26), pardavinėti m a ž m e n o m i s (parduoti į mažmeninę, 86), p r i e v a r t a atvesdinti (podvesti, 70, 82), rinkti burtais (izrinkti po žrebiją, 24), skirti t e s t a m e n t u (atmesti po zavѣщанiю, 61); d) go into circulation (имѣть ходденiе, 117), seek (на судѣ), 33), stand on the bargain (устоять на торгахъ, 114), appear in court (являться въ судъ, 120), have in their knowledge (вѣдать, 15), shut up (заключать въ тюрьму, 26); 166 Alvydas Umbrasas | Manuscript Dictionary of Legal Terms (1920) e) iškilti a i k š | lietuviškidvižodžiaiterminai t ė n (получить гласность, 17), įtraukti b y l o n (привлекать къ дѣлу, 82), paimti a p s a u g o n (секвестровать, 97), pašaukti t i e s o n (привлечь к отвѣтственности, 61, 82), patraukti atsakomybėn (привлечь к отвѣтственности, 61), patraukti t i e s o n (привлечь к отвѣтственности, 61) отвѣтственности, 82). In principle, all these compounds can be transformed into nouns, but the dictionary does not do so. As you can see, some of the Russian equivalents are single words, only translated into Lithuanian by compounds (not all of them are commonly pronounced today). A separate group consists of 34 verb compounds with a conjugative subjunctive, their expression varies. Some more compounds (9) are with a prepositional divisor: казнить (to punish by killing, 35), быть с у с и в е д у с (состоять въ бракѣ, 6), обвѣсить (to declare, 53), обмѣрить (to measure, 54), обмѣрить (to measure, 54), оставить безъ послѣдствiй (to leave without consequences, 76), оставить безъ удовлетворенiя (to leave without satisfaction, 60), уличать (to catch, 112), служить по найму (to serve by hire, 46). Slightly fewer compounds (7) were found with the adverb: отдать на поруки (75), биться на смерть (99), n а у ж а и балить (перебѣлять, 65), продавать с к о л и н т и н а и (продавать въ долгъ, 86), по наследству п а г а л в и у и (наслѣдовать поголовно, 70), ссужать подъ залогъ (27), выти казаком12 (преслѣдовать по горячимъ слѣдамъ, 17). There are also compounds with interjection (6): подрядиться поставить (to undertake to supply, 72), возбуждать ходатайство (to initiate a petition, 10), покушаться на жизнь (to attempt to kill, 73), отдать въ поклажу (to give into baggage, 73), начать r ū p i n t i s (to initiate a run, 74). ходатайство, 10), demand payment (привлекать к платежу, 82). There are also a couple of terms with adjectives of the adjective genus: nuudi r e i k a laujama (присуждать требование, 84), made p r a š o m a in the group of noun (удовлетворятьходатайство, 111). Tie patys modeliai buvo matyti ir compounds. It is more difficult to distinguish between the different forms of the word. It is difficult to distinguish such cases from management, so the phenomenon is sometimes not explicitly mentioned either in management or in fusion (e.g., Sirtautas, Grenda 1988: 39–41). According to V. Labutis, the forms of words that in a sentence are the noun part of a compound adverb or the so-called predicative mark should be added. 167Terminologija | 2012 | 19 found 10 such combinations: kalėti v i e n a m pažinti šliejamosiomis (Labutis 1994: 22). Nagrinėjamame žodyne galima (находиться въ одиночномъ заключенiи, 57), laikyti s u i m t ą (содержать подъ стражей, 102), likti išetatintam (оставить за штатомъ, 119), p a č i a m pasirašyti (собственноручно расписаться, 101), padaryti t e i s ė t ą (узаконить, 112), paskelbti n e š s i ga l i n č i u (обьявить несостоятельнымъ, 52), paskelbti nusidėvėjusiam (обьявить несостоятельнымъ, 52), piktam vartoti (употреблять во зло, 30, 113), pripažinti n e g a l i n g u (признать не дѣйствительнымъ, 49), pripažinti n e t i k r u (признать не дѣй ствительнымъ, 49). These compounds could also be transformed into nouns. Most of the verbs presented here are discussed today in the context of the use of so-called bijective verbs and their exceptions. As you can see, the verbs are declared, recognized in the dictionary presented with the noun. The norm has not been established in principle even today – to recognize what and to recognize what are considered equivalent variants, and to declare what is considered a secondary variant next to declaring what (KP2 S1: 85–86). It is worth mentioning that the dictionary also presents 27 two-word combinations of verb forms as Lithuanian equivalents. Their main elements are usually active and inactive participants, and there are also semi-participants, participants. 16 such compounds are presented with controlled dependent nouns (a; various verbs), 11 – with fused nouns (b; resolution varies): a) exempted from punishment (освобожденъ отъ наказанiя, 59), affected by a case (прикосновенный къ дѣлу, 83), prohibited by law (противозаконный, 88), granted a privilege (привилегированный, 82), acting on the basis of that (на основании того, 59), acting in office (заурядъ, 29), in jail (во время тюремного задержания, 12), entrusted to me (по моему порученiю, 75), not protected by law (опальный, 57), not paying taxes (недоимщикъ, 49), not paying a fine13 (неуплативший штрафа, 113), exceeding the estimate (сверхсмѣтный, 96), spoken orally (изустный, 32), on duty (по службѣ, 99), on duty (по службѣ, 99), divorced b) suspected bankrupt (заподозренный въ банкротствѣ, 28), deceased childless (безпотомственно умершiй, 4), unable to pay (несостоятельный къ (бракоразводный, 6); уплатѣ, 51), unable to write (неграмотный, 49), wanting to make a profit13