Robertas STUNŽINAS

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

IRREGULAR COMPOUNDS WITH THE ELEMENT KRIPTO: MEANINGS AND RECOMMENDED EQUIVALENTS

KEYWORDS: crypto, cryptocurrencies, compounds, terms, calques.

On January 7, 2018, the market capitalization of cryptocurrencies was valued at more than 813 billion, with daily trading volume exceeding 44 billion US dollars. The price of the most popular cryptocurrency—Bitcoin—reached 13,443 US dollars¹. The rise of the cryptocurrency field and its enormous profits drew tens of millions of people into this area. It is no surprise that this rapidly expanding and profitable activity spread into other areas of life and affected language. New terms, words, and word combinations denoting new realities came into use.

With regard to the main specialized lexical units of this field—terms—it should be noted that the novelty and lack of regulation of the cryptocurrency field, as well as the influence of other languages, have led to their variation, synonymy, metaphorical use, and irregularity. Such characteristics of the terminology in this field may have arisen because new concepts are opaque or their essential distinguishing features are not understood; attempts are made to use calques of English terms; terms are used with meanings other than their own; and several concepts are denoted by the same terms².

New expressions with the element kripto are appearing on news portals, websites devoted to cryptocurrencies, and social networks; all these compounds refer to phenomena in the cryptocurrency field, for example:

Crypto-economics enables transparency and system sustainability to be ensured³ (verslas.lrytas.lt).

Although these investments pay off in "Nvidia"’s long-term strategy, the company’s share price was immediately affected by the crypto hangover (hitechglitz.com).

Crypto enthusiasts, we are waiting for you! (ecoin.lt).

¹ Based on data from the “Coinmarketcap” website.

² Plačiau apie pagrindinius kriptografinių valiutų srities terminus žr. Stunžinas 2018: 128–145.

³ The language of the illustrative sentences has not been edited.

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Some such compounds are close to terms—they have a defined content independent of context. However, some compounds are slang and are characterized by a strong emotional charge. Clearly, the emergence of the element kripto was driven by the influence of other languages and the desire to say things more briefly; cf.: kripto entuziastas—English crypto enthusiast, kripto kapitalas—English crypto capital, kripto pinigai—English crypto money, kripto portfelis—English crypto portfolio, kripto rinka—English crypto market, kripto tėvas—English crypto dad, kripto verslininkas—English crypto businessman.

In this case, one can speak of compound and phraseological calques. Phraseological calques may be defined as literal translations of phraseologisms, terminological word combinations (compound terms), and sentences from other languages (Kaulakienė 2014: 244). The concept of phraseologism can be broad: it may include not only figurative combinations that have become words with a unified meaning, but also ordinary fixed combinations that have a unified meaning, are reproducible, and have a defined lexical environment. Compound terms also exhibit these features (see Kaulakienė 2014: 244 for a fuller discussion). Having studied phraseological and compound calques in technical sciences, Angelė Kaulakienė considers phraseological calques to be phraseological combinations translated literally on the model of a phraseologism or compound in another language, and compound calques to be fixed word combinations formed on the model of fixed word combinations (compound terms) in other languages. Such compound calques are usually two- or three-word combinations; unlike other combinations, they can perform a communicative function independently. The grammatical center of these combinations is the head element, which is linked to its dependents by syntactic or agreement relations (Kaulakienė 2014: 245).

In general, the field of cryptocurrencies is expanding rapidly, and more expressions from this field may enter Lithuanian from English, for example: crypto blogger (“a blogger who writes about cryptocurrencies”), crypto bluff (“a bluff related to cryptocurrencies”), crypto fake (“fake news in the field of cryptocurrencies”), crypto fear (“fear being spread in connection with cryptocurrencies”), crypto greed (“the desire to make as much money as possible from cryptocurrency investments”), crypto laundering (“money laundering using cryptocurrency investments”), crypto lie (“a lie in the field of cryptocurrencies”), crypto management (“management in the field of cryptocurrencies”), crypto news (“cryptocurrency news”), crypto psychology (“psychology in the field of cryptocurrencies”), crypto-fever (“feverish investment in cryptocurrencies”).

It is therefore important to identify appropriate equivalents for compounds containing the element kripto. Compounds with kripto as an independent element should be considered incorrect—kripto- should be used only as

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sudurtinių žodžių sandas. Sandas kripto- (gr. kryptós – „paslėptas, slaptas“ TŽŽ 2007: 608) rodo antruoju sandu reiškiamos sąvokos sąsają su slaptumu, pavyzdžiui, kriptografija „rašymo būdas, įslaptinantis teksto turinį <...>“, kriptograma „kriptografijos būdu užrašytas raštas“, kriptodepresija „apsemtą Žemės paviršiaus dubumą (įduba, duburys), kurios dugnas yra žemiau jūros lygio, o vandens paviršius – aukščiau“ (žr. TŽŽ 2007: 607).

This article examines compounds with the element kripto that are considered incorrect. The aim of the study is to examine compounds containing the element kripto in terms of structure and meaning, and to propose acceptable equivalents for them. The material was drawn from news portals, websites devoted to cryptocurrencies, blogs, and social media. Data were collected using the Google search engine: compounds were searched for in Lithuanian texts using the element kripto and other associated forms. In total, approximately fifty compounds containing the element kripto are discussed.

1. FORM AND MEANINGS OF COMPOUNDS WITH THE ELEMENT KRIPTO

In Lithuanian texts, the international element crypto is written in various ways. It is often used as a separate word, adapted to its pronunciation, for example:

Here you will find all articles and news about cryptocurrency published on the DELFI.LT portal (delfi.lt).

The crypto market is falling (facebook.com).

In colloquial-style texts, compounds with unadapted and adapted slang elements occur, for example:

Start mining cryptocurrency today (uždarbis.lt).

By the way, here's one of the things crypto noobs still can't understand: direct use is in no way compatible with the price 'trend' toward a million (traders.lt).

Sometimes spelling variants with capital letters are used, for example:

New Antminer Z9 mini (Krypto currency miner) with power supply (skelbiu.lt).

There are all kinds of Crypto currencies, and their number is growing every day (facebook.com).

Incorrect compounds with hyphenated elements are also found, for example:

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Alternative crypto-currencies differ from one another in their properties and may be considered substitutes for bitcoins (blogas.spectrocoin.com).

The undisputed crypto-star of 2017 is Ethereum and its cryptocurrency, Ether (ecoin.lt).

Websites devoted to cryptocurrencies also feature spelling variants containing the element krypto, for example:

There is more than one platform on the internet that offers the exchange of both krypto currencies with one another and krypto currencies for real ones (Eng. Exchange) (ecoin.lt).

Such intermediate variants, Lith. kripto and Eng. crypto, are very rare. For example, compounds with the unadapted variant crypto were used twelve times, while those with the adapted variant were used almost 2,000 times more often⁴.

As mentioned, compounds with the independent element kripto, as well as their spelling variants, are considered incorrect: kripto should be used only as a component of compound words (TŽŽ 2007: 608).

News portals and websites devoted to cryptocurrencies often use compounds referring to digital assets, that is, cryptocurrencies. The main elements of these compounds are the terms asset, money, currency, for example:

In a statement, the FSV, which is responsible for financial regulation in the G20 economies, said that “crypto-assets do not currently pose a material risk to global financial stability” (tv3.lt).

Crypto-money can be stolen from your digital wallet (zinaukaip.lt).

Crypto-currencies need to cool down (youtube.com).

In high demand cryptocurrency is metaphorically called a compound with the main element star, e.g.:

Crypto-stars work in a similar way to ICOs <...> (valforex.com).

Compounds with kripto are also used to denote hypothetical monetary units. The main elements are expressed using the names of official currencies, for example:

⁴ Compounds with Google as the main element currency were searched for using the search engine (only nominative results were included) (accessed on 17 December 2018).

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Two and a half billion crypto dollars “backed” by bank deposits, though it is unclear whose deposits and in which banks (plus.google.com).

The combination with the component crypto and the component economy denotes the entire activity of the cryptocurrency sector, e.g.:

The crypto economy⁵ is a new kind of economy prompted by technology (verslas.lrytas.lt).

Combinations with the component under discussion also denote the production and trading activity involving cryptocurrencies, or a plan for it, e.g.:

Who knows what will happen and how much it will cost; the crypto business from mining is definitely doomed for now <...> (technews.lt).

However, even today, states are still inclined to ‘ban’ crypto activity <...> (aipt.lt).

This is a promising company, as investor confidence shows—it is certainly not every crypto project that can boast a “market cap” of 28,000,000 US dollars (vrnaujienos.lt).

The activity is also vividly referred to by a word meaning ‘gambling’; this combination is isolated, however, and should be regarded more as an occasional coinage, e.g.:

Lithuania’s Great Crypto Gamble [headline] (lzinicios.lt).

The constituent activities of cryptocurrency operations—trading or mining—are named using combinations with the principal components trade, mine, e.g.:

One of the largest crypto trading platforms currently on the market (transactions worth more than two million euros are made per day) (bitcoinbaltic.com).

This is a comparison with the markets in those countries where both crypto mining and cannabis cultivation for medical purposes are entirely legal activities (medium.com).

The metaphorical term mining is most often used to refer to the process of cryptocurrency extraction. Other words used to denote cryptocurrency extraction—digging, extraction, issuance, production, generation—are hardly ever used with the component under discussion; among the more frequent ones, only mining is worth mentioning, e.g.:

⁵ Economics – “activity involving the most effective use of available production resources in order to best meet society’s unlimited demand for acquiring goods and services” (AĮVTŽ, LRTB).

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We invite style enthusiasts to discover fashionable and modern clothing featuring crypto-mining symbols for an even more colorful spring! (reddit.com).

Combinations with the adapted loanword mainingas (English mining) are also found—for example, crypto mainingas (hdvidzpro.com). This loanword also appears in maineris (English miner), which denotes a person or device; these forms should be regarded as foreignisms—instead, terms and combinations of native origin should be used.

Many combinations with crypto are formed with economic terms portfolio, capital, market, stock exchange, exchange, risk and denote particular financial bundles, sets of instruments, spheres of commodity exchange, places where transactions are made, places where monetary units are exchanged, uncertainty regarding profit outcomes, and the value and price of a commodity. Their meanings differ little from those of the component terms or corresponding compound terms with the same core elements; the element crypto indicates the domain of the concept, for example:

The crypto portfolio⁶ had to be adjusted, or, more precisely, diversified further (ci.lt).

Your money will be kept on exchanges in wallets specially created for you by those exchanges, so you can keep your crypto capital⁷ there (kriptovaliutos.lt).

After the 2014 downturn, most investors also left the crypto market⁸ <...> (ecoin.lt).

It is also worth mentioning that the crypto exchange⁹ OKEx opened a representative office in the European Union, in Malta (aipt.lt).

In mid-spring, the crypto exchange¹⁰ "OKEx" moved to Malta <...> (arsauskas.com).

Find out why crypto risk¹¹ (lt.tigersoftwaresolutions.com).

In the interview, Saunders was inclined to disclose exact figures about the value of crypto¹² in his business overall, although he described the contribution as "significant" (lt.all4bitcoin.com).

As soon as the crypto rate¹³ doubles, we withdraw our 100 euros and keep participating in this scam for free (technews.lt).

Other combinations denote a set of cryptocurrency security measures and mining processes, the objects of trading operations, and places for mining

⁶Portfolio – “a package of various assets or liabilities managed by a single business entity” (LRTB).

⁷Capital – “all the money, working capital, and assets held by an organization” (LRTB).

⁸Market – “a sphere in which goods or other things are exchanged” (AKSTŽ, LRTB).

⁹Stock exchange – “an institution where commodity, financial, and other transactions are conducted in an organized manner” (AĮVTŽ, LRTB).

¹⁰Currency exchange – “<...> a place where currency exchange is carried out” (LRTB).

¹¹Financial risk – “uncertainty regarding the future operating results anticipated by a business entity, arising from financial factors” (LRTB).

¹²Value – “the power of a good, manifested in its exchange for other goods or services” (AĮVTŽ, LRTB).

¹³Rate – “the price at which shares, bonds, and other securities are bought and sold on the stock exchange” (AĮVTŽ, LRTB).

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for installing the mechanisms. The main components are the general terms protection, exchange, pair, room, e.g.:

Well-known antivirus brands, production automation systems, and crypto protection programs (lt.luciafontaine.com).

What You Need to Know About "Bittrex" Crypto Exchanges [headline] (inewsico.ru).

Other liquid crypto pairs are almost identical, and decisions can be made using the same algorithm (aipt.lt).

<...> exchanging cryptocurrency boards, crypto mining, crypto rooms (skelbiu.lt).

Some compounds have metaphorical head elements; most of them draw on universally familiar economic or cryptographic-currency terminology, or other metaphors – leap, farm, wallet, key, valley. They denote a sudden rise in prices, a large site for cryptocurrency mining equipment, a currency storage device or a service, a decryption tool, a place where technologies are developed, e.g.:

Another crypto leap (aipt.lt).

There is an article about this hero and his crypto farm in the latest issue of Investuok magazine (traders.lt).

Financial transactions in shops would be carried out by a computer cash register, which would connect to a mobile crypto wallet and confirm a specific transaction (prekybakriptovaliuta.lt).

A “closed” crypto key turns [the message] into a meaningless string of symbols – and only the key's owner can “open” (decrypt) it (phocs.ru).

Crypto Valley is being created specifically for cryptocurrency companies (infogram.com).

Compounds denoting a mental or physiological condition are also formed with the element crypto, e.g.:

The group led by "Cinderella Academy Inc" intends to take advantage of the current crypto craze by offering tickets to all its live performances and fan merchandise exclusively in digital currencies (lt.coin-investments.com).

Although these investments pay off in "Nvidia"’s long-term strategy, the company’s share price was immediately affected by the crypto hangover (hitechglitz.com).

Overall, the element under consideration is productive. Compounds denoting result (consequence) can be formed with it, and it can also name an activity for which payment is made in cryptocurrencies, e.g.:

In mid-January, a crypto YouTube blogger in St. Petersburg, who had boasted about his crypto success, was robbed and lost 24 million rubles (btc.lt).

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The Vilnius Marathon will become the world’s first crypto marathon (delfi.lt).

The compounds also denote a segment of society united by cryptocurrency activity, or a network or system of networks related to cryptocurrencies. The principal elements are the familiar Lithuanian or borrowed metaphors world (“a segment of society, people united by common traits, views, or activities” (LKŽ), ecosystem (“a network or an interconnected system” (ODE):

The new free e-book Crypto World reveals the vast and dark world of finance and welcomes the cryptocurrency revolution [headline] (lt.coin-investments.com).

The Crypto Economy organization plans to establish an interinstitutional working group to examine the possibilities for implementing a crypto ecosystem and blockchain technology in Lithuania (verslas.lrytas.lt).

A small group of compounds denotes individuals or a group of individuals. The principal elements are the words community, entrepreneur, expert; they refer to people engaged in cryptocurrency mining or trading, or specialists in this field, e.g.:

<...> traders also support current ExMarkets traders, so that they can grow and share their experience with the crypto community (lzinios.lt).

Lured by Lithuania’s open markets, business-friendly policies, and low cost of living, crypto entrepreneurs from around the world—mostly young men—meet in Lithuania <...> (lzinios.lt).

A one-hour program about “Blockchain” (video in the Knių language), featuring government officials and international crypto experts <...> (btc.lt).

A compound with the metaphorical head element miner denotes a person engaged in cryptocurrency mining, e.g.:

Every crypto miner knows that a stable internet connection is essential for this work (technews.lt).

No compounds denoting people were found with other elements, such as kasikas, mainėris. A compound with the element mainėris (English miner) refers to a mining device, e.g.:

Crypto Miner (Rīgas) 4x Nvidia 1060 (skelbiu.lt).

As a counterpoint to the names for people engaged in professional cryptocurrency activity, compounds with the main element enthusiast are used, e.g.:

What do a "gamer" and a crypto enthusiast have in common? (facebook.com).

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It can also be added that malformed compounds with the element amateur are used with the same meaning, e.g.:

This term is not only much more technical than the insults of the crypto-anarchist days of 2010–2011, but is also marked by open contempt and a firm belief that the world will soon fall into the hands of crypto amateurs (medium.com).

A person involved in the field of cryptocurrencies is named using a compound with the element father, e.g.:

Giancarlo, whom cryptocurrency enthusiasts have nicknamed "Cryptodad" (Crypto Father), because of his desire to connect with the burgeoning industry<...> (kriptovaliutos.org).

The wealthy people in this field are metaphorically referred to using misspelled compounds¹⁴ with the element star, e.g.:

Jeffrey became something of a crypto-star in our city (pivx.org).

People engaged in the cryptocurrency business who are slandered ironically on social media and in the press are called compounds with antonyms of millionaire (“millionaire”), pauper, e.g.:

Crypto Millionaire? Crypto pauper? <...> Betting guru? Marketing genius? (facebook.com).

2. RECOMMENDED EQUIVALENTS FOR COMPOUNDS WITH THE ELEMENT KRIPTO

The emergence of compounds with the element kripto was prompted by the use of kripto as an element denoting the meaning of cryptocurrencies, e.g.:

Zug in Switzerland is considered a paradise for cryptocurrencies. However, when states today are still inclined to ‘ban’ crypto activity, paradise may lose its meaning, since crypto cannot be isolated (aipt.lt).

As for the main elements currency, money, according to financial specialists, a means of payment obtained through cryptographic technologies should be called not cryptographic currency but cryptographic asset, because this thing does not have the characteristics of currency as commonly understood.

¹⁴ No instances with the independent element kripto could be found.

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(see Grigolytė 2018 for more). It may be added that terms containing the element currency are widespread in usage and can also be considered metaphorical—that is, the means of payment is linked to real money or currency by a similarity of function (for more on the term cryptographic asset and its synonyms, see Stunžinas 2018: 130–131). Thus, the main synonymous terms in this field, asset, money, currency, should be used with the elements cryptographic, e.g.: cryptographic asset, cryptographic currency, cryptographic money.

In many other cases, the things in question would be better called compounds with the element cryptocurrencies. However, only one or two instances of the use of correct equivalents were found, e.g.:

I see the entire cryptocurrency market as 15–20 different technologies/currencies, and everything else is noise and garbage (uzdarbis.lt).

Sometimes correct equivalents also occur in automatically translated texts, e.g.:

Here he discusses what the cryptocurrency business should consider <...> (lt.all4bitcoin.com).

He is a cryptocurrency expert who has published seven books and spoken at 1000 conferences in 56 countries (ethpost.ru).

It can be seen that compounds with the element cryptocurrency are the most commonly used—most of the main elements of the terms discussed can be found with this element, e.g.:

The cryptocurrency market is unquestionably one of the most popular topics in today's world, attracting growing interest from investors and entrepreneurs. <...>. Nevertheless, understanding cryptocurrency exchange rates is not easy for everyone (delfi.lt).

The total capitalization of cryptocurrencies amounted to 17.7 million US dollars (prekybakriptovaliuta.lt).

The next-generation KeepKey bitcoin wallet is one of the most popular cryptocurrency wallets in the world (urmokaina.lt).

Although the element cryptocurrency does not reveal all the characteristics of the concept, it has apparently become quite widespread for the sake of convenience—it is used on the most popular news portals and government websites, e.g.:

After the theft from a cryptocurrency exchange, the price of bitcoin fell to its lowest level in four months (15min.lt).

According to him, the entire cryptocurrency ecosystem is only now gathering momentum; there are no clear leaders yet, so this is a good time to join in and take advantage of the opportunities offered by this process (vilnius.lt).

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Even shorter forms are often used—compounds with the element crypto-, e.g.:

The crypto market showed signs of life (aipt.lt).

India’s cryptocurrency exchange “Coinsecure” postpones compensation for stolen bitcoins [headline] (elektronika.lt).

CryptoBully—a crypto enthusiast with many followers (medium.com).

However, such compounds do not indicate that the thing denoted by the second element is related to cryptographic technologies and monetary units (assets). Compounds with crypto- are justified only for stylistic reasons, when the aim is not clarity but impact, e.g.:

Will we also be surprised to learn that a crypto-millionaire is actually a crypto-future? (delfi.lt).

According to one trader, this is worse than gambling; in Korea, victims of crypto mania are called "zombies" (ethpost.ru).

Crypto boom—the 21st-century gold rush [headline] (delfi.lt).

When referring to hypothetical cryptographic money, compounds with the element cryptographic—cryptographic dollar, cryptographic euro—should be used. However, no instances of such usage could be found.

Compounds with the element economy merit separate mention. The compound cryptocurrency market economy may be considered the most precise term denoting activity in the field of cryptocurrencies; however, no instances of this term, or of a shorter one containing the element cryptocurrency, could be found. Only compounds with the element crypto- are used, e.g.:

A lecture by Ada Jonušė, head of the Lympo.lt startup and an IT education enthusiast: “Future Professions: From Startup Founder to Crypto-Economy Expert. How to Keep Up with the Times?” (a.brazausko-gimnazija.lt).

For the sake of interest, it may be mentioned that the loanword cryptonomics (English cryptonomics) is also used to name the same phenomenon, e.g.:

Out in the cold”—create a separate cryptonomics (lt.bitcoin-systems.com).

When discussing the main elements of compounds, it should be noted that the non-metaphorical mining is preferable to the metaphorical digging, excavation. However, compounds with metaphorical calques predominate in usage, e.g.:

Cryptocurrency mining is indeed taking place in Lithuania today, just not bitcoin mining—no one mines them here anymore (15min.lt).

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The same applies to compounds denoting persons engaged in cryptocurrency mining: no examples of the recommended term a person engaged in cryptocurrency mining were found; only compounds with metaphorical elements are used, for example:

Cryptocurrency miners are interfering with the search for extraterrestrial life (15min.lt).

Cryptocurrency diggers in the FNTT’s sights <...> (lrytas.lt).

When naming the device, the four-word term cryptographic currency mining device should be used. In actual usage, only a shorter variant with the element cryptocurrency was found, for example:

The service provider offers services related to virtual currencies—sales of server capacity for a c r y p t o c u r r e n c y m i n i n g d e v i c e <...> (cloud.kriptovaliutos.org).

The term cryptographic currency mining premises should be used to name the premises, but relatively few correct compounds were found in actual usage compared with incorrect variants.

CONCLUSIONS

1. Compounds with the element crypto are phraseological compounds that have arisen under the influence of other languages and exhibit the features of multiword terms; they denote realities of the rapidly expanding field of cryptographic currencies: digital assets, economic phenomena, activities, actions, states, and persons.

2. The main elements of most of the compounds examined are established terms from the field of economics or cryptographic currencies. A small proportion of the terms examined are isolated lexical units that serve primarily a stylistic function.

3. Crypto should not be used as a standalone unit and may occur only as a component of compounds. For the sake of clarity, in most cases the element crypto should be replaced with the multiword expression cryptographic currencies, although clear and precise expressions that accurately convey the concepts are rare in actual usage.

4. Shorter compounds with the dependent element cryptocurrencies predominate in general usage. Although compounds with this element are not entirely precise, they indicate more features of the concepts than compounds containing the element crypto-.

5. The terminology and lexicon of cryptographic currencies are metaphorical; therefore, for the sake of clarity, compounds with non-metaphorical elements should be used. However, compounds with metaphorical elements are considerably longer and, because they are cumbersome, are rare in actual usage.

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6. It is hardly possible to recommend using expressions that are long, clear, and indicate all the features of the concepts in every situation, especially given their widespread use. In scientific, popular-scientific, or administrative texts, longer and more precise terms with dependent elements of cryptographic currencies are generally appropriate. In less formal texts, shorter compounds with the dependent element of cryptocurrencies are more convenient and unavoidable.

LITERATŪRA

AĮVTŽ – Martinkus B., Neverauskas B., Sakalas A., Venskus R., Žilinskas V. Aiškinamasis įmonės vadybos terminų žodynas, Kaunas: Technologija, 2000.

AKSTŽ – Aiškinamasis kvalifikacijų sistemos terminų žodynas, Vilnius: Lietuvos darbo rinkos mokymo tarnyba prie Socialinės apsaugos ir darbo ministerijos, 2008.

LKŽₑ – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (el. variantas). Vyr. red. G. Naktinienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.

Grigoly­tė R. 2018: Lietuvos bankas gyventojus pratins prie termino „kripto turtas“. – Naujienų portalas „Delfi“ (https://www.delfi.lt/verslas/verslas/lietuvos-bankas-gyventojus-pratins-prie-termino-kripto-turtas.d?id=77685201).

Kaulakienė A. 2014: Terminologija. Terminografija. Terminija, Vilnius: Technika.

LRTB – Lietuvos Respublikos terminų bankas (terminai.vlkk.lt/pls/tb/tb.search).

ODE 2010: Oxford Dictionary of English. Third edition. Edited by A. Stevenson, Oxford: Oxford university press.

Stunžinas R. 2018: Kriptografinių valiutų srities terminai: reikšmės, raiška ir variantai. – Terminologija 25, 128–145.

TŽŽ 2007: Vaitkevičiūtė V. J. Tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, Vilnius: G. Jakubauskienės leidykla.

ŠALTINIAI

Asmeninė verslininko svetainė. Prieiga internete: https://www.arsauskas.com/.

Investuotojų portalas Traders. Prieiga internete: https://www.traders.lt/.

Kriptografinių valiutų svetainė Kriptovaliutos. Prieiga internete: https://www.cloud.kriptovaliutos.org.

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ROBERTAS STUNŽINAS. Netaisyklingi junginiai su dėmeniu kripto: reikšmės ir teiktini atitikmenys | 14

Kriptografinių valiutų investicijų svetainė. Prieiga internete: https://www.prekybakriptovaliuta.lt.

Kriptografinių valiutų naujienų portalas Ecoin. Prieiga internete: https://www.ecoin.lt.

Kriptografinių valiutų svetainė Valforex. Prieiga internete: https://www.valforex.com.

Mokyklos svetainė. Prieiga internete: https://www.a.brazausko-gimnazija.lt.

Naujienų ir pramogų portalas. TV3. Prieiga internete: https://www.tv3.lt.

Naujienų portalas. Prieiga internete: https://www.lt.bitcoin-systems.com.

Naujienų portalas 15min. Prieiga internete: https://www.15min.lt.

Naujienų portalas Delfi. Prieiga internete: https://www.delfi.lt.

Naujienų portalas Lietuvos rytas. Prieiga internete: https://www.pasaulis.lrytas.lt, https://www.verslas.lrytas.lt.

Naujienų portalas Lietuvos žinios. Prieiga internete: https://www.lzinios.lt.

Naujienų portalas Tiger software solutions. Prieiga internete: https://www.lt.tigersoftwaresolutions.com.

Naujienų portalas Žinaukaip.lt. Prieiga internete: https://www.zinaukaip.lt.

Naujienų svetainė. Prieiga internete: https://www.lt.luciafontaine.com.

Naujienų svetainė Phocs. Prieiga internete: https://www.phocs.ru.

Skelbimų portalas Skelbiu.lt. Prieiga internete: https://www.skelbiu.lt.

Socialinis tinklalapis Facebook. Prieiga internete: https://www.facebook.com.

Svetainė All4bitcoin.com. Prieiga internete: https://www.lt.all4bitcoin.com.

Svetainė apie bitkoinus. Prieiga internete: https://www.btc.lt.

Svetainė apie bitkoinus. Prieiga internete: https://www.hitechglitz.com.

Svetainė Apie investavimą paprastai. Prieiga internete: https://www.aipt.lt.

Svetainė apie kriptografinių valiutų investicijas. Prieiga internete: https://www.lt.coin-investments.com.

Svetainė Bitcoin Baltic. Prieiga internete: https://www.bitcoinbaltic.com.

Svetainė Coinmarketcap. Prieiga internete: https://www.coinmarketcap.com.

Svetainė Infogram. Prieiga internete: https://www.infogram.com.

Svetainė Kriptovaliutos.lt. Prieiga internete: https://www.kriptovaliutos.lt.

Svetainė Kriptovaliutos.org. Prieiga internete: https://www.kriptovaliutos.org.

Svetainė Medium.com. Prieiga internete: https://www.medium.com.

Svetainė Pixx. Prieiga internete: https://www.pivx.org.

Svetainė Plus Google. Prieiga internete: https://www.plus.google.com.

BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018)

www.bendrinekalba.lt

ISSN 2351–7204

ROBERTAS STUNŽINAS. Netaisyklingi junginiai su dėmeniu kripto: reikšmės ir teiktini atitikmenys | 15

Svetainė Reddit.com. Prieiga internete: https://www.reddit.com.

Svetainė Spectrocoin. Prieiga internete: https://www.blogas.spectrocoin.com.

Svetainė Technews.lt. Prieiga internete: https://www.technews.lt.

Svetainė Urmo kaina. Prieiga internete: https://www.urmokaina.lt.

Svetainė uždarbis.lt. Prieiga internete: https://www.uždarbis.lt.

Tinklaraštis CI. Prieiga internete: https://www.ci.lt.

Vaizdo įrašų svetainė HDvidzpro.com. Prieiga internete: https://www.hdvidzpro.com.

Vaizdo įrašų svetainė Youtube. Prieiga internete: https://www.youtube.com.

Vilniaus miesto savivaldybės tinklalapis. Prieiga internete: https://www.vilnius.lt.

Virtualios realybės naujienų portalas VRnaujienos.lt. Prieiga internete: https://www.vrnaujienos.lt.

Gauta 2018 11 29

Priimta 2018 12 30

BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018)

www.bendrinekalba.lt

ISSN 2351–7204

ROBERTAS STUNŽINAS. Netaisyklingi junginiai su dėmeniu kripto: reikšmės ir teiktini atitikmenys | 16

IRREGULAR COLLOCATIONS WITH COMPONENT KRIPTO (CRYPTO): MEANINGS AND CORRECT EQUIVALENTS

Summary

In this article collocations with component kripto (crypto) are analyzed according structure, meanings and correct equivalents. Material is taken from Lithuanian news portals, webpages for cryptographic currencies, blogs and social networks. Data was collected by using Google search engine according various associations. In total about fifty different collocations with component kripto (crypto) were collected.

Collocations with compound kripto (crypto) originated under the influence of other languages and have features of phraseologisms and complex terms and denotes the realities of field of the cryptographic currencies: digital asset, economic phenomena, activities, actions, states and individuals, such as kripto valiuta (crypto currency), kripto rinka (crypto market), kripto verslas (crypto business), kripto kasyba (crypto mining), kripto manija (crypto mania), kripto bendruomenė (crypto society).

In most cases as main components traditional terms of economics or cryptographic currencies are used. Insignificant part of collocations are stylistic lexical units, such as kripto žvaigždė (crypto star), kripto lošimas (crypto gambling), kripto milijonierius (crypto millionaire).

The component kripto (crypto) cannot be used as autonomous element and can be used only as part of complex word. In most cases for clarity purposes component kripto (crypto) has to be replaced with collocations kriptografinių valiutų: kriptografinių valiutų rinka (cryptographic currency market), kriptografinių valiutų verslas (cryptographic currency business). However long and clear equivalents are rather rare and shorter collocations with compound kriptovaliutų (cryptocurrencies) prevail: cryptocurrencies rates. Although collocations with compound kriptovaliutų are shorter they denote more attributes than complex terms with compound kripto- (crypto-).

Terminology of cryptographic currencies is metaphorical and for clarity purposes compounds with non-metaphorical elements should be used, such as kriptografinių valiutų gavyba (cryptographic currency mining). However longer collocations with non-metaphorical compounds are rather rare.

In scientific, popular and administrative style texts longer and more accurate terms with dependent compounds kriptografinių valiutų (cryptographic currencies) should be used.

BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018)

www.bendrinekalba.lt

ISSN 2351–7204

ROBERTAS STUNŽINAS. Netaisyklingi junginiai su dėmeniu kripto: reikšmės ir teiktini atitikmenys | 17

In broad usage clearer and longer equivalents are hardly plausible and shorter equivalents are quite appropriate.

KEYWORDS:

ROBERTAS STUNŽINAS

Lietuvių kalbos institutas

P. Vileišio g. 5, LT–10308 Vilnius

[email protected]

BENDRINĖ KALBA 91 (2018)

www.bendrinekalba.lt

ISSN 2351–7204