DANUTĖ LIUTKEVIČIENĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

PRESENTATION OF STANDARD LANGUAGE NORMS

IN THE DICTIONARY OF STANDARD LITHUANIAN

KEYWORDS: dictionary, standard language, language standardization.

INTRODUCTION

The lexicographers of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language are compiling the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian, which has already begun to be published online Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian¹ (hereafter, BŽ). It has several aims. The main one, as with many dictionaries, is to define words. However, as its very title indicates, this is a standard language dictionary, so it should contain no nonstandard forms.

When deciding which words to include in the dictionary and which sentences or phrases to use to illustrate them, its compilers encounter variants in usage at every level of the language. At present, four degrees of evaluation are generally distinguished for variant language phenomena: the primary standard variant, the secondary standard variant, a variant to be avoided, and a nonstandard variant. Only words or their meanings assessed as primary or secondary standard variants are included in BŽ. The dictionary contains no nonstandard or to-be-avoided language phenomena—or, more precisely, the aim is to ensure that none are included.

The preface to BŽ also addresses this: “This is a prescriptive publication reflecting the vocabulary actually in use and the correct use of words in the standard language. It contains no nonstandard, unacceptable, or to-be-avoided words. Alongside vocabulary, word-formation, stress, and other variants of the primary standard, the dictionary also presents secondary standard variants. It should be emphasized that the use of a secondary standard variant is not considered a language error.”² This final sentence is very significant to the dictionary’s compilers. It might seem odd to write about this, since a norm—whether primary or secondary—is still a norm. Unfortunately, however, language regulators who are often excessively zealous regard a secondary standard variant as unacceptable and automatically replace it with the primary one, without taking style or context into account. In the dictionary compilers’ view, this impoverishes the language. After all, standard language encompasses many spheres of social life, and so the dictionary understands it not merely as official, edited written language: it also includes spoken language, expressive vocabulary, and synonyms. Of course, difficulties arise when deciding whether a word is a feature of colloquial speech or slang.

In general, the question of whether a language phenomenon is standard or nonstandard arises as soon as words are selected; it continually comes up when distinguishing word meanings, assigning stress, and choosing

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¹The complete texts for eleven letters have now been uploaded to the internet. These letters are marked in blue. Texts for four more letters have begun to be uploaded; these letters are red. The dictionary is available online at: http://bkz.lki.lt/. In addition, a separate part of BŽ, the Headword List, has been uploaded to the internet. Available online at: http://bkz.lki.lt/antrastynas/.

² Available online at: http://bkz.lki.lt/?pg=bendros_zinios.

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illustrative examples, and even spelling. Dictionary compilers cannot always make decisions about these matters on their own, so they draw on various works on language culture (KKP, KP, etc.), consultation and other databases (LVvGDB, ND, NSDB, VLKK KB), Lithuanian dictionaries (LKŽₑ, DŽ, LNKŽ, MLKŽ, LKVJŽ, PVE, PVA, PVAAAO, PVAz, etc.), grammars and other works (DLKG, DLKSS, FLKG, LKE, LKG), and the Bank of Terms of the Republic of Lithuania (TB)³. Texts for the BŽ that have been written and edited are reviewed by referees appointed by the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language (hereafter, VLKK): Prof. Dr. Albinas Drukteinis, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lina Murinienė, and Rita Urnėžiūtė, editor-in-chief of the journal Gimtosios kalbos. They submit comments, after which the comments and BŽ texts are considered by the VLKK Dictionary Subcommittee. This is done because the BŽ is intended to be approved as a normative dictionary.

1. SPELLING

1.1. General remarks

At the beginning of the dictionary’s compilation, several spelling variants were given for some words, but later it was decided to include only one, regarded as the principal form. Thus, the dictionary has no spelling variants. A situation in which two spelling variants are possible (the words mentioned below are meant) is considered a kind of transitional period, since in time only one variant is codified in any case (one need only recall cases such as biaurus / biaurus, spiauti / spjauti, and the like). For example, the BŽ gives:

Dniepras noun, singular (2), a river in Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine, flowing into the Black Sea: In the eighteenth century, timber and other Lithuanian and Ukrainian cargoes were transported down the Dniepras.

Hirošima noun, singular (2), a city in southern Japan: The world’s first atomic bomb was dropped on Hirošima. Hirošima used to be called “Hirosima.”

fj ordas noun (1), a narrow, deep, long sea inlet with high, steep banks: The Norwegian landscape is carved by fjords. A trip through the fjords leaves a lasting impression.

forsitija noun (1), an ornamental shrub that blooms with yellow flowers in early spring (Forsythia): The forsythias are already turning yellow.

For now, these words are usually spelled somewhat differently: Dnepras, Hirosima, fiordas, forzitija. It should be emphasized that, in setting spelling standards, the recommendations of the VLKK, which has the authority to approve them, are followed; spelling matters are considered by the VLKK Subcommittee on Grammar, Spelling, and Punctuation. Dictionary compilers also draw on other, more recent dictionaries, reference works, and encyclopedias. This is why it was decided to spell the four words mentioned in precisely this way⁴.

The BŽ also includes some words whose spelling differs from that in other sources:

bačiata noun (2), a romantic partner dance of Dominican origin: To dance the bačiata. | its music: A bačiata melody is playing.

čia čia čia noun, feminine, indeclinable, a fast-tempo ballroom partner dance originating in South America: They are learning to dance the čia čia čia. | its music: The čia čia čia is playing.

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³ Of course, the works and sources listed here are by no means all those consulted by the BŽ compilers.

⁴ Regarding Dniepras as the principal variant, cf. VLKK KB and PVE: 105; regarding Hirošima, PVAz: 156 (VLE VII, 586 gives Hirosima as the principal variant, but PVAz is a more recent source); regarding fjordas, cf. VLKK KB; regarding forsitija, TB.

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chakra noun (2) in Tibetan and Indian medicine, any of the (usually seven) energy centers in the human body: The chakras are located at the base of the spine, in the genital area, at the navel, in the heart, throat, between the eyebrows, and above the head. Is it possible to open the chakras?

chanakhi noun (2) a Caucasian meat-and-vegetable stew cooked in a chanakhi pot: Authentic chanakhi is made only with lamb. Will you eat chanakhi with veal or pork?

These words used to be written without the softening mark: bačata, ča ča ča, čakra, čanačas, and so on. However, the VLKK List of Foreign-Word Equivalents⁵ gives two variants—with and without the softening mark (bačata, bačiata; ča ča ča, čia čia čia). With the approval of the VLKK Dictionary Subcommittee, it was decided to include these words in the BŽ, written as they are pronounced. Thus, their spelling norm is gradually changing.

1.2. Writing uppercase and lowercase letters

The BŽ also includes proper nouns, which are written with a capital letter. However, there are words whose one meaning may be expressed by a proper noun (written with a capital letter), and another by a common noun (written with a lowercase letter). There are also cases when a capital letter is used out of respect, by convention, or for similar reasons. Such cases are indicated in the dictionary.

1.2.1. When a word in a particular sense is written with a different letter case from the headword (usually uppercase), a note is added to that sense and illustrative examples are provided:

Bacchanalia noun (1) 1. (written with a capital letter) plural: a Roman festival in honor of Bacchus, god of wine and winemaking: The Senate prohibited the celebration of the Bacchanalia. 2. unrestrained, licentious feasting; synonym: orgy: After such bacchanalia, in the mornings my head buzzed like a swarm of bees. Before their public bacchanalia began, I still looked at them with tolerance.

Brahmin noun (2) 1. a person of the highest caste in India, often a priest: A Brahmin receives secret knowledge directly; it comes through his heart. He was born into a Brahmin family. 2. (written with a capital letter) masculine, singular: the impersonal spiritual principle, the highest objective reality, existing independently of space and time: Brahman existed long before mind and intellect were born, and therefore Brahman cannot be understood by mind or intellect.

Cerberus noun (1) 1. (written with a capital letter) singular: a mythical creature of ancient Greek mythology—a three-headed dog that guarded the entrance to the underworld, Hades: Ordinary mortals were petrified at the sight of Cerberus. 2. common noun: a very vigilant and ill-tempered guard: You won’t get into the dormitory tonight—there’s a Cerberus-like guard sitting there, driving everyone away.

fate noun (4) 1. destiny (2 senses), lot (2 senses): This is my lot: listening to all my friends’ confessions. Sometimes I feel like cursing my fate. • compare misfortune. 2. (written with a capital letter) singular: a mythical being of ancient Lithuanian mythology personifying a person’s good fortune: Some mythologists associated Dalia with the goddess Laima.

1.2.2. When a word in a particular sense may be written with either an uppercase or a lowercase letter (depending on context), this is shown only through illustrative examples:

act noun (2) <...> 2. an official document, instrument, record: Regulatory act. Inspection report. The Lithuanian Act of Independence is also called the Act of February 16.

⁵ Available online: http://www.vlkk.lt/aktualiausios-temos/svetimzodziu-atitikmenys/svetimzodziu-atitikmenu-sarasas-su-paaiskinimais.

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bánkas noun (1) 1. an institution that performs various monetary transactions (accepting money for safekeeping, lending and exchanging money): European Central Bank. Banking services. What caused the banking crisis? Apply to the bank for a loan. Keep money in the bank. I took money out of the bank <...>

2. STRESS

In the BL, stress is marked not only for the headword but also throughout the illustrative sentence or phrase. Where possible, an instance of more difficult stress is demonstrated, that is, a form of the headword in which errors are most often made is selected (e.g. the singular instrumental or locative, or the plural accusative):

Babylonians noun plural (2) a people who lived in Babylonia and spoke one of the Semitic languages: <...> The Assyrian kings tried to imitate the Babylonians, whose culture was much older.

babìt noun singular (2) an alloy of tin or lead with other metals that reduces friction: <...> The camshaft rotates in bushings whose inner surfaces are lined with babbitt.

Badmakiai noun plural (3^b) a village in Telšiai District: We’ll stop in Badmakiai on the way. There aren’t many residents in Badmakiai.

bottom-fishing rod noun (2) 1. a fishing rod for catching fish near the bottom: <...> The angler fished with a bottom rod.

hippodrome noun (2) a large, usually oval track for horse-riding and driving competitions and horse trials: Horses are trained and competitions held at the hippodrome.

If a headword has two stress variants, both are given, but only the first (primary) variant is used in the sentence⁶:

cùkrinis, cùkrinė adjective (1), cukrìnis, cukrì nė (2) containing sugar, sweet-tasting: Cùkriniai apples.

óda noun (1), odà (4) 1. the outer layer of a human or animal body: Skin exfoliation. A child’s skin (is) soft, smooth. As the body ages, the skin wrinkles. I bought cream for dry skin. <...>

There is no doubt that the second (secondary) stress variant should not be considered an error either. Stress variants are established in accordance with the latest VLKK resolutions. Consequently, some words are stressed differently in the BL than they were in the DŽ:

dárgana (1), darganà (3^a) (in the DŽ: dárgana); Jõninės (1), Jonìnės (2) (in the DŽ: Jonìnės (2), Jõninės (1)); Vė̃linės (1), Vėlinès (2) (in the DŽ: Vėlinès (2), Vė̃linės (1)); Žõlinė (1), Žolinė (2) (in the DŽ: Žolinė (2), Žõlinė (1)); baũdžiava (1), baudžiavà (3^b) (in the DŽ: baũdžiava (1)).

It should be noted that the VLKK continually reviews stress norms, and the editors of the BL are not always able to respond quickly to changes. However, the situation is monitored and stress variants are revised. This is possible because the dictionary is online.

⁶The editors of the BL were also asked to indicate the second stress variant in parentheses in the illustrative example. However, parentheses of several kinds are sometimes used for other purposes in this dictionary, and an abundance of parentheses would make the illustrative sentence more difficult to read; moreover, it would be redundant information.

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3. WORDS AND THEIR MEANINGS

3.1. As already mentioned, the Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian (BŽ) contains no nonstandard or discouraged words. The dictionary’s compilers have already received questions about why the words balius, bintas, čarteris, domkratas, kaladė, kaladėlė, samovaras. were included in it. For some time, these words were indeed regarded in certain linguistic sources as discouraged or entirely nonstandard. Their normative assessment has now changed, and so they were included in BŽ as standard words. KP4₂ gives bintas as the principal standard variant, and balius, domkratas, kaladė, kaladėlė. as secondary standard variants. The word samovaras is considered an ethnographic term and may be used. As for the word čarteris, the word itself is not nonstandard; only one of its meanings is nonstandard⁷.

čárteris noun (1) a contract for the hire of sea or air transport: A fixed-term [travel] charter.

bìntas noun (1) a dressing made of very loosely woven cotton fabric, used to wrap wounds: A sterile bìntas. Wrap the leg with a bìntas. Cut off some bìntas.

bãlius noun (2) colloq. CELEBRATION, FEAST: A Venetian masquerade bãlius. Invite someone to a bãlius. Hold [organize] a bãlius. | PARTY: The students’ room looked dreadful after the bãlius.

domkrãtas noun (2) [tech.] JACK 1: The car was lifted with a domkrãtas.

The principal standard variant is indicated in smaller capital letters; in other words, a secondary standard variant is referred to the principal one in this way. A particular meaning of a word may also be referred to a more acceptable one:

fãktorius noun (1) 1. FACTOR 1: Risk fãktorius. Analysis of social fãktoriai. Interaction of fãktoriai. 2. in mathematics, a factor (multiplier): A quantity by which another quantity is multiplied is called a fãktorius, or multiplier. • cf. rhesus factor.

It should be noted that smaller capital letters also indicate a more frequent synonym or principal variant for a less frequently used word, a secondary variant from the point of view of terminology, or a stylistically marked or dialectal word⁸:

diplòminis² noun (1) colloq. DIPLOMA THESIS: When will you write your diplòminis?

begemòtas noun (2) HIPPOPOTAMUS: We saw giraffes, begemòtas, zebras, and many other savanna animals. The scientific name for begemòtas is the great hippopotamus.

bãlso stýga VOCAL CORD: Vocal cords become overstrained when speaking for a long time. Don’t strain your vocal cords.

3.2. More than 9,000 new words⁹ and many new meanings not found in DŽ have been included in BŽ—both long-established terms already widespread in standard language and neologisms not previously recorded in dictionaries, for example: botany – aktinidija, arachis, araukarija, cukinija, finikas, forsitija, frezija, gardenija, kardamonas, etc.; medicine – analgètikas, artròzė, ateroskleròzė, celiùlitas, encefalìtas, eufòrija, glaukomà, katèteris, laringìtas, miomà; zoology – bãsetas, bòkseris,

⁷ Cf. KP4₂, 21: čarteris foreign, nonstandard = charter flight.

⁸ Apie tai išsamiau žr. Liutkevičienė D. 2014: Nuorodinis žodžių aiškinimas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 4, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 219–229.

⁹ Readers may have questions about some of the words mentioned here (atmintukas, failas, lazánija, rinkmena, spausdintuvas, etc.), since they already appear in the seventh edition of DŽ (2012). However, those words were taken into DŽ from the BŽ then in preparation, not the other way around. While the seventh edition of DŽ was being prepared, the compilers of BŽ were asked to update DŽ’s lexicon somewhat. This was done, but these words were not incorporated into the main text of DŽ; they appear in a separate supplement, after which is written, “Compiled from the forthcoming Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian.” Furthermore, the preface to DŽ (p. VIII) contains the following sentence: “<...> a small supplement (nearly two hundred and fifty) of words absent from DŽ, prepared differently, has been included from the forthcoming Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian.”

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spiny anteater, echidna, emu, koala, collie, opossum, Rottweiler, setter; religion – abbot, exorcism, mandala, mass, mantra, monsignor, Reformed believer, reincarnation; cuisine – adjika, Brie, kharcho, Edam, cappuccino, curry, lasagna, tequila, tonic, spread; computing – flash drive, file, Facebook, hypertext, modem, file, Skype, printer, website, Twitter, virus, newsletter. Thus, in some cases the norm for a word or its meaning will already have been codified.

4. STANDARDIZATION THROUGH ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

The Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian (BŽ) contains considerably more illustrative examples than DŽ. Their purpose is not only to broaden the definition of the headword, provide more information about it, and show the semantic environment of a given word, but also to draw attention to what constitutes correct usage. Therefore, efforts are made to include constructions in which language errors may occur. Such examples are sought in corpora (DLKT, LMKT), works on language culture, consultation databases, and the like. Sometimes, square brackets give another, additional usage variant—a different case, preposition, or the like. This presentation means that both (or all) of the variants given are equivalent and may be used:

shoemaker, cobbler noun (3^b) a person who makes or repairs shoes: <...> In his youth, my father had been both a blacksmith and a shoemaker [both a blacksmith and a cobbler]. <...>

to be, is (is, used to be, be), was verb <...> 8. copula in a compound predicate: <...> You needed to be a teacher [a teacher, dative]. It is unbecoming to be such a liar [to such a liar, dative]. It is not easy to be faithful. <...>

honest, honest adjective (4) 1. observing moral norms, not lying or deceiving; synonym: moral: <...> I raised the children to be honest people [honest people, accusative]. He raised his son to be honest. <...>

to tremble, trembles, trembled verb 1. (from, with, because of) to be shaken or made to shake by internal or external forces; synonyms: to quiver, shiver: <...> She was trembling from the cold [with cold]. His lips were trembling with anger [from anger].

5. MARKING SYNTACTIC VALENCY

In BŽ, syntactic valency is marked for verbs and, in more difficult cases, for adjectives or nouns as well. In BŽ, valency is marked by the cases of the interrogative pronoun who/what (with or without a preposition)¹⁰. In this way, dictionary users receive additional information about whether a particular case or prepositional construction can be used with the headword. Moreover, syntactic valency is also shown through illustrative examples. For example:

to represent, represents, represented verb (whom/what) to act as a representative: Deputies represent their voters and their interests. At the conference, he will represent our country.

to vote, votes, voted verb (on what, against whom/what, for whom/what, what) to cast a vote in an election or when a group is making a decision, to express an opinion on a ballot (by vote), by raising a hand, by calling by phone, or otherwise: Deputies voted on the ratification of the treaty. The two people

10 Apie tai išsamiau žr. Liutkevičienė D., Naktinienė G., Vosylyte K. 2010: Veiksmažodžiai ir jų abstraktai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 2, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 235–251.

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voted against his proposal. Who votes in favor of approving the publication for printing? Today we will vote on the draft resolution.

bodėtis, bōdisi, bodéjosi verb, refl. (with what) to feel hostility toward, dislike, hate, avoid: There is no reason to be repelled by drizzle and mist on a cold autumn day. The child dislikes studying. Everyone dislikes me. Don’t be reluctant to welcome guests.

atitiktis, atitikties noun, feminine (3^b) (of, for what) conformity to the requirements set or imposed for a product, item, process, or service: Compliance with the requirements of the directive. The conformity of the article of the law to the Constitution is under consideration.

nešinas, nešina adjective (3^b) (with what) carrying (what): Men carrying bouquets of flowers. Women carrying babies. I walked home carrying a basket. A group of flag-bearing infantrymen.

GENERAL REMARKS

The Dictionary of Standard Lithuanian, among its other objectives, also carries out normative work. The standard-language norms are presented in the Dictionary from several perspectives.

1. Spelling. Dictionary compilers continually track changes to spelling norms and include only one, the most recent, variant in the dictionary, even though another may currently be more widespread in usage. In addition, the dictionary texts systematically indicate, through specific notes and examples, cases where common nouns are written with capital letters or, conversely, proper nouns become common nouns and are written with lowercase letters.

2. Stress. The dictionary marks the stress not only on the headword but also on every word in the illustrative example. If a word can be stressed in two ways, both stress variants are presented as headwords.

3. Words and their meanings. The Dictionary contains no non-recommended or discouraged words; all the words and meanings included in it are acceptable for use. The Dictionary includes more than 9,000 new words and a considerable number of new meanings that were not in DŽ.

4. Norm-setting through illustrative examples. The examples in the Dictionary are intended not only to expand the definition of the headword, provide more information about it, and show the semantic context of a given word, but also to draw attention to what constitutes correct usage.

5. Marking syntactic valency. In the Dictionary, syntactic valency is marked for verbs and, in more complicated cases, for adjectives or nouns as well. This provides additional information about whether a particular case or prepositional construction can be used with the headword.

6. It is likely that in the future this dictionary will become one of the sources of codified norms.

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ŠALTINIAI

BŽ – Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas (rengiamas). Prieiga internete: http://bkz.lki.lt.

BŽ Antraštynas – Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno Antraštynas. Prieiga internete: http://bkz.lki.lt/antrastynas/.

DLKT – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas. Prieiga internete: http://tekstynas.vdu.lt/tekstynas.

DŽ 2011– Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, 6-asis pataisytas ir papildytas leidimas, internetinė versija, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: http://dz.lki.lt.

DŽ 2012 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas, 7-asis pataisytas ir papildytas leidimas, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.

LMKT – Lietuvių mokslo kalbos tekstynas. Prieiga internete: http://coralit.lt/.

Interneto tekstų ištekli ai naršyti paieškos sistema Google (https://www.google.lt).

LITERATŪRA

DLKG 1996 – Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika. Red. V. Ambrazas. 2 leidimas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla.

DLKSS 1998 – E. Valiulytė. Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos sintaksiniai sinonimai, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.

FLKG 1998 – A. Valeckienė. Funkcinė lietuvių kalbos gramatika, Vilnius, Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.

KB – Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos konsultacijų bankas.

KKP – Kanceliarinės kalbos patarimai. Sud. P. Kniūkšta. Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, internetinis leidimas. Prieiga internete: http://kanceliariniaipatarimai.lki.lt/.

KP – Kalbos patarimai.1, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2004; 2, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2003; 3, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2003; 4 (pirmas leidimas), Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras, 2005; 4 (antras leidimas), Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras, 2013.

Liutkevičienė D. 2014: Nuorodinis žodžių aiškinimas Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 4, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 219–229.

Liutkevičienė D., Naktinienė G., Vosylytė K. 2010: Veiksmažodžiai ir jų abstraktai Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyne. – Leksikografija ir leksikologija 2, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 235–251.

LKE 1999 – V. Ambrazas, A. Girdenis, K. Morkūnas, A. Sabaliauskas, V. Urbutis, A. Valeckienė, A. Vanagas. Lietuvių kalbos enciklopedija. Parengė K. Morkūnas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.

LKG – Lietuvių kalbos gramatika 1, Vilnius: Mintis, 1965; 2, Vilnius: Mintis, 1971; 3, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1976.

LKVJŽ – N. Sl文žienė. Lietuvių kalbos veiksmažodžių junglumo žodynas. 1, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1994; 2(1), Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1998; 3, Vilnius, Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2004.

LKŽₑ – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas, elektroninis variantas. Red. kolegija: G. Naktinienė (vyr. red.), J. Paulauskas, R. Petrokienė, V. Vitkauskas, J. Zabarskaitė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2005. – Atnaujinta versija 2008. Prieiga internete: www.lkz.lt.

LNKŽ 2001 – E. Jakaitienė E., S. Berg-Olsen. Lietuvių-norvegų kalbų žodynas = Litauisk-norsk ordbok, Vilnius: Baltos lankos.

LVvGDB – Lietuvos vietovardžių geoinformacinė duomenų bazė. Prieiga internete: http://lvgdb.lki.lt.

MLKŽ 2000 – M. Norkaitienė, R. Šepetytė, Z. Šimėnaitė. Mokom asis lietuvių kalbos žodynas, Vilnius: Baltos lankos.

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ND – Naujažodžių duomenynas. Prieiga internete: http://naujažodžiai.lki.lt.

NSDB – Naujųjų skolinių duomenų bazė. Prieiga internete: http://nsdb.sociolingvistika.lt.

PVA 2008 – Pasaulio vietovardžiai. Amerika, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.

PVAAAO 2010 – Pasaulio vietovardžiai. Afrika. Antarktida. Australija. Okeanija, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.

PVAz – Pasaulio vietovardžiai. Azija. 1, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2012; 2, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2014.

PVE 2006 – Pasaulio vietovardžiai. Europa, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.

TB – Lietuvos Respublikos terminų bankas. Prieiga internete: http://www.lrs.lt/pls/tb/tb.search.

VLE VII – Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 7, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas, 2005.

VLKK konsultacijų bankas. Prieiga internete: http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=385140&p_query=&p_tr2=.

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BENDRINĖ KALBA | 88 (2015) www.bendrinekalba.lt ISSN 2351-7204